TFM Unit Quiz 2

Eye-level Shot

A shot that is made from the observer's eye level and usually implies that the observer's attitude is neutral toward the subject being photographer.

High-angle Shot

A shot that is made with the camera above the action and typically implies the observer's sense of superiority the the subject being photographed.

Low-angle Shot

A shot that is made with the camera below the action, and typically places the observer in a position of inferiority.

Screen Duration

The amount of time that it has taken to present the movie's plot on-screen- that is the movie's running time.

Familiar Image

The aspect of composition that takes into account everything that moves onto a screen

Nondiegetic element

What we see and hear on the screen that comes OUTSIDE of the world of the story (mood music, narrator commentary, sounds made during post production)

Tracking Shot

When the dolly runs on tracks (mounted to a crane, helicopter, airplane).

Voice-over Narration

When we hear the character's voice over the picture without actually seeing the character speak the wordsIt is considered diegetic if the voice over narration is the character speaking, who appears on screen and it is their thoughts being said that no one else hearsIt is non-diegetic if that same character is talking directly to the audience

Sound Stage

Windowless, soundproofed, professional shooting environment that is usually several stories high and can cover an acre or more of floor space.

First-Person Narrator

a point of view where the story is narrated by one character at a time

Compositional Stress

occurs when the filmmaker intentionally breaks the rule of thirds, which then denies the viewer their expectation of balance

Dolly Shot (dolly in, dolly out)

"Traveling shot" Shot taken by a camera fixed to a wheeled support called a dolly.

Key Light

"main light" Brightest light on subject

Long Take

"sequence shot" A shot that can last anywhere from 1-10 minutes.

Halloween Lighting

(think of the flashlight in front of face)

The movie camera can shoot from various angles. What are they? What meaning does each imply? Do these implications always hold true? (see video tutorial "Camera Angles")

1) Eye level shot - implies neutral attitude towards subject 2) High angle shot - Implies superiority from observer towards subjects 3) Low angle - helplessness 4) Dutch - out of balance 5) Aerial - observer's omniscience

Steadicam

A camera suspended from an articulated arm that is attached to a vest strapped to the cameraperson's body, permitting the operator to remain steady during "handheld" shots. Removes jumpiness.

Who is the Director of Photography? What are their general duties?

A cinematographer is the chief over the camera crews working on a film, television production, or live action piece and is responsible for making artistic and technical decisions related to the image. The Director of Photography works alongside a Film Director and is responsible for a film's visual elements. Their primary duties include developing a film's visual style, determining lighting and composition and planning camera angle

Round Characters

A complex character possessing numerous, subtle, repressed, or contradictory traits. Often develop over the course of a story.

Story

All of the explicit and implicit narrative events in the story and the diegesis or total world in which the story occurs

Deep-space composition

An approach to composition within the frame that places figures in all three planes

Motion Capture (mocap)

An elaborate process in which the movement of objects, or actors dressed in special units, are recorded as data that computers subsequently use to render the motion of CGI characters on-screen.

Third-Person Narrator

Any story told in the grammatical third person, i.e. without using "I" or "we": "he did that, they did something else." In other words, the voice of the telling appears to be akin to that of the author him- or herself.

What are the names of the most commonly used shots used in a movie? Be able to describe them based on proximity. (see video tutorial "Shot Types and Implied Proximity")

Close Up -full head, sometimes shoulders, of character -can provide view of character's emotions of state of mind Long Shot - generally contains the full body of one or more characters -almost filling the frame but also shows some surrounding area above below and to the side Medium Shot -between long shot and close up -waist up -most frequently used because it replicates our human experience of proximity without intimacy -several characters

What is composition? What are the two major elements of composition?

Composition is part of the process of visualizing and planning the design of a movie -the organization, distribution, balance, and general relationship of stationary objects and gigues as well as of light, shade, line, and color within the frame. -helps ensure the aesthetic unity and harmony of the movie as well as guide our looking and interpret the characters physical, emotional, and psychological relationships to one another Framing -the border between what the filmmaker wants us to see and everything else -the dimensions of height and width that provide the shape of the movies images Kinesis -movement on screen -the movement of objects and characters within the frame -the apparent movement of the frame itself

What is the rule of thirds? (review the video tutorial "Composing the Frame" from Chapter 5)

Composition principle that uses a grid pattern to divide image into horizontal thirds which represent the foreground, middleground, and background

CGI

Computer-generated Imagery.

What is meant by the diegesis of a story? What is the difference between diegetic and nondiegetic elements in the plot? (see video tutorial "Diegetic and Nondiegetic Elements")

Diegesis -Total world of the story, -Events, characters, objects, settings, and sound that form the world Diegetic -Elements that make up the world that the story takes place in Non Diegetic -Things we see and hear on the screen that come from outside the world of the story -Score music, titles and credits, third person voice over narrator

Resolution

Goal is either gained or lost and moves toward conclusion

Climax

Highest point of conflict; protagonist's ultimate attempt to maintain a goal

Handheld Camera

Holding the camera with your hand, used to create shakiness, used to portray things like fight scenes.

Crane Shot

In filmmaking and video production, a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a moving crane or jib.

Lead Room

In photography, filmography and other visual arts, lead room, or sometimes nose room, is the space in front, and in the direction of, moving or stationary subjects. Well-composed shots leave space in the direction the subject is facing or moving For example, moving objects such as cars require lead room

Frontal Lighting

Light coming from the general direction of the camera.

Fill Light

Lighting positioned at opposite side of camera, to get rid of shadows man by key light

How is the lighting for any movie look determined by its quality, ratio, and direction? Explain these terms and the effect each has on the overall lighting. (see video tutorial "Lighting", located in Chapter 6 Video Tutorials)

Lighting shapes the way the movie looks and helps tell the story -Lighting creates our sense of cinematic space by illuminating people and things, creating highlights and shadow, and defining shapes and textures. Source -natural =still use reflectors and artificial lights cause they cannot count on nature to cooperate -Artificial light =instruments =hard and soft light =focusable spotlights -distinct shadows =floodlights -soft light Direction -light can be thrown from any direction:front, back, side, below, or above. Also angles, produce contrasts and shadows that suggest the location of the scene, the mood, and the time of day Three-Point Lighting-three sources of light -adjust relationship between illumination and shadow to help portray the subject in whatever manner the director desires -Key light =main primary source of illumination -Fill light =opposite side of main light, adjusts the depth of shadows created by the key light -Backlight =positioned from behind and above the subject -separates subject from background -creates three-dimensionality Low-key lighting-gloomy atmosphere-contrasts between light and dark imply ethical judgements-increased contrast High-Key lighting-produces an image with very little contrast between the darks and the lights-decreased contrast

Low-key Lighting

Lighting that creates strong contrasts, sharp dark shadows, gloomy atmosphere

High-key Lighting

Lighting that produces an image with very little contrast between darks and lights.

Backlight

Lighting, usually positioned behind and in line with the subject and the camera, used to create highlights on the subject, increase 3D

Process Shot

Live shooting against a background that is front- or rear- projected on a translucent screen.

Zoom (see video tutorial "Zoom and Moving Camera Effects")

Mounted to a crane.

Properties (props)

Objects used to enhance a movie's mise-en-scene by providing physical tokens or narrative information.

Aerial-view Shot (Bird's Eye View)

P.O.V. shot that is taken from an aircraft or extremely high crane and dimples that the observer can see all.

What are the basic types of camera movement? (see video tutorial "The Moving Camera")

Pan Shot, tilt Shot, dolly Shots, crane shot, handled camera, steadicam

Antagonist

Person, people, creature or force responsible for obstructing our protagonist

Deep Space Composition (see video tutorial "Composing the Frame")

Photographic and cinematographic technique using a large depth of field to make it seem like a significant distance separates plains

Lighting Ratio

Relationship/balance between the illumination and shadow -the balance between key light and fill light(High ratio: deep shadows: low key, Low ratio: faint shadows: high key)

Deep-focus cinematography

Rendering the figures on all three planes

What are the differences among a setup, a shot, and a take?

Setup -one camera position and everything associated with is -the basic component of the film's production process Shot -one uninterrupted run of the camera -the recording on film, video, or other medium resulting from that run -the basic building block of the film Take -the number of times a particular shot is taken

Top Lighting

Shines down from directly above the subject, can make deep shadows in the eye sockets.

Dutch-angle Shot

Shot titled from its normal positions to show that the world in frame is out of balance. Mostly used to portray scary moments.

What are the two basic types of movement we see on-screen?

Static Frame -Camera doesn't move, is fixed Moving Frame-Camera moves Subjects are moving in the shot, or the camera is moving

How (and why) do we distinguish between the story and plot of a movie?

Story -Implied events and explicitly presented events -all the narrative events that are explicitly presented on-screen -all the events that are implicit or that we infer to have happened but are not explicitly present in the movie Plot -Nondiegetic material and explicitly presented events -the specific actions and events that the filmmakers select and the order in which they arrange this events to effectively convey the narrative to the viewer -includes nondiegetic elements-Specific events and elements are selected and ordered to present the cause-and-effect chain of events that enables the audience to experience the narrative Overlap and interact Filmmakers use plot to tell us a story Story exists as a precondition to the plot, and the filmmaker must understand what story is being told before going through the difficult job of selecting events to show on-screen and determining in what order to present that. Story Duration -amount of time that the implied story takes to occur Plot Duration-elapsed time of those events within the story that the film explicitly presents Screen Duration - running time on-screen

Which of the following is the most common relationship of screen duration to plot duration: summary relationship, real time, or stretch relationship? Define each one.

Summary Relationship is most common Summary Relationship -Screen duration is shorter than plot duration Real Time -Screen duration corresponds directly to plot duration Stretch Relationship -Screen duration is longer than plot duration

What is three-point lighting?

The "three light setup" is the foundation of all professional lighting. Nearly every shot you see in TV or in the movies, uses--at some level--the basic principal of the three light setup.

Plot Duration

The elapsed time of the events within a story that a film chooses to tell.

Pan Shot

The horizontal movement of a camera mounted on a stationary tripod, simple movement with dynamic possibilities for creating meaning. (moves form left to right)

Story Duration

The implied amount of time taken by the entire narrative

Shooting Angle

The level and height of the camera in relation to the subject being photographed

Plot

The specific actions and events and the order in which the events are arranged to convey the narrative to the viewer, including the non-diegetic elements - fundamental decision filmmakers make about HOW to relay story information

Tilt Shot

The vertical movement of a camera mounted on a stationary tripod, simple movement with dynamic possibilities for creating meaning. (moves up and down)

Three-point Lighting

Three sources of light, best known- Key light, fill light, backlight- each aimed at different direction/position in relation to the subject

Flat Characters

Uncomplicated character exhibiting few distinct traits. Does not change significantly as story progresses.

Chiaroscuro

Use of lights and dark in an image

Mechanical Effects

are usually accomplished during the live-action shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props, scenery and scale models, and pyrotechnics

who determines the lighting once the camera setup is determined?

cinematographer

the organization, distribution, balance, and general relationship of actors and objects within the space of each shot is called ______.

composition

What are the two major visual components of mise-en-scène?

design and composition

the cinematographer is also known as _______.

director of photography

Diegesis

every part of the story: characters, objects, settings and sounds from the world of the story.

Rule of Thirds (see video tutorial "Composing the Frame")

imaginary grid drawn upon the frame to determine the placement of a composition

Direct Address Narration

interrupting the narrative to speak directly to the audience**Ex) The Office

Visual Effects

is the term used to describe any imagery created, altered, or enhanced for a film or other moving media that cannot be accomplished during live-action shooting

Inciting Incident (Catalyst)

it is the event that begins a story's problem

Omniscient Narration

it knows all and can tell us whatever it wants us to know. Has unrestricted access to all aspects of the narrative. It can provide any character's experiences and perceptions, as well as information that no other character knows

Restricted Narration

limits the information provided to the audience to knowing what the character knows as they find out.

which of the following is the name of the lighting style often used for horror and thrillers:

low-key lighting

What is mise-en-scène? What is the literal meaning of the phrase? What do we mean by this phrase more generally when we discuss movies?

mise en scene literally means "staging or putting on an action or scene" the overall look and feel of the movie

Kinesis

movement

What are the differences between omniscient and restricted narration?

omniscient meaning it knows all and can tell us whatever it wants us to know (unrestricted) - restricted limits the information it provides to the audience to things only known only to a single character

Eye Room

refers to the practice of giving characters space in the direction they are looking. if a character is not given eye room, the shot will feel confined, as if sight is somehow limited or the character's face is pressed up against something

What are the principal responsibilities of the production designer? When is the production designer usually brought into the film production (during pre-production, production, or post-production?)

responsibilities: - visualize the movie that will appear on screen -overall design concept, individual sets, locations, furnishings, props, and costumes -supervise many departments that create these looks Usally production designer brought into the film production during Pre-production

What are the major elements of cinematic design? (see "Elements of Design" in your textbook)

setting - environment in which the film takes place decor - color and textures of interior props props - objects that help us understand characters lighting - creates mood and meaning, allows images to be recorded makeup, hairstyles, and costumes

Negative Space

simply the space around and between the subject of a composition. For example, in a wide shot of a man standing in an empty field, the sky, ground, and everything in between would be considered negative space

Head Room

specifically to the distance between the top of the subject's head and the top of the frame, but the term is sometimes used instead of lead room, nose room or 'looking room' to include the sense of space on both sides of the image.

Crisis

story has reached a turning point and it is working it's way toward resolution A critical turning point in a story when the protagonist must engage a seemingly insurmountable obstacle.

Optical Effects

techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either "in-camera" using multiple exposure, mattes or the Schüfftan process or in post-production using an optical printer

Rising Action

the narrative build up where the conflict intensifies and the goal remains out of reach

Protagonist

the primary character who pursues the goal

Anti-Hero

unsympathetic protagonist chasing less than noble cause

German Expressionism

was an early twentieth century German art movement that emphasized the artist's inner feelings or ideas over replicating reality, and was characterised by simplified shapes, bright colours and gestural marks or brushstrokes.

Diegetic Element

what we see and read on the screen that comes from INSIDE the world of the story (voices of the characters, sounds made by the objects in the story, music being played by a character)