TeXes EC-6

Scholars have identified three kinds of major connections that students make when reading: connecting text to self, text to the world, and text to text. Which of the following student statements best reflect(s) the connection of text to the world?

"These mythic gods have more power, but feel and act like humans."

Sensorimotor Stage

(Jean Piaget's 1st stage) described from birth to about 2 years as a period of rapid growth. The infant quickly begins to build direct knowledge of the world through trial and error learning. Infancy is characterized by extreme egocentrism. Main development is understanding that objects exist and events occur in the world independently of one's own actions.

A balanced reading program consists of...

explicit, systematic phonics instruction with meaningful, connected readings of informative, engaging text. It includes five main areas of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension.

FOIL method

"First, outer, inner, last". Used to multiply binomials. Multiply the first terms in the parentheses ,then the outermost terms, then the innermost terms, then the last terms, and the add the products together and simplify the expression by combining like terms.

Which of the following traditional folk songs promotes the heritage of Texas?

"The Old Chisholm Trail"

At Alan's Produce, all produce is 20% off on Tuesdays. If a head of lettuce is normally $2.50, how much would it cost on Tuesday?

$2.00

Mary works 39 hours a week and gets paid $9.25 per hour. She receives a raise, and now gets paid $390 per week. By how much did her weekly pay increase?

$29.25

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

The Scientific method steps

- Identify and explain a problem - Make predictions based on observable patterns - Gather and analyze qualitative and quantitative data - Communicate results

Relative to reading, we should teach students to activate their prior knowledge at which time(s)?

-Before reading -After reading -During reading

An author visits a class to discuss her historical novel. What should the author do to engage the students in the story?

-Describe the characters in the story -Explain how she developed the story -Discuss the plot of the story

Which of the following are planets? Select all that apply.

-Mars -Mercury -Neptune

Five Basic Contexts of Narrative Text

-Setting -Characters -Plot -Theme -Vocabulary

A teacher works with third-grade students to teach them the steps of the writing process. Currently, the students are writing sentences and paragraphs. Which THREE of the following steps of the writing process remain for the students to complete?

-Sharing or displaying the finished product -Taking out or adding words or sentences -Rewriting text to correct any mechanical errors

Five Registers of Oral Language

-Static, or frozen -Formal -Consultative -Casual -Intimate

Which THREE of the following events most directly affected the economic development of Texas in the twentieth century?

-The Arab oil embargo of 1973 -The oil strike at Spindletop in 1901 -The stock market crash of 1929

1846

-The current Lone Star flag is flown for the first time -The Mexican-American war is fought over claims to the southern boundary of Texas

A compound is:

-a type of mixture -made up of more than one type of atom -a chemical combination

Youth Risk Behavior Survey

-created by the CDC -describes national & state level adolescent health risks

Emphysema

-is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) -makes breathing difficult -partial obstruction of the bronchial tubes limit airflow -no cure, avoid smoking

Branches of government

-legislative -executive -judicial

Base- Ten system

0-9

What is the difference between the sum of the following set of numbers estimated to the nearest tenth and the exact sum? 42.45 + 1.6 + 6.48 + 19 + 25.52

0.05

Larry has written 6/10 of his book report. Which decimal represents the part of the book report he has written?

0.6

expanded form

1,2,3,4 is 1 thousand+2 hundreds+3 tens+4 ones

Laws of motion - Sir Isaac Newton

1. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted by an unbalanced force. - law of inertia 2. Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass, the greater amount of force needed to accelerate the object. 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Stages of Reading Development

1. Emergent Readers- display basic reading readiness skills such as directionality movement (eye movement from left to right, top to bottom, and return sweep), point to words to make voice-print match, locate known and unknown words, use some initial and final consonant sounds in reading words, use illustrations or picture clues to support identifying words and comprehension, use story structure to make connections to print, use repeated phrases or patterns to read 2. Early Readers- have mastered reading readiness skills, and they are beginning to read simple text with some success. They're also developing an internal list of high-frequency words in print. Their reliance on picture clues has decreased now that they can get more information from print. They can also: engage in discussion of stories read, retell stories, read familiar texts with fluency 3. Newly Fluent Readers- Can read with relative fluency and comprehension. They can use several cuing systems (semantic, structural, visual, and grapho-phonemic) to get meaning from print. They can also self-monitor, summarize print, use literary terms and grammatical concepts.v

3 parts to a function

1. Input 2. Relationship 3. Output

speaking checklist

1. Sticks to topic 2. Builds support for the student. 3. Speaks clearly. 4. Takes turns and waits to talk. 5. Talks so others in the group can hear. 6. Speaks smoothly. 7. Uses courteous language 8. Presents in an organized and interesting way 9. Supports the topical thesis 10. Answers questions effectively 11. Is comfortable speaking publicly 12. Maintains listeners' interests 13. Volunteer to answer in class

Stages of First Language Development

1. The Babbling Stage (pre-language stage)(0-6 months): send and receive messages and use reflexive crying to communicate with caregivers. 2. Holophrastic Stage (one-word stage) (11-19 months): imitate the inflections and facial expressions for adults. Understand word concepts and use these to conceptualize complete ideas. 3. Two-Word Stage (13-24 months):children produce rudimentary phrases. 4. Telegraphic Stage (18-27 months): represents a higher degree of linguistic development in which the child goes beyond the use of two-word communication in their speech. 5. Ages 2-3: children have about 200-300 words in their linguistic repertoire and can produce short sentences. 6. Age 4: children have 1,500 words in their vocabulary. They speak more complex sentence structures, but their speech still contains pronunciation problems as well as overgeneralization. 7. Age 5: have vocabulary of 2,100 words and a working knowledge of grammar and language. 8. Age 6-7: have a speaking vocabulary of about 2,100 words and a comprehension vocabulary of more than 20,000 words. 9. Ages 8-12: begin using relative pronoun clauses (i.e. the boy whom you met yesterday is my friend.)

NCTM Six Principles

1. equity 2. curriculum 3. teaching 4. learning 5. assessment 6. technology

Wellness

1. understanding the basic human body functions & how to care for & maintain personal fitness 2. developing an awareness & knowledge of how certain everyday factors, stresses, & personal decision can affect one's health

A student tosses a six-sided die and flips a coin. What is the probability that the die will land on 1 and the coin will land showing tails?

1/12

An object is being acted on by a force of 20 N directed to the left and a force of 30 N directed to the right. What is the net force acting on the object?

10 N to the right

An elf in Santa's Workshop can typically build two giant robot toys a week. If the elf works year-round, how many giant robot toys is he likely to produce in one year?

104 giant robot toys

Aaron will place 99 towels on a shelf. He will make 9 equal stacks. How many towels will be in each stack?

11

Erika's goal is to practice playing her guitar for 300 minutes this week. • On Sunday she practiced for 117 minutes. • On Tuesday she practiced for 58 minutes. How many more minutes does Erika need to practice in order to meet her goal?

125 minutes

What is the remainder in the following equation? A division problem displays the following: a divisor of 24, a dividend of 685, a quotient with a blank in the tens digit and an 8 in the ones digit, and a remainder that's also a blank.

13

Renaissance Era

1400-1600

Revolutionary War

1775-1783 American War of Independence. Began as 13 colonies versus Great Britain but soon turned into G.B versus colonies, France, Netherlands, and Spain = American Victory

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

WW2

1939-1945, Germany, Italy, Japan against Great Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Which of the following is equivalent to 200 centimeters?

2 meters

House of Representatives

2 year term, 435 members- official is most reactive, or accountable to the people based on the number of years in office. 1. house of Congress where the size of the state determines the number of representative

Heteronyms

2+ words that have same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning (Polish/polish)

Homographs

2+ words that the same spelling but different meanings (stalk-part of plant/stalk-follow)

Use the table to answer the question below: Milligram (mg) 1,000 mg = 1 g Gram (g) base unit Kilogram (kg) 1,000 g = 1 kg Which of the following is equivalent to 2 g?

2,000 mg

Two angles are complementary. If the measure of one of the angles is 68°, what is the measure of the other angle?

22°, because the sum of the measures of complementary angles is 90°.

How many phonemes are in the word "hat"?

3

Quinlyn described a number using these clues. • The value of the digit 7 is (7 × 10). • The value of the digit 3 is (3 × 1,000). • The value of the digit 1 is (1 × 100). Which number could fit Quinlyn's description?

3,175.02

At the end of a factory assembly line, completed widgets are deposited into a box until it is filled. If after 10 minutes the box contains 25 widgets and it takes 2 hours total to fill up a box, how many widgets must each box hold?

300 widgets

Solve the equation below: 1 3/8÷2/3

33/16

Which of the following is a prime number?

41

There are 27 teams in a hockey league. There are 16 players on each team. How many players are in the hockey league?

432

Erin starts with the number 4, adds -3, then subtracts -4. What is the result?

5

Which of the following is not a prime factor of 504?

5

Senate

6 year terms, 100 members, , approves presidential nominations to the federal courts, approves presidential appointees to federal positions, approves treaties, serves as jury in impeachment trials.

What is the digit in the hundreds place in the product of 63 * 31?

63*31=1953. 9 is in the hundreds place.

A runner is running a 10k race. The runner completes 30% of the race in 20 minutes. If the runner continues at this pace, how long will it to finish?

67 minutes. To find the answer to this question set up a ratio; remember that 30% = .3 and 100% = 1. (20 / .3) = (X / 1). When you cross multiply to solve for X, you get the equation .3x = 20. Divide each side by .3 to isolate X and the answer is 66.66666. The best answer choice is 67 minutes.

An art teacher had 736 crayons. • She threw away 197 broken crayons. • Then she bought 150 more crayons. Which equation shows how to find the number of crayons the art teacher has now?

736 197 + 150 = _______

The standard addition algorithm below is being used to add three two-digit numbers. 4z 27 +x5 y14 If x, y and z each represent a different digit from 0 to 9, what is the value of (x)(y)(z)?

8

Which of the following is the best example of a tariff?

A 20% tax on imported cane sugar

Carlos Finlay

A Cuban doctor who discovered that mosquitoes carry yellow fever.

Bases

A base is a compound that has a hydroxide ion connected to some other ion. Because the hydroxide ion is negatively charged, the opposite ion is a positively charged ion. One of the most well known bases is sodium hydroxide. when mixed with acids, become less powerful; turn litmus paper blue. When acids and bases react with one another they can neutralize each other, turning to salt and water.

Binomial

A binomial is a polynomial that consists of exactly two terms ("bi" means two).

Geometry

A branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Considered to have its formal beginning in about 300 BC, when the Greek mathematician Euclid gathered what was known at the time, added original work of his own, and arranged 465 propositions into 13 books, called 'Elements'.

fault

A break in Earth's crust along which rocks move. Earthquakes usually occur along fault lines.

fable

A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters

Which of the following is the best example of a learned behavior in animals?

A chimpanzee using tools to access food

A first-grade class studies animals and categorizes them as either sea animals, pets, zoo animals, or farm animals. The teacher wants students to create a visual to display their categories. Which of the following will best display the information?

A concept map

Which of the following phrases best describes the human digestive system?

A continuous tube with attached organs that performed different functions

Balance scale

A device for weighing. It has a balanced beam and two pans. When the pans contain exactly the same mass the beam will be in balance. You can place an object in one pan and standard weights in the other to find what the object weighs.

fluency disorder

A fluency disorder, which is often referred to as "stuttering", is characterized by primary (core) and secondary behaviors. Primary behaviors may include repetitions of sounds, syllables, or whole words; prolongations of single sounds; or blocks of airflow or voicing during speech.

friction

A force that keeps objects, usually molecules, that are touching each other from sliding past each other easily. Friction usually causes heat as the process allows molecules to release their thermal energy.

Regions

A geographic area defined by one or more characteristics that set it apart from other areas. , 8- Atlantic, Eastern, Great Lakes, Midwestern, South Central, South Eastern, Southern, Pacific

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

theocracy

A government ruled by or subject to religious authority.

Ms. Moore is working with her sixth-grade science class to spot simple machines in daily surroundings. Which of the following everyday objects would be the best example of a lever?

A hammer

Hybrid plants

A hybrid is merely the offspring of two parents that are not genetically the same. This can happen naturally, or it can be done on purpose to create plant, for instance, that is resistant to certain types of disease. The drawback is that hybrids often lack genetic diversity and a new pest or disease can wipe out the entire crop since the plants are all exactly alike.

poetry

A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination.

Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK)

A leader of the Civil Rights movement. Was shot and killed April 4, 1968.

Describe incomplete metamorphosis and give examples of organisms that demonstrate it.

A life cycle of certain insects, such as crickets and grasshoppers, characterized by the absence of a pupal stage between the immature and adult stages.

Incomplete metamorphosis

A life cycle of certain insects, such as crickets and grasshoppers, characterized by the absence of a pupal stage between the immature and adult stages.

conductor

A material that an electric current can pass through easily.

Inductive Reasoning

A method of drawing a probable conclusion from an emerging configuration of data. It occurs by analyzing observations and discovering common patterns. When patterns repeat for an extended period of time, an analyst can logically predict that those patterns will continue to repeat.

Monomial

A monomial is a polynomial that consists of one term ("mono" means one).

Pi

A name given to the ratio of the circumference of a circle to the diameter. That means, for any circle, you can divide the circumference (the distance around the circle) by the diameter and always get exactly the same number. It doesn't matter how big or small the circle is, Pi remains the same. While Pi has a decimal that never ends, it is usually estimated as 3.14.

exposition

A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.

Term

A number or a variable or a product or quotient of numbers and variables.

Prime Number

A number that can be divided evenly only by 1 or itself. And it must be a whole number greater than 1.

Irrational Number

A number whose decimal form is nonterminating and nonrepeating. Irrational numbers can't be expressed as fractions.

Which of the following statements best explains why the algebraic formula for the area of a triangle is 1/2 bh

A parallelogram is composed of two congruent triangles, so the area of a parallelogram with the same base and height as the triangle can be divided by 2 to find the area of the triangle.

socioeconomic status

A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors.

Which of the following assignments best assesses students' use of quotation marks in writing?

A personal narrative about a time that students disagreed with a friend

Polynomial

A polynomial is a mathematical expression involving a sum of powers in one or more variables multiplied by coefficients.

Genetic Recombination

A process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new genes. Genetic recombination is any process in which DNA sequences interact and undergo a transfer of information, producing new "recombinant" sequences that contain information from each of the original molecules.

Mathematical Proofs

A proof is a rhetorical device for convincing someone else that a mathematical statement is true or valid.

Which of the following geometric solids has five faces, eight edges and five vertices?

A rectangular pyramid

Function

A relation that uniquely associates members of one set with members of another set. There will always be three main parts: The input, The relationship, The output. For instance, 4(input) X 2(function) = 8(output)

Which of the following writing assignments would best assess a student's use and understanding of citing works in writing?

A research paper about the Civil War

Which of the following could be used as a secondary source for a lesson about the American Revolution?

A section about the Taxation Act from a history textbook

language processing disorder

A specific type of Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) in which there is difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups that form words, sentences and stories. While an APD affects the interpretation of all sounds coming into the brain, a Language Processing Disorder (LPD) relates only to the processing of language. LPD can affect expressive language and/or receptive language.

Protractor

A square, circular or semicircular tool, typically in transparent perspex, for measuring angles. The units of measurement utilized are usually degrees

Treble clef

A symbol designating higher tones (i.e. the right hand of the piano)

Bass clef

A symbol designating lower tones (i.e. the left hand of the piano)

Systems of Equations

A system of equations is a collection of two or more equations with a same set of unknowns. In solving a system of equations, we try to find values for each of the unknowns that will satisfy every equation in the system.

democracy

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

Biofeedback

A technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.

Dynamic Equilibrium.

A term for an ideal condition in which the interrelationships of organisms to one another and their environment appear harmonious, like a forest where everything is in balance. In reality, the balance is continually upset by natural events. In chemistry it can refer to chemical reactions that run in both forward and reverse directions and are called reversible reactions.

Running reading

A tool that helps teachers to identify patterns in student reading behaviors. These patterns allow a teacher to see the strategies a student uses to make meaning of individual words and texts as a whole.

Equilateral Triangle

A triangle with all three sides the same length. All equilateral triangles are also isoceles triangles. All three internal angles are also congruent to each other and are each 60°.

Trinomial

A trinomial is a polynomial that consists of exactly three terms ("tri" means three).

gravity

A universal force that pulls at objects and keeps objects in the universe in balance. On earth it is the force that keeps us from flying off into space and pulls us toward earth.

dependent variable

A variable that depends on one or more other variables. For equations such as y = 3x - 2, the ___________________ variable is y. The value of y depends on the value chosen for x.

A syllable must contain:

A vowel

WW1

A war between the Allies and Central powers, it was mainly fought in Europe. Began in 1914. Ended in 1919. Us intervened in 1917.

multi-sensory techniques

A way of teaching that engages more than one sense at a time. For kids with reading issues like dyslexia, the use of sight, hearing, movement and touch can be helpful for learning. Here are a few of many possible examples of multi-sensory techniques teachers use to help struggling readers

Scientific inquiry

A way to investigate things and propose explanations for their observations. Data is gathered, hypothesis suggested and observations recorded. In typical scientific inquiry, the process that we use involves formulating hypotheses and designing experiments to test them. This basic process also helps develop critical thinking skills. In other words, it is a form of gathering scientifically fact-based new information in a systematic way as part of the inquiry and curiosity often leading to new scientific inventions. It also involves critical thinking skills.

biography

A written account of another person's life.

Scientific Inquiry - 5 E model Scientific vocabulary is introduced

AFTER students have had hands on experience in the exploration phase and have used their observations and data to construct meaning in the concept invention phase.

Complete Metamorphosis

About 88% of all insects go through complete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis has 4 stages: Egg - A female insects lays eggs. Larva - Larvae hatch from the eggs. They do not look like adult insects. They usually have a worm-like shape. Caterpillers, maggots, and grubs are all just the larval stages of insects. Larvae molt their skin several times and they grow slightly larger. Pupa - Larvae make cocoons around themselves. Larvae don't eat while they're inside their cocoons. Their bodies develop into an adult shape with wings, legs, internal organs, etc. This change takes anywhere from 4 days to many months. Adult - Inside the cocoon, the larvae change into adults. After a period of time, the adult breaks out of the cocoon.

Describe complete metamorphosis. About what percentage of all insects go through it?

About 88% of all insects go through complete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis has 4 stages: Egg - A female insects lays eggs. Larva - Larvae hatch from the eggs. They do not look like adult insects. They usually have a worm-like shape. Caterpillers, maggots, and grubs are all just the larval stages of insects. Larvae molt their skin several times and they grow slightly larger. Pupa - Larvae make cocoons around themselves. Larvae don't eat while they're inside their cocoons. Their bodies develop into an adult shape with wings, legs, internal organs, etc. This change takes anywhere from 4 days to many months. Adult - Inside the cocoon, the larvae change into adults. After a period of time, the adult breaks out of the cocoon.

Acids

Acids are compounds that have a hydrogen ion connected to some other ion. Because the hydrogen ion is a positively charged ion, the opposite ion is a negative charged. One of the most well known acids out there is hydrochloric acid. When mixed with bases, become less powerful; turn litmus paper red; have a sour taste; corrosive on metals.

According to current research in the field of physical education, which of the following best promotes student participation in lifelong physical activity?

Acquiring basic skills needed to participate in a variety of activities

Which of the following will best support early elementary students in the pre-writing stage of the writing process?

Allowing students to use verbal communication to organize their thoughts

1519

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda explores and maps the Texas coastline

During the morning message, a kindergarten teacher produces the /t/ sound and asks the students, "Who can show me the letter in the morning message that makes that sound?" A student then uses a pointer to identify the letter that corresponds with that sound. Which of the following concepts is the teacher primarily addressing?

Alphabetic principle

George Washington Carver

American botanist, agricultural chemist, and educator who developed hundreds of uses for the peanut, soybean, and sweet potato, prompting Southern farmers to produce these soil-enriching cash crops.

Cesar Chavez

American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962

Algebraic Expression

An algebraic expression is a collection of numbers, variables, and grouping symbols connected by operation symbols such as +, -, ×, and ÷.

What is an allele and where is it located?

An alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.

Allele

An alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. These DNA codings determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring.

Interior Angles

An angle inside a shape. When you add up the Interior Angle and Exterior Angle you get a straight line, 180°. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. All the interior angles of a square are right angles -- that means that they are all 90 degrees.

Acute angle

An angle that measures greater than 0 degrees and less than 90 degrees.

Linear Equation

An equation of the form Ax + By = C, where A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0. The graph of a linear equation is a straight line.

connotation

An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests

Which of the following is the primary result of European colonization of Africa?

An increase in violent conflicts based upon ethnicity

Manipulatives

An object which is designed so that a learner can perceive some mathematical concept by manipulating it. The use of manipulatives provides a way for children to learn concepts in a developmentally appropriate, hands-on and an experiencing way. Mathematical manipulatives are used in the first step of teaching mathematical concepts, that of concrete representation.

A.D.

Anno Domini meaning in the year of our Lord

phonation disorder

Any kind of abnormality in the vibration of the vocal fold [Hoarseness or extreme breathiness can interfere with comprehension].

fluency disorder

Any kind of condition that affects the child's ability to produce coherent and fluent communication [stuttering, cluttering].

Phonemic Awareness for ELL Students

Areas of focus: -homonyms -homographs -homophones -heteronyms

Stages of Oral Language Development: One-word development

Around one year of age, children begin to produce word-like units. These word-like units may be invented words, also known as idiomorphs (Reich, 1986). For example, a child may have a special invented word that refers to a toy or to his personal blanket. This idiomorph is a "word" in the sense that it is stable and used to refer to a particular object on a consistent basis. In addition to these invented words, children also produce more conventional words that resemble adult pronunciation and meaning. The one-word stage is a significant development because the child is now using a stable language unit to communicate meaning. Often parents and family members will adopt the child's invented words or pronunciations as a way of encouraging the child to talk.

lisping

Articulation disorder when children or adults produce the sound /s/, /sh/, /z/, and /ch/ with their tongue between the upper and lower teeth. Some are developmental and will be eliminated but some require speech therapy.

Stages of Oral Language Development: Cooing

As early as six weeks, infants will begin to spontaneously make cooing sounds (Reich, 1986; Wolff, 1969). These extended sounds resemble vowel sounds, such as /aaa/, /ooo/, /ahhh/. (Note that the slash marks surrounding the letters refer to the sound associated with the letters.) At this stage children are learning to make sounds by manipulating their tongues, mouths, and breathing. This cooing behavior may occur when the child is alone and clearly indicates the child is experimenting with making sounds. These vowel-like sounds occur earlier than do the consonant-like sounds because the vowel-like sounds are produced with less articulation than are the consonant sounds. For example, when you produce an /aaa/ sound your mouth and throat are more open; when you produce a /p/ sound, you need to coordinate your lips and breath to produce the sound.

Stages of Oral Language Development: Telegraphic Stage

As toddlers develop their speaking vocabulary, they begin to string several words together. Like Eric in the chapter's opening vignette, children typically enter their preschool years speaking in several word utterances or short sentence-like segments. This is referred to as telegraphic speech because utterance includes only content words with no conjunctions, articles, prepositions, or word endings (for example, plural endings) (Tager-Flusberg, 1997), such as "daddy shoe," "go bye-bye," or "cookie all gone." This stage is significant because now the child is arranging the words in ways that communicate more complex messages.

Teaching good listening skills: Ask children to listen to a set of instructions

Ask children to write down notes and then gather them into groups to compare notes and create a group guide to the topic.

A fifth-grade teacher writes the problem 56 12 × on the board. Students begin to solve the problem mentally, and as each student finds a solution, he or she signals the teacher with a thumbs-up signal. When almost every student has given a thumbs-up signal, the teacher has the following dialogue with a student. Teacher: "Billy, what answer did you come up with?" Billy: "792." Teacher: "Great job, Billy! That is the correct answer. Raise your hand if you found 792 to be the product, like Billy." Almost every student in the class raised a hand. The teacher writes the next problem on the board. Which of the following instructional adjustments can the teacher make to best assess all of the students' understanding of multiplying two-digit numbers?

Asking multiple students to share and defend their solutions before acknowledging the correct answer

When selecting vocabulary from magazine or newspaper articles used in instruction, which of the following methods is most effective?

Asking students to identify words for further study when they read an article for the first time

If you were to break down a rock to its smallest whole pieces, what would you have?

Atoms

The smallest whole units of matter are ______________.

Atoms

How are atoms related to elements?

Atoms are the individual particles of an element.

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884). Credited with outlining the method and processes of heredity.

Native Americans in Central and South America

Aztec, Mayas, Inca

Bar graphs

Bar graphs are used to represent two elements of a single subject.

atom

Basic unit of matter Smallest particle of an element

What is the primary reason the early 21st century has been referred to as the Information Age?

Because there are more sources and outputs of information than ever before

B.C.E.

Before common era, is expected to replace B.C.

In a lesson about resource use, a teacher is contrasting the use of fossil fuels with the use of biofuels. Which of the following best characterizes how biofuels are different from fossil fuels?

Biofuels are renewable resources.

Stages of Oral Language Development: Beginning Oral Fluency

By ages 3-4, most children will be moderately fluent in the language used at home. They use this oral language for a variety of purposes, such as asking questions, responding to others' questions, and expressing their thoughts. Throughout the remaining preschool years, as well as in elementary school, children's oral language continues to become more complex in grammar and vocabulary, and more varied in the ways that they use language to communicate with others, both in their family and in their community.

In which of the following ways does the expository text best help build students' vocabulary knowledge and development?

By allowing students to determine the meaning of unknown words in context

1528

Cabeza de Vaca is among the first Europeans to explore the Texas interior

Propane C3H8 is a common fuel used in home barbecue grills. When propane burns in air, it produces which of the following gases?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Ribosomes

Cells need to make proteins. Those proteins might be used as enzymes or as support for other cell functions. When you need to make proteins, you look for ribosomes. Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.

Key features of preoperational stage:

Centration: the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at one time Egocentrism: Children's thoughts and communications are typically egocentric (about themselves). Piaget concludes that the egocentric child assumes other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does. Play: at the beginning of this stage you often find children engaging in parallel play; meaning that they often play in the same room as kids but play next to them instead of with them. Children are absorbed in their own private world and speech in egocentric-externalizing their own thinking. No grasp on rules of social function or language

Which of the following terms describes the phenomenon of a young child having greater control of his or her upper torso than of his or her legs or feet?

Cephalocaudal development

Which of the following types of energy is stored in a battery?

Chemical

When wood burns, which of the following energy transformations occurs?

Chemical energy into heat energy

Which of the following energy transformations occurs when wood burns?

Chemical energy into heat energy

Which of the following energy transformations occurs when gasoline is ignited in the cylinder of a car engine?

Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy.

Independent reading

Children's reading of text — such as books, magazines, and newspapers — on their own, with minimal to no assistance from adults. It can consist of reading done in or out of school, including purely voluntary reading for enjoyment or assigned reading for homework.

Which of the following is most likely to occur when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass at Earth's surface?

Clouds will form and inclement weather will usually develop.

C.E.

Common Era, is the same as A.D., is expected to replace A.D.

Fifth-grade students are preparing to read a short story about two children's visit to a New York City zoo. Which of the following activities is the best way to introduce the text to promote reading comprehension?

Completing a KWL chart

What is condensation? When does it usually occur?

Condensation is the change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water. Condensation generally occurs in the atmosphere when warm air rises, cools and looses its capacity to hold water vapor. As a result, excess water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets.

Syntactic Component

Consists of the rules that enable us to combine morphemes into sentences. As soon as a child uses two morphemes together, as in more cracker, he is using a syntactic rule about how morphemes are combined to convey meaning.

As a demonstration during a unit on weather, a teacher adds food coloring to the bottom of a beaker of water being heated on a hot plate, and the students observe the movement of color in the water. Which of the following processes is illustrated by the movement of the color?

Convection

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Syllable Awareness

Counting, tapping, blending, or segmenting a word into syllable

Noam Chomsky

Created concept of "universal grammar"; pointed out how children "overgeneralize" language rules and the concepts of "deep v. surface" structures in language

Which of the following was the primary purpose of adding the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution?

Creating explicit limits on the power of the federal government

A kindergarten teacher is creating a unit on apples to focus on the letter "A." Which of the following activities best contributes to students' understanding of the alphabetic principle?

Cutting out pictures of objects that begin with "A" and labeling them in a book

Density of an object

DENSITY is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant volume.

pragmatic

Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations

To complete the life cycle, dead plants and animals must be broken down to return nutrients to the soil. Which organisms complete this process?

Decomposers

Which of the following is the most appropriate learning progression through the levels of geometric thinking?

Deduction, Visualization, Abstraction

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning. It begins with a general hypothesis or known fact and creates a specific conclusion from that generalization. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class.

Galileo Galilei

Demonstrated that all objects fall at the same speed, showed that tall matter has inertia, used a telescope to see the rings around Saturn and the moons of Jupiter and reported that the planet and moon move, which resulted in his being persecuted.

Tall Tales

Describes the stories of legendary people, or fictitious characters, who accomplish great things. (ex: Paul Bunyon)

denotation

Dictionary definition of a word

Language disorder

Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders. When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has a language disorder.

D.L.T.A

Direct Listening and Thinking Activity

Which of the following is most likely to help fourth-grade students understand the concept of characterization?

Directing students in a classroom performance of a play that is based on a familiar story

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of the first French explorers of North America?

Discover a western sea-route to trade with Asia

Speed

Distance ÷ time

Declaration of Independence

Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence)

Continents

Earth's divided into seven large landmasses.

All of the same type of atoms in the entire universe make up a(n) ______________________.

Element

A fourth grader demonstrates good decoding skills when reading leveled word lists, but often makes miscues and rarely self-corrects when reading text passages. To help this student learn to self-correct, the teacher should...

Encourage the student to think about whether each sentence makes sense as it is read.

5-E Model

Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate. Incorporates two additional essentials of classroom teaching.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Stamp Act

English tax on American colonists. The cry for "No taxation without representation" began

A fourth-grade teacher has students read about famous figures from Texas history and then takes the class to see a play about the life and times of Davy Crockett. Taking the class to see the play will best accomplish which of the following objectives?

Enhancing lessons in social studies through a culturally relevant theatrical event

Responsiveness to rhyme and alliteration during word play

Enjoying and reciting learned rhyming words or alliterative phrases in familiar storybooks or nursery rhymes.

During a unit on propaganda, a sixth-grade teacher asks students to evaluate short statements made in advertising materials and to attempt to detect any faulty reasoning. Which of the following levels of reading comprehension is primarily being targeted in the lesson?

Evaluative

President

Executive Branch, Chief Executive of the United States, Head of State and Commander and Chief of the US Armed Forces. The President of the United States is elected every 4 years, by the Electoral College. Signs or veto's bills passed to them by Congress.

Social Norms

Expectations of how to act & when; We adapt our behavior based on social norms (we do not act the same around our boss as we do with our friends)

A test or trial to discover the unknown

Experiment

Third-grade students are assigned to write about their city after reading various texts about it. Which of the following types of writing will best allow the students to include academic vocabulary they learned from the reading?

Expository essay

Which Constitutional Amendment prohibits the denial of voting based upon race, color, or previous servitude?

Fifteenth Amendment

Estimating

Finding a number that is close enough to the right answer. You are not trying to get the exact right answer. What you want is something that is close enough. Also, involves the concept of predicting, or making an educated guess

Staff

Five lines and four spaces on which music is written.

literary analysis

Focuses on how plot/structure, character, setting, and many other techniques are used by the author to create meaning.

Centration

Focusing on one aspect of a situation or problem

A first-grade teacher is having students march to the sound of a drum. Which of the following instructions is most appropriate for teaching the movement concepts of spatial awareness and relationship awareness?

Follow the person in front of you, but keep a comfortable distance between you.

commutative property

For addition, the rule is "a + b = b + a"; in numbers, this means 2 + 3 = 3 + 2. For multiplication, the rule is "ab = ba"; in numbers, this means 2×3 = 3×2. Any time they refer to the _______________ Property, they want you to move stuff around

associative property

For addition, the rule is a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c - in numbers, this means 2 + (3 + 4) = (2 + 3) + 4. For multiplication, the rule is a(bc) = (ab)c - in numbers, this mean s2(3×4) = (2×3)4. Any time they refer to the _____________________ Property, they want you to regroup things.

Students are working independently to solve the equation - + =- 4 ? 10 . The teacher says the following to help them understand the problem. "If you owe somebody $4, you have a negative $4 balance with that person. If you borrow more money from the person, you will owe more and have a more negative balance with that person." After speaking with several students, the teacher finds that some of them are still having trouble with the concept of negative numbers. As a result, the teacher then reteaches the concept using a number line. Which of the following types of assessments has the teacher used?

Formative

Equivalent Fractions

Fractions that may look different, but are equal to each other. Two equivalent fractions may have a different numerator and a different denominator. For instance, The fractions 2/3 and 4/6 are equivalent. (A fraction is also equivalent to itself. In this case, the numerator and denominator would be the same.)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who established a fort at what we know now as Quebec

Rene-Robert Cavelier aka LaSalle

French explorer who sailed the length of the Mississippi River and claimed it for France naming the entire area Louisiana

Which of the following types of children's songs combine singing and movement in order to promote enjoyment of music and develop music literacy in students?

Game songs

A fourth-grade teacher notices several students who are shy and reluctant to speak in class. What strategy would be most effective in motivating students' participation in class while enhancing their listening and speaking skills?

Giving students opportunities to share and listen to stories in a small-group setting

When determining the accurate measurement of a liquid, which piece of equipment would be best to find the liquid's volume to the nearest milliliter?

Graduated cylinder

Which of the following civilizations is most closely associated with the systematic study of geometry and the development of mathematical proofs?

Greek

ecosystem

Groups of living things and the environment they live in

How humans change the environment

Habitat destruction, introduce non-native species, and acid rain, pollution,

Isoceles Triangle

Has at least two sides that are exactly the same length. This forces two of their angles to also be acute angles of exactly the same size.

Which of the following comments from the teacher best addresses the strengths and weaknesses of Jack's writing?

Have you considered adding more details to describe the tiger cub to complement the complete sentences you created?

A sixth-grade teacher has a number of students experiencing reading difficulties. Which of the following is the best way to assess the students' fluency skills and reading levels?

Having students read aloud for one minute and count the number of words read correctly

Which of the following is the best way to assess the fluency skills and reading levels of sixth-grade students?

Having students read aloud for one minute and count the number of words read correctly

A class has just completed a unit on the anatomy of a flower. Which of the following is the most effective way for a teacher to assess the students' understanding of the concept?

Having the students dissect a flower and label the parts

Thermal energy

Heat energy. Thermal energy is the internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules. The atoms and/or molecules of a hotter object have greater kinetic energy than those of a colder one, in the form of vibrational, rotational, or, in the case of a gas, translational motion

Atmospheric Cycle

Heat from the sun warms the air, which rises and creates a low pressure system; colder air higher up sinks and creates a high pressure system.

A fourth grader who reads at the seventh grade level often seems bored and unchallenged. What would be most appropriate for the teacher to do to promote this student's reading development?

Help the student find books to read that are of high personal interest.

Benjamin Banneker

Helped to plan Washington DC; was the first black American to write a scientific book.

phonics instruction

Helps beginning readers understand how letters are linked to sounds (phonemes) to form letter-sound correspondences and spelling patterns and to help them learn how to apply this knowledge in their reading. Phonics instruction may be provided systematically or incidentally.

H.O.T.S

Higher order thinking skills

During the revising stage of the writing process, which of the following would be most beneficial for students?

Holding peer conferences

Mental Functioning Model - Piaget

How individuals learn is through mentally experiencing the three phase process: 1) Assimilation or take in information 2) Accommodation 3) Organization

Terrance lives near a river and is concerned about burning fossil fuels. Which alternative energy in his area would be the best solution?

Hydroelectric energy

Hydroelectric plant

Hydroelectric plants use moving or falling water to turn a generator and produce electricity. They usually have generators located at the base of a dam, and they raise the level of water behind the structure. The higher the water level behind the dam, the more potential energy it has. And by releasing water, the potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy to turn the turbines which turn the generators.

How environment changes humans

Ice ages, natural disasters, floods, weather, climate,

6+1 writing traits

Ideas—the main message Organization—the internal structure of the piece Voice—the personal tone and flavor of the author's message Word Choice—the vocabulary a writer chooses to convey meaning Sentence Fluency—the rhythm and flow of the language Conventions—the mechanical correctness Presentation—how the writing actually looks on the page

Isaac Newton

Identified the 3 laws of motion, introduced the concept of gravity, demonstrated that white light contains many colors.

Constant Term

If an expression has a term that is a number (without a variable), we refer to that number as constant term, or simply a constant

Congruent Triangles

If two triangles are congruent they will have exactly the same three sides and exactly the same three angles. The equal sides and angles may not be in the same position (if there is a turn or a flip), but they will be there.

Which of the following rocks are formed under molten material?

Igneous

Linear Inequalities

In mathematics a linear inequality is an inequality which involves a linear function. A linear inequality contains one of the symbols of inequality: · < is less than · > is greater than · ≤ is less than or equal to · ≥ is greater than or equal to · ≠ is not equal to

Place Value

In our decimal number system, the value of a digit depends on its place, or position, in the number. Each place has a value of 10 times the place to its right.

Based on the economic principles of supply and demand, a decrease in the production rates of oil will most likely result in which of the following?

Increased oil prices for consumers

When a vast amount of ash is expelled from a volcano during a catastrophic eruption, some of this ash can remain in the atmosphere for years. Which of the following changes in Earth's system most likely results from this situation?

Increased solar reflection leading to lower global temperatures

voice disorder

Individuals whose pitch, loudness, or phonatory quality differs significantly from that of persons of a similar age, gender, cultural background, and racial or ethnic group.

Stages of Oral Language Development: Babbling

Infants' sound production becomes more varied and complex around 4-6 months of age. At this time they begin to babble, making repeated consonant-vowel sounds, such as ba-ba-ba (Clark & Clark, 1977; Stoel-Gammon, 1998). A more complex type of babbling develops around 8-10 months. This type of babbling varies in intonation and rhythm and sounds like the child is talking. It is called echolalic babbling because it reflects the intonation and rhythm of the speech of the adults in the child's environment (Sachs, 1989).

The process of using logical consequences by arriving at a conclusion

Inference

deductive reasoning

Inference in which the conclusion cannot be false given that the premises are true.

Seeking information by questioning or investigation

Inquiry

To best ensure active engagement for students working on an open-ended research question for science, a fifth-grade teacher should focus on providing which of the following?

Inquiry-based instruction

shared reading

Interactive reading experience that occurs when students join in or share the reading of a book or other text while guided and supported by a teacher. The teacher explicitly models the skills of proficient readers, including reading with fluency and expression.

Thomas Alva Edison

Inventor and scientist, invented the light bulb

Searching for facts through a detailed examination

Investigation

Phonological Component

Involves the rules for combining sounds. Speakers of English, for example, know that an English word can end, but not begin, with an /ng/ sound. These are rules that we are not necessarily cognizant of, but our ability to understand and pronounce English words demonstrates that we do know a vast number of rules.

Native American groups in North America

Iriquois, Cherokee, Sioux, Navajo, Inuit, Blackfeet

Teaching a lesson on the properties of sound, a teacher talks about the sound of a passenger jet plan in flight, observing that the sound seems to come from a point several plane-lengths behind the jet itself. This example best demonstrates which of the following about the speed of sound?

It is significantly slower than the speed of light.

Many desert animals depend on the prickly pear cactus. What role does the prickly pear cactus play in a desert food web?

It obtains energy from producers.

The human skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Which of the following sentences correctly states one of the functions of the human skeletal system?

It provides a rigid framework that supports and protects many organs of the body.

Juneteenth

June 19, 1865. Union soldiers landed at Galveston and announced that the slaves were free

K-W-L teaching model

K- What I know. W- What I want to know. L- What I learned. Relies on metacognition.

Which of the following is the proper order for the taxonomic hierarchy?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which of the following is the stage in the life cycle of a butterfly that is the major period of feeding and growth?

Larva

Deductive Learning

Learning step by step

Inductive Learning

Learning through examples

Word problem: Samantha's Bakery sells cupcakes in packages of 12 and cookies in packages of 20. The bakery sold the same number of cupcakes and cookies yesterday. What is the minimum number of cupcakes that the bakery could have sold? A teacher creates the word problem shown for a math lesson. Based on the word problem, the lesson will most likely cover which of the following mathematics concepts?

Least common multiple

All members of a group of kindergarten students early in the year are able to chant the alphabet. The teacher is now teaching the students what the alphabet looks like in written form. The teacher points to a letter and the students vocalize the correspondent sound. Alternatively, the teacher vocalizes a phoneme and a student points to it on the alphabet chart. The teacher is using ________________ in her instruction.

Letter-sound correspondence

fibrous root:

Long roots that grow near the surface.

Which of the following actions best represents the first step in the process students should use to interpret graphs and charts containing numerical information?

Looking at the title, axes, headings, and legends to develop a sense of the content of the graph or chart

Several students in a physical education class are having difficulty reaching the basketball goal with their shots, even while using a youth-sized basketball. Which of the following options is most appropriate for the teacher to introduce to increase the students' success?

Lowering the height of the basket

Semantic Component

Made up of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning that may be combined with each other to make up words: for example, paper + s are the two morphemes that make up papers. Sentences are also semantic components. A dictionary contains the semantic components of a language and reflects not just what words make up that language but also what words (and meanings) are important to the speakers of the language.

Celeste is buying erasers for 8 of her friends. There are 76 erasers left at the store. Which of the following approaches can Celeste use to determine the greatest number of erasers she can buy to give each of her friends the same number and have none remaining?

Making an organized list of the multiples of 8 to see which one is closest to 76

A second-grade teacher is focusing on the concept that change occurs in systems. Which of the following activities presents that concept using the scientific inquiry method?

Making and testing predictions of how long it would take an ice cube to melt on a sunny day.

A third-grade teacher assigns homework that requires students to list ten common words that can either stand alone or be combined with another word. The assignment primarily promotes the students' understanding of which of the following concepts?

Making compound words

Which of the following best explains why learning English as a second language is easier when a person already knows a historically-related language?

Many words and roots of words are likely to have similar spellings and meanings

Which situation could best be represented by the equation: 12x = 54?

Marty made car payments on her car for 54 months until it was paid off. What is x, the number of years it took Marty to pay off her car?

Quadrilaterals

Means "four sides. "Any four-sided shape is a Quadrilateral. But the sides have to be straight, and it has to be 2-dimensional.

Mechanical energy

Mechanical energy can be either kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential energy (stored energy of position). Objects have mechanical energy if they are in motion and/or if they are at some position relative to a zero potential energy position (for example, a brick held at a vertical position above the ground or zero height position).

What is the median and mean of the data set below? 10, 8, 5, 3, 7, 4, 5, 9, 2, 3, 7, 3, 8, 6, 4, 1, 2, 1, 10, 3

Median: 4.5; Mean: 5.0

Before casting for a class play, a sixth-grade teacher tells the class that the main character will have a monologue during the play. The monologue most directly challenges students to develop which of the following skills?

Memorizing a long speech

Briefly define metamorphosis and list its two types.

Metamorphosis refers to the way that insects develop, grow, and change form. Metamorphosis actually means "change". There are two types of metamorphosis--incomplete and complete.

Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis refers to the way that insects develop, grow, and change form. Metamorphosis actually means "change". There are two types of metamorphosis--incomplete and complete.

Which of the following had the greatest impact on Anglo settlement in Hispanic Texas?

Mexican land grants provided inexpensive properties in Texas.

1821

Mexico gains independence from Spain

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.[2] In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth.

Ms. Gonzales has her third-grade students read the following sentence from a science text to themselves. "After the volcano erupted, lave flowed down into the forest, destroying all the trees and vegetation." One of the students asks Ms. Gonzales what the word "erupted" means. Which of the following actions by Ms. Gonzales would best foster students' independent use of reading strategies?

Modeling the process of using the surrounding text to determine the meaning of the word.

Different types of atoms combine to form ___________________.

Molecules

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Industrial Revolution on daily life in America?

Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, and increases in wages.

Which of the following did Lyndon B. Johnson, the thirty-sixth president of the United States, accomplish during his tenure in Congress (1937-1961)?

Mustering congressional support for rural electrification, the space program, and civil rights legislation.

global aphasia

Name the aphasia based on these characteristics: • Both Broca's and Wernicke's areas damaged by lesion in the presylvian speech area; trouble repeating statements; poor comprehension with telegraphic speech

Most students in a kindergarten class can identify two words that rhyme. Which of the following phonemic skills is most appropriate for the teacher to address next?

Naming the beginning sounds in words

Jumano

Native Americans who live in the far western part of Texas, which is mostly desert

Lipan Apaches

Native Americans who live on the High Plains in what is now the Texas Panhandle

Karankawas

Native Americans who lived along the Gulf Coast

Atakapans

Native Americans who lived along the upper Gulf of Mexico coast

Pueblo

Native Americans who lived in far west Texas, they built great civilization in what is now the southwestern U.S.

electrons

Negatively charged particles

Which system controls the function of the body?

Nervous system

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen is necessary for all life, animals, as well as plants. Although our air is composed of 78% nitrogen it is not in the form that plants can use. The nitrogen cycle explains the process of how nitrogen in the air is changed to a form that plants can absorb from the soil. It uses what is called "nitrogen-fixing" bacteria. View the attached image for details.

Which of the following best explains why a citizen who yells "fire" in a crowded room where there is no fire is not protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution?

No right is absolute, especially when weighing an individual's rights against the rights of a larger group.

An ESL student whose L1 is Chinese tends to omit plural endings and articles before nouns. Of the following, which is the best explanation for these errors?

Omission avoids having to choose among irregular English forms

formal registry

One of the most analyzed areas where the use of language is determined by the situation is the formality scale. Especially in language teaching, the term "register" often forms a shorthand for formal/informal style, although this is an aging definition.

Which of the following is the most appropriate tool for teaching students the geographic concept of hemispheres?

Online three-dimensional maps

A human male transmits Y-chromosome genetic traits only to:

Only the man's male offspring

Non-fiction can include what?

Opinions and suppositions

Which of the following statements best describes the role of oral storytelling among families and cultures around the world?

Oral traditions communicate cultural values and practices to others

Which of the following statements best describes the continuing role of familial oral storytelling traditions in many cultures around the world?

Oral traditions serve as a means of transmitting knowledge of cultural practices and societal norms to others

Fertilizers used on farms near the coast can be carried to the ocean when runoff occurs during rain showers. These fertilizers can decrease the populations of fish and shellfish. Which other populations most likely decrease as a result?

Organisms that eat fish and shellfish

Climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

intelligibility

PHONOLOGY When other people can understand what you are saying. Has resulted in the phonological core--features of phonology that are crucial.

Which of the following is the relationship in which organism A benefits from living on or in the body of organism B but provides no benefit to organism B?

Parasitism

Pragmatic Rules

Part of our communicative competence, our ability to speak appropriately in different situations, for example, in a conversational way at home and in a more formal way at a job interview

A first-grade teacher has set up the following math workstations for students to work in pairs. Station 1: Students toss 7 two-color counters from a cup and record the addition equation represented. They repeat the process ten times. Station 2: Each student builds a tower of 8 cubes using two different colors, and then records the addition equation that the colors represent. Students then exchange towers and record the addition equation for the new towers. Station 3: Students are provided with 9 counters each. One student hides some of the counters. The other student looks at how many counters remain present and determines how many are hidden. The students then record the equation that the missing counters represent. Which of the following relationships are the students most likely exploring in the stations?

Part-part-whole

Physical Education Standard 3

Participate regularly in physical activity

Which of the following silent reading practices provides the best conditions for students' individual reading improvement?

Participating in scaffolded silent reading for 20 minutes every day while the teacher confers with students individually about their reading

Which of the following is a responsibility of citizenship?

Paying federal taxes

Which of the following phonemic awareness skills would be the last skill a student should be expected to master?

Phoneme deletion

Which of the following concepts involves understanding that spoken words consist of a sequence of individual sounds?

Phonemic awareness

Which of the following stages of spelling development is primarily characterized by letter-sound correspondence?

Phonetic

Ms. Aguirre has several English-language learners (ELLs) in her class. To provide her ELL students with additional support, Ms. Aguirre often incorporates body movement into her verbal interaction with her students by clapping the syllables of words in simple sentences. Her approach focuses primarily on which of the following skills?

Phonological awareness

In the model known in reading instruction as the Three Cueing Systems, which of these relate most to how sounds are used to communicate meaning?

Phonological cues

During a lesson on hitting a ball placed on a tee, a third-grade student is swinging the bat down on the ball from above rather than swinging parallel to the ground. Which of the following is most appropriate for the teacher to use first to help the student improve batting form?

Physically guiding the swing to give the student the experience of proper technique

Place Value

Place value are the basic foundation for understanding mathematic computation. The simple number 1984 can be explained passed on the positions of the numbers in the value scale.

Which of the following activities is most effective in helping kindergarten students understand measurement of the lengths of small objects, such as pencils or cups?

Placing interlocking cubes next to the objects and counting the cubes.

Which of the following activities is most effective in helping kindergarten students understand measurement of the lengths of small items?

Placing same-size objects, such as Legos or cubes, next to the object and counting the number of objects

Teaching good listening skills: Play listening games

Play games such as Simon Says or Hokey Pokey, varying instructions so that children have to listen closely to succeed.

A first-grade teacher has several students who lack phonological and phonemic awareness skills. To best provide opportunities for the students to develop the skills at home, the teacher should assign homework that includes which of the following activities?

Playing word and sound games with family members

Use the information below to answer the questions that follow. A first-grade teacher plans to use the following passage from a nonfiction text as the introduction for a series of literacy lessons about tigers. As part of the unit, students will use the nonfiction excerpt and other research to create their own stories about a tiger. Passage The tiger is a large cat found in Asia and parts of Russia. Most tigers are black, white and orange, although some are only white and black. They can run at speeds of 35 miles per hour, even though they are the largest species of cat. Tigers can weigh 400-675 pounds, and their bodies can be up to nine feet long. Is your body as long as a tiger? Tigers are endangered in the wild, because people often destroy their forest homes. In the United States, tigers can be seen in zoos and wildlife preserves. Have you ever seen a tiger? The following is the fictional story written by Jack. Sammy the baby tiger lives at a zoo in Texas. He like to play with his toy ball. He also like to play with his bruther and sistur. Which of the following text elements is most appropriate for the teacher to introduce in preparation for the writing assignment?

Plot development

which is a more ancient form of literature? Poetry or Prose?

Poetry

Teaching good listening skills: Ask children to demonstrate listening by predicting the end of a story

Point out contributions that could not be possible according to previously disclosed facts.

The formal name of the United States of America denotes which type of region?

Political

protons

Positively charged particles

Line graphs

Present information in a fashion similar to bar graphs, but they use points and lines.

Prime factorization involves knowledge of two sets of numbers

Prime numbers: are natural numbers greater than 1 that are divisible only by themselves and 1. The first eight prime numbers are {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}.

Conservation

Problem in the preoperational stage. Understanding the quantity length or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object or items. This limitation can affect children's ability to measure volume and to undersnd the value of money. ex: children may think a nickel is worth more than a dime because the coin is larger.

The steps or process used to solve a problem

Problem-solving

Questioning

Promotes logical thinking and scientific reasoning. Good questioning allows students to learn to carefully analyze their findings prepared with experimental evidence.

While discussing a play they recently saw, students note that one of the characters often appeared onstage in the shadows. When confronted with upsetting news, the same character was shown in red light. As described, which of the following is a primary purpose of the lighting?

Prompting inferences about the character's personality

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to reduce a person's risk of developing melanoma?

Protecting the skin against excessive exposure to the sun

Which of the following is the most effective way for a first-grade teacher to enhance students' reading proficiency?

Provide effective phonics instruction

A teacher is working with a group of first-grade students on exploring the concept of ten. Which of the following activities would be most effective in helping the students grasp the concept of ten?

Putting one bean in each square of a grid containing ten squares.

Distinction based on qualities of a specific kind

Qualitative observation

Measuring a quantity

Quantitative observation

Teaching good listening skills: Play a CD or a recording of a children's song

Quiz the children on the song after playing it for the class

Natural resources

Raw materials supplied by nature that come from the earth, the water, or the air and are used to produce goods.

Teaching good listening skills: Introduce the concept of a main idea

Read a short paragraph to the students and then ask them to state in one phrase or sentence what the main idea of that story is.

In a meeting with a teacher, a parent asks how to encourage reading and improve reading skills for children at home. Which of the following is the most effective recommendation for the teacher to make?

Reading books aloud with the child at home

Louis Pasteur

Realized that tiny organisms caused wine and milk to turn sour, showed that heating the liquids killed the germs (pasteurization), developed a vaccine for rabies.

A teacher notices that some students in the class have trouble interacting with peers during group assignments. Which of the following will best help students learn more appropriate oral language skills to use in group interactions?

Rehearsing positive group collaboration by using a script and having students analyze productive conversations

Leanordo da Vinci

Renaissance artist

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist

Galileo

Renaissance scientist who invented the telescope

Which of the following activities is most effective in developing reading fluency skills in first-grade students?

Rereading stories that were used during guided reading

Which of the following strategies should students first use in the process of interpreting graphs or charts containing numerical information?

Review the title, headings, and legends to develop an understanding of the content presented in the graph or chart

The following is a writing excerpt from a first grader: "The Katipilr was haging on the tree branch. It gru and gru then it bkam a Butifl Buttrfli." Which of the following stages of the writing workshop process is the student ready to initiate?

Revising

A type of song in which a second voice exactly imitates a leading voice at different places in the melody is a

Round

monarchy

Ruled by a king or queen

Performing operations with negative and positive numbers

Rules for multiplication and division are the same-two positives or two negatives make a positive, and mixing negative with positive makes a negative. examples: negative x negative= positive (-6x-5=30) positive x postive = postive (6x5=30) positive x negative=negative( 5x-5=-30)

Rules or procedures to follow to avoid injury or danger

Safety

Of the following mixtures, which can be most effectively separated into its components using a mesh screen?

Sand and pebbles

A method of research using steps to solve a problem and gathering data to reach a conclusion

Scientific method

Rebecca Cole

Second black woman to graduate from medical school. taught hygiene and childcare to families in poor neighborhoods

Which of the following elements of writing is the best example of a major difference between written and spoken English?

Sentence construction

Of the following, which best demonstrates the use of an inquiry-based activity during a unit on physical properties of matter?

Separating a mixture, using the physical properties of its components

Students in a kindergarten class are learning to analyze and spell phonetically regular words. They have learned to identify individual phonemes and to blend onsets and rimes. Which of the following is the most appropriate to teach next?

Short and long vowels

Which of the following should students be able to do in order to begin improvising songs?

Sing in tune

When teaching decoding skills, what kind of words should a teacher use to introduce the concept?

Single, closed-syllable words

guided reading

Small-group reading instruction designed to provide differentiated teaching that supports students in developing reading proficiency'. The small group model allows children to be taught in a way that is intended to be more focused on their specific needs, accelerating their progress.

When teaching students to sing using the Kodály method, which of the following is the first interval taken from folk songs and used in echo singing?

Sol-mi

Of the following activities, which best introduces to students the process skill of classification?

Sorting a collection of objects into metals and nonmetals, then sorting the metals into magnetic and nonmagnetic

Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer, first Spaniard to set foot in Florida

Endangered species

Species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues

The Sons of Liberty played a major role in protesting which of the following?

Stamp Act

Which of the following forms of movement most clearly demonstrates basic skill in nonlocomotor body management?

Standing on a balance beam

1821

Stephen F. Austin establishes the first Anglo-American colony, the Old Three Hundred

morphology

Structure of words

A teacher reviews four students' current stages of writing development and notes the following. Student 1: The student writes letters and words but sometimes does not add spacing between words. Student 2: The student makes an assortment of marks resembling a drawing on a paper. Student 3: The student spells many words the way they sound. Student 4: The student writes capital letters without spacing. Based on the information above, which TWO students display the most advanced development in their writing?

Student 1 and Student 3

Ms. Ruiz is teaching her students about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Which of the following activities would foster critical thinking in her students?

Students classifying rock samples as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.

Third-grade students have been identifying planets in the solar system, and their position in relation to the Sun. After completion of the unit, which of the following culminating activities would best assess the students' learning?

Students create a display board of unit concepts to present in a science fair.

While teaching sixth-grade students new abstract science concepts, a teacher plans to use questioning strategies to help his students construct and monitor meaning. Which of the following techniques would best promote the students' understanding?

Students generate their own questions about the concepts before beginning instruction.

Concept Invention

Students share observations and findings. Students present and share data with classmates in a teacher guided discussion on findings.

Which of the following learning goals is most appropriate for a third-grade unit on money?

Students will be able to determine the value of a collection of coins and bills.

The students in Mr. Grant's third-grade class earn tickets for positive behaviors and use them to bid on prizes in a class auction at the end of each week. One Friday Mr. Grant went to his prize box and pulled out only one object, a popular multicolored pen. He explained to the students that it was the only prize he had and began the bidding process. The bidding reached fifteen tickets. He then pulled out twenty more of the same pens and began the bidding again, but no one would bid more than one ticket. The application of which economic concept can be demonstrated by the impact of the twenty additional pens on the bidding price?

Supply and demand

Jean Piaget

Swiss psychologist and epistemologist known for his pioneering work in child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".

Natural System

System that occurs naturally within the environment as opposed to a human-made system.

Teaching good listening skills: Practice learning foreign words that require careful listening

Teach the class to count to ten in Spanish, repeating the Spanish numbers after you as you say them.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard IV: Literacy Development and Practice

Teachers of young students understand that literacy develops over time and progresses from emergent to proficient stages. Teachers use a variety of contexts to support the development of young students' literacy.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard II: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness

Teachers of young students understand the components of phonological and phonemic awareness and utilize a variety of approaches to help young students develop this awareness and its relationship to written language.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard I: Oral Language

Teachers of young students understand the importance of oral language, know the developmental processes of oral language and provide a variety of instructional opportunities for young students to develop listening and speaking skills.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard III: Alphabetic Principle

Teachers of young students understand the importance of the alphabetic principle to reading English, know the elements of the alphabetic principle and provide instruction that helps students understand that printed words consist of graphic representations that relate to the sounds of spoken language in conventional and intentional ways.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard XII: Viewing and Representing

Teachers understand how to interpret, analyze, evaluate and produce.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard IX: Writing Conventions

Teachers understand how young students use writing conventions and how to help students develop those conventions.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard VIII: Development of Written Communication

Teachers understand that writing to communicate is a developmental process and provide instruction that helps young students develop competence in written communication.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard X: Assessment and Instruction of Developing Literacy

Teachers understand the basic principles of assessment and use a variety of literacy assessment practices to plan and implement literacy instruction for young students.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard VI: Reading Fluency

Teachers understand the importance of fluency to reading comprehension and provide many opportunities for students to improve reading fluency.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard VII: Reading Comprehension

Teachers understand the importance of reading for understanding, know the components of comprehension and teach young students strategies for improving comprehension.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard XI: Research and Inquiry Skills

Teachers understand the importance of study and inquiry skills as tools for learning and promote students' development in applying study and inquiry skills.

English Language Arts and Reading EC-6 Standard V: Word Analysis and Decoding

Teachers understand the importance of word analysis and decoding to reading and provide many opportunities for students to improve word analysis and decoding abilities.

The five basic parts of any speech are opener, preview, body, review, and close. Which of the following would be an appropriate opener?

Tell a short story and ask a relevant question

1845

Texas is admitted to the Union as the 28th state

Second-grade students each place thin paper over an object they have found in the classroom and rub a crayon over the paper on part of the surface of the object. The activity can most effectively be used to introduce students to which of the following elements of art?

Texture

Which of the following would be the best concept to introduce to students in a second grade class?

That a square is a rectangle and a rectangle can be square

Glaciers and Great Lakes

The Great Lakes were formed many years ago during the ice age. As glaciers began to melt and slide they dug and cut deep gashes in the ground. These deep gashes or holes became the Great Lakes.

The Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Earth. A galaxy is a huge collection of stars (suns). The name derives from its appearance as a dim "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky, in which the naked eye cannot distinguish individual stars.

1839

The Texas Congress meets for the first time in Austin, the new capital of the Republic

multiplicative inverse property

The ____________________ is 1 over the number and when multiplied will equal one. Ex. (1÷8) × 8 = 1

additive inverse

The _______________________ of a number a is the number that, when added to a, yields zero. This operation is also known as the opposite (number), sign change, and negation.

phonemic awareness

The ability to deal explicitly with segmental sound units smaller than a syllable. Example: The sound units in D O G.

assimilation

The absorption of new ideas into an existing cognitive structure.

syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Art Standard IV

The art teacher understands and conveys the skills necessary for analyzing, interpreting and evaluating works of art and is able to help students make informed judgments about personal artworks and those of others.

Art Standard III

The art teacher understands and promotes students' appreciation of art histories and diverse cultures.

Art Standard V

The art teacher understands how children develop cognitively and artistically and knows how to implement effective, age-appropriate art instruction and assessment.

Art Standard I

The art teacher understands how ideas for creating art are developed and organized from the perception of self, others and natural and human made environments.

Art Standard II

The art teacher understands the skills and techniques needed for personal and creative expression through the creation of original works of art in a wide variety of media and helps students develop those skills and techniques.

Troposphere

The atmospheric layer closest to Earth, where almost all weather occurs. It's the thinnest layer and is from 4 to 11 miles high (depending on latitude).

Competency 003 (Geography and Culture): The teacher understands and applies knowledge of geographic relationships involving people, places and environments in Texas, the United States and the world; the teacher also understands and applies knowledge of cultural development, adaptation, diversity and interactions among science, technology and society as defined by the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS).

The beginning teacher: A. Analyzes and applies knowledge of key concepts in geography (e.g., location, distance, region, grid systems) and knows the locations and the human and physical characteristics (e.g., culture, diversity) of places and regions in Texas, the United States and the world. B. Analyzes ways that location (absolute and relative) affects people, places and environments (e.g., the location of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources such as fresh water, fossil fuels, fertile soils and timber). C. Analyzes how geographic factors have influenced the settlement patterns, economic development, political relationships and historical and contemporary societies, including those of Texas, the United States and the world. D. Demonstrates an understanding of physical processes (e.g., erosion, deposition, weathering; plate tectonics; sediment transfer; flows and exchanges of energy and matter in the atmosphere that produce weather and climate; weather patterns) and their effects on environmental patterns. E. Analyzes how humans adapt to, use and modify the physical environment and how the physical characteristics of places and human modifications to the environment affect human activities and settlement patterns. F. Demonstrates an understanding of the physical environmental characteristics of Texas, the United States and the world, past and present, and analyzes how humans have adapted to and modified the environment. G. Examines how developments in science and technology affect the physical environment; the growth of economies and societies; and definitions of, access to and the use of physical and human resources. H. Creates and interprets maps of places and regions that contain map elements, draws sketch maps that illustrate various places and regions, and uses the compass rose, grid system and symbols to locate places on maps and globes. I. Demonstrates an understanding of basic concepts of culture; processes of cultural adaptation, diffusion and exchange; and positive and negative qualities of a multicultural society. J. Demonstrates an understanding of the contributions made by people of various racial, ethnic and religious groups. K. Analyzes the effects of race, gender, socioeconomic class, status and stratification on ways of life in Texas, the United States and the world. L. Identifies, explains and compares various ethnic and/or cultural customs, celebrations and traditions. M. Demonstrates an understanding of relationships among cultures of people from various groups, including racial, ethnic and religious groups, in the United States and throughout the world (e.g., conflict and cooperation among cultures; factors that influence cultural change, such as improved communication, transportation and economic development). N. Compares and analyzes similarities and differences in the ways various peoples at different times in history have lived and have met basic human needs, including the various roles of men, women, children and families in past and present cultures. O. Compares similarities and differences among Native American groups in Texas, the United States and the Western Hemisphere before European colonization. P. Applies knowledge of the role of families in meeting basic human needs and how families and cultures develop and use customs, traditions and beliefs to define themselves. Q. Understands and applies the concept of diversity within unity. R. Relates geographic and cultural information and ideas to information and ideas in other social sciences and other disciplines. S. Formulates geographic and cultural research questions and uses appropriate procedures to reach supportable judgments and conclusions. T. Demonstrates an understanding of research related to geography and culture and knows how social scientists in those fields locate, gather, organize, analyze and report information using standard research methodologies. U. Demonstrates an understanding of the characteristics and uses of various primary and secondary sources (e.g., databases, maps, photographs, media services, the Internet, biographies, interviews, questionnaires, artifacts); utilizes information from a variety of sources to acquire social science information; answers social science questions; and evaluates information in relation to bias, propaganda, point of view and frame of reference. V. Applies evaluative, problem-solving and decision-making skills to geographic and cultural information, ideas and issues by identifying problems, gathering information, listing and considering options, considering advantages and disadvantages, choosing and implementing solutions, and assessing the solutions' effectiveness. W. Communicates and interprets geographic and cultural information in written, oral and visual form (e.g., maps and other graphics) and translates the information from one medium to another (e.g., written to visual, statistical to written or visual). X. Analyzes geographic and cultural data using geographical tools and basic mathematical and statistical concepts and analytic methods. Y. Understands and analyzes the characteristics, distribution and migration of populations and the interactions between people and the physical environment, including the effects of those interactions on the development of Texas, the United States and the world. Z. Demonstrates knowledge of the institutions that exist in all societies and how the characteristics of those institutions may vary among societies. AA.Demonstrates an understanding of how people use oral tradition, stories, real and mythical heroes, music, paintings and sculpture to represent culture in communities in Texas, the United States and the world (e.g., importance of individual writers and artists to the cultural heritage of communities; significant examples of art, music and literature from various periods). BB.Understands the relationship between the arts and the times and societies in which they are produced, including how past and contemporary issues influence creative expressions, and identifies examples of art, music and literature that have transcended the boundaries of societies and convey universal themes such as religion, justice and the passage of time. CC. Analyzes relationships among religion, philosophy and culture and their effect on ways of life in Texas, the United States and the world. DD. Understands and analyzes how changes in science and technology relate to political, economic, social and cultural issues and events.

Competency 002 (Number Concepts and Operations): The teacher understands concepts related to numbers, operations and algorithms and the properties of numbers.

The beginning teacher: A. Analyzes, creates, describes, compares and models relationships between number properties, operations and algorithms for the four basic operations involving integers, rational numbers and real numbers, including real-world situations. B. Demonstrates an understanding of equivalency among different representations of rational numbers and between mathematical expressions. C. Selects appropriate representations of real numbers (e.g., fractions, decimals, percents) for particular situations. D. Demonstrates an understanding of ideas from number theory (e.g., prime factorization, greatest common divisor, divisibility rules) as they apply to whole numbers, integers and rational numbers, and uses those ideas in problem situations. E. Understands the relative magnitude of whole numbers, integers, rational numbers and real numbers including the use of comparative language and sets of objects. F. Identifies and demonstrates an understanding of and uses of a variety of models and objects for representing numbers (e.g., fraction strips, diagrams, patterns, shaded regions, number lines). G. Uses a variety of concrete and visual representations to demonstrate the connections between operations and algorithms. H. Identifies, demonstrates and applies knowledge of counting techniques, including combinations, to quantify situations and solve math problems (e.g., to include forward, backward and skip counting, with or without models). I. Identifies, represents and applies knowledge of place value (e.g., to compose and decompose numbers), rounding and other number properties to perform mental mathematics and computational estimation with automaticity. J. Demonstrates a thorough understanding of fractions, including the use of various representations to teach fractions and operations involving fractions. K. Uses a variety of strategies to generate and solve problems that involve one or more steps, with fluency.

Competency 004 (Physical Education): The teacher uses knowledge of the concepts, principles, skills and practices of physical education to plan and implement effective and engaging physical education instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Applies key principles and concepts in physical education and physical activity (e.g., cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, weight control, conditioning, safety, stress management, nutrition) for the promotion of health and fitness. B. Knows and helps students understand the benefits of an active lifestyle. C. Understands appropriate methods, including technological methods, for evaluating, monitoring and improving fitness levels. D. Applies knowledge of movement principles and concepts to develop students' motor skills including understanding key elements of mature movement patterns (e.g., throwing, jumping, catching) and various manipulative skills (e.g., volley, dribble, punt, strike). E. Selects and uses developmentally appropriate learning experiences that enhance students' locomotor, nonlocomotor, body control, manipulative and rhythmic skills. F. Modifies instruction based on students' individual differences in growth and development. G. Evaluates movement patterns to help students improve performance of motor skills and to integrate and refine their motor and rhythmic skills. H. Understands a variety of strategies and tactics designed to improve students' performance, teamwork and skill combinations in games and sports. I. Selects and uses instructional strategies to promote students' knowledge and application of rules, procedures, etiquette and fair play in developmentally appropriate games and activities. J. Designs, manages and adapts physical education activities to promote positive interactions and active engagement by all students. K. Understands areas of diverse needs (e.g., physical and emotional challenges, learning disabilities, sensory difficulties, language differences) and their implications for teaching and learning. L. Applies knowledge of physical education content and curriculum based on the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and knowledge of students in early childhood through grade six to plan, implement and assess effective, developmentally appropriate physical education activities.

Competency 004 (Geometry and Measurement): The teacher understands concepts and principles of geometry and measurement.

The beginning teacher: A. Applies knowledge of spatial concepts such as direction, shape and structure. B. Identifies, uses, understands and models the development of formulas to find lengths, perimeters, areas and volumes of geometric figures. C. Uses the properties of congruent triangles to explore geometric relationships. D. Identifies, uses and understands concepts and properties of points, lines, planes, angles, lengths and distances. E. Analyzes and applies the properties of parallel and perpendicular lines. F. Uses a variety of representations (e.g., numeric, verbal, graphic, symbolic) to analyze and solve problems involving angles and two- and three-dimensional figures such as circles, triangles, polygons, cylinders, prisms and spheres. G. Uses symmetry to describe tessellations and shows how they can be used to illustrate geometric concepts, properties and relationships. H. Understands measurement concepts and principles, including methods of approximation and estimation, and the effects of error on measurement. I. Explains, illustrates, selects and uses appropriate units of measurement to quantify and compare time, temperature, money, mass, weight, area, capacity, volume, percent, speed and degrees of an angle. J. Uses translations, rotations and reflections to illustrate similarities, congruencies and symmetries of figures. K. Develops, justifies and uses conversions within and between measurement systems. L. Understands logical reasoning, justification and proof in relation to the axiomatic structure of geometry and uses reasoning to develop, generalize, justify and prove geometric relationships. M. Understands attributes of various polygons, including names and how sides and angles of the polygon affect its attributes. N. Partitions or decomposes polygons to express areas as fractions of a whole or to find areas of nonstandard polygons. O. Demonstrates the value and relationships of United States coins and bills and uses appropriate symbols to name the value of a collection. P. Identifies, uses and understands the concepts and properties of geometric figures and their relationships. Q. Describes the key attributes of the coordinate plane and models the process of graphing ordered pairs.

Competency 004 (Economics): The teacher understands and applies knowledge of economic systems and how people organize economic systems to produce, distribute and consume goods and services.

The beginning teacher: A. Compares and contrasts similarities and differences in how various peoples at different times in history have lived and met basic human needs, including the various roles of men, women, children and families in past and present cultures. B. Understands and applies knowledge of basic economic concepts (e.g., economic system, goods and services, free enterprise, interdependence, needs and wants, scarcity, roles of producers and consumers, factors of production, specialization and trade, entrepreneurship); knows that basic human needs are met in many ways; and understands the value and importance of work and of spending, saving and budgeting money. C. Demonstrates knowledge of the ways people organize economic systems and of the similarities and differences among various economic systems around the world. D. Understands and applies the knowledge of the characteristics, benefits and development of the free-enterprise system in Texas and the United States and how businesses operate in the United States free-enterprise system (e.g., importance of morality and ethics in maintaining a functional free-enterprise system and the impact of past and present entrepreneurs). E. Applies knowledge of the effects of supply and demand on consumers and producers in a free-enterprise system. F. Demonstrates knowledge of patterns of work and economic activities in Texas and the United States, past and present, including the roles of consumers and producers, and the impact of geographic factors, immigration, migration, limited resources, mass production, specialization and division of labor, and American ideas about progress and equal opportunity. G. Demonstrates knowledge of categories of economic activities, economic indicators and how a society's economic level is measured. H. Understands the effects of government regulation and taxation on consumers, economic development and business planning. I. Demonstrates an understanding of major events, trends and issues in economic history (e.g., factors leading societies to change from rural to urban or agrarian to industrial, economic reasons for exploration and colonization, economic forces leading to the Industrial Revolution, processes of economic development in different areas of the world, factors leading to the emergence of different patterns of economic activity in the various regions of the United States). J. Analyzes the interdependence of the Texas economy with those of the United States and the world.

Competency 002 (History): The teacher understands and applies knowledge of significant historical events and developments, multiple historical interpretations and ideas and relationships between the past, the present and the future as defined by the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS).

The beginning teacher: A. Demonstrates an understanding of historical points of reference in the history of Texas, the United States and the world (e.g., the Texas Revolution, the Republic of Texas and the annexation of Texas by the United States). B. Analyzes how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of Texas, the United States and the world. C. Demonstrates an understanding of similarities and differences among Native American groups in Texas, the United States and the Western Hemisphere before European colonization. D. Demonstrates an understanding of the causes and effects of European exploration and colonization of Texas, the United States and the Western Hemisphere. E. Analyzes the influence of various factors (e.g., geographic contexts, processes of spatial exchange, science, technology) on the development of societies. F. Understands common characteristics of communities past and present, including reasons people have formed communities (e.g., need for security, religious freedom, law and material well-being), ways in which different communities meet their needs (e.g., government, education, communication, transportation, recreation) and how historical figures, patriots and good citizens helped shape communities, states and nations. G. Demonstrates an understanding of basic concepts of culture and the processes of cultural adaptation, diffusion and exchange. H. Applies knowledge and analyzes the effects of scientific, mathematical and technological innovations on political, economic, social and environmental developments as they relate to daily life in Texas, the United States and the world. I. Demonstrates an understanding of historical information and ideas in relation to other disciplines. J. Demonstrates an understanding of how to formulate historical research questions and use appropriate procedures to reach supportable judgments and conclusions in the social sciences. K. Demonstrates an understanding of historical research and knows how historians locate, gather, organize, analyze and report information by using standard research methodologies. L. Knows the characteristics and uses of primary and secondary sources for historical research (e.g., databases, maps, photographs, media services, the Internet, biographies, interviews, questionnaires, artifacts); analyzes historical information from primary and secondary sources; understands and evaluates information in relation to bias, propaganda, point of view and frame of reference. M. Applies and evaluates the use of problem-solving processes, gathering of information, listing and considering options, considering advantages and disadvantages, choosing and implementing solutions and assessing the effectiveness of solutions. N. Applies and evaluates the use of decision-making processes to identify situations that require decisions: by gathering information, identifying options, predicting consequences and taking action to implement the decisions. O. Communicates and interprets historical information in written, oral and visual forms and translates information from one medium to another (e.g., written to visual, statistical to written or visual). P. Analyzes historical information by categorizing, comparing and contrasting, making generalizations and predictions and drawing inferences and conclusions (e.g., regarding population statistics, patterns of migration, voting trends and patterns). Q. Applies knowledge of the concept of chronology and its use in understanding history and historical events. R. Applies different methods of interpreting the past to understand, evaluate and support multiple points of view, frames of reference and the historical context of events and issues. S. Demonstrates an understanding of the foundations of representative government in the United States, significant individuals, events and issues of the Revolutionary era and challenges confronting the United States government in the early years of the Republic. T. Demonstrates an understanding of westward expansion and analyzes its effects on the political, economic and social development of the United States and Texas, including its effects on American Indian life. U. Analyzes ways that political, economic and social factors led to the growth of sectionalism and the Civil War. V. Understands individuals, issues and events involved in the Civil War and analyzes the effects of Reconstruction on the political, economic and social life of the United States and Texas. W. Demonstrates an understanding of major United States and Texas reform movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (e.g., abolitionism, women's suffrage, civil rights, temperance). X. Demonstrates knowledge of boom and bust cycles of leading Texas industries (e.g., railroads, the cattle industry, oil and gas production, cotton, real estate, banking, computer technology). Y. Demonstrates an understanding of important individuals, issues and events of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in Texas, the United States and the world (e.g., urbanization, Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, the Second World War, growth of the oil and gas industry). Z. Analyzes ways that particular contemporary societies reflect historical events (e.g., invasion, conquests, colonization, immigration).

Competency 007 (Forces and Motion): The teacher understands forces and motion and their relationships.

The beginning teacher: A. Demonstrates an understanding of the properties of universal forces (e.g., gravitational, electrical, magnetic). B. Understands how to measure, graph and describe changes in motion by using concepts of position, direction of motion and speed. C. Analyzes the ways unbalanced forces acting on an object cause changes in the position or motion of the object. D. Analyzes the relationship between force and motion in a variety of situations (e.g., simple machines, geologic processes).

Competency 013 (Adaptations and Evolution): The teacher understands adaptations of organisms and the theory of evolution

The beginning teacher: A. Demonstrates knowledge of adaptive characteristics and explains how adaptations influence the survival of populations or species. B. Describes how populations and species change through time. C. Describes processes that enable traits to change through time, including selective breeding, mutation and other natural occurrences.

Competency 005 (Government and Citizenship): The teacher understands and applies knowledge of concepts of government, democracy and citizenship, including ways that individuals and groups achieve their goals through political systems.

The beginning teacher: A. Demonstrates knowledge of historical origins of democratic forms of government, such as ancient Greece. B. Understands and applies the purpose of rules and laws; the relationship between rules, rights and responsibilities; the fundamental rights of American citizens guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and other amendments to the United States Constitution; and the individual's role in making and enforcing rules and ensuring the welfare of society. C. Understands the basic structure and functions of the United States government, the Texas government and local governments (including the roles of public officials); the relationships among national, state and local governments; and how local, state and national government services are financed. D. Demonstrates knowledge of key principles and ideas contained in major political documents of Texas and the United States (e.g., the Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution, Texas Constitution) and of relationships among political documents. E. Demonstrates an understanding of how people organized governments in colonial America and during the early development of Texas. F. Understands the political processes in the United States and Texas and how the United States political system works. G. Demonstrates knowledge of types of government (e.g., democratic, totalitarian, monarchical) and their respective levels of effectiveness in meeting citizens' needs (e.g., reasons for limiting the power of government, record of human rights abuses by limited and unlimited governments). H. Understands the formal and informal processes of changing the United States and Texas Constitutions and the impact of changes on society. I. Understands and promotes students' understanding of the impact of landmark Supreme Court cases. J. Understands the components of the democratic process (e.g., voluntary individual participation, effective leadership, expression of different points of view, the selection of public officials) and their significance in a democratic society. K. Understands the importance of effective leadership in a constitutional republic and identifies past and present leaders in state, local and national governments and their leadership qualities and contributions. L. Demonstrates knowledge of important customs, symbols, landmarks and celebrations that represent American and Texan beliefs and principles and contribute to national unity. M. Analyzes the relationships between individual rights, responsibilities and freedoms in democratic societies. N. Applies knowledge of the rights and responsibilities of citizens and nonprofit and civic groups in Texas and the United States, past and present, and understands characteristics of good citizenship (e.g., community service) as exemplified by historical and contemporary figures. O. Understands how the nature, rights and responsibilities of citizenship vary among societies.

Competency 008 (Physical and Chemical Properties): The teacher understands the physical and chemical properties of and changes in matter.

The beginning teacher: A. Describes and measures the physical and chemical properties of substances (e.g., size, shape, temperature, magnetism, hardness, mass, conduction, density). B. Describes the physical properties of solids, liquids and gases. C. Distinguishes between physical and chemical changes in matter. D. Applies knowledge of physical and chemical properties (including atomic structure) of and changes in matter to processes and situations that occur in life and in earth and space science. E. Distinguishes between elements, compounds, mixtures and solutions and describes their properties. F. Describes and explains the occurrence and importance of a variety of chemical reactions that occur in daily life (e.g., rusting, burning of fossil fuels, photosynthesis, cell respiration, chemical batteries, digestion of food).

Competency 010 (Energy Transformations and Conservation): The teacher understands energy transformations and the conservation of matter and energy.

The beginning teacher: A. Describes sources of electrical energy and processes of energy transformation for human uses (e.g., fossil fuels, solar panels, hydroelectric plants). B. Applies knowledge of transfer of energy in a variety of situations (e.g., the production of heat, light, sound and magnetic effects by electrical energy; the process of photosynthesis; weather processes; food webs; food and energy pyramids). C. Understands applications of energy transformations and the conservation of matter and energy in life and in earth and space science.

Competency 012 (Reproduction and the Mechanisms of Heredity): The teacher understands reproduction and the mechanisms of heredity

The beginning teacher: A. Describes the processes by which plants and animals reproduce and explains how hereditary information is passed from one generation to the next. B. Compares and contrasts inherited traits and learned characteristics. C. Understands the organization of hereditary material and how an inherited trait can be determined by one or many genes and how more than one trait can be influenced by a single gene. D. Distinguishes between dominant and recessive traits and predicts the probable outcomes of genetic combinations. E. Evaluates the influence of environmental and genetic factors on the traits of an organism.

Competency 003 (Patterns and Algebra): The teacher understands concepts related to patterns, relations, functions and algebraic reasoning.

The beginning teacher: A. Illustrates relations and functions using concrete models, tables, graphs and symbolic and verbal representations, including real-world applications. B. Demonstrates an understanding of the concept of linear function using concrete models, tables, graphs and symbolic and verbal representations. C. Understands how to use algebraic concepts and reasoning to investigate patterns, make generalizations, formulate mathematical models, make predictions and validate results. D. Formulates implicit and explicit rules to describe and construct sequences verbally, numerically, graphically and symbolically. E. Knows how to identify, extend, and create patterns using concrete models, figures, numbers and algebraic expressions. F. Uses properties, graphs, linear and nonlinear functions and applications of relations and functions to analyze, model and solve problems in mathematical and real-world situations. G. Translates problem-solving situations into expressions and equations involving variables and unknowns. H. Models and solves problems, including those involving proportional reasoning, using concrete, numeric, tabular, graphic and algebraic methods (e.g., using ratios and percents with fractions and decimals). I. Determines the linear function that best models a set of data. J. Understands and describes the concept of and relationships among variables, expressions, equations, inequalities and systems in order to analyze, model and solve problems. K. Applies algebraic methods to demonstrate an understanding of whole numbers using any of the four basic operations.

Competency 005 (Probability and Statistics): The teacher understands concepts related to probability and statistics and their applications.

The beginning teacher: A. Investigates and answers questions by collecting, organizing and displaying data in a variety of formats as described in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and draws conclusions from any data graph. B. Demonstrates an understanding of measures of central tendency (e.g., mean, median, mode) and range and uses those measures to describe a set of data. C. Explores concepts of probability through data collection, experiments and simulations. D. Uses the concepts and principles of probability to describe the outcome of simple and compound events. E. Determines probabilities by constructing sample spaces to model situations. F. Applies deep knowledge of the use of probability, in different scenarios, to make observations, draw conclusions and create relationships. G. Solves a variety of probability problems using combinations and geometric probability (e.g., probability as the ratio of two areas). H. Supports arguments, makes predictions and draws conclusions using summary statistics and graphs to analyze and interpret one-variable data. I. Applies knowledge of designing, conducting, analyzing and interpreting statistical experiments to investigate real-world problems. J. Generates, simulates and uses probability models to represent situations. K. Uses the graph of the normal distribution as a basis for making inferences about a population.

Competency 001 (Oral Language): The teacher understands the importance of oral language, knows the developmental processes of oral language and provides the students with varied opportunities to develop listening and speaking skills.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows and teaches basic linguistic concepts (e.g., phonemes, segmentation) and the developmental stages in the acquisition of oral language — including phonology, semantics, syntax (subject-verb agreement and subject-verb inversion), and pragmatics — and recognizes that individual variations occur within and across languages, in accordance with the Science of Teaching Reading (STR). B. Plans and implements systematic oral language instruction based on informal and formal assessment of all students, including English-language learners; fosters oral language development; and addresses students' individual needs, strengths and interests, in accordance with the STR. C. Recognizes when speech or language delays or differences warrant in-depth evaluations and additional help or interventions. D. Designs a variety of one-on-one and group activities (e.g., meaningful and purposeful conversations, dramatic play, language play, telling stories, singing songs, creating rhymes, playing games, having discussions, questioning, sharing information) to build on students' current oral language skills. E. Selects and uses instructional materials and strategies that promote students' oral language development; respond to students' individual needs, strengths and interests; reflect cultural diversity; and build on students' cultural, linguistic and home backgrounds to enhance their oral language development, in accordance with the STR. F. Understands relationships between oral language and literacy development and provides instruction that interrelates oral and written language to promote students' reading and writing proficiencies. G. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials, activities and models to strengthen students' oral vocabulary and narrative skills in spoken language and teaches students to connect spoken and printed language. H. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials, activities and models to teach students skills for speaking to various audiences for various purposes and for adapting spoken language for various audiences, purposes and occasions. I. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials, activities and models to teach students listening skills for various purposes (e.g., critical listening to evaluate a speaker's message, listening to enjoy and appreciate spoken language) and provides students with opportunities to engage in active, purposeful listening in a variety of contexts. J. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials, activities and models to teach students to evaluate the content and effectiveness of their own spoken messages and the messages of others. K.Recognizes the interrelationships between oral language and the other components of reading, in accordance with the STR. L. Selects and uses appropriate technologies to develop students' oral communication skills.

Competency 005 (Theatre): The teacher understands the concepts, processes and skills involved in the creation, appreciation and evaluation of theatre and uses that knowledge to plan and implement effective and engaging theatre instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows and understands how perception is developed through the use of elements of drama and conventions of theatre. B. Knows how to involve students in activities that promote enjoyment and understanding of theatre arts by selecting and using instructional strategies, materials and activities to help students interpret creative expression and performance. C. Demonstrates the knowledge of the elements of theatre (i.e., dramatic play, expressive movement, voice, characterization) and theatre occupations, provides instruction that promotes students' understanding of the elements and occupations, and helps them apply that understanding in creating theatrical productions. D. Integrates instruction in theatre with instruction in other subject areas. E. Knows how to promote students' ability to identify and use technical elements (e.g., properties, scenery, sound, costumes, lighting) to create suitable environments for dramatic play and performance. F. Knows how to promote students' ability to identify and use technical elements (e.g., properties, scenery, sound, costumes, lighting) to define and enhance characterization, mood, theme and setting. G. Understands how theatre relates to history, society and the diverse cultures. H. Applies knowledge of theatre content and curriculum based on the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and knowledge of students in early childhood through grade six to plan and implement effective, developmentally appropriate theatre instruction. I. Manages time, instructional resources and physical space effectively for theatre education.

Competency 012 (Viewing and Representing): The teacher understands skills for interpreting, analyzing, evaluating and producing visual images and messages in various types of media, including electronic media, and provides students with opportunities to develop skills in this area.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows grade-level expectations for viewing and representing visual images and messages as described in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). B. Understands and teaches the characteristics and functions of different types of media (e.g., film, print) and knows how different types of media influence and inform. C. Teaches students to compare and contrast print, visual and electronic media, including the level of formality of each (e.g., email, Web-based news article, blogs). D. Teaches students to evaluate how visual image makers (e.g., illustrators, documentary filmmakers, political cartoonists, news photographers) represent messages and meanings and provides students with opportunities to interpret and evaluate visual images in various media. E. Knows how to teach students to analyze visual image makers' choices (e.g., style, elements, media) and evaluate how those choices help represent or extend meaning. F. Provides students with opportunities to interpret events and ideas based on information from maps, charts, graphics, video segments and technology presentations and to use media to compare ideas and points of view. G. Knows steps and procedures for teaching students to produce visual images and messages with various meanings to communicate with others. H. Teaches students how to select, organize and produce visuals to complement and extend meanings. I. Provides students with opportunities to use technology for producing various types of communications (e.g., class newspapers, multimedia reports, video reports) and helps students analyze how language, medium and presentation contribute to the message. J. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote students' development of media literacy.

Competency 002 (Music): The teacher understands the concepts, processes and skills involved in the creation, appreciation and evaluation of music and uses that knowledge to plan and implement effective and engaging music instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows how to involve students in activities that promote enjoyment and understanding of music by providing students with a wide range of opportunities to make and respond to music so that they develop music literacy (e.g., concert attendance, authentic performance opportunities). B. Applies knowledge of standard terminology for describing and analyzing musical sound (e.g., rhythm, melody, form, timbre, tempo, pitch, meter, dynamics, intonation, intervals) and has a basic understanding of how to read, write, recognize aurally and interpret standard music notation. C. Knows how to arrange vocal and instrumental music for specific purposes and settings (e.g., guides students in creating simple song arrangements and accompaniments using voices, classroom percussion, and melody instruments). D. Knows and understands music of diverse genres, styles and cultures. E. Demonstrates an understanding of the purposes and roles of music in society and how music can reflect elements of a specific society or culture. F. Explains a variety of music and music-related career options. G. Identifies and describes how music reflects the heritage of the United States and Texas. H. Applies knowledge of criteria for evaluating and critiquing musical performances and experiences, including using standard terminology in communicating about students' musical skills and performance abilities. I. Integrates instruction in music with instruction in other subject areas. J. Knows how to teach students to sing and/or play an instrument with expression, both independently and in small groups. K. Applies knowledge of music content and curriculum based on the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and of students in early childhood through grade six to plan and implement effective, developmentally appropriate instruction, including instruction that promotes students' creativity and performance skills as well as students' ability to use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills in music contexts (e.g., sequential instruction, music composition, improvisation, concert etiquette). L. Manages time, instructional resources and physical space effectively for music education.

Competency 001 (Visual Arts): The teacher understands the concepts, processes and skills involved in the creation, appreciation and evaluation of art and uses that knowledge to plan and implement effective and engaging visual arts instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows how to involve students in activities that promote enjoyment and understanding of visual arts by providing students with a wide range of opportunities to create and respond to visual arts so that they develop visual arts literacy. B. Knows and understands how perception is developed through observation, prior knowledge, imaginative and cognitive processes and multi-sensory experiences. C. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to help students deepen and expand their ability to perceive and reflect on the environment. D. Knows and understands how critical thinking and creative problem solving are applied in the perception of artworks. E. Demonstrates knowledge of the elements of art (i.e., color, texture, shape, form, line, space, value) and provides instruction that promotes students' understanding of the elements of art as well as students' ability to apply that understanding in creating original artworks. F. Demonstrates knowledge of the principles of art (e.g., emphasis, contrast, pattern, rhythm, balance, proportion, unity) and provides instruction that promotes students' understanding of the principles of art as well as students' ability to apply that understanding in creating original artworks. G. Selects appropriate techniques to create art in various media (e.g., drawing, painting, printmaking, construction, ceramics, fiber art, electronic media) and promotes students' ability to use those techniques in creating original artworks. H. Understands how different cultures use art elements and principles to create art and convey meaning in different ways. I. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to promote students' awareness and appreciation of the characteristics of a variety of art forms of multiple cultures within and outside the Western tradition. J. Provides instruction to develop the skills and knowledge required for visual literacy (e.g., art elements and principles, art of different areas and cultures, diverse purposes and uses of art). K. Integrates instruction in the visual arts with instruction in other subject areas. L. Understands how students develop cognitively and artistically and knows how to implement effective art instruction and assessment that are individually, culturally and age appropriate. M. Applies knowledge of visual arts content and curriculum based on the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and knowledge of students in early childhood through grade six to plan and implement effective, developmentally appropriate art instruction.

Competency 008 (Vocabulary Development): The teacher knows the importance of vocabulary development and applies that knowledge to teach reading, listening, speaking and writing.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows how to provide explicit, systematic instruction and reinforcing activities to help students increase their vocabulary, in accordance with the STR. B. Knows how to use direct and indirect methods to effectively teach vocabulary, in accordance with the STR. C. Selects and uses a wide range of instructional materials, strategies and opportunities with rich contextual support for vocabulary development, in accordance with the STR (e.g., literature, expository texts, content-specific texts, magazines, newspapers, trade books, technology). D. Recognizes the importance of selecting, teaching and modeling a wide range of general and specialized vocabularies. E. Understands how to assess and monitor students' vocabulary knowledge by providing systematic, age-appropriate instruction and reinforcing activities (e.g., morphemic analysis, etymology, use of graphic organizers, contextual analysis, multiple exposures to a word in various contexts). F. Provides multiple opportunities to listen to, read and respond to various types of literature and expository texts to promote students' vocabulary development.

Competency 013 (Assessment of Developing Literacy): The teacher understands the basic principles of literacy assessment and uses a variety of assessments to guide literacy instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows how to select and administer formative and summative assessments and use results to measure literacy acquisition (e.g., alphabetic skills, literacy development, word analysis and word identification skills, fluency, comprehension, writing conventions, written communications, visual images, study skills) and address individual students' needs identified in informal and formal assessments. B. Knows the characteristics of informal and formal reading comprehension assessments (e.g., criterion-referenced state tests, curriculum-based reading assessments, informal reading inventories, norm-referenced tests). C. Analyzes students' reading and writing performance and uses the information as a basis for instruction. D. Knows the state content and performance standards for reading, writing, listening and speaking that constitute the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and recognizes when a student needs additional help or intervention to bring the student's performance up to grade level. E. Knows how to determine students' independent, instructional and frustration reading levels and uses the information to select appropriate materials for individual students and to guide students' selection of independent reading materials. F. Uses ongoing assessments to determine when a student may be in need of classroom intervention or specialized reading instruction and to develop appropriate instructional plans. G. Understands the use of writing in assessment of students and provides opportunities for students to self-assess and peer assess writing (e.g., for clarity, interest to audience, comprehensiveness) and ongoing literacy development. H. Knows how to select, administer and use results from informal and formal assessments of literacy acquisition. I. Analyzes students' errors in reading and responds to individual students' needs by providing focused instruction to promote literacy acquisition. J. Knows informal and formal procedures for assessing students' use of writing conventions and uses multiple, ongoing assessments to monitor and evaluate students' development in that area. K. Uses ongoing assessments of writing conventions to determine when students need additional help or intervention to bring students' performance to grade level based on state content and performance standards for writing in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). L. Analyzes students' errors in applying writing conventions and uses the results of the analysis as a basis for future instruction. M. Selects and uses a variety of formal and informal procedures for monitoring students' reading comprehension and adjusts instruction to meet the needs of individual students, including English-language learners. N. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and how to communicate students' progress and for ongoing literacy development to parents/caregivers and to other professionals through a variety of means, including the use of examples of students' work.

Competency 006 (Fluency Reading): The teacher understands the importance of fluency for reading comprehension and provides many opportunities for students to improve their reading fluency.

The beginning teacher: A. Knows the relationship between reading fluency and comprehension, in accordance with the STR. B. Understands that fluency involves rate, accuracy, prosody and intonation and knows the norms for reading fluency that have been established by the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for various age and grade levels, in accordance with the STR. C. Understands the connection of word identification skills and reading fluency to reading comprehension. D. Understands differences in students' development of word identification skills and reading fluency and knows instructional practices for meeting students' individual needs in those areas, in accordance with the STR. E. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to develop and improve fluency (e.g., reading independent-level materials, reading orally from familiar texts, repeated reading, partner reading, silent reading for increasingly longer periods, self-correction), in accordance with the STR. F. Knows how to teach students strategies for selecting books for independent reading, in accordance with the STR. G. Provides students with opportunities to engage in silent reading and extended reading of a wide range of materials, including expository texts and various literary genres. H. Uses strategies to encourage reading for pleasure and lifelong learning I. Recognizes the interrelationship between reading fluency and the other components of reading, in accordance with the STR. J. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote all students' reading fluency.

Competency 001 (Mathematics Instruction): The teacher understands how students learn mathematical skills and uses that knowledge to plan, organize and implement instruction and assess learning.

The beginning teacher: A. Plans appropriate instructional activities for all students by applying research-based theories and principles of learning mathematics. B. Employs instructional strategies that build on the linguistic, cultural and socioeconomic diversity of students and that relate to students' lives and communities. C. Plans and provides developmentally appropriate instruction that establishes transitions between concrete, symbolic and abstract representations of mathematical knowledge and that builds on students' strengths and addresses their needs. D. Understands how manipulatives and technological tools can be used appropriately to assist students in developing, comprehending and applying mathematical concepts. E. Creates a learning environment that motivates all students and actively engages them in the learning process by using a variety of interesting, challenging and worthwhile mathematical tasks in individual, small-group and large-group settings. F. Uses a variety of tools (e.g., counters, standard and nonstandard units of measure, rulers, protractors, scales, stopwatches, measuring containers, money, calculators, software) to strengthen students' mathematical understanding. G. Implements a variety of instructional methods and tasks that promote students' ability to do the mathematics described in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). H. Develops clear learning goals to plan, deliver, assess and reevaluate instruction based on the mathematics in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). I. Helps students make connections between mathematics and the real world, as well as between mathematics and other disciplines such as art, music, science, social science and business. J. Uses a variety of questioning strategies to encourage mathematical discourse and to help students analyze and evaluate their mathematical thinking. K. Uses a variety of formal and informal assessments and scoring procedures to evaluate mathematical understanding, common misconceptions and error patterns. L. Understands the relationship between assessment and instruction and knows how to evaluate assessment results to design, monitor and modify instruction to improve mathematical learning for all students, including English-language learners. M. Understands the purpose, characteristics and uses of various assessments in mathematics, including formative and summative assessments. N. Understands how mathematics is used in a variety of careers and professions and plans instruction that demonstrates how mathematics is used in the workplace.

Competency 011 (Written Communication): The teacher understands that writing to communicate is a developmental process and provides instruction that promotes students' competence in written communication

The beginning teacher: A. Teaches purposeful, meaningful writing in connection with listening, reading and speaking. B. Knows how to promote students' development of an extensive reading and writing vocabulary by providing students with many opportunities to read and write. C. Monitors students' writing development and provides motivational instruction that addresses individual students' needs, strengths and interests. D. Understands differences between first-draft writing and writing for publication and provides instruction in various stages of writing, including prewriting, drafting, revising (including both self-revision and peer revision) and editing. E. Understands the benefits of technology for teaching basic writing skills and writing for publication and provides instruction in the use of technology to facilitate written communication. F. Understands writing for a variety of audiences, purposes and settings and provides students with opportunities to write for various audiences, purposes and settings and in various voices and styles. G. Teaches students to use appropriate conventions to support ideas in writing and to use an appropriate form of documentation to acknowledge sources (e.g. quotations, bibliographical information, differentiation between paraphrasing and plagiarism). H. Knows grade-level expectations in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). I. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote students' development of writing skills.

Competency 009 (Reading, Inquiry and Research): The teacher understands the importance of research and inquiry skills to students' academic success and provides students with instruction that promotes their acquisition and effective use of those study skills in the content areas.

The beginning teacher: A. Teaches students how to develop open-ended research questions and a plan (e.g., timeline) to locate, retrieve and record information from a range of content-area, narrative and expository texts. B. Selects and uses instructional strategies to help students comprehend abstract content and ideas in written materials (e.g., manipulatives, examples, graphic organizers). C. Selects and uses instructional strategies to teach students to interpret information presented in various formats (e.g., maps, tables, graphs) and how to locate, retrieve and record information from technologies, print resources and experts. D. Selects and uses instructional strategies to help students understand study and inquiry skills across the curriculum (e.g., brainstorming; generating questions and topics; using text organizers; taking notes; outlining; drawing conclusions; applying critical-thinking skills; previewing; setting purposes for reading; locating, organizing, evaluating and communicating information; summarizing information; selecting relevant sources of information; using multiple sources of information; recognizing identifying features of sources, including primary and secondary sources; interpreting and using graphic sources of information) and knows the significance of organizing information from multiple sources for student learning and achievement. E. Knows grade-level expectations for study and inquiry skills in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) (e.g., in kindergarten, use pictures in conjunction with writing to document research; in fifth-sixth grades, refine research through use of secondary questions). F. Provides instruction to develop a topic sentence, summarize findings and use evidence to support conclusions. G. Understands how to foster collaboration with peers, families and with other professionals to promote all students' ability to develop effective research and comprehension skills in the content areas.

Competency 004 (Literacy Development): The teacher understands that literacy develops over time, progressing from emergent to proficient stages and uses a variety of approaches to support the development of students' literacy

The beginning teacher: A. Understands and promotes students' development of literary response and analysis, including teaching students the elements of literary analysis (e.g., story elements, features of different literary genres) and providing students with opportunities to apply comprehension skills to literature. B. Understands that the developing reader has a growing awareness of print in the environment, the sounds in spoken words and the uses of print, in accordance with the STR. C. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to assist students in distinguishing letter forms from number forms and text from pictures. D. Understands the importance of students being able to differentiate words and spaces, first and last letters, left-right progression, and identification of basic punctuation, in accordance with the STR. E. Understands that literacy development occurs in multiple contexts through reading, writing and the use of oral language. F. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities that focus on functions of print and concepts about print, including concepts involving book handling, parts of a book, orientation, directionality and the relationships between written and spoken words, in accordance with the STR. G. Demonstrates familiarity with literature and provides multiple opportunities for students to listen to, respond to and independently read literature in various genres and to interact with others about literature. H. Selects and uses appropriate instructional strategies to inform students about authors, authors' purposes for writing and author's point of view in a variety of texts. I. Selects and uses appropriate technology to teach students strategies for selecting books for independent reading. J. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote all students' literacy.

Competency 009 (Energy and Interactions): The teacher understands energy and interactions between matter and energy.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands conservation of energy and energy transformations and analyzes how energy is transformed from one form to another (e.g., potential, kinetic, mechanical, sound, heat, light, chemical, electrical) in a variety of everyday situations and how increasing or decreasing amounts affect objects. B. Understands the basic concepts of heat energy and related processes (e.g., melting, evaporation, boiling, condensation, conduction, convection, and radiation). C. Understands the principles of electricity and magnetism and their applications (e.g., electric circuits, electromagnetic fields, motors, audio speakers, lightning). D. Applies knowledge of properties of light (e.g., reflection, refraction) to describe the functioning of optical systems and phenomena (e.g., camera, microscope, rainbow, eye). E. Demonstrates an understanding of the properties, production, and transmission of sound.

Competency 003 (Health): The teacher uses knowledge of the concepts and purposes of health education to plan and implement effective and engaging health instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands health-related behaviors, ways that personal health decisions and behaviors affect body systems and health and strategies for reducing health risks and enhancing wellness throughout the life span. B. Demonstrates knowledge of major areas in health instruction, including body systems and development (e.g., structures and functions of various body systems, relationships among body systems, five senses); illness and disease (e.g., types of disease, transmission mechanisms, defense systems, disease prevention); nutrition (e.g., types of foods and nutrients, maintenance of a balanced diet); stress (e.g., effects of stress, stress-reduction techniques); and fitness (e.g., components of fitness, methods for improving fitness, posture). C. Knows and understands stages of human growth and development, including physical and emotional changes that occur during adolescence. D. Understands substance use and abuse, including types and characteristics of tobacco, alcohol, other drugs and herbal supplements. E. Understands types of violence and abuse, including causes and effects of violence and abuse and ways to prevent and seek help in dealing with violence and abuse. F. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to teach principles and procedures related to safety, accident prevention and response to emergencies. G. Applies critical-thinking, goal-setting, problem-solving and decision-making skills in health-related contexts (e.g., eating habits, drug use, abstinence) and understands the use of refusal skills and conflict resolution to avoid unsafe situations (e.g., bullying, violence, abuse). H. Knows and understands strategies for coping with unhealthy behaviors in the family (e.g., abuse, alcoholism, neglect, anxiety, grief). I. Understands types and symptoms of eating disorders. J. Knows how to use various social and communication skills to build and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships (e.g., tolerance, respect, discussing problems with parents/caregivers, showing empathy). K. Understands health care responses to threats to safety, internal injury, early detection and warning signs of illness. L. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to help students build healthy interpersonal relationships (e.g., communication skills) and demonstrates consideration and respect for self, family, friends and others (e.g., practicing self-control). M. Understands the influence of various factors (e.g., media, technology, peer and other relationships, environmental hazards) on individual (e.g., idealized body images, unhealthy weight-loss plans), family and community health. N. Demonstrates knowledge of sources of health information and ways to use information to make health-related decisions. O. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to help students understand the roles of health care professionals, the benefits of health maintenance activities and the skills for becoming health-conscious consumers. P. Applies knowledge of health content and curriculum based on the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and of students in early childhood through grade six to plan and implement effective, developmentally appropriate health instruction, including relating the health education curriculum to other content areas.

Competency 004 (Concepts and Processes): The teacher knows and understands the unifying concepts and processes that are common to all sciences.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands how a unifying, explanatory framework across the science disciplines is provided by the concepts and processes of systems, order and organization; evidence, models and explanation; change, constancy and measurements; and form and function. B. Demonstrates an understanding of how patterns in observations and data can be used to make explanations and predictions. C. Analyzes interactions and interrelationships between systems and subsystems. D. Applies unifying concepts to explore similarities in a variety of natural phenomena. E. Understands how properties and patterns of systems can be described in terms of space, time, energy and matter. F. Understands how change and constancy occur in systems. G. Understands the complementary nature of form and function in a given system. H. Understands how models are used to represent the natural world and how to evaluate the strengths and limitations of a variety of scientific models (e.g., physical, conceptual, mathematical).

Competency 005 (Students as Learners and Science Instruction): The teacher has theoretical and practical knowledge about teaching science and about how students learn science.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands how developmental characteristics, prior knowledge and experience and students' attitudes influence science learning. B. Selects and adapts science curricula, content, instructional materials, collaborations, vocabulary and activities to meet the levels of interest, knowledge and understanding as well as the abilities, experiences and needs of all students, including English-language learners. C. Understands how to use situations from students' daily lives to develop instructional materials that investigate how science can be used to make informed decisions. D. Understands common misconceptions in science and has effective ways to address those misconceptions. E. Understands developmentally appropriate design and implementation of hands-on learning experiences in science and selects effective, appropriate instructional practices, activities, technologies and materials to promote students' scientific knowledge, skills and inquiry processes. F. Understands questioning strategies designed to elicit higher-level thinking and how to use them to move students from concrete to more abstract understanding. G. Understands the importance of planning activities that are inclusive and that accommodate the needs of all students. H. Understands how to sequence learning activities in a way that enables students to build on their prior knowledge and that challenges them to expand their understanding of science.

Competency 007 (Reading Comprehension and Applications): The teacher understands the importance of reading for understanding, knows the components and processes of reading comprehension and teaches students strategies for improving their comprehension, including using a variety of texts and contexts.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands reading comprehension as an active process of constructing meaning, in accordance with the STR. B. Understands factors affecting students' reading comprehension (e.g., oral language development, word analysis skills, prior knowledge, language background/experience, previous reading experiences, fluency, vocabulary development, ability to monitor understanding, characteristics of specific texts), in accordance with the STR. C. Understands levels of reading comprehension and knows how to model and teach skills for literal comprehension (e.g., identifying stated main idea, recalling details, identifying point-of-view), inferential comprehension (e.g., inferring cause-and-effect relationships, moral lessons and themes, making predictions), and evaluative comprehension (e.g., analyzing character development and use of language, detecting faulty reasoning, explaining point of view). D. Provides instruction in comprehension skills that support students' transition from "learning to read" to "reading to learn" (e.g., recognizing different types of texts, understanding text structure, using textual features such as headings and glossaries, appreciating the different purposes for reading) to become self directed, critical readers. E. Uses various instructional strategies to enhance students' reading comprehension (e.g., linking text content to students' lives and prior knowledge, connecting related ideas across different texts, comparing different versions of the same story, explaining the meaning of common idioms, adages and foreign words and phrases in written English, engaging students in guided and independent reading, guiding students to generate questions and apply knowledge of text topics). F. Knows and teaches strategies that facilitate comprehension of different types of text (e.g., literary, expository, multistep directions, procedural) before, during and after reading (e.g., previewing, making predictions, questioning, self-monitoring, rereading, mapping, using reading journals, discussing texts). G. Knows and teaches strategies that facilitate making connections between and across multiple texts (e.g., summarizing and paraphrasing, locating and distinguishing between facts and opinions, and determining whether the text supports or opposes an issue). H. Understands metacognitive skills, including self-evaluation and self-monitoring skills, and teaches students to use those skills to enhance their reading comprehension, in accordance with the STR. I. Knows how to provide students with direct, explicit instruction and reinforcing activities to promote the use of strategies to improve their reading comprehension (e.g., previewing, self-monitoring, visualizing, recognizing sensory details, re-telling), in accordance with the STR. J. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to guide students' understanding of their own culture and the cultures of others through reading, in accordance with the STR. K. Teaches elements of literary analysis, such as story elements and figurative language, and features of various literary genres, including fables, myths, folktales, legends, drama and poetry. L. Understands the continuum of reading comprehension skills in the state standards and grade-level expectations for those skills. M. Knows the difference between guided and independent practice in reading and provides students with frequent opportunities for both. N. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote all students' reading comprehension.

Competency 001 (Lab Processes, Equipment and Safety): The teacher understands how to manage learning activities, tools, materials, equipment and technologies to ensure the safety of all students.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands safety regulations and guidelines for science facilities and science instruction. B. Knows procedures for and sources of information regarding the appropriate handling, use, disposal, care and maintenance of chemicals, materials, specimens and equipment. C. Knows procedures for the safe handling and ethical care and treatment of organisms and specimens. D. Selects and safely uses appropriate tools, technologies, materials and equipment needed for instructional activities. E. Understands concepts of precision, accuracy and error with regard to reading and recording numerical data from a scientific instrument. F. Understands how to gather, organize, display and communicate data in a variety of ways (e.g., charts, tables, graphs, diagrams, written reports, oral presentations). G. Understands the international system of measurement (i.e., metric system) and performs unit conversions within measurement systems, including the use of nonstandard units.

Competency 003 (Impact of Science): The teacher understands how science impacts the daily lives of students and interacts with and influences personal and societal decisions.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands that decisions about the use of science are based on factors such as ethical standards, economics and personal and societal needs. B. Applies scientific principles to analyze the advantages of, disadvantages of or alternatives to a given decision or course of action. C. Applies scientific principles and processes to analyze factors that influence personal choices concerning fitness and health, including physiological and psychological effects and risks associated with the use of substances and substance abuse. D. Understands concepts, characteristics and issues related to changes in populations and human population growth. E. Identifies and understands the types and uses of natural resources and the effects of human consumption on the renewal and depletion of resources. F. Understands the role science and scientists can play in helping resolve personal, societal and global challenges.

Competency 011 (Structure and Function of Living Things): The teacher understands the structure and function of living things.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands that living systems have different structures that perform different functions. B. Understands and describes stages in the life cycles of common plants and animals (including animals that experience complete and incomplete metamorphosis). C. Understands that organisms have basic needs. D. Analyzes how structure complements function in cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. E. Identifies human body systems and describes their functions. F. Understands the relationship between characteristics, structures, and functions and corresponding taxonomic classifications.

Competency 010 (Writing Conventions): The teacher understands the conventions of writing in English and provides instruction that helps students develop proficiency in applying writing conventions.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands that many students go through predictable stages in acquiring writing conventions (e.g., physical and cognitive processes involved in scribbling, recognition of environmental print, mock letters, letter formation, word writing, sentence construction, spelling, punctuation, grammatical expression), and individual students vary in their rates of development of those conventions B. Understands the relationship between spelling and phonological and alphabetic awareness and understands the role of conventional spelling in success in reading and writing. C. Understands the stages of spelling development (precommunicative writing in which the student understands the function of writing but cannot make the forms, prephonemic, phonemic, transitional and conventional) and knows how and when to support students' development from one stage to the next. D. Provides spelling instruction and gives students opportunities to use and develop spelling skills in the context of meaningful written expression (e.g., single syllable homophones, commonly used homophones, commonly confused terms, simple and complex contractions). E. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and hands-on activities for developing fine motor skills necessary for writing, according to grade level expectations in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). F. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to help students use English writing conventions (e.g., grammar, capitalization, punctuation) in connected discourse. G. Recognizes the similarities and differences between spoken and written English (e.g., syntax, vocabulary choice, audience) and uses instructional strategies to help students apply English writing conventions and enhance their own writing. H. Knows writing conventions and appropriate grammar and usage and provides students with direct instruction and guided practice in those areas. I. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials and activities to teach correct pencil grip.

Competency 014 (Organisms and the Environment): The teacher understands the relationships between organisms and the environment.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands that organisms respond to internal or external stimuli and analyzes the role of internal and external stimuli in the behavior of organisms. B. Understands relationships between organisms and the environment and describes ways that living organisms depend on each other and on the environment to meet their basic needs. C. Identifies organisms, populations or species with similar needs and analyzes how they compete with one another for resources. D. Analyzes the interrelationships and interdependence among producers, consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem (e.g., food webs, food chains, competition, predation). E. Identifies factors that influence the size and growth of populations in an ecosystem. F. Analyzes adaptive characteristics that result in a population's or species' unique niche in an ecosystem. G. Knows how populations and species modify and affect ecosystems.

Competency 005 (Word Analysis and Identification Skills): The teacher understands the importance of word identification skills (including decoding, blending, structural analysis, sight word vocabulary and contextual analysis) and provides many opportunities for students to practice and improve word identification skills.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands that while many students develop word analysis and decoding skills in a predictable sequence, individual variations may occur, in accordance with the STR. B. Understands the importance of word recognition skills (e.g., letter-sound correspondences, decoding, blending, structural analysis, sight word vocabulary, contextual analysis) for reading comprehension and knows a variety of strategies for helping students develop and apply word analysis skills, including identifying, categorizing and using common synonyms, antonyms, homographs, homophones and analogies. C. Teaches the analysis of phonetically regular words in a simple-to-complex progression (i.e., phonemes, blending onsets and rimes, short vowels/long vowels, consonant blends, other common vowel and consonant patterns, syllable types), in accordance with the STR. D. Selects and uses instructional strategies, materials, activities and models to teach students to recognize high-frequency words, to promote students' ability to decode increasingly complex words and to enhance word identification skills of students reading at varying levels. E. Knows strategies for decoding increasingly complex words, including the alphabetic principle, vowel-sound combinations, structural cues (e.g., morphology-prefixes, suffixes, roots, base words, abbreviations, contractions), and syllable types and for using syntax and semantics to support word identification and confirm word meaning, in accordance with the STR. F. Understands the value of using dictionaries, glossaries and other sources to determine the meanings, usage, pronunciations, correct spelling, and derivations of unfamiliar words and teaches students to use those sources. G. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote all students' word analysis and decoding skills.

Competency 003 (Alphabetic Principle): The teacher understands the importance of the alphabetic principle for reading English and provides instruction that helps students understand the relationship between spoken language and printed words.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the elements of the alphabetic principle (e.g., letter names, letter sequence, graphophonemic knowledge, the relationship of the letters in printed words to spoken language) and typical patterns of students' alphabetic skills development, and recognizes that individual variations occur with students. B. Understands that not all written languages are alphabetic, that many alphabetic languages are more phonetically regular than English and that students' literacy development in English is affected by these two factors. C. Selects and uses a variety of instructional materials and strategies, including multisensory techniques, to promote students' understanding of the elements of the alphabetic principle and the relationship between sounds and letters and between letters and words, in accordance with the STR. D. Uses formal and informal assessments to analyze individual students' alphabetic skills, monitor learning and plan instruction, in accordance with the STR. E. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote all students' development of alphabetic knowledge.

Competency 017 (Energy in Weather and Climate): The teacher understands the role of energy in weather and climate.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the elements of weather (e.g., humidity, wind speed and direction, air pressure, temperature) and the tools used for measurement. B. Compares and contrasts weather and climate. C. Analyzes weather charts and data to make weather predictions. D. Applies knowledge of how transfers of energy between Earth systems affect weather and climate. E. Analyzes how Earth's position, orientation, and surface features affect weather and climate.

Competency 018 (Solar System and the Universe): The teacher understands the characteristics of the solar system and the universe.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the properties and characteristics of objects in the sky. B. Applies knowledge of the Earth-Moon-Sun system and the interactions among them (e.g., day and night, seasons, lunar phases, eclipses). C. Identifies properties of the components of the solar system.

Competency 006 (Science Assessment): The teacher knows the varied and appropriate assessments and assessment practices for monitoring science learning in laboratory, field and classroom settings.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the relationships between a science curriculum, assessment and instruction and bases instruction on information gathered through assessment of students' strengths and needs. B. Understands the importance of monitoring and assessing students' understanding of science concepts and skills on an ongoing basis, including how to use formal and informal assessments of student performance and how to use products (e.g., projects, lab journals, rubrics, portfolios, student profiles, checklists) to evaluate students' understanding of and participation in the inquiry process. C. Selects — or designs — and administers a variety of appropriate assessments (e.g., performance assessment, self-assessment, formal/informal assessment, formative/summative assessment) to monitor students' understanding and progress and to plan for instruction. D. Understands the importance of communicating evaluation criteria and assessment results to students.

Competency 016 (Cycles in Earth Systems): The teacher understands cycles in Earth systems.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the rock cycle and how rocks, minerals and soils are formed, and their respective properties. B. Understands the water cycle and its relationship to weather processes. C. Understands the nutrient (e.g., carbon, nitrogen) cycle and its relationship to Earth systems. D. Applies knowledge of how human and natural processes affect Earth systems. E. Understands and describes the properties and uses of Earth materials (e.g., rocks, soils, water, atmospheric gases).

Competency 006 (Mathematical Processes): The teacher understands mathematical processes and knows how to reason mathematically, solve mathematical problems and make mathematical connections within and outside of mathematics.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the role of logical reasoning in mathematics and uses formal and informal reasoning to explore, investigate and justify mathematical ideas. B. Applies correct mathematical reasoning to derive valid conclusions from a set of premises. C. Applies principles of inductive reasoning to make conjectures and uses deductive methods to evaluate the validity of conjectures. D. Evaluates the reasonableness of a solution to a given problem. E. Understands connections among concepts, procedures and equivalent representations in areas of mathematics (e.g., algebra, geometry). F. Recognizes that a mathematical problem can be solved in a variety of ways and selects an appropriate strategy for a given problem. G. Expresses mathematical statements using developmentally appropriate language, standard English, mathematical language and symbolic mathematics. H. Communicates mathematical ideas using a variety of representations (e.g., numeric, verbal, graphic, pictorial, symbolic, concrete). I. Demonstrates an understanding of the use of visual media such as graphs, tables, diagrams and animations to communicate mathematical information. J. Demonstrates an understanding of estimation, including the use of compatible numbers, and evaluates its appropriate uses. K. Knows how to use mathematical manipulatives and a wide range of appropriate technological tools to develop and explore mathematical concepts and ideas. L. Demonstrates knowledge of the history and evolution of mathematical concepts, procedures and ideas. M. Recognizes the contributions that different cultures have made to the field of mathematics and the impact of mathematics on society and cultures. N. Demonstrates an understanding of financial literacy concepts and their application as these relate to teaching students (e.g., describes the basic purpose of financial institutions; distinguishes the difference between gross and net income; identifies various savings options; defines different types of taxes; identifies the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of payments, savings and credit uses and responsibilities). O. Applies mathematics to model and solve problems to manage financial resources effectively for lifetime financial security, as it relates to teaching students (e.g., distinguishes between fixed and variable expenses, calculates profit in a given situation, develops a system for keeping and using financial records, describes actions that might be taken to develop and balance a budget when expenses exceed income).

Competency 002 (Phonological and Phonemic Awareness): The teacher understands phonological and phonemic awareness and employs a variety of approaches to help students develop phonological and phonemic awareness.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the significance of phonological and phonemic awareness for reading, is familiar with typical patterns in the development of phonological and phonemic awareness and recognizes that individual variations occur, in accordance with the STR. B. Understands differences in students' development of phonological and phonemic awareness and adjusts instruction to meet the needs of individual students, including English-language learners. C. Plans, implements and adjusts instruction based on the continual use of formal and informal assessments of individual students' phonological development, in accordance with the STR. D. Knows the age ranges at which the expected stages and patterns of various phonological and phonemic awareness skills should be acquired, the implications of individual variations in the development of phonological and phonemic awareness and ways to accelerate students' phonological and phonemic awareness, in accordance with the STR. E. Uses a variety of instructional approaches and materials (e.g., language games, informal interactions, direct instruction) to promote students' phonological and phonemic awareness (e.g., hearing and manipulating beginning, medial and final sounds in spoken words; recognizing spoken alliteration). F. Understands how to foster collaboration with families and with other professionals to promote all students' phonological and phonemic awareness both at school and at home. G. Recognizes the interrelationships between phonological and phonemic awareness and the other components of reading (vocabulary, fluency and comprehension), in accordance with the STR.

Competency 001 (Social Science Instruction): The teacher understands and applies social science knowledge and skills to plan, organize and implement instruction and assess learning.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the social studies content and performance standards that constitute the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS). B. Understands the vertical alignment of the social sciences in the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) from grade level to grade level, including prerequisite knowledge and skills. C. Understands and uses social studies terminology correctly. D. Understands the implications of stages of student growth and development for designing and implementing effective learning experiences in the social sciences (e.g., knowledge of and respect for self, family and communities; sharing; following routines; working cooperatively in groups). E. Selects and applies effective, developmentally appropriate instructional practices, activities, technologies and materials to promote students' knowledge and skills in the social sciences. F. Selects and applies current technology as a tool for teaching and communicating social studies concepts. G. Selects and uses effective instructional strategies, activities, technologies and materials to promote students' knowledge and skills in the social sciences. H. Understands how to promote students' use of social science skills, vocabulary and research tools, including currently available technological tools. I. Applies instruction that relates skills, concepts and ideas across different social science disciplines. J. Provides and facilitates instruction that helps students make connections between knowledge and methods in the social sciences and in other content areas. K. Uses a variety of formal and informal assessments and knowledge of the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) to determine students' progress and needs and to help plan instruction that addresses the strengths, needs and interests of all students, including English-language learners and students with special needs. L. Understands and relates practical applications of social science issues and trends. M. Creates maps and other graphics to represent geographic, political, historical, economic and cultural features, distributions and relationships. N. Communicates the value of social studies education to students, parents/caregivers, colleagues and the community.

Competency 015 (Structure and Function of Earth Systems): The teacher understands the structure and function of Earth systems.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands the structure of Earth and analyzes constructive and destructive processes (including plate tectonics, weathering and erosion) that produce geologic change, including how these processes have affected Earth history. B. Understands the form and function of surface water and groundwater. C. Applies knowledge of the composition and structure of the atmosphere and its properties. D. Applies knowledge of how human activity and natural processes, both gradual and catastrophic, can alter Earth systems.

Competency 002 (History and Nature of Science): The teacher understands the history and nature of science, the process and role of scientific inquiry and the role of inquiry in science instruction.

The beginning teacher: A. Understands, plans, designs and implements instruction that provides opportunities for all students to engage in non experimental- and experimental-inquiry investigations. B. Focuses inquiry-based instruction on questions and issues relevant to students and uses strategies to assist students with generating, refining and focusing scientific questions and hypotheses. C. Understands and instructs students in the safe and proper use of a variety of grade-appropriate tools, equipment, resources, technology and techniques to access, gather, store, retrieve, organize and analyze data. D. Knows how to guide students in making systematic observations and measurements and posing questions to guide investigations. E. Knows how to promote the use of critical-thinking skills, logical reasoning and scientific problem solving to reach conclusions based on evidence. F. Knows how to teach students to develop, analyze and evaluate different explanations for a given scientific result, including that repeated investigations may increase reliability. G. Knows how to teach students to demonstrate an understanding of potential sources of error in inquiry-based investigation. H. Knows how to teach students to demonstrate an understanding of how to communicate and defend the results of an inquiry-based investigation. I. Understands principles of scientific ethics. J. Understands the roles that logical reasoning, verifiable evidence, prediction and peer review play in the process of generating and evaluating scientific knowledge. K. Understands the historical development of science (e.g., cell theory, plate tectonics, laws of motion, universal gravity) and technology and the contributions that diverse cultures and individuals of both genders have made to scientific and technological knowledge.

front (weather)

The border where two air masses meet. Usually results in a change in weather.

semantics

The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.

Which of the following events was a result of human interaction with the environment during the Spanish colonial era of Texas history?

The building of acequias for the missions

Condensation

The change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water. Condensation generally occurs in the atmosphere when warm air rises, cools and looses its capacity to hold water vapor. As a result, excess water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets. The upward motions that generate clouds can be produced by convection in unstable air, convergence associated with cyclones, lifting of air by fronts and lifting over elevated topography such as mountains.

Which of the following is the Coriolis effect most likely to influence?

The circulation pattern of global wind belts

Which of the following is the Coriolis Effect most likely to influence?

The circulation pattern of global winds

Mr. Kaper's pre-kindergarten class has been studying the neighborhood surrounding their school and have taken many walking field trips to businesses and restaurants. Mr. Kaper posts pictures from each of the places they visited. Which of the following activities would provide the best opportunity for the students to compare and interpret information using these visual images?

The class will make a picture-graph categorizing each place they visited.

balanced literacy

The components of a 'balanced literacy' approach are as follows: The read aloud, guided reading, shared reading, interactive writing, shared writing, Reading Workshop, Writing Workshop and Word study.

Weather

The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Natural disasters

The consequence of a hazard such as volcanic eruption, earthquakes, landslides, typhoons, which affects human activities.

Significant Number (or Figures)

The digits in a value that are known with some degree of confidence. As the number of these increases, the more certain the measurement. They are especially important in rounding.

Diameter

The distance across a circle through its center point. It is twice the radius of the circle.

Radius

The distance from the center of a circle to the edge of the circle. It is also half the diameter of a circle.

Distributive Property

The distributive property says that everything within the parenthesis needs to be multiplied by the number on the outside. ex: 8(5+2)=8x7=56 or 8(5+2)=(8x5)+(8x2)=56 also works with subtraction

syllabication

The division of words into syllables

Quadratic Formula

The formula giving the roots of a quadratic equation.

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the westward expansion of the United States in the 1800s?

The growth of United States agricultural and mineral exports

Health Standard I

The health teacher applies knowledge of both the relationship between health and behavior and the factors influencing health and health behavior.

Health Standard II

The health teacher communicates concepts and purposes of health education.

Health Standard IV

The health teacher evaluates the effects of school health instruction.

Health Standard III

The health teacher plans and implements effective school health instruction and integrates health instruction with other content areas.

Transitivity

The idea that if A is related to B, and B is related to C, then A must be related to C.

language interference

The interference of L1 over the structures of L2 can cause errors. Can happen at the word or sentence level. The most noticeable language interference happens when students use the phonology of their first language to promote words in English.

greatest common factor

The largest number that is a common divisor of a given set of numbers.

Mesosphere

The layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature decreases as altitude increases. As you get higher up in the mesosphere, the temperature gets colder. The top of the mesosphere is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere.

Magnetic Field

The lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle. They are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits.

Ionosphere

The lower part of the thermosphere, where electrically charged particles called ions are found. Technically, it is not considered a separate layer of the atmosphere.

Mass of an object

The mass of an object is a fundamental property of the object; a numerical measure of its inertia; a fundamental measure of the amount of matter in the object.

Mathematics Standard III: Geometry and Measurement

The mathematics teacher understands and uses geometry, spatial reasoning, measurement concepts and principles and technology appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in order to prepare students to use mathematics.

Mathematics Standard V: Mathematical Processes

The mathematics teacher understands and uses mathematical processes to reason mathematically, to solve mathematical problems, to make mathematical connections within and outside of mathematics and to communicate mathematically.

Mathematics Standard I: Number Concepts

The mathematics teacher understands and uses numbers, number systems and their structure, operations and algorithms, quantitative reasoning and technology appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in order to prepare students to use mathematics.

Mathematics Standard II: Patterns and Algebra

The mathematics teacher understands and uses patterns, relations, functions, algebraic reasoning, analysis and technology appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in order to prepare students to use mathematics.

Mathematics Standard IV: Probability and Statistics

The mathematics teacher understands and uses probability and statistics, their applications and technology appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in order to prepare students to use mathematics.

Mathematics Standard VIII: Mathematical Assessment

The mathematics teacher understands assessment and uses a variety of formal and informal assessment techniques appropriate to the learner on an ongoing basis to monitor and guide instruction and to evaluate and report student progress.

Mathematics Standard VII: Mathematical Learning and Instruction

The mathematics teacher understands how children learn and develop mathematical skills, procedures and concepts; knows typical errors students make; and uses this knowledge to plan, organize and implement instruction; to meet curriculum goals; and to teach all students to understand and use mathematics.

Mathematics Standard IX: Professional Development

The mathematics teacher understands mathematics teaching as a profession, knows the value and rewards of being a reflective practitioner and realizes the importance of making a lifelong commitment to professional growth and development.

Mathematics Standard VI: Mathematical Perspectives

The mathematics teacher understands the historical development of mathematical ideas, the interrelationship between society and mathematics, the structure of mathematics and the evolving nature of mathematics and mathematical knowledge.

resonance disorder

The most common cause of a resonance disorder is cleft palate but children with a submucous cleft palate, childhood apraxia of speech, enlarged adenoids and/or neurological disorders may also have a resonance disorder.

Least Common Multiple

The multiples of a number are what you get when you multiply it by other numbers. When you list the multiples of two (or more) numbers, and find the same value in both lists, then that is a common multiple of those numbers. The "Least Common Multiple" is simply the smallest of the common multiples.

Music Standard VI

The music teacher applies a comprehensive knowledge of music to evaluate musical compositions, performances, and experiences.

Music Standard IV

The music teacher creates and arranges music.

Music Standard V

The music teacher has a comprehensive knowledge of music history and the relationship of music to history, society and culture.

Music Standard III

The music teacher has a comprehensive knowledge of music notation.

Music Standard I

The music teacher has a comprehensive visual and aural knowledge of musical perception and performance.

Music Standard II

The music teacher sings and plays a musical instrument.

Music Standard VIII

The music teacher understands and applies appropriate management and discipline strategies for the music class.

Music Standard VII

The music teacher understands how to plan and implement effective music instruction and provides students with learning experiences that enhance their musical knowledge, skills and appreciation.

Music Standard X

The music teacher understands professional responsibilities and interactions relevant to music instruction and the school music program.

Music Standard IX

The music teacher understands student assessment and uses assessment results to design instruction and promote student progress.

Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It is commonly the most prominent organelle in the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by a structure called the nuclear envelope. This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The cell's chromosomes are also housed within the nucleus.

Coefficient

The number in front of each term.

onset-rime

The onset is the part of the word before the vowel; not all words have onsets. The rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows it.

Of the following, which best describes the lunar cycle as observed from the earth?

The orbit of the moon around the earth

constellation:

The pattern formed by a group of stars in the sky.

lexical stress

The pattern of stress within words, can count the number of syllables nuclei in an utterance to determine number of syllables in a word. English has at last 4 levels of word stress- primary, secondary, tertiary, and Quaternary.

Physical Education Standard IX

The physical education teacher collaborates with colleagues, parents/caregivers and community agencies to support students' growth and well-being.

Physical Education Standard I

The physical education teacher demonstrates competency in a variety of movement skills and helps students develop these skills.

Physical Education Standard VIII

The physical education teacher is a reflective practitioner who evaluates the effects of his/her actions on others (e.g., students, parents/caregivers, other professionals in the learning environment) and seeks opportunities to grow professionally.

Physical Education Standard V

The physical education teacher provides equitable and appropriate instruction for all students in a diverse society.

Physical Education Standard VII

The physical education teacher understands and uses formal and informal assessment to promote students' physical, cognitive, social and emotional development in physical education contexts.

Physical Education Standard II

The physical education teacher understands principles and benefits of a healthy, physically active lifestyle and motivates students to participate in activities that promote this lifestyle.

Physical Education Standard X

The physical education teacher understands the legal issues and responsibilities of physical education teachers in relation to supervision, planning and instruction, matching participants, safety, first aid and risk management.

Physical Education Standard VI

The physical education teacher uses effective, developmentally appropriate instructional strategies and communication techniques to prepare physically educated individuals.

Physical Education Standard IV

The physical education teacher uses knowledge of how students learn and develop to provide opportunities that support students' physical, cognitive, social and emotional development.

Physical Education Standard III

The physical education teacher uses knowledge of individual and group motivation and behavior to create and manage a safe, productive learning environment and promotes students' self-management, self-motivation and social skills through participation in physical activities.

epicenter

The point on the surface of Earth that is right above the focus of an earthquake

fossil

The preserved remains of an organism that lived in the past.

Natural selection

The process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures, as predators, changes in climate, or competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpetuation of those favorable traits in succeeding generations.

Language Aquisition

The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

Evaporation

The process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form and thus transferred from land and water masses to the atmosphere. Evaporation from the oceans accounts for 80% of the water delivered as precipitation, with the balance occurring on land, inland waters and plant surfaces.

erosion

The process by which winds and moving water carry away bits of rock or soil.

Some experts maintain that teaching reading comprehension entails not just the application of skills, but the process of actively constructing meaning. This process they describe as interactive, strategic, and adaptable. Which of the following best defines the interactive aspect of this process?

The process involves the text, the reader, and the context in which reading occurs

Transpiration

The process where water contained in liquid form in plants is converted to vapor and released to the atmosphere. Much of the water taken up by plants is released through transpiration. It is difficult to separate the processes of evaporation and transpiration, so this transfer of water is sometimes simply called evapotranspiration. The U.S. EPA estimates that an acre of corn transpires 4000 gallons of water each day.

Mr. Samoa will be helping sixth graders understand the characteristics of limited and unlimited governments. Which of the following concepts should the students be familiar with before he begins the lesson?

The purpose of laws

graphophonemic knowledge

The recognition of letters and the understanding of sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns. Graphophonemic Knowledge is often referred to as phonics.

Soil Salinity

The salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization.[1] Salt is a natural element of soils and water. Salinization can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also be caused by artificial processes such as irrigation.

Science Standard IV

The science teacher has theoretical and practical knowledge about teaching science and about how students learn science.

Science Standard X

The science teacher knows and understands the science content appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in Earth and Space science.

Science Standard IX

The science teacher knows and understands the science content appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in life science.

Science Standard VIII

The science teacher knows and understands the science content appropriate to teach the statewide curriculum (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills [TEKS]) in physical science.

Science Standard V

The science teacher knows the varied and appropriate assessments and assessment practices to monitor science learning.

Science Standard XI

The science teacher knows unifying concepts and processes that are common to all sciences.

Science Standard I

The science teacher manages classroom, field and laboratory activities to ensure the safety of all students and the ethical care and treatment of organisms and specimens.

Science Standard VII

The science teacher understands how science affects the daily lives of students and how science interacts with and influences personal and societal decisions.

Science Standard II

The science teacher understands the correct use of tools, materials, equipment and technologies.

Science Standard VI

The science teacher understands the history and nature of science.

Science Standard III

The science teacher understands the process of scientific inquiry and its role in science instruction.

Slope of a Line

The slope of a line measures its steepness. It is the ratio of the vertical change in y to the horizontal change in x. Slope is denoted by m.

least common multiple

The smallest shared multiple of any two integers

Social Studies Standard V: Geography

The social studies teacher applies knowledge of people, places and environments to facilitate students' understanding of geographic relationships in Texas, the United States and the world.

Social Studies Standard IV: History

The social studies teacher applies knowledge of significant historical events and developments, as well as of multiple historical interpretations and ideas, in order to facilitate student understanding of relationships between the past, the present and the future.

Social Studies Standard II

The social studies teacher effectively integrates the various social science disciplines.

Social Studies Standard I

The social studies teacher has a comprehensive knowledge of the social sciences and recognizes the value of the social sciences.

Social Studies Standard VII: Government

The social studies teacher knows how governments and structures of power function, provide order and allocate resources and uses this knowledge to facilitate student understanding of how individuals and groups achieve their goals through political systems.

Social Studies Standard VI: Economics

The social studies teacher knows how people organize economic systems to produce, distribute and consume goods and services and uses this knowledge to enable students to understand economic systems and make informed economic decisions.

Social Studies Standard X: Science, Technology and Society

The social studies teacher understands developments in science and technology and uses this knowledge to facilitate student understanding of the social and environmental consequences of scientific discovery and technological innovation.

Social Studies Standard VIII: Citizenship

The social studies teacher understands citizenship in the United States and other societies and uses this knowledge to prepare students to participate in our society through an understanding of democratic principles and citizenship practices.

Social Studies Standard IX: Culture

The social studies teacher understands cultures and how they develop and adapt and uses this knowledge to enable students to appreciate and respect cultural diversity in Texas, the United States and the world.

Social Studies Standard III

The social studies teacher uses knowledge and skills of social studies, as defined by the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS), to plan and implement effective curriculum, instruction, assessment and evaluation.

Which of the following technologies had the greatest impact on the environment and the geography of agriculture in the U.S. Great Plains?

The steel plow

Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second layer, as one moves upward from Earth's surface, of the atmosphere, and in which temperature increases as altitude increases.. The stratosphere is above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. Many jet aircraft fly in this layer because it is very stable.

1835

The struggle for the Independence of Texas begins with the Battle of Gonzales

Regional Geography

The study of geographic regions. EX: Pacific-northwest region, South Eastern Region, West Coast and etc...

phonology

The study of the patterns and distributions of speech sounds in a language and the tacit rules for their pronunciation.

World Geography

The study of the whole earth and its peoples. This type of Geography helps us understand the relationship between the way people live and the places on earth where they live.

Theatre Standard I

The theatre teacher knows how to plan and implement effective theatre instruction and assessment and provide students with learning experiences that enhance their knowledge, skills and appreciation in theatre.

Theatre Standard IV

The theatre teacher understands and applies knowledge of design and technical theatre.

Theatre Standard V

The theatre teacher understands and applies knowledge of theatre from different cultures and historical periods.

Theatre Standard II

The theatre teacher understands and applies skills for creating, utilizing and/or performing dramatic material.

Theatre Standard III

The theatre teacher understands and applies skills for producing and directing theatrical productions.

Theatre Standard VI

The theatre teacher understands and applies skills for responding to, analyzing and evaluating theatre and understands the interrelationship between theatre and other disciplines.

After learning the theoretical probability of a two-sided coin landing on any one side, students work in groups to flip the coin several times and get the following results: 9 heads and 6 tails. Based on the scenario, which of the following observations made by students about probability is accurate?

The theoretical probability of a coin's landing on heads is less than the experimental probability obtained.

convection

The transfer of thermal energy by particles of a liquid or gas moving from one place to another.

Melody

The tune of a song or piece of music.

object permanence

The understanding (typically developed during early infancy) that an object still exists even when it disappears from sight or other senses.

Thermosphere

The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases. Temperatures climb sharply in the lower thermosphere, then level off and hold fairly steady with increasing altitude above that height.

Weight of an object

The weight of an object is the force of gravity on the object and may be defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg

Minus

The word ________indicates the binary operation of subtraction

Which of the following is a widely accepted explanation that is supported by observational evidence and experimental confirmation?

Theory

Intimate Register

This communications is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate people. e.g. husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent & children.

Consultative Register

This is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communications. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. It is professional discourse. e.g. when strangers meet, communications between a superior and a subordinate, doctor & patient, lawyer & client, lawyer & judge, teacher & student, counselor & client.

Casual Register

This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal. This is "group" language. One must be member to engage in this register. e.g. buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and blogs, and letters to friends.

Formal Register

This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is usually impersonal and formal. A common format for this register are speeches. e.g. sermons, rhetorical statements and questions, speeches, pronouncements made by judges, announcements.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Static Register

This style of communications RARELY or NEVER changes. It is "frozen" in time and content. e.g. the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord's Prayer, the Preamble to the US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic reference, laws.

Teaching good listening skills: Play songs that have movements that go with the lyrics

This technique works particularly well with kinesthetic learners.

Closed System

This term has different meanings in different contexts. In general, it is a system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave. In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work), but not matter, with its surroundings. In engineering it is defined as a bound system in which every input is known and every resultant is known (or can be known) within a specific time.

PIE

Three main purposes of writing: Persuade Inform Entertain

Which of the following sentences from the excerpt best explains the idea of cause and effect?

Tigers are endangered in the wild, because people often destroy their forest homes.

Symmetry

To discover what symmetry is, take a piece of paper, fold it, and cut out a shape along the fold. Unfold the shape that you cut out. This figure is symmetric. That means it is exactly the same on both sides of the crease. The simplest symmetry is Reflection Symmetry (sometimes called Line Symmetry or Mirror Symmetry). It is easy to recognise, because one half is the reflection of the other half.

Of the following, which is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States?

Tobacco use

word awareness

Tracking the words in sentences. It is not so much a phonological skill as a semantic, or meaning-based, language skill

What is transpiration?

Transpiration is the process where water contained in liquid form in plants is converted to vapor and released to the atmosphere. Much of the water taken up by plants is released through transpiration.

Complementary Angles

Two Angles that add up to 90 degrees (a Right Angle). They don't have to be next to each other, just so long as the total is 90 degrees.

Supplementary Angles

Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees

Complementary Angles

Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees

Harmony

Two or more pitches happening at the same time.

Jonas Salk

United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914).

Robert Hooke

Used an early compound microscope to look at a thin slice of cork, a plant material and discovered the cells of organisms

letter-sound correspondence

Using systematic relationships between letters and phonemes (letter-sound correspondence) to retrieve the pronunciation of an unknown printed string or to spell words.

A specific value that is changeable or likely to vary

Variables

Exosphere

Very high up, the Earth's atmosphere becomes very thin. The region where atoms and molecules escape into space is referred to as the exosphere. The exosphere is on top of the thermosphere.

During a back-to-school night, an elementary teacher discusses the use of media in the classroom and at home. Which of the following suggestions is best for the teacher to make to parents regarding students' television viewing and Internet use at home?

Viewing media with their children and discussing what they see and hear

Vinland

Vineland or Winland is the area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings, where Leif Erikson first landed in c. 1000, approximately five centuries prior to the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot.

13 Original Colonies

Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New York, Connecticut, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

resonance disorder

Voice disorder that describes abnormalities created when sound passes through the vocal tract; ie hyper-nasal sounds

In an investigation hot water is poured into a clear plastic cup. Another clear plastic cup is placed upside down over the cup of hot water. Which of these is likely to occur during the next three minutes?

Water droplets will form on the inside of the top cup as the water vapor cools.

Which of the following is the adaptation that will best aid plant survival in an arid environment?

Waxy leaves

distributive property

We write this property as a(b+c) = ab + ac. In numbers, this means, that 2(3 + 4) = 2×3 + 2×4. Any time they refer in a problem to using the ____________________ Property, they want you to take something through the parentheses (or factor something out).

Speech disorder

When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders.

articulation problems

When children have problems with specific sounds that can cause un-intelligibility and the production of aesthetically displeasing sounds.

A pendulum swings back and forth in a semicircle pattern. When does the pendulum have its greatest potential energy?

When the pendulum is at the top of the arc

Mario Molina

Won a Nobel Peace Price in Chemistry studying the effects of certain chemicals in the atmosphere.

multiplicative identity property

You can multiply 1 to any number and get the same number

Anne Hutchinson

a Puritan Woman who disagreed with the leadership of the Massachusetts colony

Hernando Cortez

a Spanish conqueror of the Aztec Empire

Francisco Coronado

a Spanish explorer that traveled all over looking for the fabled seven cities of gold.

Presidio

a Spanish military post

phonological awareness

a broad skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language - parts such as words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.

digraph

a combination of two letters representing one sound, as in ph and ey

digraphs

a combination of two letters representing one sound, as in ph and ey.

imitation

a copy that is represented as the original

Carry Nation

a crusader for the temperance movement

ballad

a folk song that tells a story.

brass

a group of wind instruments, including trumpet, French horns, trombones, and tubas, used in bands and orchestras.

Rosetta Stone

a large black stone that was found in Egypt. It contained a message in three different kinds of writings, Greek, Egyptian script and Egyptian hieroglyphics

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

a law that repealed the Missouri Compromise, the law allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves if they would allow slavery.

Benjamin Franklin

a leader of colonial America, inventor of bifocal lenses, signer of the Declaration of Independence and signer of the U.S. Constitution

Susan B Anthony

a leader of the women's suffrage movement and the temperance movement

Geoboards

a mathematical manipulative used to explore basic concepts in plane geometry such as perimeter, area and the characteristics of triangles and other polygons. It consists of a physical board with a certain number of nails half driven in, around which are wrapped rubber bands.

phonics

a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system.

Water is an example of:

a molecule

canon

a musical form in which the parts imitate each other. One part begins, or leads, and the other parts follow.

indentured servant

a person who agreed to work for another person without pay

John James Audubon

a prominent wildlife artist

rational numbers

a real number that can be written as a simple fraction (i.e. as a ratio). includes non-terminating REPEATING and terminating decimals

irrational numbers

a real number that cannot be written as a simple fraction includes non terminating non repeating decimals such as pie and square root of 2

Temperance Movement

a social movement against the use of alcohol

diphthong

a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ).

dipthongs

a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side).

Phonemes

a sound smaller than a syllable. example: m, a, p,

Atlatl

a spear

stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

Base-Ten Representation

a string of digits that represent a number such as 1,2,3,4

Carrie Chapman Catt

a suffragist whose leadership in the suffrage movement was the key to the passage of the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote.

Underground Railroad

a system of slave escape routes

W.E.B. Dubois

a teacher and writer who helped found the NAACP in 1909

Hypothesis

a tentative theory about the natural world, a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena; a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory.

Harlem Renaissance

a time of great artistic development for African American artist

Native Americans

a wide variety of cultural patterns and languages, they adapted their lifestyle to match their environment

evaluative comprehension

ability to use critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and aesthetic considerations to evaluate a text.

PE Standard 4

achieve & maintain a health enhancing level of physical fitness

multicultural literature

acknowledges the importance of sharing literature from various cultures so that students learn about other cultures and so that students are more apt to see their culture featured in books.

Texas rice farmers depend on water from the Colorado River to irrigate their crops. In times of severe drought, less water is released downstream, which sometimes results in inadequate irrigation and failed crops. To prevent such a loss, rice farmers sometimes plant alternative crops on their lands. This action is an example of

adapting to environmental changes.

sentence stress

added emphasis given to a specific word in a sentence due to the importance of that word in conveying meaning, or due to speaker intent; often found in association with the las word in a declarative utterance. (i.e. "How ARE you?" vs. "How are YOU?")

Boston Tea Party

after the English passed a law that allowed a British company to sell tea at a very low price which hurt America

Pilgrims

also known as separatist because of their religious beliefs

listening skills

although no well-defined model exists, some theorists link listening skills to reading skills.

Carl Sagan

an American astronomer and author

jazz

an American musical style that combines elements of traditional Western music with African rhythms and melodic contours.

Crispus Attucks

an American stevedore and sailor, thought to be the first person killed in the Boston massacre

The Mayflower Compact

an agreement signed by all the men in the voyage they agreed to elect their own leaders and make their own laws.

Cinco de Mayo

an annual celebration held on May 5. The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862.

Isolationism

an attitude of remaining separate from other countries

communication disorder

an impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal and graphic symbol systems.

railroads

an important part of the opening of the West

Global warming

an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

League of Nations

an intergovernmental organization founded on January 10, 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War

A market where a few firms compete against each other is known as:

an oligopoly.

decode

analyze and interpret (a verbal or nonverbal communication or image).

phonemes

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

prime factor

any of the prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the original number.

Pictorial graph

are the most concrete representation of information. They represent a transition from the real object graphs to symbolic graphs. These graphs usually are used to introduce children to graphing in pre-k through grade 1. For ex, the teacher can use pictures of pizzas and hot dogs to represent the number of children that prefer one food over the other.

Chloroplasts

areas in the cells of green plants that use pigments, called chlorophyll and carotenoids, to convert light energy to chemical energy used by cells. Chloroplasts concentrate chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. In part one of photosynthesis chlorophyll absorbs light energy to make ATP. The energy is used to split water, releasing oxygen.

The number of protons in an atom determines the _______________ of an atom.

atomic number

metacognition

awareness of mental contents and processes. If "cognition" refers to thinking, then "metacognition" refers to thinking about thinking.

Sojourner Truth

born with the name Isabella Baumfree, was one of the earliest and most passionate female abolitionist

A fourth-grade teacher is beginning a unit on energy and matter that contains vocabulary not regularly used by students. To best draw on students' experiences in a manner that helps them develop a deeper understanding of the unit's terms, the classroom teacher should

build a language-rich environment

A first-grade teacher who is working with a group of beginning readers gives each student a set of word cards. On each card is printed a word that the students have already learned to read (e.g., "he," "she," "sees," "loves," "has," "the," "a," "dog," "cat," and "pail"). The teacher shows the students how to arrange the cards and create a statement (e.g., "she sees the cat"). Students then create their own statements and read them aloud. One goal of the activity is to promote students' reading development by reinforcing word-recognition skills. In addition, the activity can be expected to promote students' writing development by

building their understanding of basic syntactic structures.

Rosa Parks

called the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement

Veteran's Day

celebrated the end of the World War I, includes all veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces and is celebrated in November

Kwanzaa

celebration of African American culture and community

Deiz y Seis de Septiembre

celebration of Mexico's independence from Spain in 1810, celebrated on Sebtember 16th

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

A _____________ property is a property that describes how a substance can change into another form of matter.

chemical

conventional stage

children are able to apply spelling conventions to words they write

phonemic stage

children believe that words are spelled the way they sound

pre-communicative stage

children have not discovered that letters represent sound

transitional stage

children recognize that all words are not spelled exactly as they sound

pre-phonemic stage

children understand letters represent sound

schemata

clusters of ideas about objects, places, and events.

What unit of measure is used when finding the girth, G, of a box, which is related to the distances around a box, by the formula G=2(w+h)?

cm

The Pourquoi Tales

comprise creation stories from around the world. (ex: The Legend of the Bluebonnet)

Traditional Literature

comprises the stories that have their roots in the oral tradition of story-telling and have been handed down through generations.

Panama Canal

connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean

decimals

created by establishing places to the right of 1 dividing the unit 1 into 10 equal pieces creates a new unit called a 10th...

A teacher has each of his kindergarten students flip a coin twenty times while keeping track of which side of the coin lands up-heads or tails. This is an example of an activity that will help the students develop a beginning understanding of

data collection and probability

Memorial Day

day to honor Americans who gave their lives for their country

Pragmatic System

deals with the social aspects of languages depending on the audience

Homestead Act of 1862

declared that any citizen could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land outside the thirteen colonies.

Physical Education Standard 1

demonstrate competency in motor skills & movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities

Physical Education Standard 2

demonstrate understanding of movement concepts, principles, strategies, & tactics as they apply to the learning & performance of physical activities

The amount of mass an object has in a given volume is the _________________.

density

wonder tales

describe stories of enchantment in faraway lands. (ex. Snow White)

Issac Newton

described the laws of motion and gravity

Cardinality

describes how many things are in a set

Pierre Charles L'Enfant

designed the capital city of the new country (Washington D.C.)

literary style is affected by

diction or word choices, sentence structure and syntax, types and extend of use of figurative language, patterns of rhythm or sound, and conventional or creative use of punctuation

Activities to Promote Oral Communication

dramatic play, language play, show and tell, puppet show, turn and talk, interviews (pair interview- can promote oral communication), oral presentations

In a chemical reaction, atoms of different elements stick together by sharing or swapping their _________________.

electrons

In elements, the number of protons is equal to the number of _______________ in each atom.

electrons

Which sub-atomic particles are on the rings that surround the nucleus of an atoms?

electrons

A common type of family abuse characterized by verbal put-downs and criticisms is known as

emotional abuse

Balanced Reading Program

encompasses best teaching practices from two traditionally opposing reading programs: the skills-based approach (bottom-up approach- proceeds from the specific to the general, or from the parts to the whole), which encompasses phonics instruction, and the meaning-based approach (top-down approach- this approach begins with the whole and then proceeds to its individual parts) which promotes reading comprehension and enrichment.

Electrical energy

energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor

Sound energy

energy of vibrations carried by air, water, or other matter

Harriet Tubman

escaped in 1850, was a conductor on the underground railroad

Plymouth Colony

established in 1620 by the pilgrims.

William Penn

established the English colony of Pennsylvania

contractions

ex: they're he's he'll, you're

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

explored the Louisiana Territory of the western U.S.

General Colin L. Powell

first African American Secretary of State

Christopher Columbus

first European to discover America in 1492

Cabeza de Vaca

first Spaniard to explore what is now Texas

Helen Keller

first blind deaf person to communicate effectively with the sighted and hearing world.

phonemic stress

form of lexical stress in a word that can change it's meaning. (i.e. "present" has two meanings depending on how it is pronounced.)

Students are each given three identical small lumps of modeling clay and are asked to sculpt three different hearts from the lumps. For example, the hearts can be plump or slender, with varying proportions. The activity will best help students understand the art element of

form.

Roger Williams

founded the colony of Rhode Island

Florence Nightingale

founder of modern nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods

Which of the following musical terms tells the performer to play loudly, then immediately play quietly?

fp

Vikings

from Greenland and established fishing and hunting bases in Vinland and Canada

A _________________ has no definite volume.

gas

Oxygen, helium, and carbon dioxide are what form of matter?

gas

Condensation, fog, and clouds prove that:

gases, such as water vapor, exist

During a unit on fiber art, it would be most appropriate for students to learn how to use a

handloom

alphabetic principle

has been described as the ability to connect letters to sounds and to create words based on these associations.

To help young children hear, and pronounce, all the sounds in a new word...

have children clap the syllables as they hear and pronounce them

A most effective informal reading assessment to check students' understanding of a reading passage is to...

have the student speak in their own words about what they have read.

Suffrage

having the right to vote

Marshall Plan

helped to rebuild Western Europe following World War II by providing financial aid and material assistance

Context Clues

hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may follow in a preceding sentence.

Woodrow Wilson

hoped to establish a peaceful world following World War I. He had fourteen points; one of the fourteen points called for the creation of a League of Nations

Structural Cue

how to access, employ, and combine knowledge about how language is structured

To best assess a student's graphophonemic knowledge, a teacher should have the student

identify a word based on a sequence of letter-sound correspondence.

Phonemic awareness

identifying and manipulating the individual sounds in spoken words. ex oral rhyming games

Phonological awareness

identifying larger parts of oral language such as words and syllables. The best activity to develop this is clapping syllables of familiar words.

A teacher can tell a child is having difficulty with phonological and phonemic awareness

if the child is unable to detect or produce rhyming words, understand or enjoy rhymes found in books, break words into syllables using clapping and or tapping, blend sounds to make words, identify sounds in oral language, detect or produce patterns of alliteration.

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Proportional reasoning

important in preparing students for algebra. Students in 5th grade begin to use a ratio chart to solve proportion problems.

Gravity separation is usually used:

in industries to separate parts of a mixture

A variable in an equation that may have its value freely chosen without considering values of any other variable. For equations such as y = 3x - 2, the ________________________ variable is x.

independent variable

decimal point

indicates the location of the ones place by placing the decimal point to its right i.e. 1.234=1+.2+.03+.004

A pre-kindergarten teacher could best promote the development of students' listening skills by

integrating specific listening activities as a routine element in the daily schedule.

John Gutenberg

invented the printing press

phoneme

is a sound, there are 44 in spoken English

a question

is called an interrogative statement

invented spelling

is one indication of a child's level of phonemic awareness

Elements of Music

key elements in which all music is based. rhythm, melody, harmony, form, and expression.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

known as the reconstruction Amendments.

prose

language as it is ordinarily spoken as opposed to verse or language with metric patterns

slave codes

laws in Southern states that spelled out what kind of lives slaves could live.

inductive approach

learning through examples, concepts emerge from the process of thinking about what has been observed

Number Line

line on which one location has been chosen as zero(0) and on other location to the right of 0 has been chosen as 1 distance from 0 to 1 is a unit choice of a unit is a scale

A fourth-grade teacher has each student choose a novel and then places the students into small groups based on their book choice. Each group meets periodically. While the teacher facilitates each group's meetings, the students decide the reading selections and discussion topics. The instructional practice outlined can be best described as

literature circles

Tonkawas

lived in the area of what is now Central Texas

Coahuiltecans

lived inland in the Gulf Coastal Plain in what is now South Texas

Types of Writing Systems

logographic writing- was the first type of written language developed in the history of civilizations. (i.e. Chinese writing) syllabic writing- syllables are depicted through the use of unique symbols. (i.e. Cherokee or Japanese writing) alphabetic writing- system uses the sounds of the language as a basic unit for writing. (i.e. English and European languages)

James Madison

main author of the U.S. constitution, the fourth president of the U.S.

Mr. Silva's first-grade students make a chart of their predictions about a story prior to reading the story. As they read the story, they refer to their chart to confirm or change their predictions. The primary instructional purpose for the activity is to help students

make inferences to aid in comprehension.

definition of poetry or verse

manipulation of language with respect to meaning, sound and rhythm

distinguishing characteristics of prose

may have some sort of rhythm but there is no formal arrangement, common unit of organization is sentence-may include literary devices of repetition and balance, must have more coherent relationships among sentences than a list would

semantic

meanings of words and phrases

Voice disorder

medical conditions involving abnormal pitch, loudness or quality of the sound produced by the larynx and thereby affecting speech production.

Scientists use __________ to explain how invisible substances, such as gas, exist.

models

Declaration of Independence

mostly written by Thomas Jefferson and was passed July 4, 1776, it declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from England

A social studies teacher is beginning a unit on the colonization of North America. As an introduction to the unit, the students will read a selection of journal entries from a crew member who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his first voyage to the New World. The journal entries are examples of

narrative text.

Caddos

native Americans of the Piney Woods Region

expressive aphasia

neurologic impairment of person's ability to speak

receptive aphasia

neurologic impairment of the ability to understand spoken and written language

neutrons

no charge the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

pseudowords

nonsense words

heterogeneous learning

not uniform in structure

A fraction is used to represent probability

number of times the successful event occurs/number of attempts that were made

cluttering

occurs when children try to communicate in an excessively fast mode that makes comprehension difficult

Boston Massacre

one of the lead-up events of the Revolutionary War

Linear function

one whose graph is a straight line

The two most abundant gases in Earth's atmosphere are

oxygen and nitrogen

Number Path

path labeled with successive counting numbers like a game board

Homesteaders

people who settled on the great plains between 1862 and 1890

abolitionist

person who wanted to abolish slavery

A fifth-grade teacher instructs students to use a camera to take pictures of various objects around the school. The students are to use the following methods when taking pictures. • Shoot from up high and down low. • Shoot from different sides and angles. The activity will best help students understand the visual concept of

perspective

Moses Austin

persuaded the Spanish Governor of Texas to give him a land grant in which to settle 300 families.

The smallest functional unit of speech is a:

phoneme

A pre-kindergarten teacher reads the following sentences aloud and asks students to complete each of them with a rhyming word: I saw a goat sailing a _____. I saw a duck driving a _____. The teacher is helping students develop:

phonological awareness

modern fantasy

presents make-believe stories. These tales go so far beyond reality that the stories cannot be true.

Informal Assessment

procedure for obtaining information that can be used to make judgments about children's learning behavior and characteristics

Which two sub-atomic particles make up the mass of an atom (or its atomic mass)?

protons & neutrons

A fourth grade teacher asks a paraprofesional to lead a small-group discussion of a story students have read. To ensure likely success, the teacher should...

provide the paraprofessional with a set of questions to help promote students' comprehension of the story.

The number 3/4 is a ______.

rational number

A chemical ______________________ is a process in which a substance is changed at the level of its atoms.

reaction

To best assess a student's accuracy and rate of reading, a teacher should have the student

read a passage out loud for one minute while the teacher records miscues.

Which of the following should be AVOIDED in an oral presentation?

reading from notes

author's purpose

reason for or intent in writing. An author's purpose may be to amuse the reader, to persuade the reader, to inform the reader, or to satirize a condition. An author writes with one of four general purposes in min

Dust Bowl

refers to the Great Plains drought of the 1930's that made farming impossible in that region

Reliability

refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly. For example, if a person is administered the same test repeatedly his/her results on the test should be approximately the same each time, if the test is reliable.

phonation

refers to the sound made by the voice. The term dysphonia means there is something wrong with the voice.

literal comprehension

refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (main idea, sequence of events, knowledge of vocabulary)

"There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume." In the excerpt above from his final speech as president, George Washington urged United States citizens to

refrain from joining political parties

decode

relates to reading

Encode

relates to spelling

Asexual reproduction

reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

The state of matter for an element indicates whether the element is a solid, liquid, or a gas at ______________________ ______________.

room temperature

You can use a ______________ to measure the volume of a solid.

ruler

Copernicus

scientist from Renaissance era who showed that the earth revolves around the sun

Jacques Cartier

searched for the Northwest Passage

A first-grade teacher meets with her students before their first visit to the library. She shares with students the following routine. "Open the book to the middle. Read the page to yourself. Hold up one finger for each word you do not know how to pronounce. If you get up to five fingers, then the book is too hard. Pick a different book." The main purpose of the teacher's instructions is to guide students to

select books at an independent reading level.

Using magnets, distillation, sifting, a centrifuge, chromatography, and gravity are all ways of:

separating a substance into its parts.

Clara Barton

served as a nurse to to wounded soldiers during the Civil War and established the American Red Cross in 1881

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

served as supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, 34th president of the U.S.

Cleto Rodriguez

served in both the U.S. Army, and in the U.S. Air Force, and received the Medal of Honor for actions in Manila, Philippines during World War II.

historical fiction

set in the past and lets children live vicariously in times and places they cannot experience in any other way.

A fourth-grade teacher wants to help students become more aware of their literacy development and better monitor their progress in reading and writing. To best help students track their own development, the teacher should have students

set specific and individual goals regarding improvements they want to make.

Magna Charta

signed by King John of England, it kept the power of the English king from becoming 'absolute", therefore his power was limited.

Mixing salt into water creates a ___________________.

solution

Audie Murphy

son of a Texas sharecropper, he rose to national fame as the most decorated U.S. combat soldier in World War II

Visual Cue

sound/symbol matches

digraph

sounds: ch, sh, gh, pn, ps, wr (consonant digraphs) oo, ea, ee, ie, oe, ue (vowel digraphs)

Daniel Boone

spent most of his life exploring and settling the American frontier.

related groups of poetry lines are called

stanzas-which may be varying lengths.

Missouri Compromise

stated that Missouri would be allowed to join the union as a slave state, this was an attempt to keep the union together.

cumulative tales

stories in which information is presented in sequence and all the events in the sequence are repeated (ex: The Three Little Pigs)

noodle head tales

stories of lovable fools (ex: Puss in Boots)

Monahans Sandhills State Park in Texas has almost 4,000 acres of sand dunes. Some of the dunes are as tall as a six-story building. The dunes in the park are formed by —

strong winds

Syntactic

structural organization

syntax

structure of a phrase or sentence.

Exploration Phase

students assimilate information using their senses. Students make observations and gather data. Example: Students do lab activity with no knowledge of the outcome.

Application/Elaboration Phase

students connect the concept with what they know and observe in daily life.

reader's theatre

students practice rereading a script multiple times before reading it to an audience.

Choral reading

students reading in unison

Semantic System

system of meaning

deductive approach

taught step by step

Directed Reading Activity (DRA)

teacher activates and develops schemata by linking the topic of the text to students' own experiences or finding ways to get students interested in an unfamilar topic. (a teacher directed activity)

Formal Assessment

tests that systematically measure how well a student has mastered learning outcomes.

expository texts

texts that provide factual information and explanations.

Chemical energy

that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction

Abraham Lincoln

the 16th president signed the Emancipation Proclamation (the order that freed slaves in confederate states), He delivered the Gettysburg Address (which summed up the meaning of and the price of liberty)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

the 32nd president of the U.S. his New Deal helped pull the U.S. out of the Great Depression, His Good Neighbor Policy called for less interference by the United States in the affairs of the countries of Latin America and South America

Esteban

the African who accompanied Cabeza de Vaca on his travels through Texas

metalinguistic awareness

the ability to objectify language as a process as well as an artifact. The concept of metalinguistic awareness is helpful in explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code switching as well as translation among bilinguals).

Polytheism

the belief in more than one god

Monotheism

the belief in one Supreme Being

animal tales

the characters are animals exhibiting human characteristics. (ex. Anasi the Spider)

Committees of Correspondence

the communication system developed by Samuel Adams to keep the colonists informed as to what was happening in other colonies.

integers

the counting number zero, and the counting numbers Includes: • the counting numbers {1, 2, 3, ...}, • zero {0}, • and the negative of the counting numbers {-1, -2, -3, ...} We can write them all down like this: {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} Examples of integers: -16, -3, 0, 1, 198

syllabication

the division of words into syllables, either in speech or in writing.

conscription

the draft of a young man to the military

mood:

the feeling that a piece of music creates.

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American Supreme Court Justice serving from 1967-91

Amelia Earhart

the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She received the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross for this accomplishment.

Neil Armstrong

the first person to walk on the moon July 16, 1969

Jamestown

the first prominent English colony in the Americas

Jane Addams

the founder of the Hull House which provided services for Chicago's foreign immigrants. Received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Music Education

the goal is to develop independent musicians through the use of conceptual teaching of musical skills. sing in tune; keep a steady beat, listen to different styles, perform music, use music terminology and elements of music. appropriate methodology to integrate music into the content areas and apply the legal and ethical principles of music education.

egocentrism

the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schemas from objective reality; an inability to understand or assume any perspective other than their own.

Thomas Jefferson

the main author of the Declaration of Independence and was the third president

plot

the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence.

Style is

the manner in which a writer uses language in prose or poetry, appropriate to the text, a way to set an author apart

Meaning Cue

the meaning of words

Kinetic energy

the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion

Potential energy

the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position. Ex. stored energy

minuend

the number from which another number is subtracted

alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

rime

the part of the syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it ex: tap....(ap)

onset

the part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of the syllable. ex: the (t) in tap

Industrial Revolution

the period in the 1800's during which machines, instead of hand tools, began to be used to produce goods.

Photosynthesis

the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc

nationalism

the sense of belonging to a nation

Stephen F. Austin

the son of Moses Austin. He began his colony in 1821 and by 1825 there were 297 families living in the colony. He was an impresario, or an agent, that made arrangements to bring settlers to Texas. He is known as the father of Texas.

When teaching students about the lines and spaces of the grand staff, the mnemonic "All Cows Eat Grass" helps them remember

the spaces of the bass clef.

Geography

the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries.

theme

the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.

Louisiana Purchase

the territory was purchased from France by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. Stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from New Orleans to Canada.

alphabetic principle

the understanding that letters represent sounds which form words; it is the knowledge of predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds.

anaphora

the use of one word in place of another word.

Rhythm (Music)

the varied lengths of sounds and silences in relation to the underlying beat. called the melodic rhythm or word rhythm found in the song; confused with beat sometimes. Sounds organize in time. Time signature. Rhythms is written above the staff.

lexicon

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

Negative

the word _________ indicates the place on the number line

Fiction is a product of what?

the writer's imagination

Grapheme

the written representation of a phoneme. Can be a single letter or more than one letter. ex: mat or M,A,T

narrative texts

those that relate a story or sequence of events

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria

three ships Columbus sailed

Cold War

time period after World War II when the U.S. and the Soviet Union prepared for war

Missions

towns built and ran by Catholic priests, the purpose was to teach Native Americans the Catholic Religion and the Spanish way of life

ghost stories

traditionally been used to regulate behavior in children (ex: El Cucuoy)

inferential comprehension

understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions)

A second-grade teacher can best help students develop an understanding of a new text by asking students to

use literature response journals to record mental images generated from their reading.

In his highly influential book Why Johnny Can't Read, Rudolf Flesch advocated:

using phonics to teach children to read

A measure of how much space an object takes up is the ______________.

volume

U.S. Civil War

war fought between the North and South for four years (1862-1865) mainly on Southern soil; purpose was to bring Confederate states back to the Union; North was better equipped for war despite superior Southern military leadership.

Nathan Hale

was a Lt. in the continental Army of the Revolutionary War. Was executed as a spy in 1776

Paul Revere

was a folk hero of the American Revolution that rode to New Hampshire to warn colonists that the British troops were on the move.

Manifest Destiny

was the idea that the U.S. should stretch from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

K-W-L chart

what I know, what I want to learn, and what I learned

imperialism

when the interest of a dominant nation subjugates the interest of another

Melodic Rhythm

word rhythm and is identified using musical notation (the writing of music).

strategies to teach phonemic and phonological awareness

writing centers, read poetry aloud to children, isolate phonemes, blend sounds, rhymes, introduce blending, segmentation, onsets and rimes

nonfiction

writing that tells about real people, places, and events

Which of the following equations is written in slope-intercept form?

y = 3x + 5

Preoperational Stage

(Jean Piaget's 2nd stage) Stage of development from 2-7 years old. Representational rather than logical. Thought characterized by egocentrism; lack of reversibility; lack of concern with proof or evidence. The child is in pre (before) operations, meaning the child cannot use logic or transform, combine, or separate ideas. The child's development consists of building experiences about the world through adaption and working toward the concrete stage when they can use logical thought.

Concrete Operational Stage

(Jean Piaget's 3rd stage) considered a major turning point in the child's cognitive development because it marks the beginning of logical thought. The child is now mature enough to use logical thought or operations (rules) but can only apply logic to physical (concrete) objects. Concrete Operational stage is from ages 7-11. They gain abilities of conservation (number, area, volume, orientation) and reversibility as well as more organized and rational thought. They can solve problems in a logical fashion but are not able to think abstractly or hypothetically for the most part.

Formal Operation Stage

(Jean Piaget's 4th stage) beginning at about age 11, children gain the ability to think in an abstract manner, combining and classifying items in a more sophisticated way. They also gain the capacity for higher order thinking. They begin to manipulate ideas in their head without any dependence on concrete manipulation. They can do math calculations, think creatively, use abstract reasoning, and imagine the outcome of particular actions.

1836

-The Texas Declaration of Independence is created and signed -At the Battle of the Alamo, losses include David Crockett, James "Jim" Bowie, William Travis -Sam Houston is elected first president of the Republic of Texas -Santa Anna is routed by General Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto

Assessment of Oral Language Skills (Summative)

-anecdotal records -portfolios -listening to children read -oral presentations -checklists -running records -samples of work -self evaluation

Methods for Teaching Phonemic Awareness

-clapping syllables in words -distinguishing between a word and a sound -using visual cues and movement to help children understand when the speaker goes from one sound to another -incorporating oral segmentation activities which focus on easily distinguished syllables rather than sounds

Promoting Phonological and Phonemic Awareness

-listening games (their ability to hear certain sounds) -counting syllables games (shows that many words are made of smaller chunks) -rhyming games (draws attention to the sound structure of words) -word and sentence building games

How parents can practice with students:

-playing games with words that sound alike -demonstrate how sounds blend together in familiar words -playing a game in which the goal is to find objects with names that begin with a certain initial sound -play clapping games in which you clap with each distinct sound

Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory: three basic components

1. Schemas: basic building block of intelligent behavior- a way of organizing knowledge. 2. Adaption processes that enable the transition from one stage to another Assimilation: using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation Accommodation: this happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation Equilibration: the force which moves development along. Piaget believed that cognitive development did not progress at a steady rate, but rather in leaps and bounds. 3. Four stages of development: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Included in the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics are five major shifts in the environment of mathematics classrooms from current practice to teaching for the empowerment of students. These major shift areas include:

1. Treating classrooms as mathematical communities rather than simply a collection of individuals 2. Students using logic and mathematical evidence as verification rather than studies relying solely on the teacher for correct answers 3. Students employing mathematical reasoning rather than merely memorizing procedures 4. Emphasizing problem solving rather than an emphasis on mechanistic answer-finding 5. Students connecting mathematics, its ideas, and its applications rather than viewing math as a body of isolated concepts and procedures

5 types of phonemic awareness

1. the ability to hear rhymes and alliteration 2. the ability to do oddity task (recognize the member of a set that is different, or odd, among the group) 3. the ability to orally blend words and split syllables 4. the ability to orally segment words 5. the ability to do phonics manipulation task

5 stages of learning geometry

1. visualization - recognize and name figures; 2. analysis - describe figures and objects; 3. informal deduction - classification of figures and objects (These are noticeable during elementary school); 4. deduction - involves writing proofs from definitions; 5. rigor - work in several geometrical systems

The mathematics teacher should create a learning environment that fosters the development of each student's mathematical ability by doing the following:

1.Providing and structuring the time necessary to explore sound mathematics and grapple with significant ideas and problems 2. Using the physical space and materials in ways that facilitate learning mathematics 3. Providing a context atet encourages the development of mathematical skill and proficiency 4. Respecting and valuing students' ideas, ways of thinking, and mathematical dispositions

Homophones

2+ words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spellings (wood/would, cite/sight) I/eye bear/bare buy/by sell/cell be/bee die/dye four/for flour/flower hear/here hour/our

Fraction

A fraction is a number that represents part of a whole, part of a set, or a quotient in the for a/b, which can be read a s " a divided by b." The number about the fraction is called a numerator, and the number below the fraction bar is called the denominator.

Natural numbers

A natural number is a positive integer or a nonnegative integer. There is a small difference because nonnegative integers also include "0". Natural numbers are all Whole numbers. They do not include negative numbers, fractions, or decimals

Rational Numbers

A number that can be expressed as a ratio or quotient of two nonzero integers is known as a rational number. Rational numbers can be expressed as common fractions or decimals, such as 3/5 or 0.6. Finite decimals, repeating decimals, mixed numbers, and whole numbers are all rational numbers. Non repeating decimals cannot be expressed in this way, and are said to be irrational.

Mixed number

A number with a whole number part and fractional part

Real numbers

A real number describes any number that is positive, negative, or zero and can be used to measure continuous quantities. A real number also includes numbers that have decimal representations. even those with infinite decimal sequences, such as π.

Integers

An integer is a whole number that includes all positive and negative numbers, including zero. This may be represented on a number line that extends in both directions from 1. You might have -45, -450, 000, 0, 234, or 78,306. Integers do not include decimals or fractions. The members of the set {..., -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 ,3, 4, 5 ,6..} are all integers.

Irrational numbers

An irrational number is a number that cannot be represented as an exact ratio of integers. The decimal form of the number never terminates and never repeats. Examples include the square root of 2 and pi.

Cognitive development

Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult's point of view.

continuous models

Continuous mathematics is, roughly speaking, math based on the continuous number line, or the real numbers. The defining quality of it is that given any two numbers, you can always find another number between them - in fact, you can always find an infinite set of numbers between them.

1682

Corpus Christi de la Isleta, the first of many Spanish missions, is established near El Paso.

Characteristics of children in Operational stage of cognitive development(grades 2 to 7)

Decentering- the child can take into account multiple aspects of a problem to solve it: the child can form a conclusion based on reason rather than perception. Reversibility- the child understands that the objects can be changed and then returned to their original state: the child can determine that 4+4=8 and 8-4=4, the original quantity. Conservation- the child understands that quantity, length , or number of items is unrelated to the arrangement or appearance of the object; the child can discern that if water is transferred from a filled cup to a pitcher, it will conserve the quantity and be equal to the original filled cup. Serialization-the child is able to arrange objects in an order according to size, shape, or any other attribute; the child can arrange geometric forms by shape, size, color, and thickness of the form. Classification-the child can name and identify sets of objects according to appearance, or other characteristics; the child can arrange objects based characteristics. Elimination of egocentrism- the child is able to view things form another's perspective; the child can retell another child's perspective.

Decimal numbers

Decimal numbers are fractional numbers that are written using base ten. A mixed decimal number has a whole number part as well; for ex. 0.28 is a decimal number and 3.9 is a mixed decimal number

Principles of Mathematics

Equity: Exellence in Math education requires equity, high expectations and strong support for all students Curriculum: Must be coherent, focused on important and well-articulated mathematics concepts across grades Teaching: Effective mathematics teaching requires understand what students know and need to learn while challenging and supporting stunts to learn it well Learning: Students must learn math w/ understanding, actively building new knowledge from experience and previous knowledges Assessment: Should support the learning of important math concepts, and furnish important information to both teachers and students Technology: is essential in teaching and learning math; it influences the teaching of math while enhancing and facilitating students' learning

discrete models

In discrete mathematics, you're working with distinct values - given any two points in discrete math, there aren't an infinite number of points between them. If you have a finite set of objects, you can describe the function as a list of ordered pairs, and present a complete list of those pairs.

In first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) acquisition, which of the following is true about developmental stages?

L2 learners undergo all stages, but are urged to skip the first stage more than in L1s

When students are taught to use effective reading comprehension strategies, they not only achieve deeper understanding, they also learn to think about how they think when reading. This is known as...

Metacognition

1830

Mexico forbids the entry of further U.S. Settlers into Texas

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM)

NCTM was established in 1920, has more than 100,000 members and 250 affiliates in the U.S. & Canada. NCTM published Principles and Standards for Mathematics.

Centration

Problem in the preoperational stage. Focusing on only one aspect of a situation or problem. Ex: we take two 5" x8" cards and roll each into a tube, rolling one the short way and the other the long way. We then tape them to make cylindrical containers, and fill each tube with beans to compare how much each holds. When presented with the two cylinders, a preschool child might judge the quantity of beans in the tall cylinder to be more than the shorter, based on his or her perception of tall and short as opposed to the actual volume of the container.

Expanded Form

The expanded for of numbers shows the place value of each digit. For ex: 263=200+60+3, which is equal to 2 hundreds, 6 tens, and 3 ones.

algebraic expression

a mathematical phrase that is written by using one ore more variables and constants, but does not contain a relation symbol (e.g., 5y+8)

Phonics

a method for teaching children to read; it helps them sound out words.

Absolute value

absolute value is the distance of a number form zero on the number line. This ignores the + or - sign of a number. The notation for absolute value is two vertical lines, so |x| is the graphic used to describe the action of absolute value. for example, |-5|=5 or |5|=5

algebraic solution

an algebraic solution is the process of solving a mathematical problem by using the principles of algebra

Coefficient

is the number that precedes the variable to give the quantity of the variable in expression. Algebraic expressions are comprised of terms, or groupings of variables and numbers. An algebraic expression with one term s called a monomial; with two terms, a binomial; with three terms, a trinomial; with more than one polynomial.

Object permanence

knowing that an object still exists even if it is not in direct sight

Informal Assessment

observe student's daily interactions and behavior using checklist, observations, and performance assessments

Variable

or an unknown letter that stands for a number in an algebraic expression

four kinds of graphs are used in grades pre-k to 6th grade

pictorial, bar, line, and pie

Scientific notation

scientific notation is a form of writing a number as the product of a power of 10 and a decimal number greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10.

Types of Manipulatives and Instructional Materials Used in the Mathematics Classroom

tangrams; Cuisenaire rods; numicon patterns; color tiles; base ten blocks (also known as Dienes or multibase blocks); interlocking cubes; pattern blocks; colored chips; links; fraction strips, blocks, or stacks; Shape Math; Polydron; Zometool; rekenreks and geoboards.

Phonological Awareness

the ability for a reader to recognize the sound of spoken language, including how sounds are blended, segmented, and switched around.

Symbolic Representation

the ability to make one thing- a word or an object- stand for something other than itself. Language is the most obvious form, but Piaget argues that language does not facilitate cognitive development but merely reflects what the child already knows. He believed cognitive development promotes language development.

Phonemic Awareness

the acknowledgment of sounds and words (a child realizing that some words rhyme

quantification (quantitation)

the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into members of some set of numbers.

Artificialism

the belief that certain aspects of the environment are manufactured by people

Animism

the belief that inanimate objects (such as stuffed animals/toys) have human feelings and intentions. Piaget states that for the preoperational child the world of nature is alive, conscious and has a purpose.

A child's ability to point to words during the initial stages of reading indicates...

the child's development of an awareness of the words and the correspondence between written and spoken language.

Pragmatics

the differences between the writer's meaning and literal meaning of the sentence based on social context.

Irreversibility

the inability the reverse direction of a sequence of events to their starting point

Semantics

the meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way; connotation and denotation.

Phoneme

the representation of a sound ("p" and "s" sound)

Syntax

the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words.

Morphology

the study of word structure (cat-cats-caterpillar)

Conservation

the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes

Pie charts

used to help visualize relationships based on percentages of a possible 100%

Rote counting

verbal repetition of numbers begins at age 2 to 3 years

Homonyms

word forms that have 2+ meanings

slope-intercept form

y=mx+b the constant m is called the slope or gradient the b is the y-intercept, or the point of intersection between the graph of the function and the y-axis. changing m makes the line steeper or more gradual; changing b moves the line up or down