The Industrial Revolution

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Luddites

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769.

steam engines

What are the central ideas discussed in the texts? WHat details did you find in the texts that help you to determine the central ideas? Support your response with information from the lesson.

A central theme is that young children are working due to poverty. They can not go to school because education is often not free. There are laws that are against child labor.

Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?

Advances in medicine increased life expectancies.

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Combination Acts

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.

Crystal Palace

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements.

Factory Acts

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.

Industrial Revolution

How was Thomas Malthus's prediction that population growth would outstrip growth of the food supply proven wrong?

Industrialization improved productivity in all areas, including agriculture.

What was the significance of the development of the railroad?

It reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land.

Which developer helped build the Liège area into the center for transmitting industrial knowledge across Europe?

John Cockerill

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

Mines Act of 1842

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

Modest wage gains by factory workers were offset by a decline in the labor of children and married women.

Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Look at map

On page 657

Look at map

On page 662

How important were profits from colonial plantations and slave trading to the British national income in the eighteenth century?

Only a small portion of direct profits can be linked to slavery.

The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 35 miles per hour.

Rocket

What factors encouraged working-class British women to withdraw from paid labor in the nineteenth century?

The domestic ideals promoted by middle-class women

Why were limited liability banks a key feature of industrial development during the nineteenth century?

They allowed stockholders to decrease their risk.

Why did Latin American countries not industrialize in the early nineteenth century?

They were caught up in wars of independence.

After 1850, which group of married women was most likely to work for wages outside the home?

Those from the poorest families

What did the British social critic Thomas Malthus fear?

Unrestrained population growth would outpace the food supply and lead to greater poverty.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

What was one reason Britain turned to coal as a source of heat and power early in the Industrial Revolution?

Wood was becoming more scarce.

To what source of labor did the owners of early cotton factories in Britain turn?

Young orphans and abandoned children

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except

a single, distinct industrial use.

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes.

class-consciousness

The first factories of the Industrial Revolution were _________

cotton mills.

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

iron law of wages

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that

population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels.

The nineteenth-century gendered division of labor and lifestyles that cast men as breadwinners and women as homemakers

separate spheres

A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.

spinning jenny

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

tariff protection

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

By looking at the image and reading the caption on page 652, why do you suppose that women were often relegated to this type of labor?

At home work, or in a cottage. It was easier than most jobs and women had an understanding of how to make thread. Also it had something to do with their domestic roles

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

What legal steps did the British take to protect their lead in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Until 1825 it was illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain.

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons about child labor laws (Evaluating the Evidence 20.1): "It was notorious that children of a very tender age were dragged from their beds some hours before daylight, and confined in the factories not less than fifteen hours; and it was also notoriously the opinion of the faculty, that no children of eight or nine years of age could bear that degree of hardship with impunity to their health and constitution. It had been urged by the humane, that there might be two sets of young labourers for one set of adults. He was afraid this would produce more harm than good. The better way would be to shorten the time of working for adults as well as for children; and to prevent the introduction of the latter at a very early age. . . . The children . . . were prevented from growing to their full size. In consequence, Manchester, which used to furnish numerous recruits for the army, was now wholly unproductive in that respect. . . ." According to Peel in this passage,

children worked for fifteen hours per day and longer in textile factories.

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley, an eighteen-year-old mine worker (Evaluating the Evidence 20.2): "I'm sure I don't know how to spell my name. We go at four in the morning, and sometimes at half-past four. . . . We get out after four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven't time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons] are very heavy, they are the biggest corves anywhere about. The work is far too hard for me; the sweat runs off me all over sometimes. I am very tired at night. Sometimes when we get home at night we have not power to wash us, and then we go to bed. Sometimes we fall asleep in the chair. Father said last night it was both a shame and a disgrace for girls to work as we do, but there was naught else for us to do." According to Eggley's testimony in this passage,

her father was ashamed to have his girls work in the mines.

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill — a factory.

water frame