The Circulatory System: Blood

monocytes

2-8% differential count, become macrophages to engulf pathogens or debris

lymphocytes

20-40% differential count, immune response to specific pathogens

Discuss the process by which red blood cells are formed beginning with where and how erythropoiesis is initiated and ending with a mature erythrocyte. Discuss what happens when a RBC reaches the end of its lifespan.

First you start off with a hemopoietic stem cell. It then turns into a myeloid stem cell. It becomes a proerythrocyte and releases its nucleus so the blood can carry oxygen and has enough room. Once the nucleus releases the cell, it becomes a mature red blood cell known as an erythrocyte. When the RBC reaches the end of its lifespan it weakens, the serotonin is released and eventually breaks apart and dies

Blood is approximately __________ percent plasma by volume. a. 46-63 b. 37-54 c. 12-33 d. 25-39 e. 99.9

a. 46-63

Type AB blood contains a. A agglutinins on the red blood cells b. agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B c. B agglutinogens on the red blood cells d. B agglutinogens in the plasma e. agglutinin A and B

b. agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B

A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n) a. embolus b. thrombus c. plaque d. coagulant e. platelet plug

b. thrombus

Blood normal clots in approximately a. 15 minutes b. 5-10 minutes c. 3-6 minutes d. 90 seconds e. less than 1 minute

c. 3-6 minutes

The average functional lifespan of an RBC is a. 20-30 days b. 1 year c. 60-120 days d. 6 months e. 3-5 days

c. 60-120 days

__________ directly stimulates red blood cell production. a. Intrinsic factor b. Thyroxine c. EPO d. Vitamin B-12 e. GH

c. EPO

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called a. normovolemic b. reticulocyte count c. hematocrit d. hemoglobin concentration e. differential count

c. hematocrit

Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins? a. kidney b. spleen c. liver d. bone marrow e. thymus

c. liver

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation?

c. myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Which one of the following does NOT lead to anemia: a. lack of iron b. hemorrhage c. polycythemia (abnormal increase in RBC) d. lack of vitamin B-12 e. genetic defect such as sickle-shaped RBC's

c. polycythemia (abnormal increase in RBC)

Agglutinins

d. are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?

d. hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.

The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed a. anemia b. thalassemia c. jaundice d. hemophilia e. leukopenia

d. hemophilia

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood? a. hematuria b. hypoxia c. hemoglobinuria d. jaundice e. thalassemia

d. jaundice

A person's blood type is determine by the

d. presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

Which one of the following is NOT true of WBCs: a. they move by ameboid motion b. they use diapedesis to move in and out of blood vessels c. they account for less that 1% of total blood volume d. they initiate the clotting process e. they locate areas of tissue damage through chemotaxis

d. they initiate the clotting process

basophils

less than 1% differential count, release histamine, promote inflammation

neutrophils

most abundant (about 60% differential count), phagocytic, engulf pathogens, release cytotoxic chemicals

Extra credit questions: When blood samples are taken, it is typically from a vein in a process known as "venipuncture." Why might a sample be taken from an artery in an arterial puncture or "arterial stick" instead?

The arteries contain higher amounts of RBCs because RBCs can't move in and out of the arteries. They can move through veins so that they are distributed throughout the body, but arteries keep RBCs so that the travel of RBCs are stead. They also contain nutrients and proteins that might be important for blood samples.

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are a. albumins b. fibrinogens c. globulins d. fibrin e. platelets

a. albumins

During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule? a. amino acids b. stercobilins c. bilirubin d. transferrin e. urobilins

a. amino acids

The function of hemoglobin is to a. bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide b. protect the body against pathogens c. aid in the process of blood clotting d. carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells e. absorb and neutralize the acids generated by active tissues

a. bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called a. hemocytoblasts b. lymphoblasts c. monoblasts d. myeloblasts d. progenitor cells

a. hemocytoblasts

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of diapedesis (amoeboid movement) are a. leukocytes b. chondrocytes c. thrombocytes d. erythrocytes e. melanocytes

a. leukocytes

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis? a. reduction in blood loss b. an increase in peripheral blood flow c. the formation of collagen fibers d. an easier passage for neutrophils to the site of injury e. greater availability of calcium

a. reduction in blood loss

During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell? a. reticulocyte b. erythrocyte c. myeloid stem cell d. hemocytoblast e. proerythroblast

a. reticulocyte

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process. a. vitamin K b. vitamin A c. vitamin D d. vitamin E e. thiamin

a. vitamin K

The term ___________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together. a. whole blood b. hematocrit c. thrombocyte d. hemopoiesis e. packed cell volume

a. whole blood

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the a. liver b. thymus c. spleen d. red bone marrow e. yellow bone marrow

d. red bone marrow

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means

e. Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies

Which of the following is an agranulocyte? a. erythrocyte b. basophil c. neutrophil d. eosinophil e. monocyte

e. monocyte

The common pathway of coagulation ends with

e. the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed a. anemia b. thalassemia c. jaundice d. hemophilia e. leukopenia

jaundice

eosinophils

only about 2-4% differential count, phagocytic, reduce inflammation due to allergens and parasites