Test Bank 17

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

The disease called _________blank is caused by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce characteristic features such as "moon face."

Cushing syndrome

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Which is NOT correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? Multiple ChoiceGH affects most body cells.GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis.GH is also known as somatotropin.GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.GH is a tropic hormone.

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin.

Which is not true about the thyroid gland? It requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormone.It is located on the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure .It secretes thyroid hormone in response to stimulation by TSH. An enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goiter.

It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Ovaries and testes

Which is not a tropic hormone? Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Prolactin

Prolactin

Which is NOT characteristic of the endocrine system? Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which

a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

A G protein is

a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly.

Glucagon works by

activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands. are the organs of the endocrine system. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. help maintain homeostasis. All of the choices are correct.

all of the above

How does aging affect the endocrine system? Secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases. Normal levels of hormones, particularly growth hormone and sex hormones, often decrease. Aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions. Endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscle loss. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices

Glucagon and insulin work _________blank on blood glucose levels.

antagonistically

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Eicosanoids are synthesized from

arachidonic acid..

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive.

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a

biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be

both hormonal and humoral.

Which is not a cell type found in the pancreatic islets? Alpha cell Delta cell Beta cell F cell C cell

c cell

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

cholesterol

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate.

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon.

As growth hormone levels in the blood increase,

glycogenolysis increases.

Follicle-stimulating hormone is a

glycoprotein.

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

humoral stimulation.

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the

hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

increase

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Insulin causes a(n) _________blank in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _________blank in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase, increase

Exercise causes a(n) _________blank in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) _________blank in GH levels.

increase:increase

The pituitary gland is located _________blank to the hypothalamus and is connected by the _________blank.

inferior, infundibulum

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of

inositol triphosphate

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

insulin

Lipophilic hormones bind to _________blank receptors of target cells.

intracellular

Cortisol binds to _________blank receptors and has the effect of _________blank blood glucose levels.

intracellular, raising

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have _________blank levels of circulating growth hormone and _________blank levels of circulating sex hormones.

lower:lower

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

melatonin

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

more receptors for sex hormones

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

in response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

negative feedback.

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancreatic juice.

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating _________blank signaling.

paracrine

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

paraventricular nucleus.

The parathyroid glands are located

posterior to the thyroid gland.

The pancreas is located _________blank to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the _________blank.

posterior, liver

The adrenal glands are located _________blank to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a _________blank color.

posterior; yellow

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates

protein kinase.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

proteins

Growth hormone is secreted by _________blank cells in the anterior pituitary.

somatotropic

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

Growth hormone

stimulates gluconeogenesis.

Calcitonin

stimulates osteoblast activity.

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be

synergistic.

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _________blank; a very _________blank fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

temporary: large

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is

the first messenger

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone

the more frequently it must be replaced.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

The half-life of a hormone is

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called _________blank by the follicular cells.

thyroglobulin

The metabolic condition called _________blank results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

type one diabetes

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.

Which of the following does not have an endocrine function? Urinary bladder Adipose tissue Liver Small intestine

urinary bladder

Protein hormones are

water soluble

A lack of dietary iodine can render the thyroid gland unable to synthesize TH. Without the negative feedback of TH, the anterior pituitary _________blank, ultimately resulting in the development of a goiter.

will increase the release of TSH