test

Compared to other survey methods, what is an advantage of mailing surveys?

An advantage of mail surveys for business is the relative cost-effectiveness (based on postal rates) of survey distribution and receipt. Low administration costs and the ability to reach broad geographic distributions are additional advantages.

Consider this hypothesis: "Comforting messages cause change in relational satisfaction." The dependent variable is

Change in relational satisfaction

In, _____ studies, researchers collect data from different samples at least twice, whereas in ____ studies, researchers collect data from the same samples at least twice.

Cohort, cross sectional

Consider this hypothesis: "Comforting messages cause change in relational satisfaction." The independent variable is:

Comforting messages

_______ definitions use words to define the concepts as we find them in the dictionary. In contrast __________ definitions refer to the way of making the concepts observable or measurable.

Conceptual, Operational

Limitations of the content analysis method include:

Content analysis suffers from several disadvantages, both theoretical and procedural. In particular, content analysis: can be extremely time consuming is subject to increased error, particularly when relational analysis is used to attain a higher level of interpretation

Nonprobability sampling methods include:

Convenience, voluntary response, purposive, snowball, and quota sampling.

To check a(n)_______ reliability, researchers use two different instruments with different items to measure the same concept.

Cross-test

Assigning participants into groups based on whether they are in the same democratic party, republican party, or independence reflects what level of measurement?

Ratio

A(n) ______ refers to a study that quantitative researchers examine the entire population.

Sampling process

The degree to which a sample differs from population characteristics in some measure is:

Sampling_error

You are completing a study in the Department of Mass Comm, which is comprised of 70% women, Because of this, you collect a study sample that consists of 70 women and 30 men to mirror the ratio of men to women in the population. What sampling method did you use?

Stratified random sampling

A(n) _____ effect happens when research participants are exposed to multiple tests.

Testing effects

What is an advantage of using open-ended questions?

The advantages of open ended questions are that they are regarded by respondents as less threatening, and also, they allow them to give unrestrained or free responses; such questions can be very useful with articulate users.

Concurrent validity refers to:

an instrument should correlate with other pre-existing measurement. It should be similar to others. (eg, new intelligence test should correlate with old, previous test.)

Regarding privacy, ______ and _______ are the two requirements of using information from research participants.

anonymity/confidentiality

The categories in content analysis refer to:

conceptual analysis and relational analysis. Conceptual analysis determines the existence and frequency of concepts in a text. Relational analysis develops the conceptual analysis further by examining the relationships among concepts in a text.

The four functions of theory are:

description, explanation, prediction, control

Which of the following is a non-directional hypothesis?

direction is unknown but something happens Ex: Newspaper reading habits will affect students' GPAs

In content analysis, coding categories must be mutually _____ and _______ to include every possible event. Simply, the categories must follow the same rules as in nominal level of measurement.

exclusive,

In a 5*3*2 factorial design, the total number of conditions is 5.

false

Researchers utilizing content analysis can generalize the results beyond the sample in the analysis.

false

Survey research aims at building a casual relationship between variables.

false

The epistemology in qualitative research states that:

how we know and the relationship between the knower and the known

An advantage of conducting in-person surveys includes:

in-person surveys can let respondents touch, taste, and smell products, too.

In _______, the _______ variable is manipulated and the _______ variable is measured.

independent,dependent

Reliability is:

internal consistency of a measure; how appropriate/ useful/ precise/ goodmeasurements are-reliability coefficient: ranges from 0(zero) to 1(one)-shows how reliable we are in measuring something-closer to one>higher reliability

An experimenter _______ variables for the purpose of establishing a _______ relationship.

manipulates,

What is the most appropriate research method to find an answer for the following research question? RQ: Have the depictions of sex roles been changed in newspaper ads from 1940 to 2010?

Qualitative

Basic research:

-research designed to create knowledge-research based on theory-main goal: understanding (in communication)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good experiments?

1) pilot study 2)Ethical(informed consent) 3) Manipulation checks 4) They don't over generalize(external validity problem) 5)They are not quasi experimental designs.

Interval and ratio measurements differ in their use of zero, Ratio level measurement includes:

An absolute zero

Scientific research is discussed in class is most correctly defined as:

A process of asking question(s) and then initiating a systematic process to obtain valid answers to that question

______ Validity refers to whether researchers can observe the similar cases in the real world setting or the findings can be applied to other similar cases.

External

If we have a reliable measure, we know how much it is also valid.

False

The four levels of measurement differ in how precise they are, but all contain the same amount of information.

False

In experiments, internal validity concerns the degree to which experimental results can be generalized to other similar circumstances.

False (external validity does)

Parameters are numeric descriptions of a sample

False(statistics)

What is an advantage of the fieldwork method?

Fieldwork provides an 'unparalleled opportunity' to study the real world; Student perceptions of field work tend to be overwhelmingly positive; Fieldwork provides the opportunity to reinforce classroom-based learning; and. It increases students' knowledge, skills and subject understanding.

The following is a summary of an experimental design

Groups Experimental Control groups

With a factorial design, we can investigate a(n) _______ effect. That is, changes in a dependent variable are due to a combination of different levels of independent variables.

Interaction

_____ Validity concerns how a specific relationship is correctly and accurately discovered through controls.

Internal

Continuous level data include what levels of measurement?

Interval and ratio

Random sampling involves

It involves picking the desired sample size and selecting observations from a population in such a way that each observation has an equal chance of selection until the desired sample size is achieved.

Advantages of conducting focus group discussions include:

It is an inexpensive and fast method of acquiring valuable data. Co-workers and friends are more comfortable in voicing views in each other's company than on their own with the researcher. Participants are given a chance to reflect or react to the viewpoint of others with which they may disagree or of which they're unaware. The dynamic discussion between participants stimulates their thoughts and reminds them of their own thoughts regarding the research subject. All individuals along with the researcher have a chance to ask questions, and these will produce more information when compared with individual interviews. Informants can build on the answers of others. The researcher can clarify clashes among participants and ask about these diverse opinions

Compared to experiments, what is an advantage of surveys?

Primary data collected is easy to analyze, data can be collected at a faster rate and easily, offers precise information, and is flexible.

In political communication, exit polls are used by asking every nth person who finished the poll to indicate his/her vote. This is an example of:

Purposive

A student found r= -.78

The strength of the association is weak

A moderator in a focus group is a person in charge of the discussion

True

A null hypothesis is a statement of no difference or relationship.

True

A research question determines the type of research method a researcher will use.

True

An important criterion for problem statements is that they are worded ambiguously.

True

Deductive reasoning starts with a theory or general conclusion.

True

Dependent variables are causes of the effects that are manipulated by the researcher.

True

Ethical issues in research concern both your participants and results from your research.

True

In a 5*3*2 factorial design, the total numbers of factors is 3.

True

In order to have a representative sample, researchers must use random sampling techniques.

True

One advantage of in-person interviews is that it enables researchers to probe additional information during the interview.

True

One weakness of field observation method is that it may increase the problem of reactivity.

True

Ontology is a branch of or philosophy on knowing which specifically concerns how we know what we know.

True

Quantitative research studies social phenomena with meaningful numeric indicators

True

With descriptive surveys, we can collect a great deal of information from a large group of people.

True

"The process of defining theoretical concepts so that they can be observed or measured" best defines which of the following

Variability

Categories in nominal level measurement must be ____ and _____.

concurrent, predictive