Geography: Exam 1
Dahana
-"River of sand" -Feeds the Empty Quarter
Pamukkale
-"cotton fortress" -hot springs
al- Aziziyah , Libya, September 13, 1922
-136 degrees F -Temperature
Pontic Mountains
-Also known as Kuzey -Turkey -Northern border
Dry farming
-Artificial application of water to land -Helps to grow crops
Anatolia
-Asia Minor -Makes up majority of Turkey -Surrounded by Black, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas
James Irwin
-Believed Noah's Ark rested on Mt. Ararat
Battle of Gallipoli
-Campaign of WWI took place on Gallipoli Peninsula -One of Ottoman's greatest victories in the war
Khartoum
-Capital of Sudan -Looked at confluence of White and Blue Nile
Cappadocia
-Central Anatolia, Turkey
Erzurum
-City in Eastern Turkey -Major deportation center during Armenian genocide
Persian/Arabian Gulf
-Controversy over name -Separates Iranian plateau -Internationally known as Persian Gulf
Barchan dune
-Crescent dune -face the wind -looks like a crescent
Khamism winds
-Dry, hot sandy local wind that blows from the south -Blows sporadically over 50 days
Bekaa valley
-East Lebanon -Most important farming region
Gulf of Aqaba
-East of Sinai Peninsula -West of Arabian Peninsula -Extends from north portion of Red Sea
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
-Euphrates on left -Tigris on right -Start in Turkey and go through Iran
Jordan River
-Flowing into Dead Sea -Bordered by Israel and Palestinian territory
Theories for people domesticating plants and animals
-Food production -Climatic change or population growth -Pet-keeping -Religion
Mt. Damavand
-Highest peak in Middle East -Albraz range -Near southern coast of Caspian Sea
Fairy Chimney
-Hoodoo -Found in Turkey in Cappadocia region
Suez Canal
-In Egypt -Connects to the Mediterranean Sea
Elburz Mountains
-In Iran -Northern border
Dead Sea
-In Israel, on border of Jordan -35% salinity -Used for cosmetics
Zagros mountains
-Iran -western border
Karun River
-Iran's most effluent and only navigable river
Noah's Ark
-James Irvin believed it came to rest on Mt. Ararat
Caspian Sea
-Largest enclosed inland body of water -Between Iran, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan
Sahara Desert
-Largest hot desert -third largest desert
Seif or irg dune
-Linear dune -linear dunes=safe dunes
Bab-el-Mandeb
-Link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea -Between Djibouti and Yemen
Sirocco winds
-Mediterranean wind that comes from Sahara -Reaches hurricane speeds
Tabriz
-Most populated city in northwest Iran -Grand Bazaar is a World Heritage Site
Bahrain
-Near western shores of Persian Gulf -One of the earliest areas to convert to Islam
Mt. Ararat
-Originally Armenian -in Turkey -believed to be place Noah's Ark came to rest
Underground cities of Cappadocia
-Protected Muslim-Arabs during Arab-Byzatine war
Miscellaneous adaptions
-Protective coloration -"offensive" protection coloration
Frankincense
-Resin used in incense and perfumes -Found in Lebanon
Empty Quarter
-Rub al-Khali -Largest antiguos sand desert -Arabian Peninsula
Cambyses of Persia
-Son of Cyprus the Great -Expanded empire
Lake Tana
-Source of Blue Nile -Largest lake in Ethiopia
Lake Victoria
-Source of White Nile -Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya
Arabian Felix
-Southern part of Arabian Peninsula, Yemen -gets more rainfall and has vegetation
Red Sea Rift
-Spreading center between two tectonic plates, African and Arabian -Transformed from continental to oceanic rift
Dardanelles
-Strait in northwestern Turkey -Separates Europe and Asia
Bosphorus
-Strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia -North of Dardanelles
Simoon winds
-Strong winds in the Sahara -moves in cyclone form
Behavioral adaptations of animals
-Timing of reproduction cycle (gazelle, ibex, camel, Adesmia beetle) -Use of microhabitats (centipede, jerboa, scorpion, dabb-lizard, owl) -Nocturnal activity (vipers, scorpions, fox, hyena) -Migration (ibex, birds, many hyrax) -Carrying water to young (sandgrouse) -Cooling by urine (tortoise) -Sun and sand avoidance (insects, reptiles, camel)
Taurus Mountains
-Turkey -Southern border
Blue and White Nile Rivers
-Two main tributaries in the Nile -White on left, blue on right
Physiological adaptations of animals
-competition of life cycle in short time (fairy shrimp) -Sweating (camel, donkey, addax, oryx, gazelle, ostrich) -Rising body temp (above except donkey; add grouse) -Expulsion of salt (dabb lizard, birds) -Reduced breathing (tortoise) -Concentration of urine (birds, insects, reptiles, camels) -Independence of direct water supply (gazelle, dabb lizard, tortoise, jerboa) -Water absorption capability (dabb-lizard, camel) -Water storage capability (adesmia or darkling beetle, snail) -Mechanisms for heat loss (large ears) -Locomotion (high legs, sand shoes, side-winding, hopping, running) -Low surface to volume ratio
Physiological adaptations of plants
-completion of life cycle in short time (Jericho rose) -Patterns of growth contracted (less than 2 inches) and diffuse (less than 3 inches) -Reduced leaf surface (cactus, mesquite, tamarisk, olive) -Developed water-storage capacity (cactus, tubers) -Thick, impermeable "skin" (cactus) -Ability to capture moisture from air (Hobbs' Shibrim) -Deep root system (acacia, mesquite) -Wide root system (cactus) -Leaf loss in hot season (pistachio) or smaller summer leaves -Low surface to volume ratio
Natural hazards
-earthquakes -monsoons
Shamal winds
-northwesterly winds blowing in Iraq and the Persian Gulf -Strong during the day, calm at night -Creates sandstorms in Iraq
Arabian plates
-separated from Africa -opened into the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Iranian or Eurasian plate
-underlies Iran and Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan and Iraq -compressed between the Arabian Plate to the south and the Eurasian Plate to the north. -likely a cause for the very mountainous terrain of the area including the Zagros Mountains.
Mediterranean climate
-warm, wet winters -dry, hot summers
Arid deserts
4-6 inches of rain a year
Strait of Hormuz
Between UAE and Iran
Black Sea
Between southeastern Europe and western Asia
Sand Seas
Broad, flat areas of desert covered with wind swept sand
The Fertile Crescent
Crescent shaped-area that has most fertile land
Sea of Marmara
Entirely within border of Turkey
Shatt al Arab waterway
Formed by confluence of Euphrates and Tigris in Southern half
Qat
Leaves of Arabian shrub, which are chewed as a stimulant
Extremely arid deserts
Less than 4 inches of rain a year
Rift valley
Linear shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges
Gulf of Suez
Occupies northwestern arm of Red Sea between Africa and Sinai Peninsula
Glaciers
Persistent body of dense ice that's constantly moving under its own weight
Summer monsoon
Seasonal wind of Indian Ocean and Southern Asia blowing from southwest in summer and northwest in winter
Oman
UAE to north and Yemen to the south
Fossil groundwater
Water trickled down and became stuck in aquifers
equus africanus
ass
bos primigenius
aurochs (extinct)
camelus ferus
bactrian
camelus bactrianus
bactrian camel
capra aegagrus
bezoar goat
sus scrofa
boar
felis catus
cat
bos taurus and B. Indicus
cattle
Desert pavement
desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size
canis familiaris
dog
equus asinus
donkey
camelus dromedarious
dromedary camel
capra hircus
goat
equus caballus
horse
equus ferus
horse (extinct)
Semi-arid
more than 6 inches of rainfall a year
Jebel
mountain
sus domesticus
pig
Chokepoint
strategic narrow passageway on land or sea that may easily be closed by force or threat of force
camelus
unknown; extinct
Wadi
valley
Tufa
variety of limestone formed by precipitation of carbonate minerals from ambient temperature water bodies
eelis sylvestrsis
wild cat
Canis lupus
wolf