TEst

A(n) ___________________________ is a chemical released in one part of the body that affects another part.

hormone

This is a chemical released by a cell, a gland, or an organ in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the body.

hormone

This is how the hormones released by endocrine glands reach their target tissue.

hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to their target tissue in the bloodstream.

Your ___________________________ are adapted for cutting food,

incisors

By chewing your food, you ___________________________ its surface area.

increase

These are the differences between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvic girdle.

The entire process of digestion involves first ___________________________ food,

ingesting

This is the hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose.

insulin

When you have just eaten and your blood glucose levels are high, your pancreas releases the hormone ___________________________ , which signals the liver to take in glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.

insulin

Muscle strength depends on these two factors.

What is the thickness of the fibers and the number of fibers that contract at a time.

Once in the small intestine, what happens to a. digested food? b. indigestible materials?

a. These molecules enter the circulatory system via blood vessels inside the villi. b. Indigestible materials pass into the large intestine.

then ___________________________ nutrients for use by body cells, and, finally,

absorbing

In the sliding filament theory, these are the two protein fibers involved.

actin and myosin

Using a negative feedback loop, explain the effect of drinking alcoholic beverages on urine production.

alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, which means less water would be reabsorbed by the kidneys, so more water has to be excreted from the body in urine.

Bind to receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell.

amino acid hormones

In your mouth, the enzyme __________________

amylase

This type of joint allows for movement in the most directions.

ball-and-socket

Bones in this region are not involved in the production of red blood cells.

bones of the skull

Regulate calcium levels in blood

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

This mineral, found in dairy products, is a critical part of the diet for healthy, strong bones.

calcium

This hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when glucose levels are low.

glucagon

Help the body prepare for stressful situations

glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Bile is produced in this organ, and secreted from this organ.

liver and the gall bladder

while the action of teeth, tongue, and muscles are involved in ___________________________ digestion.

mechanical

while your ___________________________ are best suited for grinding food.

molars

This traces the pathway of a bite of hamburger through the digestive system.

mouth, into the pharynx, down the esophagus, to the stomach, to the small intestine, to the large intestine, to the rectum, and out the anus.

A ___________________________ system is one in which hormones are fed back to inhibit the original signal.

negative feedback

Internal control of the body is handled by the ___________________________ system and the ___________________________ system.

nervous, endocrine

This portion of skin is where a pimple usually forms.

oil gland

Most endocrine glands are controlled by the action of the ___________________________ , or master gland.

pituitary

Determines the body's food intake requirements

thyroxine

Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme that only works in an acidic environment.

true

Explain the relationship between the liver, the gallbladder, and bile.

Bile is produced in the liver and is stored in the gallbladder before being released into the duodenum.

The churning actions of the stomach help mix the food with pancreatic juices.

False: pepsin and other digestive juices

Food is moved through the digestive tract by rhythmic waves of voluntary muscle contractions called peristalsis.

False:involuntary muscle contractions

During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the esophagus to prevent choking.

False:respiratory tract

The stomach releases its contents into the small intestine suddenly, all at once.

False:slowly, a little bit at a time

Indigestible material is collected.

Large Intestine

Vitamin K is produced.

Large Intestine

Water is absorbed through walls.

Large Intestine

What role do the enzymes secreted by the pancreas play in the digestive process?

Pancreatic enzymes break down, or continue the breakdown of, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Bile and pancreatic juices are added.

Small Intestine

Digestion is essentially completed.

Small Intestine

Nutrients are absorbed by villi.

Small Intestine

Contents are moved by peristalsis.

Small Intestine, Large Intestine

These are the functions of each of the three layers of skin.

The epidermal layer contains keratin that produces the tough, waterproof covering of the body. The epidermis also produces melanin, a pigment that protects the skin from the sun. The dermal layer contains blood vessels that regulate temperature, and nerves that signal sensory information. The dermis also produces vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet light. The subcutaneous layer stabilizes the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues.

Various enzymes play a role in ___________________________ digestion

chemical

Action of pepsin on proteins would be an example of this type of digestion, while chewing food would be an example of this other type of digestion.

chemical for pepsin, and mechanical for chewing

The amount of hormone released by an endocrine gland is determined by the body's ___________________________ for that hormone at a given time.

demand

then ___________________________ it into simpler compounds,

digesting

The skin regulates the temperature of the body on a hot day by doing these two things.

dilating blood vessels and secreting sweat

The first section of the small intestine is called this.

duodenum

, ___________________________ wastes.

eliminating

This is the outermost layer of the skin.

epidermis

Produce a feeling called "adrenaline rush"

epinephrine and norepinephrine

is released from __________________ glands to

salivary

This muscle type is both striated and found throughout the body.

skeletal

Identify the following types of joints: skull, hip, ankle, knee, toe, and neck.

skull—fixed, hip—ball-and-socket, ankle—gliding, knee—hinge, toe—hinge, neck—pivot

Contractions of this muscle type are slow and prolonged.

smooth

This muscle type is both involuntary and found throughout the body.

smooth

begin the chemical breakdown of ___________________________ .

starch

Made from lipids and diffuse freely into cells through the plasma membrane

steroid hormones

This organ in the digestive system has the lowest pH.

stomach

These three things comprise the integumentary system in humans.

the skin, hair, and nails

When your body is dehydrated, the pituitary releases ADH hormone, which reduces the amount of ___________________________ in your urine.

water