The Art of Public Speaking: MIDTERM

critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

What are the 6 demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

1. Age 2. Gender 3. Religion 4. Sexual orientation 5. Racial, ethnic, and cultural background 6. Group membership

ice breaker speech

A speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible.

stage fright

Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

The goal of persuasive speaking

Any movement by a listener from left to right

interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs.

name-calling

The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

Because main points are the central features of your speech, you should select them carefully, phrase them precisely , and

arrange them strategically

A speech about the 4 major factors to consider when choosing a cell phone would most likely be arranged in __________ order.

topical

Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech that describes the events in a gymnastics competition?

topical

A speech about the causes and effects of earthquakes would most likely be organized in __________ order.

causal

What type of organizational pattern would you be using if you presented a speech in which the first main point covers those things that lead to diabetes and the second and final main point descrives the nature of the disease?

causal

If you are giving a speech whose specific purpose is "to inform my audience how to travel from region to region," which organizational pattern would you likely use?

spatial

The order of main points that follows a directional pattern is callled

spatial order

If you decide to use a chronological order of main points in your speech, you are using an arrangement based on a(n) __________ pattern.

time

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

to figure out common bonds and to make sure you don't say something out of ignorance.

Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship betweent them are called __________.

transitions

What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

1. Size of the audience 2. Physical settings 3. Disposition toward the; Topic 4. Speaker 5. Occasion

What are the seven elements of the speech communication process? How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?

1. Speaker 2. Message 3. Channel 4. Listener 5. Feedback 6. Interference 7. Situation. In order to be successful you must try to hold the listeners' attention despite various kinds of interference.

How many main points should most speeches contain?

2 to 5

Attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Comparative advantages order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Problem-Cause-Solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Problem-Solution order

A method or organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main points presents a solution to the problem.

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speeches to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Identification

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Questions of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. (usually include the word "should")

How can you get info about an audience?

Ask questions or by relying on a third party professional pollsters.

Monroe's 5 Steps

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action.

Demographic audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Situational Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

incremental plagiarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

What are 3 kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

Fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended questions/ To limit the disadvantages and to increase the advantages.

visualization

Mental imaging in which the speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation.

plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.

Open-ended Questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Fixed-alternative Questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives.

Scale Questions

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

ethical decisions

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Spatial Organization

Speech is organized into reasons geographically.

Topical Organization

Speech is organized into reasons with specific purpose, central idea, and main points.

global plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.

patchwork plagiarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.

Justify

Support your claim of value.

Which of the following are some of the positive effects of stategic organization?

The audience believes the speaker is more confident, the audience better understands the speech, and the speaker has more confidence.

ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

What is ethnocentrism? Why do public speakers need to avoid ethnocentrism when addressing audiences with diverse cultural, racial, or ethnical backgrounds?

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. It can lead to prejudice and hostility between diverse cultural, racial, or ethical backgrounds.

ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

channel

The means by which a message is communicated.

Mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

introduction

The opening section of a speech.

speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.

listener

The person who receives the speakers message.

Target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem.

Nonpartisan

The speaker acts as a lecturer or teacher. The aim is to give information as impartially as possible, not to argue for a particular point of view.

Partisan

The speaker acts as an advocate. His or her aim is to present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible.

frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame or reference.

paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words.

message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else .

adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?

Before: Pregame how they will re-act to your info and adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible. During: Adapting to your surrounding is key.

Why is it normal (even desirable) to be nervous at the start of a speech?

Being nervous means that you are "psyched up." You feel anxious before a speech because your body is responding as it would to any stressful situation-- by producing extra adrenaline.

positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

Stereotyping

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Standards

Established rules of why you are making a certain decision.

Value judgments

Judgments based on what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair.

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?

1. Aquire Speaking Experience. 2. Prepare, Prepare, Prepare. 3. Think Positively 4. Use the Power of Visualization 5. Know That Most Nervousness Is Not Visible. 6. Don't Expect Perfection.

Helpful Tips

1. Be at your best physically and mentally. 2. As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. 3. Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start speaking. 4. Work especially hard on your introduction. 5. Make eye contact with members of the audience. 6. Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than worrying about your stage fright. 7. Use visual aids.

What is ethics? Why is strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

1. Ethics- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs 2. A strong sense of ethical responsibility is important because public speaking is power.

What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

1. Global plagiarism- stealing speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own Patchwork plagiarism- stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own 2. The best way to avoid these is by not putting off your speech until the last minute.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

1. Incremental plagiarism- failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people 2. Ways to prevent: A) Distinguish notes from direct quotes, paraphrased material, and your own comments. B) When in doubt, cite your source.

What are the three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

1. Listen courteously and attentively 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Support the free and open expressions of ideas

What are the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed in this chapter?

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 5. Put ethical principles into practice at all times

In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

1. Most essential skill in the workplace 2. Civic engagement 3. Verbal communication skills

How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?

1. Organizing your thoughts logically. 2. Tailoring your message to your audience. 3. Telling a story for maximum impact. 4. Adapting to listener feedback.

How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?

1. Public speaking is more highly structured. 2. Public Speaking requires more formal language. 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.

When the speaker wants to let the audience know what topic will be discussed next in the speech, what type of connective would likely be used?

internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points is called a(n)

internal summary

While working on the body of your speech, you realize that the process you have just discussed is complex, so you decide to review the steps of the process before going to your next point. What type of connective would you likely add?

internal summary

Supporting materials should be well-organized and directly relevant to the __________ that they are supporting.

main points

When a set of main points follows a consistent pattern of wording throughout, it can be described as __________.

parallel

The problem-solution pattern of organization for ordering main points is primarily used for __________ speeches.

persuasive

A connective statement in the middle of a speech that explains what you are about to discuss is called an internal

preview

When deciding the order of main points in your speech you should consider 3 thing: your topic, your audience, and your

purpose

A speaker who combines two ideas into one main point is not following the guidelines for keeping main points

separate

When you are giving a speech and say, "My first point is," which of the following are you using?

signpost