The cardiovascular system pt1
Coverings of the heart (Pericardium)
Double walled serous membrane outer parietal layer- inner visceral layer Between is a potential cavity containing serous fluid friction.
Myocardium
Muscle wall of different thickness Involuntary nervous control Striated interlacing fibres
Describe the structure of the heart and associated blood vessels
The right & left ATRIA (singular = atrium) above the right & left VENTRICLES Separated by the Interventricular Septum
Atrioventricular Valves cont.
The downward facing valve cusps anchored to the ventricular wall by CHORDAE TENDINAE (the heart strings) attached to PAPILLARY MUSCLES. Prevent the valves from everting (turning backwards) into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)
ompare the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries
The walls of arteries & veins are composed of the same 3 layers - Tunics (i.e. coats). • Inner most layer-TUNICA INTIMA (in intimate contact ·/c blood) - called endothelium (endothelial tissue) • This is surrounded by a basement membrane of connective tissue • Middlelayer-TUNICA MEDIA-smooth muscle • Outer most layer-TUNICA EXTERNA-connective tissue
Endocardium
Thin endothelium lines the inner surface, covers the valves & tendons. Continuous /c the lining of the blood vessels. 208
Endocardium
Thin endothelium lines the inner surface, covers the valves & tendons. Continuous /c the lining of the blood vessels.
The atria receive blood returning to the heart. T/F
True
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right. T/F
True
Blood is typed according to the presence of specific _____________ on the surface of the red blood cells (RBCs).
Antigens
Pericardium
Double walled serous membrane outer parietal layer- inner visceral layer Between is a potential cavity containing serous fluid friction.
Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction. T/F
False
veins have the smallest lumen of all blood vessels. t/f
False
The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries t/f
False-
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima. T.F?
False- The tunica intima is the inner layer
The mitral valve has chordae tendinae but the tricuspid valve does not.
False. These valves do not have chordae tendineae
Blood Vessels
Form a 100,000km CLOSED fluid delivery system of dynamic pulsating tubes, that can grow • Carry blood from the heart to all body tissues & back to the heart 3 types of blood vessels. In order from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart they are: - arteries - capillaries - veins The walls of arteries & veins are composed of the same 3 layers - Tunics (i.e. coats). • Inner most layer -Tunica intima (in intimate contact ·/c blood) - called endothelium (endothelial tissue) • This is surrounded by a basement membrane of connective tissue • Middle layer-Tunica media-smooth muscle • Outer most layer-Tunica externa-connective tissue
Covering of the heart x3
Pericardium myocardium Endocardium
Great Vessels of the heart:
RIGHT SIDE (ALL vessels carry deoxygenated blood) - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava - Coronary sinus - Pulmonary trunk left & right pulmonary arteries LEFT SIDE (ALL vessels carry oxygenated blood) - 4 Pulmonary veins - Aorta - Coronary arteries
The tricuspid valve is located between the
Right atrium and right ventricle
What is the tricuspid valve?
Valves are flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Function - prevents the back flow of blood as it is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle
VENOUS RETURN
Venous return is aided by:- - valves - skeletal muscular activity - deep breathing
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
allow blood to flow from the top to bottom chambers in one direction only. prevent back flow during contraction. The downward facing valve cusps anchored to the ventricular wall by CHORDAE TENDINEAE (the heart strings) attached to PAPILLARY MUSCLES. Prevent the valves from everting (turning backwards) into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)
A function of albumin in the plasma is to
contribute to the osmotic pressure of blood.
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to
pump blood with greater pressure.
During pulmonary circulation blood leaves the
right ventricle and moves to the lungs
Compare structure of arteries, veins and capillaries Blood vessels: 3 Types
• Form a 100,000km CLOSED fluid delivery system of dynamic pulsating tubes, that can grow • Carry blood from the heart to all body tissues & back to the heart CLOSED fluid delivery system of dynamic pulsating tubes, that can grow • Carry blood from the heart to all body tissues & back to the heart Fig 11.10 3 types of blood vessels In order from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart they are: - ARTERIES - CAPILLARIES - VEINS
Semilunar Valves
Also 3 upward facing crescent shaped valve cusps at the entrance to both arteries. pulmonary semilunar valve; right ventricle pulmonary trunk Aortic semilunar valve; left ventricle aorta blood flows into the heart from veins, through the atria into ventricles & out major arteries to either the lungs, body, or the heart itself.
Describe the Structure of the heart and associated blood vessels:
The right & left ATRIA (singular = atrium) above the right & left VENTRICLES Separated by the Interventricular Septum. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves allow blood to flow from the top to bottom chambers in one direction and prevent back flow during contraction. TRICUSPID VALVE is between the RIGHT Atrium & Ventricle. MITRAL VALVE is between the LEFT atrium & ventricle.
Semilunar valves:
-Also 3 upward facing crescent shaped valve cusps at the entrance to both arteries - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve; right ventricle pulmonary trunk - Aortic Semilunar Valve; left ventricle Aorta -blood flows into the heart from veins, through the atria into ventricles & out major arteries to either the lungs, body, or the hear itself.
The lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately
100-120 Days
ARTERIES/Arterioles
Always pump blood away from heart. • Thick layer of smooth muscle can withstand pressure, expand and recoil • Arterioles are the smallest arteries & carry blood towards the capillaries
ARTERIES
Always transport blood away from the heart. • Thick layer of smooth muscle can withstand pressure, expand and recoil • Arterioles are the smallest arteries & carry blood towards the capillaries
Red bloods cells are
Anucleate (no nucleus) unable to sysnthesize proteins. unable to grow and divide.
A good example of an elastic artery is the
Aorta. An elastic artery is an artery with a large number of collagen and elastin filaments in the tunica media, which gives it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse. The pulmonary arteries, the aorta, and its branches together comprise the body's system of elastic arteries
Describe the structure of the heart and associated blood vessels
Located in the Mediastinum. 1/3 behind the sternum 2/3 behind the left ribs Apex in the 5th intercostal space Small hollow muscular pump One way valve system Beats 100,000 times / day Transports blood containing O2, nutrients, cellular wastes, & hormones homeostasis Via 3 different circuits Pulmonary to the lungs & back Systemic to the rest of the body & back Coronary to the tissues of the heart & back Fig 11.10
Describe the structure of the heart and associated blood vessels.
Located in the mediastinum 1/3 behind the sternum 2/3 behind the left ribs Apex in the 5th intercostal space Small hollow muscular pump One way valve system Beats 100,000 times / day Transports blood containing O2, nutrients, cellular wastes, & hormones homeostasis Via 3 different circuits PULMONARY to the lungs & back SYSTEMIC to the rest of the body & back CORONARY to the tissues of the heart & back
Capillaries
Microscopic • Lined with smooth single layer of endothelium surrounded by a basement membrane • Found everywhere except - ................... - cartilage - cornea - lens • Enable O2,nutrients like CHO, hormones & electrolytes, to leave the blood and enter the cells • Carry waste products like CO2 & urea away from the cells to be eliminated via the lungs or kidneys
Myocardium
Muscle wall of different thickness Involuntary nervous control Striated interlacing fibres
55% of blood volume is composed of ______________.
Plasma
Pulmonary Artery
The pulmonary artery is the vessel transporting de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. A common misconception is that all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood. It is more appropriate to classify arteries as vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary Vein
The pulmonary vein is the vessel transporting oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. A common misconception is that all veins carry de-oxygenated blood. It is more appropriate to classify veins as vessels carrying blood to the heart.
The chordae tendineae prevent the AV valves from opening in the wrong direction.
True The chordae tendineae (tendinous chords), or heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart. During atrial systole, blood flows from the atria to ventricles down the pressure gradient. Chordae tendineae are relaxed because the atrioventricular valves are forced open.[1] When the ventricles of the heart contract in ventricular systole, the increased blood pressures in both chambers push the AV valves to close simultaneously, preventing backflow of blood into the atria.
Venous Return
Venous return is aided by:- - Valves - Skeletal Muscular activity - Deep breathing Fig 11.11
Veins (the vay in to the heart)
Venules capillaries unite to form vessels that start to carry the blood back towards the heart. Veins large reservoirs. blood pressure (B/P) within veins need for valves - which are folds of tunica intima.
The structural design of capillary walls suits the function of
exchanging materials between the blood and the tissue fluid
Mistral Valve
is between the LEFT atrium & ventricle
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the
left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta Blood leaves through the left ventricle to the aorta, the body's largest artery. The aorta leads to smaller arteries, arterioles, and finally capillaries. Arteries, Arterioles, capillaries, veins
When the mitral (bicuspid) valve closes, it prevents the flow of blood from the
left ventricle into the left atrium
The blood cell that acts against virus infected cells.
lymphocyte- Part of immune system; one group (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B lymphocytes
Correct sequence of blood flow
right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle. Deoxygenated blood from the body flows through the superior and inferior vena cava(s) to Right atrium through tricuspid Av valve into right ventricle to pulmonary valve through pulmonary artery into pulmonary vein to left atrium into bicuspid ( mitral) valve through left ventricle into aortic valve to aorta, returning oxygenated blood to the body.
Reduced levels of oxygen in the blood will stimulate the kidney to release
the hormone, erythropoietin.
CAPILLARIES
• Microscopic • Lined with smooth single layer of endothelium surrounded by a basement membrane • Found everywhere except - ................... - cartilage - cornea - lens • Enable O2,nutrients like CHO, hormones & electrolytes, to leave the blood and enter the cells • Carry waste products like CO2 & urea away from the cells to be eliminated via the lungs or kidneys
Tricuspid Valve
is between the RIGHT atrium & ventricle.
VEINS
- Venules: Capillaries unite to form vessels that start to carry the blood back towards the heart. - Veins: large reservoirs. blood pressure (B/P) within veins Need for valves - which are folds of tunica intima.
Red blood cell formation occurs in the
Bone marrow
The process of red blood cell formation is called
haematopoiesis
If heart rate increases blood pressure will
increase, due to a change in cardiac output
Great Vessels of the Heart
RIGHT SIDE (ALL vessels carry deoxygenated blood) Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Pulmonary trunk left & right pulmonary arteries LEFT SIDE (ALL vessels carry oxygenated blood) 4 Pulmonary veins Aorta Coronary arteries
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body(systolic) and empties into the..
Right atrium The inferior vena cava is a large heart "vein" that brings deoxygenated blood from parts of the lower body, including the legs, abdomen and pelvis, to the heart to be oxygenated. From the heart, this blood is then pumped back through the body to deliver oxygen to the body cells. Also known as the posterior vena cava, this large vein empties into the right atrium of the heart, connecting on the lower, rear side of the atrium. Its complementary vein, the superior vena cava, which delivers blood from the upper part of the body, also empties into the right atrium but does so through the top part of the chamber.
