THE BLOOD

WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD IS THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT?

AB

SEPTICEMIA

Also known as blood poisoning. Caused by an infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the blood. The toxins cause a decrease in B/P, which can result in death.

SYMPTOMS OF ANEMIA

Anemia reduces the amount of oxygent hat the blood can carry which results in shortness of breath, lack of energy, pale skin, general feeling of fatigue. There are a number of different types of anemia.

HEMATOPOIESIS

Blood cell formation

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

Can be caused by working in places that accumulate a large amount of exhaust. The carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin, which prevent oxygen from binding with the hemoglobin.

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which infects lymphocytes and the salivary glands.

WHO DEVELOPED BLOOD STORAGE TECHNIQUES?

Dr. Charles Drew

HEMOPHILIA

Genetically inherited clotting disorder, inherited from the mother and passed down to male children. Hemophilia A is the most common form of the disease. Symptoms include a tendency to bleed following minor injuries.

BASOPHILS

Granular leukocytes that are also involved in allergic reactions. They produce heparin, histamine and serotonin.

SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA

Hereditary disease found mostly in african-Americans and individuals of southern European ancestry. The erythrocytes have an abnormal sickle-shape with abnormal hemoglobin which cannot carry enough oxygen.

AGGLUTINATION

If blood groups are mismatched, clumping of cells occur which is called agglutination.

MEGAKARYOCYTES

Large cells that fragment, giving rise to platelets.

HEMOGLOBIN

Made up of a protein called globulin and a pigment heme. Hemoglobin on the red blood cell carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

MONOCYTES

Non-granular leukocytes that phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris. In tissues they are called macrophages because tey are fairly large.

EOSINOPHILS

Non-granular leukocytes that phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris. In tissues they are called macrophages because they are fairly large.

LYMPHOCYTES

Non-granular leukocytes that produce antibodies and are involved in the immune response. Two common lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes.

WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR?

O

CLOTTING MECHANISM

The body's mechanism to stop the flow of blood when blood vessels are injured.

FORMED ELEMENTS

The formed elements of the blood are : erythrocytes (RBC's) leukocytes (WBC's) platelets (thrombocytes)

NEUTROPHILS

The most common granular leukocytes. They respond to tissue destruction from bacteria by phagocytizing foreign substances and destroying bacteria by excreting an enzyme called lysozyme.

SYNERESIS

The process of clot retraction, in which the fibrin clot is tightened. This allows the ruptured area of the blood vessel to get smaller and smaller, thus decreasing the hemorrage.

LEUKEMIA

Type of cancer in which there is an abnormal production of WBC's. The abnormal leukocytes lack normal immunological capabilites, which leads the person with the disease susceptible to opportunistic infections. The excess number of leukocytes also interferes with RBC and platelet production.

PLATELETS

Very small disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus. The initiate the clotting reaction. They are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes.

FIBRINOGEN

a type of plasma protein. It plays a major role in the clotting mechanism.

WHAT TYPE OF LEUKOCYTES DO NOT HAVE GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM?

agranular

LYSOZYME

an enzyme secreted by neutrophils which destroys certain bacteria

ANEMIA

can be caused by 4 factors: 1. decrease in the number of RBC's 2. decrease in the normal amounts of hemoglobin 3. deficiency of normal hemoglobin 4. production of abnormal hemoglobin

BLOOD TRANSPORTS _____________ FROM THE CELLS TO THE LUNGS

carbon dioxide

MALARIA

caused by an injection of a protozoan, Plasmodium, by a female mosquito.. The microorganism spends part of its life cycle in the erythrocytes, eventually destroying them.

BLOOD HELPS PREVENT FLUID LOSS WHEN BLOOD VESSELS ARE DAMAGED THROUGH ________.

clotting

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

decrease in the number of platelets or thrombocytes. It leads to the long-term bleeding of capillaries.

THALASSEMIA

dereditary disorder found in people of African, mediterranean and Asian background. Hemoglobin production is suppressed,

RED BLOOD CELLS ARE ALSO CALLED....

erythrocytes

ERYTHROCYTOSIS OR POLYCYTHEMIA

excessive amount of erythrocytes. it can be caused by a defect in stem cell production, decreased plasma volume due to dehydration, or by chronic exposure to high altitudes.

WHAT TYPE OF LEUKOCYTES CONTAIN GRANULES IN THEIR CYTOPLASM THAT STAIN WITH WRIGHT'S STAIN?

granular leukocytes

THE BLOOD HELPS THE BODY MAINTAIN ______________

homeostasis

BLOOD TRANSPORTS ______ FROM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO TARGET ORGANS IN THE BODY

hormones

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

inherited condition in which erythrocytes rupture or destroyed at a faster rate than normal.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE ALSO CALLED...

leukocytes

THE TWO TYPES OF AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES ARE....

monocytes and lymphocytes

MACROPHAGES

monocytes that have left the blood and entered the tissues

RED BONE MARROW IS ALSO KNOWN AS......

myeloid tissue

THE 3 TYPES OF GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES ARE....

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

ALBUMIN

one of the plasma proteins. It plays a major role in osmotic pressure and the water balance between blood and tissues.

GLOBULINS

one type of plasma protein. Some examples of globulins are antibodies and complement, which are important in the immune response

BLOOD TRANSPORTS _______ FROM THE LUNGS TO ALL CELLS OF THE BODY

oxygen

THE FLUID PART OF THE BLOOD IS CALLED ________

plasma

BLOOD CONSISTS OF WHAT 2 COMPONENTS?

plasma and formed elements (blood cells)

PHAGOCYTOSIS

process in which phagocytes (white blood cells) engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection. Think of the white blood cells as pacmen.

HEMATOPOIESIS OCCURS IN THE _________________

red bone marrow

IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

results from Vitamin B12 deficiency, nutritional deficiencies or excessive iron loss.

BLOOD ALSO HELPS REGULATE BODY __________ BECAUSE IT CONTAINS A LARGE VOLUME OF WATER.

temperature

WHAT WAS THE Rh FACTOR NAMED AFTER?

the Rhesus monkey

PLASMA

the fluid part of the blood

PLATELETS ARE ALSO CALLED...

thrombocytes

STEM CELLS; HEMATOCYTOBLASTS

undifferentiated cells that give rise to all 3 types of blood cells (erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes)

STAGE II OF THE CLOTTING MECHANISM

1. Prothrombin, a protein made by the liver, is converted into thrombin

STAGE III OF THE CLOTTING MECHANISM

1. The plasma protein fibrinogen (which is soluble), is converted to fibrin (which is insoluble). 2. Fibrin acts like long threads that act like a fish net and forms a clot.

STAGE I OF THE CLOTTING MECHANISM

1. The roughened surface of the cut vessel causes platelets to clump together at the site of the injury. 2. The damaged tissues release thromboplastin. 3. Thromboplastin causes a series of reactions that result int he production of prothrombin activator.

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD IS THE FORMED ELEMENTS (CELLS)?

45%

THE AVERAGE WOMAN HAS _____ LITERS OF BLOOD

5

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF BLOOD IS PLASMA?

55%

THE AVERAGE MAN HAS ______ LITERS OF BLOOD

6

BLOOD HELPS TO REGULATE THE pH OF THE BLOOD. NORMAL pH IS _______ TO _____

7.35-7.45

PLASMA IS _______ PERCENT WATER

91%

ERYTHROCYTES MAKE UP ABOUT _____ PERCENT OF THE FORMED ELEMENTS.

95%