TEst
A(n) ___________________________ is a chemical released in one part of the body that affects another part.
hormone
This is a chemical released by a cell, a gland, or an organ in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the body.
hormone
This is how the hormones released by endocrine glands reach their target tissue.
hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to their target tissue in the bloodstream.
Your ___________________________ are adapted for cutting food,
incisors
By chewing your food, you ___________________________ its surface area.
increase
These are the differences between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvic girdle.
The entire process of digestion involves first ___________________________ food,
ingesting
This is the hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose.
insulin
When you have just eaten and your blood glucose levels are high, your pancreas releases the hormone ___________________________ , which signals the liver to take in glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.
insulin
Muscle strength depends on these two factors.
What is the thickness of the fibers and the number of fibers that contract at a time.
Once in the small intestine, what happens to a. digested food? b. indigestible materials?
a. These molecules enter the circulatory system via blood vessels inside the villi. b. Indigestible materials pass into the large intestine.
then ___________________________ nutrients for use by body cells, and, finally,
absorbing
In the sliding filament theory, these are the two protein fibers involved.
actin and myosin
Using a negative feedback loop, explain the effect of drinking alcoholic beverages on urine production.
alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, which means less water would be reabsorbed by the kidneys, so more water has to be excreted from the body in urine.
Bind to receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell.
amino acid hormones
In your mouth, the enzyme __________________
amylase
This type of joint allows for movement in the most directions.
ball-and-socket
Bones in this region are not involved in the production of red blood cells.
bones of the skull
Regulate calcium levels in blood
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
This mineral, found in dairy products, is a critical part of the diet for healthy, strong bones.
calcium
This hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when glucose levels are low.
glucagon
Help the body prepare for stressful situations
glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Bile is produced in this organ, and secreted from this organ.
liver and the gall bladder
while the action of teeth, tongue, and muscles are involved in ___________________________ digestion.
mechanical
while your ___________________________ are best suited for grinding food.
molars
This traces the pathway of a bite of hamburger through the digestive system.
mouth, into the pharynx, down the esophagus, to the stomach, to the small intestine, to the large intestine, to the rectum, and out the anus.
A ___________________________ system is one in which hormones are fed back to inhibit the original signal.
negative feedback
Internal control of the body is handled by the ___________________________ system and the ___________________________ system.
nervous, endocrine
This portion of skin is where a pimple usually forms.
oil gland
Most endocrine glands are controlled by the action of the ___________________________ , or master gland.
pituitary
Determines the body's food intake requirements
thyroxine
Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme that only works in an acidic environment.
true
Explain the relationship between the liver, the gallbladder, and bile.
Bile is produced in the liver and is stored in the gallbladder before being released into the duodenum.
The churning actions of the stomach help mix the food with pancreatic juices.
False: pepsin and other digestive juices
Food is moved through the digestive tract by rhythmic waves of voluntary muscle contractions called peristalsis.
False:involuntary muscle contractions
During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the esophagus to prevent choking.
False:respiratory tract
The stomach releases its contents into the small intestine suddenly, all at once.
False:slowly, a little bit at a time
Indigestible material is collected.
Large Intestine
Vitamin K is produced.
Large Intestine
Water is absorbed through walls.
Large Intestine
What role do the enzymes secreted by the pancreas play in the digestive process?
Pancreatic enzymes break down, or continue the breakdown of, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Bile and pancreatic juices are added.
Small Intestine
Digestion is essentially completed.
Small Intestine
Nutrients are absorbed by villi.
Small Intestine
Contents are moved by peristalsis.
Small Intestine, Large Intestine
These are the functions of each of the three layers of skin.
The epidermal layer contains keratin that produces the tough, waterproof covering of the body. The epidermis also produces melanin, a pigment that protects the skin from the sun. The dermal layer contains blood vessels that regulate temperature, and nerves that signal sensory information. The dermis also produces vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet light. The subcutaneous layer stabilizes the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues.
Various enzymes play a role in ___________________________ digestion
chemical
Action of pepsin on proteins would be an example of this type of digestion, while chewing food would be an example of this other type of digestion.
chemical for pepsin, and mechanical for chewing
The amount of hormone released by an endocrine gland is determined by the body's ___________________________ for that hormone at a given time.
demand
then ___________________________ it into simpler compounds,
digesting
The skin regulates the temperature of the body on a hot day by doing these two things.
dilating blood vessels and secreting sweat
The first section of the small intestine is called this.
duodenum
, ___________________________ wastes.
eliminating
This is the outermost layer of the skin.
epidermis
Produce a feeling called "adrenaline rush"
epinephrine and norepinephrine
is released from __________________ glands to
salivary
This muscle type is both striated and found throughout the body.
skeletal
Identify the following types of joints: skull, hip, ankle, knee, toe, and neck.
skull—fixed, hip—ball-and-socket, ankle—gliding, knee—hinge, toe—hinge, neck—pivot
Contractions of this muscle type are slow and prolonged.
smooth
This muscle type is both involuntary and found throughout the body.
smooth
begin the chemical breakdown of ___________________________ .
starch
Made from lipids and diffuse freely into cells through the plasma membrane
steroid hormones
This organ in the digestive system has the lowest pH.
stomach
These three things comprise the integumentary system in humans.
the skin, hair, and nails
When your body is dehydrated, the pituitary releases ADH hormone, which reduces the amount of ___________________________ in your urine.
water