Thanatology Final Questions

Communication Skills:

1. Attending or Listening. 2. Enhance this skill by the following behaviors: a. Eye contact b. Posture c. Physical Distance 3. Outcomes a. Makes it easier for you to listen and remember. b. Gives permission to the family to express himself/herself.

Abnormal a.k.a. Complicated Grief?

1. Chronic Grief 2. Delayed Grief a.k.a. Inhibited Grief 3. Exaggerated Grief Risk factors of Depression Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 4. Masked Grief 5. Absent Grief 6. Unbalanced grief.

5 stages of grief (Kubler-Ross):

1. Denial. 2. Anger. 3. Bargaining. 4. Depression. 5. Acceptance.

Helping Characteristics:

1. Empathy 2. Respect 3. Warmth and Caring 4. Genuineness

Stages of Memory:

1. Encoding. 2. Storage. 3. Retrieval.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

1. Physiological Needs: -Food. -Water. -Air. 2. Safety: -Financial security. -Heath and wellness. -Safety against accidents and injury. 3. Love: -Friendships. -Romantic attachments. -Family. -Social groups. -Community groups. -Churches and religious organizations. 4. Esteem. -Appreciation. -Respect. 5. Self-Actualization. -Achievement of full potential.

General Terms relating to Psychology:

1. Psychologist. 2. Psychiatrist. 3. Psychoanalysis. 4. Psychotherapy.

Four Phases of Grief according to Bowlby and Parkes:

1. Shock and numbness. 2. Yearning and searching. 3. Disorganization and despair. 4. Reorganization.

Types of social behaviors:

1. Social Comparison - a member of the group compares him/her self to others in the group. 2. Conformity. 3. Obedience. 4. Aggression. 5. Prejudice. 6. Leadership.

What are the Psychological Structures?

1. Structuralism. 2. Functionalism. 3. Behaviorism. 4. Cognitive. 5. Psychoanalysis. 6. Humanistic. 7. Biological. 8. Socio-cultural.

Goals of Grief Therapy?

1. Validating the Past. 2. Adjusting to the Present. 3. Redefining the Future.

Mediators of Mourning:

1. Who the person is who died. 2. The Nature of the Attachment. 3. How the person Died. (Mode of Death) 4. Historical Antecedents. 5. Personality Variables. 6. Social Variables. 7. Concurrent Stresses. 8. Coping with Extraneous Stresses

Counseling Psychology:

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

Developmental Psychology:

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Functionalism:

A general psychological approach that views mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities. Founders are William James and James Rowland Angell, and other philosophers.

Theory Z:

A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Psychoanalysis:

A method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders. Founded by Sigmund Freud.

Grief:

A period of deep sorrow.

Anticipatory Grief:

A period of mourning when the dying person or his family is expecting the death.

Socio-cultural:

A perspective on psychology that emphasizes effects on behavior and thinking of one's culture and the people around one. Founded by Soviet psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky.

Humanistic:

A study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free will. Founded by Carl Rogers, Virginia Satir, and Abraham Maslow.

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y:

A theory of motivation based on *management perceptions of worker attitudes* in the workplace. *Theory X* managers are authoritarian and assume that employees need to be supervised. *Theory Y* managers assume that employees seek recognition and praise for their contributions and achievements.

Arousal Theory:

A theory of motivation suggesting that human beings seek an optimal level of activation (desire), not minimal levels of desire. An example is if you are a creative person who loves to knit, you will be driven to produce a perfectly knitted product. The desire to be the best we can be. Human Motives: 1. Hunger and Thirst. 2. Sensation seeking. 3. Sex. 4. Need for achievement. 5. Aggressive Motivation - the desire to harm or injure others in some manner.

Equity Theory:

A theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly.

Complicated Grief:

A type of grief that impedes a person's future life, usually because the person clings to sorrow or is buffeted by contradictory emotions.

Manifestations of Normal Grief:

A. Feelings. B. Physical sensations. C. Cognitions. D. Behaviors.

What level of helping characteristic is displayed by a funeral director that exhibits an absence or lack of caring? A. harmful B. neutral or ineffective C. helpful D. facilitative

A. Harmful.

Factors of Why People Fail to Grieve:

A. Relational Factors. B. Circumstantial Factors. C. Historical Factors. D. Personality Factors. E. Social Factors.

Which of the listed individuals is responsible for the following definition of counseling? "Good communication within and between men; or good (free) communication within or between men is always therapeutic." A. Rogers B. Jackson C. Olsen D. Webster E. Lindemann

A. Rogers.

Development of interpersonal skills:

A. To develop any skill, one must practice that skill. B. Phases of acquiring interpersonal skills 1. Initial learning 2. Uncomfortable use 3. Consciously skilled 4. Naturally skilled

The individual experiences a symptom or behaviour but does not see them as being related to the loss. A. masked grief B. exaggerated grief C. chronic grief D. delayed grief E. acute grief

A. masked grief.

Tasks of Mourning:

According to J. William Worden's model, the four tasks of mourning include: (1) Accepting the reality of the loss. (2) Working through the pain of grief. (3) Adjusting to a changed environment. (4) Emotionally relocating the deceased and moving on with life.

Who developed client centered, non-directive counseling? Brown Jackson Ohlsen Webster Rogers

All of these choices are correct.

Thanatophobia:

An irrational, exaggerated fear of death.

The ability to perceive another's experience and communicate that perception back to the person. A. respect B. empathy C. warmth and caring D. genuineness

B. Empathy.

Which individual is responsible for the following definition of counseling? "Any time someone helps someone else with a problem." A. Rogers B. Jackson C. Ohlsen D. Webster E. Lindemann

B. Jackson.

The loss is so overwhelming, that some psychiatric disorder i.e., Clinical depression develops. A. chronic grief reaction B. exaggerated grief reaction C. delayed grief reaction D. masked grief reaction

B. exaggerated grief reaction.

Which of the following are factors why people fail to grieve? 1. Relational 2. Circumstantial 3. Historical Personality 4. Business 5. Social A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 B. 2, 3, and 4 C. 1, 2, 3, and 5 D. 1, 2, 3, and 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

C. 1, 2, 3, and 5 1. Relational 2. Circumstantial 3. Historical Personality 5. Social

Which of the following are indicative of complicated grief reactions? 1. major depression 2. substance abuse 3. post-traumatic stress disorder 4. violent psychotic episodes A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 4 C. 1, 2, and 3 D. 1, 2, 3, and 4 E. 1, 3, and 4

C. 1, 2, and 3 1. major depression. 2. substance abuse. 3. post-traumatic stress disorder.

Which of the following comprise the levels of communication discussed in the lesson? A. Exchange of information B. Exchange of funds C. Exchange of emotion D. Exchange of philosophy E. Exchange of meaning A. B, C, and D B. A, B, and E C. A, C, and E D. A, B, C, and D E. A, B, C, D, and E

C. A, C, and E A. Exchange of information. C. Exchange of emotion. E. Exchange of meaning.

How far is an effective use of physical distance while attending or listening to family members? A. one foot B. two feet C. three feet D. four feet Each individual is different and so the distance can vary between one and four feet.

C. Three Feet.

Showing signs of one particular emotion such as anger, but no sadness for an extended period of time. A. masked grief B. exaggerated grief C. unbalanced grief D. absent grief E. chronic grief

C. unbalanced grief.

Areas of specialization in psychology:

Clinical, Cognitive, Counseling, Educational, Developmental, Social, and Personality, and other areas.

Grief Syndrome:

Created by Erich Lindeman. A common pattern of symptoms and reactions experienced by those who have lost relatives or friends through death is known as: 1. Somatic (bodily) distress of some type. 2. Preoccupation with the image of the deceased. 3. Guilt relating to the deceased or circumstances of the death. 4. Hostile reactions. 5. Inability to function as one had before the loss.

The 6 Processes of Grief:

Created by Theresa Rando. 1. Recognize the loss. 2. React to the separation of the loss. 3. Recollect and re-experience the deceased and the relationship. 4. Relinquish attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world. 5. Readjust to move adaptively into the 'new world' without forgetting the deceased. 6. Re-invest the 'freed up' energy in a new life or identity.

According to Dr. Wolfelt, which of the following are purposes of a funeral? 1. Confirm that someone we loved has died. 2. Help us care for the body with respect and honor. 3. Assist us in creating sacred time. 4. Help integrate mourners back into the community. 5. Help us accept the lack of meaning in life. A. 1, 2, and 3 B. 3, 4, and 5 C. 1, 3, and 5 D. 1, 2, 3, and 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

D. 1, 2, 3, and 4. 1. Confirm that someone we loved has died. 2. Help us care for the body with respect and honor. 3. Assist us in creating sacred time. 4. Help integrate mourners back into the community.

According to Dr. Wolfelt, which of the following are ways for you to help a grieving friend? 1. Listen with your heart. 2. Be compassionate. 3. Explain how time will heal their wounds. 4. Understand the uniqueness of grief. 5. Write a personal note and offer practical help. A. 1, 2, and 3 B. 1, 2, and 4 C. 1, 2, 3, and 4 D. 1, 2, 4, and 5 E. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

D. 1, 2, 4, and 5. 1. Listen with your heart. 2. Be compassionate. 4. Understand the uniqueness of grief. 5. Write a personal note and offer practical help.

Helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame. A. at-need B. pre-need C. aftercare D. grief counseling E. grief therapy

D. Grief counseling.

The ability to communicate a sincere belief that everyone possesses the inherent capacity and right to choose alternatives and make decisions. A. Warmth and Caring B. Empathy C. Genuineness D. Respect

D. Respect.

What is Attachment Theory?

Developed by John Bowlby. Infants use their primary caregiver as a secure base children are biologically predisposed to developed attachment with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of survival children develop internal working model of attachments: mental representations of: self, attachment figure, relationships in general.

Which of the following does the article by Rabbi Grollman suggest to recover from grief? 1. Accept your grief 2. Express your feelings 3. Be patient with yourself 4. Monitor your health 5. Help others A. 1, 3, and 5 B. 2, 4, and 5 C. 1, 2, and 3 D. 1, 2, 3, and 4 E. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (All of the Above)

E. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (All of the Above).

Which of the following is/are goals of counseling? 1. To increase/confirm the reality of the loss 2. To help the counselee deal with both expressed and latent affect 3. To help the counselee overcome various impediments to readjust after loss 4. To encourage the counselee to make a healthy emotional withdrawal from the deceased and to feel comfortable re-investing that emotion in other relationships 5. To eliminate the counselee's grief and enable them to return to life as it was prior to the loss A. 1, 3, and 5 B. 1, 2 and 4 C. 1, 2, and 3 D. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 E. 1, 2, 3, and 4

E. 1, 2, 3, and 4 1. To increase/confirm the reality of the loss. 2. To help the counselee deal with both expressed and latent affect. 3. To help the counselee overcome various impediments to readjust after loss. 4. To encourage the counselee to make a healthy emotional withdrawal from the deceased and to feel comfortable re-investing that emotion in other relationships.

Why does Dr. Wolfelt believe Baby Boomers are questioning the need for traditional funerals? 1. Funeral rituals are devoid of value and meaning for Baby Boomers. 2. Baby Boomers perceive traditional funerals as empty and lacking creativity. 3. Baby Boomers have witnessed purposelessness while attending generic funeral services. 4. Baby Boomers do not understand why funeral ceremonies help us adapt to change and help us heal A. 1, and 2 B. 2 and 4 C. 1 and 4 D. 1, 2, and 3 E. 1, 2, 3, and 4

E. 1, 2, 3, and 4 (All of the Above).

Which of the following does Alan Wolfelt advocate to help yourself heal when someone dies? A. Compare your experience with that of other people. B. Ignore your grief. C. Try to be strong and avoid reaching out to others. D. Avoid sharing memories with family and friends, as this my trigger an unexpected surge in grief. E. Make use of rituals.

E. Make use of rituals.

Emotion:

Emotions are reactions consisting of subjective cognitive states, physiological reactions, and expressive behaviors.

Distinction between grief and depression:

Grief: Someone close to you dying. Depression: Chemical imbalance in the brain.

Grief Counseling:

Helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame.

Cognitive:

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Founded by B.F. Skinner.

Repression:

Is a defensive mechanism relating to memory if the memory is too painful.

Biological:

Is a field in which the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical practice.

Who was the author of the Attachment Theory?

John Bowlby.

Levels of Helping Charactistics:

Level 1. Harmful. Level 2. Neutral or Ineffective. Level 3. Helpful. Level 4. Facilitative.

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory:

Maintenance and Motivational.

Grief when a loved one commits suicide, would be what mediator of mourning?

Mode of death. How the person dies.

Grief of a daughter who's abusive father dies, would be what mediator of mourning?

Nature of the Attachment.

Barriers to effective communication:

Platitude Dominance Discouraging Emotions

Grief of a widow moving to Florida 6 months before her husband's death and has no family to go with her to the funeral home, would be what mediator of mourning?

Social Variables.

Grief Therapy:

Specialized techniques which are used to help people with complicated grief reactions.

Bereavement:

State of being deprived of something valuable or beloved; state of being bereaved or bereft.

Structuralism:

Structuralism is regarded as the earliest school of thought in psychology. Founded by Edward B. Titchener and Wilhelm Wundt.

Mourning:

The act of showing sorrow or grief.

Drive Theory:

The belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction. Ex. Alcohol.

Clinical Psychology:

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.

Phases of Grief:

The process of bereavement has five basic phases: 1. Numbness. 2. Denial and Isolation. 3. Anger. 4. Depression.

Motivation:

The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying physiological or psychological needs.

Cognitive Psychology:

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

What is Psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Social Psychology:

The scientific study of how we think, influence, and relate to one another.

Personality Psychology:

The study of characteristic thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in people and how they vary across social situations.

Thanatology:

The study of death and dying.

Educational Psychology:

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

Funeral Service Psychology:

The study of human behavior as related to funeral service.

Expectancy Theory:

The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.

Social Behavior:

The way people get along in groups conveys a great deal about the personality, emotions and feelings of people.

Behaviorism:

To predict and control behavior. Views learning as an important action within an organism. Founder is B.F. Skinner.

Types of Communication:

Verbal and Nonverbal.

Ego Defense Mechanisms:

When the Ego feels it is unable to control the impulses from the id, it (and the individual) experience anxiety. To reduce such feelings, the ego uses various defenses mechanisms. 1. Repression. 2. Projection. 3. Reaction formation. 4. Regression. 5. Denial. 6. Displacement. 7. Sublimation. 8. Rationalization.

5 phase Grief Work:

a. Shock and disbelief. b. Developing awareness. c. Restitution. d. Resolution of the loss. e. Recovery.

Anomic grief:

grief where mourning customs are unclear due to an inappropriate death and the absence of prior bereavement experience.

Alternatives:

providing a choice of services and merchandise available as families make a selection and complete funeral arrangements, formulating different actions in adjusting to a crisis.

Adaptation:

the individual's ability to adjust to the psychological and emotional changes brought on by a stressful event such as the death of a significant other.

Aggression:

the intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on another.

Alienation:

the state of estrangement an individual feels in social settings that are viewed as foreign, unpredictable or unacceptable.

Aftercare (post-funeral counseling):

those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral.

Levels of Communication:

-Exchange of information -Exchange of emotion -Exchange of meaning

Barriers to Effective Communication:

-Funeral Director Dominance. -Bombarding with Questions. -Inappropriate Self-Disclosure. -Offering Platitudes or False Reassurance. -Discouraging the Expression of Emotions and Tears. -Emotional Distancing.

Sander's five stages of bereavement are:

-Shock. -Awareness of Loss. -Conservation/Withdrawal. -Healing: The Turning Point. -Renewal.

Gerry Trickle's stages of grief:

-Shock. -Emotional Release. -Panic. -Guilt. -Hostility. -Inability to Resume Business-as-Usual. -Reconciliation of Grief. -Hope.

The Three Steps of Recovery Proposed by Erich Lindemann:

1. Accepting the loss as a definite fact. 2. Adjusting to life without the deceased. 3. Forming new relationships in the world.