The Endocrine System
Endocrine Tissue-Liver -Erythropoietin(__%) stimulates RBC production -__________ stimulate platelets production
10, thrombopoietin
Polypeptides are made from _-___ amino acids. Ex. insulin and glucagon
14, 199
The Thyroid Gland has ____ lobes connected by an _____.
2, isthmus
Alpha cells ___%, and produce ________.
20, glucagon
Beta cells ___% and produce _______.
70, insulin
Hypothalamic Hormone #8 Antidiuretic Hormone or ____.
ADH
T3 and T4 increase ___ production in mitochondria of all cells by aerobic cell respiration.
ATP
Endocrine Tissue-Placenta -Estrogens, and ________.
-progesterone
Endocrine tissues in organs include the... intestines kidneys liver heart thymus and....
gonads(ovaries) placenta adipose tissue
Somatomedins mediates ______ ______ functions by stimulating stem cells growth and differentiation.
growth hormone
T3 and T4 promote normal growth synergistically with ______ ______.
growth hormone
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that produce ____ _____ ____ in the blood, which is also called hyperglycemia.
high glucose levels
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates secretion of the adrenal gland cortex _______.
hormones
Compounds acting as ______ are classified according to their chemical structure.
hormones
Endocrine intercellular communication is done by _______ via the _____ circulatory system.
hormones, blood
Gigantism caused by high or ________ in infants and children resulting in heights of over 8 feet.
hypersecretion
Pituitary dwarfism caused by low or ________ in children and adolescents resulting in a small body.
hyposecretion
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) secretion controlled by __________ GHRH & GHIH.
hypothalamic
Androgens regulated by...
hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH.
Cortisol secretion is regulated by...
hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin _______ water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume.
increases
Positive feed back is when the action of an endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum level, it _______ the secretion of the _____ that stimulated the action.
increases, hormone
Glucagon Actions 1. _____ blood glucose 2. Increases ___ breakdown in adipose tissue to release free fatty acids (_______)
increases, lypolysis
Negative feed back is when blood level of the endocrine gland reach an optimum value, it _____ secretions of the hypothalamic and _____ pituitary hormones that stimulate the endocrine gland.
inhibits, anterior
Zone Reticularis is the ____ zone secreting the male sex hormones called ________.
inner, androgens
Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla receive direct ________ from the sympathetic nervous system.
innervations
Addison's disease is ________ adrenal cortex secretions
insufficient
Diabetes Mellitus is caused by genetic defects that 1. decrease ____ secretion 2. produce defective insulin molecule 3. produce defective insulin ______ All or any of these three defects make the cells unable to _____ to insulin stimulation. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats metabolism are ___ affected.
insulin, receptors, respond, all
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 1 - _____ trapping by follicular cells and transport into follicular lumen.
iodide
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 4- _______ of _____ molecules in thyroglobulin chain to from T1 and T2
iodination, tyrosine
Endemic Goiter is hypothyroidism caused by _______ deficiency.
iodine
Cortisol...
is the major glucocorticoid
Aldosterone....
is the major mineralocorticoid
Adrenal Glands are located on top of the ______.
kidneys
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin targets tissues are ______ and _____ _______.
kidneys, blood vessels
Endocrine Tissue-Adipose tissue -____ suppress appetite
leptin
Steroids are made from ______ or cholesterol. Ex. Vitamin D
lipids
Addison's disease symptoms Lack of energy Weight loss Inability to resist stress ____ of sodium and water in urine John F. Kennedy had it.
loss
The Pineal Gland's melatonin secretion is ______ during daytime and _______ at night time.
lowest, highest
Prolactin (PRL) targets the _______ glands.
mammary
Cretinism or Thyroid dwarfism causes severe forms of ______ and physical ______ in the newborn child.
mental, retardation
Zona Fasciculata is the _______ zone secreting _________.
middle, glucoeorticoids
Oxytocin (OT) in females stimulates ______ ejection during nursing.
milk
Endocrine Tissue-Heart -_________ peptide increase sodium and wateer excretion by the kidneys
natriurtic
The Thyroid Gland is a large butterfly- shaped gland located in the ______ below the voice box or larynx
neck
Endemic Goiter results because lack of ______ _______ from T3 & T4 causes over stimulation and overgrowth of the thyroid gland by ____ & ____.
negative feedback, TRH, TSH
Synaptic intercellular communication is done by neurotransmitters across ______ junctions.
neural
The Hypothalamus consist of a large number of ______ that modify and control the body functions via the _________ hormones.
nuclei, hypothalamic
Steroid hormones bind to ______ receptors associated with DNA transcription
nulcear
Zona Glomerulosa is the _____ zone secreting _________.
outer, mineralocorticoids
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 3- _______ of iodide to iodine in lumen by thyroid peroxidase ______.
oxidation, enzyme
Oxytocin (OT) target tissues are the ______ muscles of the _________ system in both males and females.
smooth, reproductive
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by...
sodium and potassium blood levels.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) directly stimulates ____ _____ _____ and differentiation.
stem cells growth
Sympathetic _________ increases hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla.
stimulation
Adrenal Medulla develops from the same nervous tissue as the _________ nervous system.
sympathetic
Hormones are specific for certain ______ cells, because hormones bind to _______ receptors on their target cells.
target, specific
Gonadrotropins target the ovaries and ______ (gonads).
testes
Low blood levels of glucose, amino acids or fatty acids between meals (___ ______ ____) stimulates the secretion of _____ and ____ the secretion of insulin.
the fasting state, glucagon, inhibits
Hypothalamic Hormone #2 Growth hormone inhbiting hormone or _____, _________.
GHIH, somatostatin
Hypothalamic Hormone #1 Growth hormone releasing hormone or ______.
GHRH
Gonadotropins secretion is controlled by hypothalamic _____.
GnRH
Hypothalamic Hormone #7 Gonadotropin releasing hormone or _____.
GnRH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are considered __________.
Gonadrotropins
_______ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Grave's
Symptoms of Hyperthroidism or Grave's disease......
Increased Basal Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature, Heat intolerance, Tachycardia(high H.R), anxiety & irritability, weight loss, goiter, EXOPHTHALMIA-or bugging out eyes.. is the most common.
Endemic Goiter happens when insufficient dietary iodine to make ___ &___.
T3, T4
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 8- Transport of ___ and ___ in the blood in the free form or bound to thyroid-binding-globulin (TBG).
T3, T4
Hypothalamic Hormone #6 Thyrotropin releasing hormone, or ____.
TRH
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion controlled by hypothalamic ____.
TRH
The Hypothalamus is a central area of the _____ brain limbic system.
basal
T3 and T4 increase the ______ _______ ____ (BMR) of all cells.
basal metabolic rate
Hormones are secreted into and transported by the ______ to affect the ______ of their target cells.
blood, functions
The posterior pituitary is derived from neural _____ tissue and connects to hypothalamus by the Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Tract ____.
brain, axons
Endocrine Tissue- Kidneys -Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D that increases ______ absorption from the intestine. -Erythropoietin(___%) stimulates RBC production. -_____- Angiotensin-Aldosterone system affect blood volume and blood pressure.
calcium, 90, renin
Adrenal Glands are... 1. enclosed by a fibrous _____ 2. have an outer _____ 3. have an inner ______
capsule, cortex, medulla
Hormone Secretion Flow 1. Stimulus.....2.Gland...3. Produces hormone.....4.Hormone is secreted.... 5. Into blood...6. Receptor receives hormone from blood and brings it to the ____ cell. 7. Action
cell
All other hormones bind to _____ ________ receptors and activate second messenger systems.
cell membrane
The anterior pituitary is derived from _______ tissue in the roof of the embryonic mouth and connects to the hypothalamus by the Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Portal _______.
ectodermal, system
Adrenal hormones include catecholamines, __________, and norepinephrine. and targets all body cells.
epinephrine
Cushing's Disease is ______ adrenal cortex secretions
excessive
Calcitonin decrease blood calcium by.... 1. increasing calcium _______ by the kidneys. 2. increasing calcium _______ in the bones.
excretion, deposition
Acromegaly caused by high or hypersecretion in adults resulting in distorted ______ bones and features.
facial
Paracrine intercellular communication is done by paracine _____ via the extracellular ______
factors, fluid
Anterior Pituitary Hormones are all controlled by negative or positive _______.
feedback
Parathyroid Glands contain ________ cells that secrete _______ hormone
Principal, parathyroid
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic ____.
CRH
Hypothalamic Hormone #5 Corticotropin releasing hormone or _____.
CRH
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis makes Parafollicular C cells which produce _________.
Calcitonin
Type 2 (Adult Diabetes, or ___-insulin-dependent-Diabetes-Mellitus(NIDDM). -most common type of diabetes (___%) -Mostly in people over 35 who are obses -Insulin may still be secreted but the body cells are less sensitive to insulin actions due to ______ of the insulin ______. -may be controlled by ____. -insulin injections may not be required.
Non,90, blocking,receptors, diet
Hypothalamic Hormone #9 Oxytocin or ___.
OT
Hypothalamic Hormone #4 Prolactin inhibiting hormone or ____, ________.
PIH, dopamine
Hypothalamic Hormone #3 Prolactin releasing hormone or _____.
PRH
Prolactin (PRL) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic ___ & ___.
PRH, PIH
Two parts of the pituitary gland 1. anterior pituitary or ____________. 2. posterior pituitary or ___________.
adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) targets the ______ gland _____.
adrenal, cortex
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) targets ___ _____ especially ______ and muscle tissue.
all cells, skeletal
4 types of pancreatic islets hormones
alpha, beta, delta, f-cells
Glucagon increase blood glucose by: -increasing synthesis of glucose from ____ ____ in the liver -increasing breakdown of live glycogen into _____ -increasing the ______ of glucose from liver into the blood.
amino acids, glucose, release
Endemic Goiter result in...
an enlarged thyroid gland
Human Growth Hormone (hGH), Prolactin(PRL), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Gonadotropins are all ________ pituitary hormones.
anterior
Hypothalamic Hormone #1-7 go to hypothalamus and to _______ pituitary.
anterior
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis is stimulated by Hypothalamic TRH and ________ Pituitary TSH
anterior
Hormones are ______ regulators of various body ______ such as ______ and reproduction.
chemical, functions, growth
Endocrine Tissue- Intestines hormones coordinates the digestive system functions. Most important ones are _________(CCK), ______, ______.
cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin
The Thyroid Gland is made of follicles filled with a ______.
colloid
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 5- ______ of T1 and T2 pairs to make T3 and T4
coupling
Thyroid hormones bind to _______ receptors on mitochondria or ribosome.
cytoplasmic
Calcitonin....
decrease blood calcium levels.
Insulin actions 1. _____ blood glucose 2. increases ______ synthesis in cells 3.increases ____ synthesis in cells
decreases, protein, fat
Endocrine glands include the... hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland and....
parathyroid gland adrenal gland pancreas
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 6- _______ of _______ chain by the follicular cells and digestion by lysosomal.
pinocytosis, thyroglobulin
Hypothalamic Hormone #8-9 go from the hypothalamus and into the ______ pituitary and are stored, until needed.
posterior
Hormone Receptors are _______ molecules located on the cell membrane, cytoplasm or ______.
protein, nucleus
Cushing's Disease symptoms Muscle wasting due to breakdown of _____ Spindly thin arms and legs Body fat redistribution Rounded face Fatty hump between shoulders Large abdomen with hanging-down fat Virilization and masculinization in ______
proteins, females
Androgens.. 1. stimulate _____ hair growth in puberty. 2. promotes muscle mass, formation of blood cells and _____ in females.
pubic, libido
Parathyroid Hormone increase blood calcium by.... 1. Increasing calcium _______ by kidneys. 2. releasing calcium from _____ into blood. 3. Activating _______ _ which increases calcium absorption from the intestines.
reabsorption, bones, vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone, and Calcitonin.....
regulate blood calcium levels
Gonadrotropins control male and female __________ functions.
reproductive
Melatonin controls Circadian Rhythm Setting- increased melatonin secretion may cause ______ _______ ______ (SAD) during winter.
seasonal affective disorder
The Pineal Gland is located in the roof of the _____ ventricles of the brain, and contains _____.
third, neurons
Endocrine Tissue-Thymus -________ promote development and maturation of the T-lymphocytes
thymosins
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates secretion of the ______ hormone.
thyroid
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the ______ gland.
thyroid
Hypothyriodism (in adults) is ___ _______ T3 & T4.
too little
Hyperthyroidism(in adults) is ___ _____ T3 & T4
too much
Three signs(P's) of Diabetes Mellitus Polyuria- excessive ______ Polydypsia- excessive ___ _______ Polyphagia- excessive ______
urination, water drinking, eating
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin causes _______ of blood vessels to ______ blood pressure.
vasoconstriction, increase
Oligopeptides are made from _-__ amino acids. Ex. Oxytocin
3, 10
Cretinism or Thyroid dwarfism retardation is reversible only if hormonal replacement therapy is started during the first _ months of the newborn child life.
4
F-cells __% and produce ________.
5, pancreatic
Delta cells __% and produce ______.
5, somatostatin
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism or Hashimoto's Disease...
Decreased Basal Metabolic Rate, and Body Temperature, Cold intolerance, Bradycardia (low H.R), lethargy, weight gain, goiter, and MYXEDEMA or fish skin.. is the most common
__________ disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.
Hashimoto's
Glycoproteins are made from ________-proteins complexes. Ex. Luteinizing hormone
carbohydrates
Adrenal medulla hormones are exactly the same in structure and function as the sympathetic nervous system _________ neurotransmitters. And help ____- flight behavior
catecholamines, fight
Melatonin controls Timing of sexual maturity- melatonin _______ cause premature puberty in children.
deficiency
Type 1 (Juvenile Diabetes, or Insulin-________-Diabetes-Mellitus(IDDM). -usually develops in people younger than __ years. -____ cells destroyed by own immune system -Insulin levels are low or absent. -Insulin injections are _____ for life.
dependent, 7, beta, required
Endemic Goiter occurs mostly in arid, dry, _____ inland regions.
desert
_______ intercellular communication is done by ions via gap junctions.
direct
Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication include ______, paracrine, _______, and synaptic.
direct, endocrine
The pancreas, are most ______ cells producing digestive enzymes, endocrine cells in _______ ____ produce hormones.
exocrine, pancreatic islets
Cretinism or Thyroid dwarfism is hypothyroidism(thyroid gland disorder) during _____ development or during early infancy.
fetal
Melatonin controls Antioxidants- in central nervous system against damage by _____ _____.
free radicals
Cortisol... 1. Increase _____ and glycogen synthesis. 2.Increase _____ ____ and proteins breaking. 3. Reduce ________ and allergic rashes.
glucose, fatty acids, inflammation
Insulin decrease blood glucose by: - Increasing the use of _____ by the cells -Increasing synthesis of ______ in the liver for storage of glucose
glucose, glycogen
Anterior Pituitary Hormones secretion is stimulated by releasing hormones (RH's) from _________ through hypophyseal portal system.
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is a small gland that is connected to the _______ by the __________.
hypothalamus, infundibulum
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is made in the ________ then stored and secreted from the _______ pituitary.
hypothalamus, posterior
Oxytocin (OT) is made in the _______ then stored and secreted from the _______ pituitary.
hypothalamus, posterior
Endocrine Tissue-Gonads -Testosterone and _____ in testes. -________ and progesterone in ovaries.
inhibin, estrogens
Anterior Pituitary Hormones secretion is suppressed by _______ hormones (IH's) from hypothalamus through hypophyseal portal system
inhibiting
The Pineal Gland's Neuroglia and the Pinealocytes secrete _______ hormone.
melatonin
Prolactin (PRL) stimulates ____ synthesis in the mammary glands.
milk
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 7- ______ of __ (Triiodothyronine) and T4(Tetraiodothyronine) into the blood.
secretion, T3
Oxytocin (OT) in males stimulates _____ propelling during ejaculation.
semen
Monoamines are made from a ____ amino acid which is modified or ______. Ex. Thyroid hormones
single, repeated
Somatomedins results in growth to adulthood and maintenance of _____ and muscles during adulthood.
skeleton
Aldosterone.... 1. Increases retention of ______ by kidneys. 2.Increases Excretion of ______ by kidneys. 3.Increases ____ rentention and blood volume.
sodium, potassium, water
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) stimulates liver synthesis and release of ___________.
somatomedins
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Step 2 - _______ of _______ by follicular cells and transport into follicular lumen.
synthesis, thyroglobulin
High blood levels of glucose, amino acids, or fatty acids after a meal (___ ___ _____) and stimulates the secretion of _____ and _____ the secretion of glucagon
the fed state, insulin, inhibits
