The Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Rule

"gunpowder empires;" unified the regions they conquered; ruled by a Sultan, which was a hereditary position, and there would be fights for the throne between the sons; Topkapi Palace (Iron gate) was the center of palace and the Sultan's home; lived in a harem (sacred place); the Sultan would choose four wives; the Sultan controlled bureaucracy through imperial council; the grand vizier led meetings of council while the sultan sat behind a screen and indicated his desires to the grand vizier; the empire was divided into provinces and districts governed by officials who were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies

janissary

A janissary was a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks; The Janissary corps was distinctive in the regular payment of a cash salary to the troops and differed from the contemporary practice of paying troops only during wartime.

pasha

A pasha was an appointed official in the Ottoman Empire who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan's court; The Ottoman sultan of Turkey and (by delegation) the viceroyal khedive of Egypt had the right to bestow the title of Pasha.

Constantinople was later renamed ________.

Istanbul

Fall of Constantinople

Mehmett II wanted to end the Byzantine Empire, so he attacked the city with 80,000 troops in 1453; the Byzantine Empire had sturdy walls to protect Constantinople, but the Ottoman Turks had gunpowder and massive cannons; they sacked and destroyed Constantinople happily because of the insults that were hurled at them by the inhabitants of the city; killed, plundered, and took individuals as slaves; Mehmet II later regretted ruining the city

sultan

Originally sultan meant person of authority or of power, later it came to be used as a title of certain Muslim rulers; Sultan Selim I, who considered himself a caliph, took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Arabia, Jerusalem, Makkah, and Madinah; Ottoman leader with supreme authority

Anatolian Peninsula

Place that the Ottoman Turks dominated along with the Balkans; The Anatolian Peninsula is the portion of Turkey located in Asia between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

harem

Sacred Place, the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided; The harem signified privacy that was very respected and honored.

Problems in the Ottoman Empire

Suleyman the Magnificent executed his two most able sons because he feared they would lead a revolt against him, leaving the weakest and only remaining son, Selim II; training of officials declined' central bureaucracy lost links to rural areas; corruption grew; taxes rose, leading to rebellions; merchants imitated European lifestyles; Europeans borrowed Ottoman military technology and decorated their homes with Ottoman materials such as rugs; coffee and tobacco were introduced to the Ottoman Empire, and the Sultans wanted to ban them because they thought they were bad for their culture; one Sultan outlawed coffee and tobacco and would have law enforcers execute any law-breakers they found

The Bosporus and the Dardanelles are separated by the Sea of Marmara.

True

The Ottoman advance into Europe was halted at ________, where the Ottoman soldiers were defeated in 1529.

Vienna

How was Islamic law applied to defining the legal position of women in the Ottoman Empire? a. Islamic law was more tolerant in defining the legal position of women. c. Islamic law was not at all tolerant in defining the legal position of women. b. Islamic law was less tolerant in defining the legal position of women. d. Islamic law was not applied in the Ottoman Empire.

a. Islamic law was more tolerant in defining the legal position of women.

Under the leadership of ____, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and gained dominance over the Balkans and the Anatolian Peninsula. a. Mehmet II c. Ali b. Sultan Selim I d. Sinan

a. Mehmet II

Which of the following statements about women in the Ottoman Empire is not true? a. Women were not allowed to own and inherit property. c. Women were permitted to seek divorce in certain cases. b. Women could not be forced into marriage. d. Women could gain power within the palace and serve as senior officials.

a. Women were not allowed to own and inherit property.

The Ottoman Empire preferred to a. administer their lands through local rulers and pashas. b. avoid violent conquest. c. force all conquered peoples to follow Islam. d. follow English law.

a. administer their lands through local rulers and pashas.

Ottoman art included a. distinctive woven rugs. c. Gothic cathedrals. b. wooden statues. d. religious paintings.

a. distinctive woven rugs.

Which of the following was one duty of a Pasha? a. to collect taxes c. to fight for the sultan b. to defend the faith d. to weave rugs

a. to collect taxes

During the reign of Sultan Selim I, _________________ was not part of the Ottoman Empire. a. Mesopotamia c. Arabia b. Greece d. Egypt

b. Greece

The Ottomans did not introduce _________ to Europe. a. cannons c. gunpowder b. tobacco d. rugs

b. tobacco

"Gunpowder empires" were empires that a. were maintained only by the constant presence of a heavily armed force. b. were formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered. c. disintegrated almost as quickly as they were formed. d. encountered zero resistance.

b. were formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered.

The advance of Suleiman's army was stopped at _________________. a. Budapest c. Vienna b. Rome d. Munich

c. Vienna

What was the sultan forced to do when the janissary force grew too large? a. fire its members c. kill its members b. invade the Balkans d. split it into different groups

c. kill its members

In the late thirteenth century, a new group of Turks under their leader Osman began to build power in a. Syria. b. the western end of the Danube Valley. c. the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. d. the eastern end of India.

c. the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula.

The Ottomans were defeated at the _________Gulf in 1571 CE. a. Gibraltar c. Aegean b. Venice d. Lepanto

d. Lepanto

Recruited from the local Christian population in the Balkans, the janissaries were __________ a. a guerrilla army that sought to drive out the Ottoman Turks. b. religious zealots who sought to convert Muslims to Mohommadism. c. used to teach sports to the Sultan's children. d. converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the Sultan.

d. converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the Sultan.

During the meetings of the imperial council, the sultan a. was often advised by the Queen Mother. b. sat at a raised table that allowed him to oversee all of his councilors. c. spied on his councilors with help from their mistresses. d. sat behind a screen and privately indicated his desires to the Grand Vizier.

d. sat behind a screen and privately indicated his desires to the Grand Vizier.

Ottoman Art

dramatic artistic achievements in architecture; rugs, palaces, etc; Sinan was an important architect who made hundreds of buildings; textiles and rugs flourished; Europeans would buy the rugs, which brought in wealth to the Ottoman Empire; silk industry resurfaced

"gunpowder empires"

empires formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered; An empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms; The term gunpowder empire is usually traced to the work of historian Marshall G. Hodgson, who sought to explain the rise of empires in the Islamic world.

ulema

group of religious advisers who administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims; This was a group of religious advisers to the Ottoman sultan; this group administered the legal system and schools for educating Muslims; The ulema were responsible for guiding the Muslim flock and maintaining Islamic law; Ottoman religious, legal, and educational advisers

Rise of the Ottoman Turks

in the late 13th century, the Turks came out of the Anatolian Peninsula; land given to them by the Seljuk Turks for helping to fight the Mongol invasion; the Ottoman Turks expanded out of the region after the Seljuk Turks declined; they took control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, which gave access to the Black Sea, the sea of Marmara, and the Mediterranean Sea; they had control of Istanbul, which was Constantinople; they would recruit citizens from the Balkans and train them to become warriors called janissaries; they defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo and annexed Bulgaria; they also conquered Mecca, Jerusalem, northern Africa, and as far northwest as the Straits of Gibraltar

Ottoman society

occupational groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral people; outside ruling elite, merchants were the most privileged class; women in this time had more freedom in the Ottoman empire than in other parts of the Islamic empire; they ruled their houses, could hold government positions, could own and inherit property, could not be forced into marriage, and could obtain a divorce

grand vizier

sultan's chief minister; chief official of a sultan

Expansion of the empire

the Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople to be their new capital, and it was later renamed Istanbul; western Asia and Africa; Sultan Selim I took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Arabia, Jerusalem, Makkah, and Madinah; Selim I declared him the new caliph (defender of faith and successor of Muhammad); advanced west along African coast; pashas collected taxes, administered the territory, etc; went to Europe and took Romanian territory Walachia; Suleyman I (1520) adcanced up Danube and was able to capture Belgrade; conquered most of Hungary in the Battle of Mohacs (1526); moved into Austria; extended into western Mediterranean; fleet was destroyed at Lepanto (1571); also stopped in Vienna; the Ottomans were repelled out of Europe

Religion in the Ottoman World

the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims; Sultans were responsible for guiding the Muslim flock and maintaining Islamic law, but eventually their authority would be passed onto the ulema, who ensured that Islamic law was adhered to; generally tolerant of non-Muslims, but citizens had to pay a tax if they did not convert to Islam

Mehmet II

under his leadership, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople