The Endocrine System

Endocrine Tissue-Liver -Erythropoietin(__%) stimulates RBC production -__________ stimulate platelets production

10, thrombopoietin

Polypeptides are made from _-___ amino acids. Ex. insulin and glucagon

14, 199

The Thyroid Gland has ____ lobes connected by an _____.

2, isthmus

Alpha cells ___%, and produce ________.

20, glucagon

Beta cells ___% and produce _______.

70, insulin

Hypothalamic Hormone #8 Antidiuretic Hormone or ____.

ADH

T3 and T4 increase ___ production in mitochondria of all cells by aerobic cell respiration.

ATP

Endocrine Tissue-Placenta -Estrogens, and ________.

-progesterone

Endocrine tissues in organs include the... intestines kidneys liver heart thymus and....

gonads(ovaries) placenta adipose tissue

Somatomedins mediates ______ ______ functions by stimulating stem cells growth and differentiation.

growth hormone

T3 and T4 promote normal growth synergistically with ______ ______.

growth hormone

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that produce ____ _____ ____ in the blood, which is also called hyperglycemia.

high glucose levels

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates secretion of the adrenal gland cortex _______.

hormones

Compounds acting as ______ are classified according to their chemical structure.

hormones

Endocrine intercellular communication is done by _______ via the _____ circulatory system.

hormones, blood

Gigantism caused by high or ________ in infants and children resulting in heights of over 8 feet.

hypersecretion

Pituitary dwarfism caused by low or ________ in children and adolescents resulting in a small body.

hyposecretion

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) secretion controlled by __________ GHRH & GHIH.

hypothalamic

Androgens regulated by...

hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH.

Cortisol secretion is regulated by...

hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin _______ water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume.

increases

Positive feed back is when the action of an endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum level, it _______ the secretion of the _____ that stimulated the action.

increases, hormone

Glucagon Actions 1. _____ blood glucose 2. Increases ___ breakdown in adipose tissue to release free fatty acids (_______)

increases, lypolysis

Negative feed back is when blood level of the endocrine gland reach an optimum value, it _____ secretions of the hypothalamic and _____ pituitary hormones that stimulate the endocrine gland.

inhibits, anterior

Zone Reticularis is the ____ zone secreting the male sex hormones called ________.

inner, androgens

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla receive direct ________ from the sympathetic nervous system.

innervations

Addison's disease is ________ adrenal cortex secretions

insufficient

Diabetes Mellitus is caused by genetic defects that 1. decrease ____ secretion 2. produce defective insulin molecule 3. produce defective insulin ______ All or any of these three defects make the cells unable to _____ to insulin stimulation. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats metabolism are ___ affected.

insulin, receptors, respond, all

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 1 - _____ trapping by follicular cells and transport into follicular lumen.

iodide

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 4- _______ of _____ molecules in thyroglobulin chain to from T1 and T2

iodination, tyrosine

Endemic Goiter is hypothyroidism caused by _______ deficiency.

iodine

Cortisol...

is the major glucocorticoid

Aldosterone....

is the major mineralocorticoid

Adrenal Glands are located on top of the ______.

kidneys

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin targets tissues are ______ and _____ _______.

kidneys, blood vessels

Endocrine Tissue-Adipose tissue -____ suppress appetite

leptin

Steroids are made from ______ or cholesterol. Ex. Vitamin D

lipids

Addison's disease symptoms Lack of energy Weight loss Inability to resist stress ____ of sodium and water in urine John F. Kennedy had it.

loss

The Pineal Gland's melatonin secretion is ______ during daytime and _______ at night time.

lowest, highest

Prolactin (PRL) targets the _______ glands.

mammary

Cretinism or Thyroid dwarfism causes severe forms of ______ and physical ______ in the newborn child.

mental, retardation

Zona Fasciculata is the _______ zone secreting _________.

middle, glucoeorticoids

Oxytocin (OT) in females stimulates ______ ejection during nursing.

milk

Endocrine Tissue-Heart -_________ peptide increase sodium and wateer excretion by the kidneys

natriurtic

The Thyroid Gland is a large butterfly- shaped gland located in the ______ below the voice box or larynx

neck

Endemic Goiter results because lack of ______ _______ from T3 & T4 causes over stimulation and overgrowth of the thyroid gland by ____ & ____.

negative feedback, TRH, TSH

Synaptic intercellular communication is done by neurotransmitters across ______ junctions.

neural

The Hypothalamus consist of a large number of ______ that modify and control the body functions via the _________ hormones.

nuclei, hypothalamic

Steroid hormones bind to ______ receptors associated with DNA transcription

nulcear

Zona Glomerulosa is the _____ zone secreting _________.

outer, mineralocorticoids

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 3- _______ of iodide to iodine in lumen by thyroid peroxidase ______.

oxidation, enzyme

Oxytocin (OT) target tissues are the ______ muscles of the _________ system in both males and females.

smooth, reproductive

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by...

sodium and potassium blood levels.

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) directly stimulates ____ _____ _____ and differentiation.

stem cells growth

Sympathetic _________ increases hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla.

stimulation

Adrenal Medulla develops from the same nervous tissue as the _________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Hormones are specific for certain ______ cells, because hormones bind to _______ receptors on their target cells.

target, specific

Gonadrotropins target the ovaries and ______ (gonads).

testes

Low blood levels of glucose, amino acids or fatty acids between meals (___ ______ ____) stimulates the secretion of _____ and ____ the secretion of insulin.

the fasting state, glucagon, inhibits

Hypothalamic Hormone #2 Growth hormone inhbiting hormone or _____, _________.

GHIH, somatostatin

Hypothalamic Hormone #1 Growth hormone releasing hormone or ______.

GHRH

Gonadotropins secretion is controlled by hypothalamic _____.

GnRH

Hypothalamic Hormone #7 Gonadotropin releasing hormone or _____.

GnRH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are considered __________.

Gonadrotropins

_______ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Grave's

Symptoms of Hyperthroidism or Grave's disease......

Increased Basal Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature, Heat intolerance, Tachycardia(high H.R), anxiety & irritability, weight loss, goiter, EXOPHTHALMIA-or bugging out eyes.. is the most common.

Endemic Goiter happens when insufficient dietary iodine to make ___ &___.

T3, T4

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 8- Transport of ___ and ___ in the blood in the free form or bound to thyroid-binding-globulin (TBG).

T3, T4

Hypothalamic Hormone #6 Thyrotropin releasing hormone, or ____.

TRH

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion controlled by hypothalamic ____.

TRH

The Hypothalamus is a central area of the _____ brain limbic system.

basal

T3 and T4 increase the ______ _______ ____ (BMR) of all cells.

basal metabolic rate

Hormones are secreted into and transported by the ______ to affect the ______ of their target cells.

blood, functions

The posterior pituitary is derived from neural _____ tissue and connects to hypothalamus by the Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Tract ____.

brain, axons

Endocrine Tissue- Kidneys -Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D that increases ______ absorption from the intestine. -Erythropoietin(___%) stimulates RBC production. -_____- Angiotensin-Aldosterone system affect blood volume and blood pressure.

calcium, 90, renin

Adrenal Glands are... 1. enclosed by a fibrous _____ 2. have an outer _____ 3. have an inner ______

capsule, cortex, medulla

Hormone Secretion Flow 1. Stimulus.....2.Gland...3. Produces hormone.....4.Hormone is secreted.... 5. Into blood...6. Receptor receives hormone from blood and brings it to the ____ cell. 7. Action

cell

All other hormones bind to _____ ________ receptors and activate second messenger systems.

cell membrane

The anterior pituitary is derived from _______ tissue in the roof of the embryonic mouth and connects to the hypothalamus by the Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Portal _______.

ectodermal, system

Adrenal hormones include catecholamines, __________, and norepinephrine. and targets all body cells.

epinephrine

Cushing's Disease is ______ adrenal cortex secretions

excessive

Calcitonin decrease blood calcium by.... 1. increasing calcium _______ by the kidneys. 2. increasing calcium _______ in the bones.

excretion, deposition

Acromegaly caused by high or hypersecretion in adults resulting in distorted ______ bones and features.

facial

Paracrine intercellular communication is done by paracine _____ via the extracellular ______

factors, fluid

Anterior Pituitary Hormones are all controlled by negative or positive _______.

feedback

Parathyroid Glands contain ________ cells that secrete _______ hormone

Principal, parathyroid

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic ____.

CRH

Hypothalamic Hormone #5 Corticotropin releasing hormone or _____.

CRH

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis makes Parafollicular C cells which produce _________.

Calcitonin

Type 2 (Adult Diabetes, or ___-insulin-dependent-Diabetes-Mellitus(NIDDM). -most common type of diabetes (___%) -Mostly in people over 35 who are obses -Insulin may still be secreted but the body cells are less sensitive to insulin actions due to ______ of the insulin ______. -may be controlled by ____. -insulin injections may not be required.

Non,90, blocking,receptors, diet

Hypothalamic Hormone #9 Oxytocin or ___.

OT

Hypothalamic Hormone #4 Prolactin inhibiting hormone or ____, ________.

PIH, dopamine

Hypothalamic Hormone #3 Prolactin releasing hormone or _____.

PRH

Prolactin (PRL) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic ___ & ___.

PRH, PIH

Two parts of the pituitary gland 1. anterior pituitary or ____________. 2. posterior pituitary or ___________.

adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) targets the ______ gland _____.

adrenal, cortex

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) targets ___ _____ especially ______ and muscle tissue.

all cells, skeletal

4 types of pancreatic islets hormones

alpha, beta, delta, f-cells

Glucagon increase blood glucose by: -increasing synthesis of glucose from ____ ____ in the liver -increasing breakdown of live glycogen into _____ -increasing the ______ of glucose from liver into the blood.

amino acids, glucose, release

Endemic Goiter result in...

an enlarged thyroid gland

Human Growth Hormone (hGH), Prolactin(PRL), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Gonadotropins are all ________ pituitary hormones.

anterior

Hypothalamic Hormone #1-7 go to hypothalamus and to _______ pituitary.

anterior

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis is stimulated by Hypothalamic TRH and ________ Pituitary TSH

anterior

Hormones are ______ regulators of various body ______ such as ______ and reproduction.

chemical, functions, growth

Endocrine Tissue- Intestines hormones coordinates the digestive system functions. Most important ones are _________(CCK), ______, ______.

cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin

The Thyroid Gland is made of follicles filled with a ______.

colloid

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 5- ______ of T1 and T2 pairs to make T3 and T4

coupling

Thyroid hormones bind to _______ receptors on mitochondria or ribosome.

cytoplasmic

Calcitonin....

decrease blood calcium levels.

Insulin actions 1. _____ blood glucose 2. increases ______ synthesis in cells 3.increases ____ synthesis in cells

decreases, protein, fat

Endocrine glands include the... hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland and....

parathyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 6- _______ of _______ chain by the follicular cells and digestion by lysosomal.

pinocytosis, thyroglobulin

Hypothalamic Hormone #8-9 go from the hypothalamus and into the ______ pituitary and are stored, until needed.

posterior

Hormone Receptors are _______ molecules located on the cell membrane, cytoplasm or ______.

protein, nucleus

Cushing's Disease symptoms Muscle wasting due to breakdown of _____ Spindly thin arms and legs Body fat redistribution Rounded face Fatty hump between shoulders Large abdomen with hanging-down fat Virilization and masculinization in ______

proteins, females

Androgens.. 1. stimulate _____ hair growth in puberty. 2. promotes muscle mass, formation of blood cells and _____ in females.

pubic, libido

Parathyroid Hormone increase blood calcium by.... 1. Increasing calcium _______ by kidneys. 2. releasing calcium from _____ into blood. 3. Activating _______ _ which increases calcium absorption from the intestines.

reabsorption, bones, vitamin D

Parathyroid hormone, and Calcitonin.....

regulate blood calcium levels

Gonadrotropins control male and female __________ functions.

reproductive

Melatonin controls Circadian Rhythm Setting- increased melatonin secretion may cause ______ _______ ______ (SAD) during winter.

seasonal affective disorder

The Pineal Gland is located in the roof of the _____ ventricles of the brain, and contains _____.

third, neurons

Endocrine Tissue-Thymus -________ promote development and maturation of the T-lymphocytes

thymosins

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates secretion of the ______ hormone.

thyroid

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the ______ gland.

thyroid

Hypothyriodism (in adults) is ___ _______ T3 & T4.

too little

Hyperthyroidism(in adults) is ___ _____ T3 & T4

too much

Three signs(P's) of Diabetes Mellitus Polyuria- excessive ______ Polydypsia- excessive ___ _______ Polyphagia- excessive ______

urination, water drinking, eating

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin causes _______ of blood vessels to ______ blood pressure.

vasoconstriction, increase

Oligopeptides are made from _-__ amino acids. Ex. Oxytocin

3, 10

Cretinism or Thyroid dwarfism retardation is reversible only if hormonal replacement therapy is started during the first _ months of the newborn child life.

4

F-cells __% and produce ________.

5, pancreatic

Delta cells __% and produce ______.

5, somatostatin

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism or Hashimoto's Disease...

Decreased Basal Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature, Cold intolerance, Bradycardia (low H.R), lethargy, weight gain, goiter, and MYXEDEMA or fish skin.. is the most common

__________ disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.

Hashimoto's

Glycoproteins are made from ________-proteins complexes. Ex. Luteinizing hormone

carbohydrates

Adrenal medulla hormones are exactly the same in structure and function as the sympathetic nervous system _________ neurotransmitters. And help ____- flight behavior

catecholamines, fight

Melatonin controls Timing of sexual maturity- melatonin _______ cause premature puberty in children.

deficiency

Type 1 (Juvenile Diabetes, or Insulin-________-Diabetes-Mellitus(IDDM). -usually develops in people younger than __ years. -____ cells destroyed by own immune system -Insulin levels are low or absent. -Insulin injections are _____ for life.

dependent, 7, beta, required

Endemic Goiter occurs mostly in arid, dry, _____ inland regions.

desert

_______ intercellular communication is done by ions via gap junctions.

direct

Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication include ______, paracrine, _______, and synaptic.

direct, endocrine

The pancreas, are most ______ cells producing digestive enzymes, endocrine cells in _______ ____ produce hormones.

exocrine, pancreatic islets

Cretinism or Thyroid dwarfism is hypothyroidism(thyroid gland disorder) during _____ development or during early infancy.

fetal

Melatonin controls Antioxidants- in central nervous system against damage by _____ _____.

free radicals

Cortisol... 1. Increase _____ and glycogen synthesis. 2.Increase _____ ____ and proteins breaking. 3. Reduce ________ and allergic rashes.

glucose, fatty acids, inflammation

Insulin decrease blood glucose by: - Increasing the use of _____ by the cells -Increasing synthesis of ______ in the liver for storage of glucose

glucose, glycogen

Anterior Pituitary Hormones secretion is stimulated by releasing hormones (RH's) from _________ through hypophyseal portal system.

hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is a small gland that is connected to the _______ by the __________.

hypothalamus, infundibulum

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is made in the ________ then stored and secreted from the _______ pituitary.

hypothalamus, posterior

Oxytocin (OT) is made in the _______ then stored and secreted from the _______ pituitary.

hypothalamus, posterior

Endocrine Tissue-Gonads -Testosterone and _____ in testes. -________ and progesterone in ovaries.

inhibin, estrogens

Anterior Pituitary Hormones secretion is suppressed by _______ hormones (IH's) from hypothalamus through hypophyseal portal system

inhibiting

The Pineal Gland's Neuroglia and the Pinealocytes secrete _______ hormone.

melatonin

Prolactin (PRL) stimulates ____ synthesis in the mammary glands.

milk

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 7- ______ of __ (Triiodothyronine) and T4(Tetraiodothyronine) into the blood.

secretion, T3

Oxytocin (OT) in males stimulates _____ propelling during ejaculation.

semen

Monoamines are made from a ____ amino acid which is modified or ______. Ex. Thyroid hormones

single, repeated

Somatomedins results in growth to adulthood and maintenance of _____ and muscles during adulthood.

skeleton

Aldosterone.... 1. Increases retention of ______ by kidneys. 2.Increases Excretion of ______ by kidneys. 3.Increases ____ rentention and blood volume.

sodium, potassium, water

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) stimulates liver synthesis and release of ___________.

somatomedins

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 2 - _______ of _______ by follicular cells and transport into follicular lumen.

synthesis, thyroglobulin

High blood levels of glucose, amino acids, or fatty acids after a meal (___ ___ _____) and stimulates the secretion of _____ and _____ the secretion of glucagon

the fed state, insulin, inhibits