Geography: Exam 1

Dahana

-"River of sand" -Feeds the Empty Quarter

Pamukkale

-"cotton fortress" -hot springs

al- Aziziyah , Libya, September 13, 1922

-136 degrees F -Temperature

Pontic Mountains

-Also known as Kuzey -Turkey -Northern border

Dry farming

-Artificial application of water to land -Helps to grow crops

Anatolia

-Asia Minor -Makes up majority of Turkey -Surrounded by Black, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas

James Irwin

-Believed Noah's Ark rested on Mt. Ararat

Battle of Gallipoli

-Campaign of WWI took place on Gallipoli Peninsula -One of Ottoman's greatest victories in the war

Khartoum

-Capital of Sudan -Looked at confluence of White and Blue Nile

Cappadocia

-Central Anatolia, Turkey

Erzurum

-City in Eastern Turkey -Major deportation center during Armenian genocide

Persian/Arabian Gulf

-Controversy over name -Separates Iranian plateau -Internationally known as Persian Gulf

Barchan dune

-Crescent dune -face the wind -looks like a crescent

Khamism winds

-Dry, hot sandy local wind that blows from the south -Blows sporadically over 50 days

Bekaa valley

-East Lebanon -Most important farming region

Gulf of Aqaba

-East of Sinai Peninsula -West of Arabian Peninsula -Extends from north portion of Red Sea

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

-Euphrates on left -Tigris on right -Start in Turkey and go through Iran

Jordan River

-Flowing into Dead Sea -Bordered by Israel and Palestinian territory

Theories for people domesticating plants and animals

-Food production -Climatic change or population growth -Pet-keeping -Religion

Mt. Damavand

-Highest peak in Middle East -Albraz range -Near southern coast of Caspian Sea

Fairy Chimney

-Hoodoo -Found in Turkey in Cappadocia region

Suez Canal

-In Egypt -Connects to the Mediterranean Sea

Elburz Mountains

-In Iran -Northern border

Dead Sea

-In Israel, on border of Jordan -35% salinity -Used for cosmetics

Zagros mountains

-Iran -western border

Karun River

-Iran's most effluent and only navigable river

Noah's Ark

-James Irvin believed it came to rest on Mt. Ararat

Caspian Sea

-Largest enclosed inland body of water -Between Iran, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan

Sahara Desert

-Largest hot desert -third largest desert

Seif or irg dune

-Linear dune -linear dunes=safe dunes

Bab-el-Mandeb

-Link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea -Between Djibouti and Yemen

Sirocco winds

-Mediterranean wind that comes from Sahara -Reaches hurricane speeds

Tabriz

-Most populated city in northwest Iran -Grand Bazaar is a World Heritage Site

Bahrain

-Near western shores of Persian Gulf -One of the earliest areas to convert to Islam

Mt. Ararat

-Originally Armenian -in Turkey -believed to be place Noah's Ark came to rest

Underground cities of Cappadocia

-Protected Muslim-Arabs during Arab-Byzatine war

Miscellaneous adaptions

-Protective coloration -"offensive" protection coloration

Frankincense

-Resin used in incense and perfumes -Found in Lebanon

Empty Quarter

-Rub al-Khali -Largest antiguos sand desert -Arabian Peninsula

Cambyses of Persia

-Son of Cyprus the Great -Expanded empire

Lake Tana

-Source of Blue Nile -Largest lake in Ethiopia

Lake Victoria

-Source of White Nile -Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya

Arabian Felix

-Southern part of Arabian Peninsula, Yemen -gets more rainfall and has vegetation

Red Sea Rift

-Spreading center between two tectonic plates, African and Arabian -Transformed from continental to oceanic rift

Dardanelles

-Strait in northwestern Turkey -Separates Europe and Asia

Bosphorus

-Strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia -North of Dardanelles

Simoon winds

-Strong winds in the Sahara -moves in cyclone form

Behavioral adaptations of animals

-Timing of reproduction cycle (gazelle, ibex, camel, Adesmia beetle) -Use of microhabitats (centipede, jerboa, scorpion, dabb-lizard, owl) -Nocturnal activity (vipers, scorpions, fox, hyena) -Migration (ibex, birds, many hyrax) -Carrying water to young (sandgrouse) -Cooling by urine (tortoise) -Sun and sand avoidance (insects, reptiles, camel)

Taurus Mountains

-Turkey -Southern border

Blue and White Nile Rivers

-Two main tributaries in the Nile -White on left, blue on right

Physiological adaptations of animals

-competition of life cycle in short time (fairy shrimp) -Sweating (camel, donkey, addax, oryx, gazelle, ostrich) -Rising body temp (above except donkey; add grouse) -Expulsion of salt (dabb lizard, birds) -Reduced breathing (tortoise) -Concentration of urine (birds, insects, reptiles, camels) -Independence of direct water supply (gazelle, dabb lizard, tortoise, jerboa) -Water absorption capability (dabb-lizard, camel) -Water storage capability (adesmia or darkling beetle, snail) -Mechanisms for heat loss (large ears) -Locomotion (high legs, sand shoes, side-winding, hopping, running) -Low surface to volume ratio

Physiological adaptations of plants

-completion of life cycle in short time (Jericho rose) -Patterns of growth contracted (less than 2 inches) and diffuse (less than 3 inches) -Reduced leaf surface (cactus, mesquite, tamarisk, olive) -Developed water-storage capacity (cactus, tubers) -Thick, impermeable "skin" (cactus) -Ability to capture moisture from air (Hobbs' Shibrim) -Deep root system (acacia, mesquite) -Wide root system (cactus) -Leaf loss in hot season (pistachio) or smaller summer leaves -Low surface to volume ratio

Natural hazards

-earthquakes -monsoons

Shamal winds

-northwesterly winds blowing in Iraq and the Persian Gulf -Strong during the day, calm at night -Creates sandstorms in Iraq

Arabian plates

-separated from Africa -opened into the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Iranian or Eurasian plate

-underlies Iran and Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan and Iraq -compressed between the Arabian Plate to the south and the Eurasian Plate to the north. -likely a cause for the very mountainous terrain of the area including the Zagros Mountains.

Mediterranean climate

-warm, wet winters -dry, hot summers

Arid deserts

4-6 inches of rain a year

Strait of Hormuz

Between UAE and Iran

Black Sea

Between southeastern Europe and western Asia

Sand Seas

Broad, flat areas of desert covered with wind swept sand

The Fertile Crescent

Crescent shaped-area that has most fertile land

Sea of Marmara

Entirely within border of Turkey

Shatt al Arab waterway

Formed by confluence of Euphrates and Tigris in Southern half

Qat

Leaves of Arabian shrub, which are chewed as a stimulant

Extremely arid deserts

Less than 4 inches of rain a year

Rift valley

Linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges

Gulf of Suez

Occupies northwestern arm of Red Sea between Africa and Sinai Peninsula

Glaciers

Persistent body of dense ice that's constantly moving under its own weight

Summer monsoon

Seasonal wind of Indian Ocean and Southern Asia blowing from southwest in summer and northwest in winter

Oman

UAE to north and Yemen to the south

Fossil groundwater

Water trickled down and became stuck in aquifers

equus africanus

ass

bos primigenius

aurochs (extinct)

camelus ferus

bactrian

camelus bactrianus

bactrian camel

capra aegagrus

bezoar goat

sus scrofa

boar

felis catus

cat

bos taurus and B. Indicus

cattle

Desert pavement

desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size

canis familiaris

dog

equus asinus

donkey

camelus dromedarious

dromedary camel

capra hircus

goat

equus caballus

horse

equus ferus

horse (extinct)

Semi-arid

more than 6 inches of rainfall a year

Jebel

mountain

sus domesticus

pig

Chokepoint

strategic narrow passageway on land or sea that may easily be closed by force or threat of force

camelus

unknown; extinct

Wadi

valley

Tufa

variety of limestone formed by precipitation of carbonate minerals from ambient temperature water bodies

eelis sylvestrsis

wild cat

Canis lupus

wolf