test part 2

extinction

(Classical conditioning) The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is called ____.

generalization

(classical conditioning) The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is called _________.

generalization

(operant conditioning) ______ is Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Generalization

Which of the following terms refers to a limited mental capacity that affects functioning in conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills?

Intellectual disability

classical conditioning

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

observational learning

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

Negative reinforcement

law of effect

Thordike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened an that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened is called the ___ _____ ____.

learned helplessness

Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes in what is called ______ _________.

positive

____ reinforcement: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

counter

____-conditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

instinctive drift

_____ _____: The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

reflexes

_____ are automatic stimulus response connections.

respondant

_____ behavior is behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus such as sweet water that was paired with the drug.

operant

_____ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence.

aversive

_____ conditioning is a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

discrimination

______ (operant conditioning): Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will not be reinforced.

contingency

______ is when the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

observational

______ learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior.

insight

______ learning: A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.

positive

______ punishment: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

behaviorism

______, is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

extinction

_______ (operant conditioning): Decreases in the frequency of behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.

applied behavior analysis

_______ ______ _______ (behavior modification) is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

punishment

_______ is a consequence that decreases the liklihood that a behavior will occur.

avoidance

_______ learning: An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.

fixed

_______ mindset: An individual believes their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change.

growth

_______ mindset: An individual believes their qualities can change and improve through their effort.

negative

_________ reinforcement: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle, and even though he has never built one, he decides to do it himself. He buys a book of professionally drawn detailed shed plans that provide step-by-step instructions. In this situation, Jim is using:

algorithms

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.

the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions

Extinction in classical conditioning is:

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

unconditioned

A _______ response is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditional stimulus.

schedules

____ of reinforcement are specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

variable

A _____ ratio schedule is set on a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

conditioned stimulus

A ______ _____ is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

variable interval

A ______ ______ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

fixed

A ______ ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

conditioned

A ______ response is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus--unconditioned stimulus pairing.

immunosuppression

A decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease is called ______.

interval

A fixed ______ schedule reinforces the first behvior after a fixed amount of time has passed.

secondary

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a _____ reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning is an ________ __________.

learning

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience is called ______.

interval

An ______ reinforcement schedule is determined by time elapsed since the last behavior was rewarded.

_____, in classical conditioning, is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Extinction

connected

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, which involves learning that two events are _____.

habituaton

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations is called _______.

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Elaboration

Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?

Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.

_____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

Encoding

_____ refers to the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings.

Episodic memory

operant

In ____ conditioning, organisms learn the associations between a behavior and a consequence such as a reward.

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system.

Which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?

It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

Positive reinforcement

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?

Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class.

_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.

Sensory memory

negative

____ punishment: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

Cathy has long believed that all her supervisors are cranky and disagreeable individuals. According to the confirmation bias, after being transferred to a new department, which of the following will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

She will only read the editorials that she agrees with.

retention

The 2nd process required for observational learning to occur, encoding information to keep it in memory.

aural

The ___ learner learns by listening.

kinesthetic

The ____ learner is someone who learns through hands on experience.

visual

The _____ learner learns by seeing.

primary

The _______ reinforcer is a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.

contiguity

The conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time-- even a mere fraction of a second is called ______. It is an important part of classical conditioning in which the occurrence of one stimulus can be predicted from the absence of of another one.

acquisition

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired is called _______.

reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behaviors increases the probability that the behaviors will happen again is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

The process in classical conditioning by with a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called ______ ______.

conditioning

The process of learning associations between 2 events as a part of associative learning.

goal directed

The purposiveness of behavior is the idea that much of behavior is _______ ________.

preparedness

The species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

applied behavioral analysis

The statement, "We can understand all human behavior as being influenced by rewards and punishments. If we can figure out what rewards and punishers are controlling a person's behavior, we can change them---and eventually change the behavior itself," comes from what mode of thought? a________ b_________ a __________

motor reproduction

____ ____, a 3rd element of observational learning is the process of imitating a model's actions.

latent

____ learning (implicit learning): Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

associative

____ learning, is learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events.

In the context of retrieval failures, the decay theory states that memories fade because _____.

a neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time

Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which _____.

a stimulus is recognized and labeled

In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears, little Albert learned to fear a white rat. In this study, the white rat was the _____.

conditioned stimulus

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____.

declarative memory

In operant conditioning, _____ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

extinction

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____.

focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them

Classical conditioning _____.

focuses on the association between two stimuli

Joel and Zeus watch a soccer game between team A and team B on T.V. Team A wins the match and Zeus exclaims, "I knew team A would win this match!" According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Zeus is employing _____ in this scenario.

hindsight bias

After the outcome of an election is announced, George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of:

hindsight bias.

The concept of _____ is best defined as the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

Henry, the marketing team lead of Shield Corp, always consults his team members prior to making any important decisions. This, in turn, indicates that Henry engages in _____ during the process of decision making.

open mind thinking

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as _____.

open mindedness

Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of:

problem solving

Shizuka administered a self-developed depression scale twice on a group of patients at a hospital. At both times, she observed that different scores were yielded by the same set of patients. From this scenario, it can be concluded that Shizuka's scale lacks _____.

reliability

Jennifer had a very enjoyable time at the amusement park one week ago. Most of the visual and auditory stimuli that she experienced and has now forgotten were initially processed in her _____ memory.

sensory

After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time, Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order. Harold most likely used his _____ to recite these digits.

short-term memory

In the context of memory encoding, sustained attention is _____.

the ability to maintain concentration to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.

unconditioned response

An unconditioned response is a(n):

unlearned reaction.