Test Chapter 5 USH

Day in the Life of a Cowboy

10 to 14 hours a day on a ranch and 14 or more on the trail looked for dangers that might harm or upset the herds as young as 15; most were broken-down by the time they were 40 own his saddle, but his trail horse belonged to his boss. rider and roper. gun might be used to protect the herd from wild or diseased animals rather than to hurt or chase outlaws season began with a spring roundup he and other hands from the ranch herded all the longhorns they could find on the open range into a large corral kept the herd penned there for several days cattle were so hungry that they preferred grazing to running away sorted through the herd, claiming the cattle that were marked with the brand of their ranch and calves that still needed to be branded After the herd was gathered and branded trail boss chose a crew for the long drive

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890- the Seventh Cavalry—Custer's old regiment—tok 350 starving and freezing Sioux to camp Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota - soldiers demanded Native Americans give up all their weapons - A shot was fired- don't know from what side - The soldiers opened fire w/ cannon - Seventh Cavalry slaughtered 300 unarmed Native Americans (several children) - soldiers left the corpses on the ground - Battle of Wounded Knee brought the Indian wars to an end

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. 1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent. sent by God

Frederick Jackson Turner

Census Bureau declared that the country no longer had a continuous frontier line—the frontier no longer existed. To many, the frontier was what had made America unique. In an 1893 essay entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," the historian Frederick Jackson Turner agreed. Today many historians question Turner's view. They think he gave too much importance to the frontier in the nation's development and in shaping a special American character.

Assimilation

Dawes Act Buffalo Battle of wounded knee

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR. Officially from 1793-1909, this revolution begins with Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (engine). It is a shift from small time commerce to mass-production and industrialization whereby the North would now surpass the South because of the development of American infrastructure to carry their goods across the continent, leads to isolationism, and is a partial cause for the Civil War.

The Golden Economy

Gold revolutionized California's economy - financed the development of farming, manufacturing, ship- ping, and banking - News spread all over the world - San Francisco became "a pandemonium of a city." - Ships linked California markets to the expanding markets of the rest of the United States. Mining continued in California throughout the 1850s, but the peak of the gold rush was over by 1853 - individual efforts yielded little or no profit - sophisticated methods made fortunes - ten years after James Marshall's discovery of a few shiny flakes, the total value of gold production in California went to two billion dollars

Advancements in Agriculture

John Deere had invented a steel plow that could slice through heavy soil. Cyrus McCormick began to mass-produce a reaping machine. the spring-tooth harrow to prepare the soil (1869), the grain drill to plant the seed (1841), barbed wire to fence the land (1874) corn binder (1878). reaper that could cut and thresh wheat in one pass. By 1890, there were more than 900 manufacturers of farm equipment. These inventions made more grain available for a wider market. The federal government supported farmers by financing agricultural education. The Morrill Act Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment stations to inform farmers of new developments. Agricultural researchers developed grains for arid soil and techniques for dry farming, which helped the land to retain moisture. These innovations enabled the dry eastern plains to flourish and become "the breadbasket of the nation."

John Slidell

M refused to see him - Polk send US Troops into Cali - M troops come over the border - Ends with Treaty Guadeloupe- Hildago • M will give NM and Cali to US • US payed 15M • Gold rush starts soon after • (big deal) slavery is abolished in Cali because the population is so high • Results of M A War - 17 months - 100M+ dollars - 13k american lives lost (mostly for disease) - new territories brought in - slavery is center of national policies - new territories upset balance of N and S - manifest destiny becomes partially realized

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico agreed -Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico, ceded the New Mexico and California territories to the United States US agreed to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession, which including California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming Five years later President Franklin Pierce authorized James Gadsden to pay Mexico an additional $10 million for Gila River in order to secure a southern railroad route to the Pacific Ocean Along with the settlement of the Oregon boundary and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- the Gadsden Purchase established the current borders of the contiguous 48 states

Massacre at Sand Creek

Most of the Cheyenne peacefully returned to Colorado's Sand Creek Reserve for winter - Thought they were protected by US Government - General S. R. Curtis- U.S. Army commander in the West- sent a telegram to militia colonel John Chivington • "I want no peace till the Indians suffer more." - Chivington and his troops went to Cheyenne and Arapaho—about 200 warriors and 500 women and children camped at Sand Creek - attack at dawn - November 29, 1864- killed 150+ inhabitants • women and children.

Exoduster

Name given to the former slaves who migrated from the South to the West following the Civil War.

How did people assimilate to life in the west

Native American life- decrease in buffalo, pushed out governmental promises- dawes and homestead acts settlers life in general- agriculture, how they made a way of life Push and Pull factors- why would they go west or why not Push Overcrowding need for jobs religion repress refuge for outlaws Pull land riches freedom of religion adventure love and romance opportunities

Mormon Migration

One group migrated to escape persecution - Mormons • a religious community- major role in the development of the West • Founded by Joseph Smith in upstate New York in 1827 • moved to Ohio and then Illinois to escape persecution • After anti-Mormon mob murdered Smith, a leader named Brigham Young urged the Mormons to move farther west • 1,000+ believers walked to Nebraska • 1847- Mormons stopped at the edge of the desert near the Great Salt Lake, in Utah • Young boldly declared, "This is the place." • settlements and farms from landscape by irrigating fields • Salt Lake City - land Mormons called Deseret

Soddy

Since trees were scarce, most settlers built their homes from the land itself. - Many pioneers dug their homes into the sides of ravines or small hills. - A stovepipe jutting from the ground was often the only clear sign of such a dugout home. - Those who moved to the broad, flat plains often made freestanding houses by stacking blocks of prairie turf. - Like a dugout, a sod home, or soddy, was warm in winter and cool in summer. - Soddies were small, however, and offered little light or air. - They were havens for snakes, insects, and other pests. - Although they were fireproof, they leaked continuously when it rained.

Sam Houston

Six weeks after the defeat at the Alamo-the rebels' commander in chief, Sam Houston + 900 soldiers surprised Mexicans near the San Jacinto River • shouts of "Remember the Alamo!" - Texans killed 630 of Santa Anna's soldiers in 18 minutes and captured Santa Anna himself • Texans set Santa Anna free only after he signed the Treaty of Velasco - granted independence to Texas - In September 1836-Sam Houston was elected president of the new Republic of Texas

Long Horn

Texas longhorns, were sturdy, short-tempered breeds accustomed to the dry grasslands of southern Spain - Spanish settlers raised longhorns for food and brought horses to use as work animals and for transportation The cowboy's season began with a spring roundup, in which he and other hands from the ranch herded all the longhorns they could find on the open range into a large corral. - They kept the herd penned there for several days, until the cattle were so hungry that they preferred grazing to running away. - Then the cowboys sorted through the herd, claiming the cattle that were marked with the brand of their ranch and calves that still needed to be branded. - After the herd was gathered and branded, the trail boss chose a crew for the long drive.

California Gold Rush

The Forty-Niners - January 24, 1848 -carpenter James Marshall discovered a few shiny particles lying near John Sutter's sawmill - Marshall took what he had found to Sutter-confirmed it was Gold - more gold was found by other workers at Sutter's mill - news reached San Francisco-whole town went to the Sacramento Valley to pan for gold - June 6, 1848- Monterey's mayor, Walter Colton, sent a scout to report on what was happening - The scout returned on June 14 with news of gold, and the mayor described the scene that followed as news traveled along the town's main street - gold fever traveled eastward - migration to California- 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850 - 1849-California's population exceeded 100,000, including Mexicans, free African-American miners, and slaves - rest of the world caught the fever - with the forty- niners - prospectors who went to California in 1849 - California gold rush- people from Asia, South America, and Europe - names of the mining camps that sprung up in California reflected the diversity of its growing population

Great Plains

The area from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains As people migrated west, most pioneers skipped over the _____ _____, because it was difficult to farm.

Morrill Act

The federal government supported farmers by financing agricultural education. - The Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges, and the Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural experiment stations to inform farmers of new developments. - Agricultural researchers developed grains for arid soil and techniques for dry farming, which helped the land to retain moisture. - These innovations enabled the dry eastern plains to flourish and become "the breadbasket of the nation."

Gold Living

The prospect of striking it rich was powerful attraction - discovery of gold in Colorado in 1858 - tens of thousands of miners to the region - Living Situations • Virginia City, Nevada, and Helena, Montana, originated as mining camps on Native American land • mining camps and tiny frontier towns: filthy, ramshackle • Rows of tents and shacks • dirt "streets" and wooden sidewalks • Irish, German, Polish, Chinese, and African-American men • camps and boomtowns • women - laundresses - freight haulers - miners.

Lure of Silver and Gold

The prospect of striking it rich was powerful attraction - discovery of gold in Colorado in 1858 - tens of thousands of miners to the region - Living Situations • Virginia City, Nevada, and Helena, Montana, originated as mining camps on Native American land • mining camps and tiny frontier towns: filthy, ramshackle • Rows of tents and shacks • dirt "streets" and wooden sidewalks • Irish, German, Polish, Chinese, and African-American men • camps and boomtowns • women - laundresses - freight haulers - miners.

Long Drive

This overland transport, or long drive, of the animals often lasted about three months. - A typical drive included one cowboy for every 250 to 300 head of cattle; a cook who also drove the chuck wagon and set up camp; and a wrangler who cared for the extra horses. - A trail boss earned $100 or more a month for supervising the drive and negotiating with settlers and Native Americans. - During the long drive, the cowboy was in the saddle from dawn to dusk. He slept on the ground and bathed in rivers. - He risked death and loss every day of the drive, especially at river crossings, where cattle often hesitated and were swept away. - Because lightning was a constant danger, cowboys piled their spurs, buckles, and other metal objects at the edge of their camp to avoid attracting lightning bolts. - Thunder, or even a sneeze, could cause a stampede

womens work

Virtually alone on the flat, endless prairie, homesteaders had to be almost superhumanly self-sufficient. - Women often worked beside the men in the fields, plowing the land and planting and harvesting the predominant crop, wheat. - They sheared the sheep and carded wool to make clothes for their families. - They hauled water from wells that they had helped to dig, and made soap and can- dles from tallow. - At harvest time, they canned fruits and vegetables. - They were skilled in doctoring—from snakebites to crushed limbs. - Women also sponsored schools and churches in an effort to build strong communities

Dawes Act

aiming to "Americanize" the Native Americans • broke up the reservations • gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans 160 acres to each head of household and 80 acres to each unmarried adult - government would sell the remainder of the reservations to settlers - resulting income used by Native Americans to buy farm implements - whites had taken about two-thirds of the territory that had been set aside for Native Americans - Native Americans received no money from the sale of these lands

Bonanza Farm

an enormous farm on which a single crop is grown large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

Impact on Buffalo

before westward movement- many By the mid-1700 tribes on Great Plains left farms to roam the plains and hunt buffalo made tepees from buffalo hides skins for clothing, shoes, and blankets meat dried into jerky or mixed with berries and fat to make a staple food pemmican provided many basic needs most significant blow to tribal life on the plains Tourists and fur traders shot buffalo for sport U.S. General Sheridan noted with approval that buffalo hunters were destroying the Plains Indians' main source of food, clothing, shelter, and fuel 1800- 65 million buffalo roamed the plains 1890-fewer than 1000 remained 1900-the United States sheltered, in Yellowstone National Park, a single wild herd of buffalo Buffalo hunters- depleated clothing, food, shelter

End of the Open Range

cattle herds multiplied and ranching became big business, the cattle frontier met its end. Overgrazing of the land, extended bad weather, and the invention of barbed wire were largely responsible alternating patterns of dry summers and harsh winters wiped out whole herds. Most ranchers then turned to smaller herds of high- grade stock that would yield more meat per animal. Ranchers fenced the land with barbed wire, invented by Illinois farmer Joseph F. Glidden cheap and easy to use and helped to turn the open plains into a series of fenced-in ranches. The era of the wide-open West was over. As settlers took Western land, Henry D. Washburn and fellow explorer Nathaniel P. Langford asked Congress to help protect the wilderness from settlement. Washburn described the area's geysers and bubbling springs as: "objects new in experience . . . possessing unlimited grandeur and beauty." government created Yellowstone National Park. - Seven years later, the Department of the Interior forced railroads to give up their claim to Western landholdings that were equal in area to New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia combined. - Even so, by 1880, individuals had bought more than 19 million acres of government-owned land. - Ten years later, the Census Bureau declared that the country no longer had a continuous frontier line—the frontier no longer existed.

The Alamo

commander of the Anglo troops - Lieutenant Colonel William Travis • moved his men into the Alamo (center of San Antonio) • Travis believed maintaining control of the Alamo would prevent Santa Anna's movement farther north - February 23, 1836-Santa Anna troops attacked rebels in the Alamo - March 2, 1836- Texans declared their independence from Mexico • ratified a constitution based on that of the United States - The 13-day siege • ended on March 6, 1836- Mexican troops scaled the Alamo's walls • 187 U.S. defenders and hundreds of Mexicans died - Later in March • Santa Anna's troops executed 300 rebels at Goliad • The Alamo and the Goliad executions whipped the Texan rebels into a fury

Challenges to living on the Great Plains

dug outs soddies women work farmers struggles farmers debt

Treaty of Fort Laramie

forced on leaders of the Sioux • Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River - Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotanka)-leader Hunkpapa Sioux-never signed - Ogala and Brule Sioux signed but thought they could continue using their traditional hunting grounds - Bloody Battles Continue

Republic of California

group of American settlers seized the town of Sonoma in June 1846 - flag that featured a grizzly bear- rebels declared their independence from Mexico and proclaimed the nation of the Republic of California - Kearny arrived from New Mexico and joined forces with Frémont and an American naval expedition - The Mexican troops quickly gave way, leaving U.S. forces in control of California

Lifestyle of cowboys

long drive- overland transport, or long drive, of the animals often lasted about three months. included one cowboy for every 250 to 300 head of cattle; a cook who also drove the chuck wagon and set up camp; and a wrangler who cared for the extra horses A trail boss earned $100 or more a month for supervising the drive and negotiating with settlers and Native Americans. cowboy was in the saddle from dawn to dusk slept on the ground and bathed in rivers risked death and loss every day of the drive, especially at river crossings, where cattle often hesitated and were swept away Because lightning was a constant danger, cowboys piled their spurs, buckles, and other metal objects at the edge of their camp to avoid attracting lightning bolts. Thunder, or even a sneeze, could cause a stampede

Pony Express

mail carriers a former system in the American West of carrying mail and express by relays of riders mounted on ponies, especially the system operating (1860-61) between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. ended because of telegrams

Homestead Act

offering 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household. 600,000 families took advantage of the government's offer. - Cattlemen fenced open lands, while miners and wood- cutters claimed national resources. - Only about 10 percent of the land was actually settled by the families for whom it was intended. - Although 160 acres could provide a decent living in the fertile soil of Iowa or Minnesota, settlers on drier Western land required larger plots to make farming worthwhile. Eventually, the government strengthened the Homestead Act and passed more legislation to encourage settlers Oklahoma attracted thousands of people. - In less than a day, land-hungry settlers claimed 2 million acres in a massive land rush. - Some took possession of the land before the government officially declared it open. - Because these settlers claimed land sooner than they were supposed to, Oklahoma came to be known as the Sooner State. Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Texan Revolution and Independence

peaceful cooperation between Anglos and Tejanos - cultural issues intensified- Anglos and the Mexican government • Protestant Anglo settlers spoke English instead of Spanish • settlers were Southerners brought slaves - Mexico abolished slavery in 1829 - insisted Texans free slaves - Mexican politics increasingly unstable • Austin traveled to Mexico City to present petitions to Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna - greater self-government for Texas • While Austin was on his way home, Santa Anna had Austin imprisoned for inciting revolution • After Santa Anna suspended local powers in Texas and other Mexican states- several rebellions broke out • including the Texas Revolution - Austin returned to Texas in 1835 - convinced that war was its "only resource." - Determined to force Texas to obey Mexican law- Santa Anna marched his army to San Antonio - Austin and his followers issued a call for Texans to arm themselves Mexican Independence and Texan Land Grants - The mission system (used by Spain) declined after Mexico won independence from Spain - After freeing the missions from Spanish control - Mexican government offered surrounding lands to government officials and ranchers - make the land more secure and stable- the Mexican government encouraged Americans to settle in Texas - Americans rushed at the chance to buy inexpensive land - The population of Anglo (English-speaking settlers from USA) surpassed the population of Tejanos (Mexican settlers who lived in Texas) - Stephen F. Austin was a leader who settled

James K Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

George A Custer

reported Black Hills had gold "from the grass roots down,"

Santa Fe Trail

settlers used old Native American trails as well as new routes - One of the busiest routes-Santa Fe Trail • 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe in the Mexican province of New Mexico • each spring from 1821-1860s - American traders loaded their covered wagons with goods and set off toward Santa Fe - For about the first 150 miles traders traveled individually - fearing attacks by Native Americans, traders banded into organized groups of up to 100 wagons - Cooperation ended when Santa Fe was reached - raced off on their own as each tried to be the first to arrive - After a few days of trading, they loaded their wagons with goods, restocked their animals, and headed back to Missouri

Oregon Trail

stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon • blazed in 1836 by two Methodist missionaries - Marcus and Narcissa Whitman • proved that wagons could travel on the Oregon Trail - Following, pioneers migrated west on the Oregon Trail - "prairie schooners," • wooden-wheeled wagons covered with sailcloth and pulled by oxen • Most walked pushing handcarts loaded with a few precious possessions, food, and other supplies • trip took months

Impact of Railroads on the West

the federal government made huge land grants to the railroads for laying track in the West. Union Pacific and the Central Pacific began a race to lay track Fifteen years later, the country boasted five transcontinental railroads. E and W coasts linked The railroad companies sold some of their land to farmers for two to ten dollars an acre. Some companies successfully sent agents to Europe to recruit buyers.

Stephen F Austin

was a leader who settled - Austin's father- Moses Austin • received a land grant from Spain to establish a colony between the Brazos and Colorado rivers • died before he carried out plans - Stephen got permission- first from Spain and then from Mexico - 1821 - established colony where "no drunkard, no gambler, no profane swearer, and no idler" would be allowed • The main settlement of the colony- San Felipe de Austin in Stephen's honor - 1825, Austin had issued 297 land grants to the group that later became known as Texas's Old Three Hundred - Each family received either 177 very inexpensive acres of farmland, or 4,428 acres for stock grazing, as well as a 10-year exemption from paying taxes. - "I am convinced that I could take on fifteen hundred families as easily as three hundred if permitted to do so." - By 1830-20,000+ Americans in Texas

Mining for Gold

• French Corral • Irish Creek • Chinese Camp Within four years of the Treaty of Fort Laramie, miners were searching the Black Hills for gold - The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho protested - Colonel George A. Custer reported Black Hills had gold "from the grass roots down," - gold rush - Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, another Sioux chief, appealed again to government officials in Washington 1849 1st year Gold becomes prominent way of living • Utah and Cali • a lot of people moved west • 1860- 300,000 people had traveled to get to W for gold and better life • All new territories purchased or in the process- manifest destiny achieved