Texas History Test #1

1. Why did the Spanish abandon East Texas missions?

The Spanish got rid of the East Texas Presidios, plus all of the East Texas missions were a mess except for San Antonio, so everyone relocated to San Antonio and abandoned all the other East Texas Missions

1. Know the details of West Texas development—what was the Pueblo Uprising---what was Corpus Christi de la Isleta.

In 1680, the Spanish in New Mexico suffered a disaster that soon led to a lasting settlement in Texas. By that date, approximately 2,800 Spaniards—missionaries, traders, and ranchers—lived in the Pueblo country on the Río Grande. They had infuriated the Indians in numerous ways, especially by attempting to suppress their religion. As a result the Pueblos organized a revolt that killed four hundred Spaniards and drove the survivors and many friendly Indians down the Río Grande to El Paso where they located at first on the Mexico side of the river. Among the refugees were a sizable number of Indians from the Tiguex Pueblo, and to separate them from the Spanish, the mission and pueblo of Corpus Christi de la Isleta was established in 1682. Located a few miles east of El Paso at the site of modern-day Ysleta, it was the first permanent European settlement within the present-day boundaries of Texas. (Ysleta was in Mexico until the Río Grande changed its course in the early nineteenth century.)

1. Define Encomienda and encomendero.

Encomienda was one of the only institutions that worked well in controling the Indians. It was where they would give control of the labor and spiritual lives of all the natives in a particular town or area to a wealthy Spanish settler

Father Damien Massanet (and DeLeon)

Established the settlement and Missions in East Texas, however DeLeon wants to establish Presidio's too because it will get the cooperation of the indians and discourage the French away. The Spanish officials reject the plan because it is too expensive, Massanet believes that Christian love not soldiers would convince the indians to convert. They come to a compromise of 110 soldiers because of the French Threat. They establish the settlement San Francisco de los Tejas by the Neches river, when they were preparing to leave there is a disagreement and Massanet gets DeLeon to only leave 3 soldiers. Massanet wanted 8 new missions but no new Presidios. When they got back to San Francisco de los Tejas it was in shambles, the indians only wanted the Spanish's goods and not their religion. Instead of establishing 8 more missions they can only maintain the one and leave Massanet with 3 priests and 9 soldiers. Massanet begins to see the value of presidios

1. Who was Estevanico? What happened to him?

Estevanico was apart of Vaca's ragged castaways who was a slave and one of the first people of African decent to come to America. After Vaca and then found the spanish Settlement Estevanico was made a guide on another expedition where he was scouting ahead and eventually became bolder and bolder demanding more and more of the indians until Zuni Indians in Hawikuh killed him for being an ass.

1. September 16, 1810.

"Grito de Dolores" Speech by Father Hidalgo calling for Mexican Independence

1. What was the timeframe of the Age of Revolutions?

1779-1821

Know details about the development and cultural contributions of missions and presidios including locations—which ones were successful and which ones weren't

A. Established Mission san franciso de los tejas - first mission they established failed due to crop failure and disease epidemic b. Problem - hasinais wanted Spanish goods (weapons) and protection but refused to adapt Spanish religion and customs c. Presidios were commanded not by professional soldiers but by merchants and ranchers who had no military experience d. Coah mission in san Antonio had success. Coah led miserable lives so missions were able to offer them stuff. Coah Indians far more concerned with having food to eat than any religious beliefs e. San Jose Mission in san Antonio had success. Resident Indians learned skills such as cloth making, carpentry and irrigated fields that were able to farm crops

1. What were Narvaez's accomplishments and exploits?

After Narvaez lost his eye he went back to Spain and then got permission to settle a colony in Florida but when sailing there accidentally reaches Texas

1. Know details of Cabaza de Vaca's (and his compatriots) sojourn through Texas (interactions with Karankawas and Coahuiltecans).

Cabaza de Vaca was Narvaez's second in command. during the expedition Vaca's ship and one other crash landed in Texas on an island near Galveston and they named it the Island of Misfortune. The Karankawas brought them food and cried with them. Some of the men die and the others eat their bodies to survive. Vaca travels in to Texas and gets very ill. Believing that Vaca had died all but two of the remaining Spanish left him. Vaca recovered and lived in the Galveston area for four more years, he was then taken by a group of indians and treated like a slave but then he escaped and lived a life as a trader. After one of the Spanish that stayed behind with Vaca died he convinced the other to come with him westward along the coast where they met some indians who said they saw men like them and to illustrate the trouble the other men were in the indians beat Vaca and the other man, the other man ran away but Vaca traveled onward and then found Maldonado, Dorantes, and Estevanico. They were slaves to indians for four years before they escaped and in the time of two years they had traveled over 2,000 miles on foot and eventually found another spanish settlement where Vaca published his story.

1. Felipe de Rabago y Teran and Juan Jose Ceballos

Captain Rábago, a handsome man known best for his constant and successful pursuit of women, scandalized the missionaries and destroyed morale among his soldiers before even reaching the San Gabriel. En route, he seduced the wife of a civilian tailor in his command, Juan José Ceballos. The husband objected, so Rábago had him arrested and, upon reaching the San Gabriel, confined to a cell. Rábago found the missions in miserable condition. He reported to the viceroy that the entire enterprise should be abandoned, and while waiting for a response consoled himself with Ceballos's wife. The priests sought to end the affair by ordering the woman back to San Antonio, to which Rábago responded by having Ceballos tied up, placing a cot in the cell, and having sexual relations with the wife in front of her husband. Father Pinilla finally lost all patience in February 1752 and excommunicated Rábago and his entire command, an action that caused them to beg forgiveness but not necessarily to change their ways. As would be expected, both the priests and Rábago complained about each other to authorities in Mexico City; however, before any action could be taken, the situation ended in tragedy. On May 11, Ceballos and one of the priests in the mission where he had taken refuge earlier were murdered. Rábago blamed Coco Indians for the deaths, but almost certainly soldiers from the presidio committed the murders.

1. Who was Coronado and what did he do?

Coronado was a conquistador who led an army of 300 spanish and 1,000 indians to try and find the seven cities of Cibola but when they reached Cibola they only found small huts and indians. They continued on west and found the Grand Canyon and also explores the Pecos and Rio grande area. But then also heard new stories about Quivira

Know details about DeSoto

De Soto was part of the conquest of Peru with Pizarro and became wealthy off of that, he used that wealth to get a grant from the Spanish government to settle his own colony in Florida. During the next three years he traveling from there to Louisiana for the purpose of stealing anything of value he saw which caused a lot of conflict with the Indians, while camping on the Mississippi river De Soto died and his men sank his body into the river to protect it from the Indians

1. Know details about peninsulares, and criollos.

Events in Spain in 1808 provoked mixed reactions among citizens of New Spain. Those called peninsulares, natives of Spain who generally held the most powerful offices, insisted that the colonial government should remain unchanged—out of loyalty to Ferdinand VII. By contrast, criollos, those of Spanish blood born in America, argued that a junta, a small council of political leaders, should take over.

1. The continued presence of the French--St. Denis in particular (What's his story?)

Francisco Hidalgo encouraged development of the missions even inviting the French by a letter to French governor to establish some missions, so the French sent Saint Denis. The French wanted Saint Denis there as a foothold for trade and to make money. Saint Denis was practically under house arrest soldiers escorted him everywhere, they did not trust him. He became engaged to a Spanish aristocrat Manuela Sanchez. He was ordered to Mexico city for the Spanish to discover his true intentions, they eventually trust him and he returns to get married and then he helps found 6 more missions, but then Spain and France go to war and his loyalty is questioned once again, however nothing happens and he commands a French post in Natchitoches until he dies

1. Know the accomplishments of Alonso Alvarez de Pineda.

He was the first to chart the Texas coast and he found the Rio del Espiritu Santo or the Mississippi river

Know details about Francisco de Garay

He was the governor of Jamaica that financed Alonso Pineda's trip to try and find the northwest passage along the coastline between Florida and Mexico

1. How did the introduction of horses influence Native American culture in the Southwest?

Horses were, in the words of one historian, "the perfect animal for the Indians of Texas." They extended the range and effectiveness of hunters. Imagine, They provided a means of moving a camp faster and farther. They changed the face of warfare on the plains, making warriors into cavalrymen who could raid and fight far more effectively than foot soldiers. They were even a food source if necessary. It is not surprising that horses became a valued commodity and status symbol among the first Texans.

1. The development of San Antonio

In 1717 Valero made Martín de Alarcón, a veteran of much service in northern Mexico, governor of Texas and directed him to lead an expedition to create a mission, presidio, and civilian settlement on the San Antonio River as a halfway post to East Texas. Alarcón, accompanied by Father Antonio de Buenaventura y Olivares who was to be responsible for the mission, crossed the Río Grande in April 1718 at the head of seventy-two persons, including soldiers, missionaries, and ten families recruited in northern Mexico. On May 1, he founded a mission—San Antonio de Valero—that would become famous as the Alamo more than a century later. Due to the abandonment of the other East Texas Missions meant more settlers coming into San Antonio

1. Know the details of La Salle's travels, mishaps and accomplishments.

La Salle was the son of a wealthy merchant in France. He traveled to Canada to be a trader and adventurer. He developed plans to build a string of posts across the Illinois country and down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. In the winter of 1682, he traveled down the frozen Illinois River by sled and then, his party canoed down the Mississippi to the eastern passes of its delta's mouth on the Gulf. Arriving in April, he claimed all the lands drained by the Mississippi. After this he went to France in 1683 and persuaded the king to support his plan for entering the Mississippi from the Gulf and planting a French colony "a secure distance" up the river. xico in search of the mouth of the Mississippi River. La Salle overshot the mouth of the Mississippi by some 400 miles and landed at Matagorda Bay on the coast of Texas in February 1685. Carefully exploring the coast, La Salle discovered Aransas Pass, which opens into Corpus Christi Bay, but decided that the Mississippi was behind him. So, he landed a party of soldiers who marched back along Matagorda Island until they came to Pass Cavallo, the entry to Matagorda Bay. They then had some trouble with the Karankawas and then one ship left back to France. La Salle finally realizes he missed the river but only thinks he's on another channel nearby. La Salle was killed not long after by Indians

1. Who encountered the Caddos and recorded it?

Luis de Mosocoso who took over after De Soto died, he covered large expanses of Texas but found no riches

1. Know details about Texas and the origins of the Mexican Independence movement.

Napoleon invades Spain with 100,000 troops and takes Kind Ferdinand VII off of the throne which causes the people in New Spain to argue over what to do. Some want to be loyal to King Ferdinand and some want to become their own country and kind of follow the America model. Hard to govern from across the sea

1. Know details about the Louisiana Purchase and Texas

Napoleon sold the U.S. the Louisiana Purchase for around 15 million dollars which caused a lot of boundary disputes between the U.S. and Spain

1. Know the location of the different tribes of the Late Prehistoric Indians of Texas (map in chapter 1).

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1. Who was Philip Nolan? What was his story?

Philip Nolan was a native of Ireland who migrated to America and wound up in New Orleans in the late 1780s. Learning of trading opportunities in Texas, in 1791 Nolan obtained a passport from Louisiana Governor for a commercial expedition into the province. Authorities there seized his goods, however, and after two years he returned to Louisiana with only fifty Texas mustangs to show for his trouble. Undeterred, Nolan got a new passport and made another visit to Texas in 1794-1795. He went to San Antonio on this second trip, convinced Governor Muñoz to help him obtain a permit to catch mustangs, and took 250 head back to Louisiana. A third venture into Texas in 1797 was even more successful when Nolan spent two years there and returned with 1,200 horses. By 1799, however, his activities had aroused Spanish suspicions about Anglo-American efforts to take control of the prov-ince. Pedro de Nava, commandant general of the interior provinces, instructed the governor of Texas in 1800 to arrest Nolan if he entered again. Ignoring the threatening attitude of authorities, Nolan went into Texas again in October 1800 with a party totaling eighteen armed men. They passed north of Nacogdoches, crossed the Trinity, and set up camp on a tributary of the Brazos River. After spending the winter catching mustangs, Nolan's party awoke before dawn, to find their camp surrounded by Spanish troops from Nacogdoches. After about ten minutes, gallant leader Nolan was slain by a musket-ball which hit him in the head.

1. The significance of Presidio San Juan Bautista del Rio Grande

Presidio San Juan Bautista del Río Grande on the south side of the river about 30 miles below present-day Eagle Pass. This fortress and the adjacent missions would become the gateway to Spanish Texas in the eighteenth century, and became a cornerstone for spanish development

1. Describe the Mission/Presidio system.

Presidios were walled fortresses that helped maintain security for a certain area and gave a military presence on the frontier. While Missions were religious establishments that were headed by Franciscans they had three main purposes to bring the Indians to a settled life and Christianize them; to make the Indians into civilized, tax-paying subjects of the King of Spain; and to uphold Spanish claims against any other nation attempting to enter the area. Missions and Presidios were usually founded near one another.

1. What was Quivira?

Quivira was a lie that the turks told to Coronado's army about a land of great riches on the plains to the north, a place where "golden jingle bells" hung from a tree. When they finally got to Quivira is in current day Kansas it was nothing but grass fields and witchata indians. On their way they also got lost around Lubbock

1. How did Franciscan missionaries contribute to the early development of Spanish Texas?

Ranching

1. Know details about Domingo Teran de los Rios.

Teran led the expeditions to establish the 8 extra missions that never happened. He was very arrogant and saw the assignment as beneath him. As Terán inched toward the Neches, he became increasingly disenchanted with what he found. Heat and drought caused deaths among his livestock, while ticks and chiggers made life miserable for the men. Finally arriving at the mission, he left the animals, distributed gifts, and quickly headed back to the supply ships, which he expected to be waiting at Matagorda Bay. Once he left, the Hasinais killed the cattle that he had brought and stole some of the horses. When Terán reached the coast in September 1691, he found the ships patiently waiting with supplies and, to his dismay, new instructions calling for extensive explorations that would keep him in Texas for the rest of the year. Terán's expedition then became a nightmare in the fall of 1691 as he ex-plored to the northeast from the Neches, crossed the Sabine River, and finally reached the Red River in Arkansas. By that time, the Spaniards had endured three days of freezing rain followed by a foot of snow. The return march brought flooded streams and more rain and snow before the group reached the missions at the end of the year. After a brief rest, Terán again headed for Matagorda Bay through rain so heavy that his men could not build fires to cook food or warm themselves. Terán finally reached the coast and departed Texas by ship in late March 1692

1. What part did Texas forces play in the American Revolution?

Texas assisted Spanish forces in the War of the American Revolution in only one way. During the summer of 1779, Governor Gálvez bought cattle from the ranches of missions and individuals in the region of San Antonio and La Bahía and had the beeves herded to Louisiana to feed Spanish troops, thus beginning a famed Texas tradition—the cattle drive.

1. What was happening with the Apaches and Comanche during this time?

The Apaches being pressured by the Comanche move south of the rio grande where they encounter more trouble with Spanish forces. This forced the Apache leaders to come to San Antonio and make a peace settlement in 1780 but they continued raiding anyway. The Comanche suffered a bad defeat by the Spanish in New Mexico in 1779 forcing them to go down farther into Texas. So the Spanish went and made an alliance with the Comanche against the Apache

1. What role did the Apaches play at this time?

The Apaches were raiding and attacking Spanish settlements because they had a long standing rivalry with the Caddos and so they saw the Spanish as siding with the Caddos. Also with the arrival of the Comanches the Apaches were threatened and the Comanches forced the Apaches out of a lot of their land causing the Apaches to raid more on the Spanish

The arrival of the Comanche—their influence

The Comanches, a branch of the Northern Shoshones, came from the Great Basin region of the west. They came to Texas around the 1720's. The Comanches forged what historian Pekka Hämäläinen has called an empire. The Comanche Empire did not have clearly defined boundaries and bureaucratic rules such as those created by European nations to control their possessions, but for nearly a century it would stand against Spain, then Mexico, and finally the United States. The arrival of the Comanches immediately put pressure on the Apaches, who in turn renewed their attacks on the Spanish settlement. Horses remained their main objective, but the Indians also stole other livestock and guns and ammunition. Retaliatory expeditions by the Spanish had little effect, and efforts by missionaries to negotiate peace were equally unsuccessful. Off and on warfare continued through the 1730s and into the next decade.

1. Know the accomplishments and rivalries of Cortes.

The governor of Cuba finances Cortes' expedition but when he finds out that Cortes is being too independent he sends Narvaez after him to take control of the expedition, but when Narvaez and Cortes' troops meet Cortes wins and Narvaez looses an eye. Then on another expedition Narvaez accidentally reached Texas in 1528

1. What were the Seven Cities of Cibola and why were they significant during early Spanish exploration?

The indians told the spanish about cities of gold that were very very rich which reignited the myth about the Seven Cities of Cibola, fabulously rich cities supposedly settled by seven Portuguese bishops fleeing Muslim invaders in the eighth century, and led to the first authorized expedition into the northern borderlands of New Spain. This was significant during the early Spanish exploration because it informed a lot of their exploration and led to a lot of discovery

1. What is the legend of the Lady in Blue? Why is it significant?

The legend of the Lady in Blue is where a bunch of indians came to Spanish settlements claiming that a lady in a blue cloak came to them and told them the basics of christianity. Back in Spain a nun named María de Jesús claimed that it was her traveling there in her dreams and working with the indians. Some people believe that since she was fasting for several days she was just having visions.

1. How did the Spanish view the American Revolution and the growth of the U.S. in relation to their governance/ownership of Texas?

They saw the U.S. as a threat, the U.S. produced an economy that was far superior than the one that New Spain had, Spain answered this by regulating commerce and promoting immigrants to come from the U.S. Then the Louisiana purchase happens and America almost doubles their land and becomes even more of a threat to Spain with settlers from America moving west. New boundaries have to be established and argued over

1. Adams-Onís Treaty

Treaty that clarified the boundaries between the U.S. and Spain giving the U.S. Florida and creating a clear boundary, see map.

1. What were the consequences of French intrusion into Texas?

When they learned of the French intrusion, the Spanish mounted a frantic effort to locate and destroy La Salle's colony. And this "wilderness manhunt" led in turn to the creation of settlements in East Texas well ahead of the time that they would otherwise have been attempted. So, La Salle unintentionally acted as a painful thorn in the side of Spanish complacency about the northern Gulf coast and Texas. Also new work in trying to convert the indians

1. How did the Great War for Empire effect settlement/land rights on the American continent?

a. 1754 -1763 england and France fought in Europe, north America and india. b. Spain regained cuba only by ceding florida to England France gave La to spain

1. Why was exploration attractive to Spain? What motives drove Spanish exploration?

a. Centuries of fighting muslim invaders strengthened spanish catholicism, providing a spiritual motivation for further conquests. Leaders wanted to spread their goal of "one nation, one monarchy, one faith" to other worlds that they would conquer.

1. What role did the Caddos play during this time?

a. Denis opened commercial exchange with the caddos at this time b. Caddo Indians had easy access to French goods. Caddos gained weapons and militarized themselves and went out to capture their own slaves

1. What was the status of professional soldiers as exploration increased?

a. Equal to a priest or lawyer. War brought excitement and glory and placed a premium on courage and pride.

1. What did Marques de Rubi do? What were his recommendations? What were the consequences (The New Regulations of 1772, etc.)?

a. King Charles appointed him to visit all frontiers on the northern frontier b. Rubi visited the san saba presidio commanded by rabago and found it in terrible condition. c. Rubi visited san Antonio and was very impressed with their mission d. Rubi visited missions in east Texas and los adaes and found them in terrible condition and recommended them to be closed e. el orco - rubi visited and said it was terrible. Said presidio was useless f. la bahia - said it was decent g. report - abandon saba, orco, adaes, nacodoches, Augustine,

1. Know details about the pictographs of the lower Pecos River.

a. The level grasslands of today were more of a savanna of grass and sage broken often by broad, shallow valleys that had jumper and oak growing on their slopes. Along the floors of these valleys ran shallow streams connecting small ponds and marshes.

1. What was the significance of the San Saba River and the area surrounding it?

a. Transferred missions from san marcos to san Gabriel b. Spanish also built: a mission called santa cruz and a presidio called san luis de las armadillas c. San saba missions failed to convert anyone.

1. What is the Line of Demarcation? The Treaty of Tordesillas?

a. Treaty that gave Spain rights to the land of all Americas except Brazil.

1. How did the development of agriculture change Native American societies?

a. developed farming, created pottery, developed bow and arrow,

1. Father Miguel Hidalgo

priest, Miguel Hi-dalgo y Costilla, a well-educated criollo who took a decidedly nontraditional approach to his position. Read books on the Index of Forbidden Literature, and questioned the infallibility of the pope and the virgin birth of Christ. Such unorthodox views made him a likely revolutionary, and he became involved in the plot that called for an uprising against the peninsulares. The revolt began on the morning of September 16, 1810, when Hidalgo delivered an address known as the "Grito de Dolores" to his parishioners. This "Cry," which came to mark independence day in Mexico

What were the characteristics of hunter-gatherers?

•Decline in large mammals/extinction. Why? Change in climate (7000 to 8000 years ago) Adapt or die Evidence of a variety in diet (Lower Pecos Rock Shelters) •Baskets; sandals —various uses for plants - Semi-permanent homes •Pictographs depicting hunts---warriors •Shamans and religious life---faith, beliefs and drug induced visions •Imagination and creativity---adaptability

1. Know details about the Karankawas, Coahuiltecans, Jumanos, and Apaches.

•Karankawa--Gulf coast ---bow & arrow, canoes; physically awesome, kinship-based groups, good to their kids •Coahuiltecan--Guadalupe River to the Rio Grande---POOR—ate ANYTHING---few tools or weapons. Jumanos •West Texas---along Rio Grande—Big Bend •Grew crops •Cooking—stone-boiling •Tall and muscular •Dominated area between 1000 & 1700 •Decline---climate, disease, loss of buffalo Apaches •Zuni for 'enemy' •After 1300: Texas panhandle and westward to New Mexico •Women practiced agriculture •Efficient use of buffalo •Families were the social unit •Warriors honored in society

1. Read closely the section about the Caddo.

•Migrated from the east: Mississippi River Advanced culture (approx. 700 A.D.) •Agriculture •Social classes •Community more than marital relationships •Supreme god •Caddos most powerful between 800 and 1350

1. Know the details of the burial site on the Brazos River.

•North of Waco •Brazos River Excavation • •Rock Shelter •Adult & child buried with seashell beads, canine teeth necklaces, turtle shells, tools, red ocher, and small pieces of sandstone. •What is the significance?

What were some of the tactics/weapons bison hunters used to catch their prey?

•Spears with Clovis Fluted points (spears) •Ingenuity/opportunity •Mammoths and Bison •Running them over a bluff