Theories- FINAL EXAM

A paradoxical intention (deliberate practice of neurotic habit or thought) would be most appropriate for all of the following client problems EXCEPT:

*Therefore, would be appropriate for fear of public places, fear of spiders, fear of public speaking

Which of the following statements reflects expressing accurate empathy according to Rogers?

"It sounds as if this is very frightening for you"

the self is

a superordinate organizing principle of the psyche

When a parent and child team up against the second parent, this is an example of_______________.

cross-generational coalition

_____________ is a process of borrowing from more than one theory.

eclecticism

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches share the basic practice of

fostering client insight into their personality dynamics

The combining of two or more theories into a coherent approach is called_______________________.

integration

The experience a client has, in which he or she rejects parts of self, becoming disconnected from the self as well as others, is referred to as ___________________________.

internalized oppression

Relational resilience refers to feminist counselors ________________________________________.

modeling that safety and wellbeing of a relationship is more important than being right in a relationship

From the perspective of the _______________ approach, there is an external, knowable "truth" and the counseling relationship is hierarchical in which the counselor serves to teach and guide clients in better ways of being.

modernism

The primary treatment task of the working phase is ________________________.

monitoring the quality of the therapeutic relationship

Regarding integration, it requires _______________________ than using a single theoretical model and should be approached carefully and thoughtfully.

more skill and more discipline

The experience in feminist counseling, in which both the client and the counselor see, know, and experience responsiveness from each other is known as ____________________.

mutual empathy

The daughter has regular visits with her father and appears distressed when her mother makes these negative comments. The counselor might categorize the mother's comments as a form of______________.

triangulation

A cognitive-behavioral therapist uses functional analysis to assess what the client is doing and thinking before, during, and after the symptom in order identify cause and effect patterns.

true

Systemic approaches are a set of theories that conceptualize an individual's symptoms as arising ______________________________.

within family and relational dynamics

Which statement below best represents the existential concept of freedom and responsibility?

A person's greatest freedom is how he/she chooses to make meaning and respond to life circumstances.

Which of the following statements is a poor cultural adaptation/consideration for an existential counselor working with Salma or any other client from a diverse background?

Apply existentialist concepts of freedom and responsibility.

Existential counselors will help clients to focus on changing themselves when the situation is unchangeable. How might the counselor accomplish this?

By helping a client going through a difficult divorce examine how his choices in dealing with the divorce will impact his children in the long term.

Which of the following goals would be LEAST appropriate for an existential counselor to suggest for Salma in the early phase of therapy?

Developing Salma's sense of identity so it is less dependent on her parent's expectations.

Jamie, a systemic counselor, is working with Don, who reports having repeated arguments several time a week with his girlfriend because he gets upset when she is running late. Which of the following is an example of a suggestion Jamie might make to interrupt and alter this pattern?

Don should first give her a sincere compliment before making a comment about her running late.

Regarding the cognitive-behavioral counselors' approach to empathy, which of the following is true?

Empathy allows the counselor to build rapport in order to get to intervention that will change behavior/thoughts but do not believe empathy by itself is curative.

Which of the following is the best example of gender role expectations?

Haley feels depressed because she often puts the needs of others before her own

_____________ is based on the premise that all people tend naturally toward positive growth.

Humanism

Which of the following statements best characterizes the nature of individual sessions in DBT?

In individual sessions a relationship is established that validates and nurtures the client while demanding behavioral change.

The author identifies four philosophical schools. What are they?

Modernism, phenomenological, systemic, postmodern

Which of the following statement best describes the concept of irrational beliefs?

Most clients believe that the activating event causes the symptom, but cognitive-behavioral counselors believe it is the irrational belief about the activating event that is the cause and therefore the focus of change.

Person-centered counseling was developed by ______________________________.

Rogers

All of the following statements are thoughtful existential case conceptualizations of Salma's presenting issues EXCEPT:

Salma's depressive symptoms may be rooted in her parent's rigid rules.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies skillful integration practices.

Skillful integration involves grounding in one set of philosophical assumptions and integrating practices from other models in a way that fits with chosen set of philosophical assumptions.

The concept of unconditional positive regard is most accurately explained in which of the following statements?

The counselor focuses on the client's basic human worth

Which of the following best describes the role of the cognitive-behavioral counselor?

The counselor's role is educational, using expertise to help client learn how to manage thoughts, feelings, and emotions more effectively.

Which of the following statements best describes counselor genuineness or congruence?

The outer expressions of the counselor matching their inner experience.

Collaborative counselors believe that:

The process of mutual exploring and wondering provides an opportunity for clients to see their situation differently.

Which of the following statements best represents the effect the competency movement, the expanded research base, and the evidence-based treatment movements have on theory?

These movements have changed how theory is conceptualized, adapted and applied.

the ego is

a complex representation of the self that contains both conscious and unconscious elements

Syncretism refers to _________________________________________.

a haphazard approach of doing whatever the counselor feels like

Therapeutic theories provide...

a means for sifting through information and identifying key areas of change

One of the foundational assumptions of feminist counseling is that the personal is political. This refers to the idea that _________________________________________________.

a person's internal reality is inherently connected with political issues from the broader social context

An I-Thou relational encounter is best represented by which of the following examples?

a profound moment of witnessing

Freudian psychoanalysis is considered the root of all psychodynamic approaches. This type of treatment approach is characterized by all of the following concepts EXCEPT:

a therapist who displays warmth. *Therefore, blank-slate approach, long-term treatment, multiple weekly sessions

The goal: develop more realistic expectations of performance at work is an example of ______________________.

a working phase goal

When a person has integrated polarities, they have ____________________________.

accepted more aspects of the self

Goals in narrative counseling focus on clients enacting preferred narratives which involves increasing clients' sense of ______________, the sense that they influence the direction of their lives.

agency

Which of the following statements is TRUE when viewing the family as a system?

all behavior makes sense in context

Couples who choose not to have children; same-sex relationships; immigrant families wanting to preserve their roots are all examples of _________________________.

alternative discourses

Maurice believes it is time for Jesse to increase his integration of polarities between being a strong versus weak brother/son. What intervention might Maurice use to help Jesse accomplish this goal?

an enactment or experiment

Efficacious treatments meet all of the same criteria as EST's and which of the following additional criteria?

are subjected to two independent investigations

Gender-role analysis, a defining intervention used by feminist counselors, involves ________________________________________.

asking questions of clients to help identify cultural rules from multiple contexts that may be interacting with the current problem

The cognitive-behavioral approach involves four phases:

assessment; target behaviors/thoughts for change; educate; replace and retrain

Carlos, a narrative therapist for 9 years, at times integrates practices from other approaches in order to broaden intervention options that may work for his client, but remains essentially narrative in his approach. This is referred to as _______________.

assimilative integration

Gestalt theory is considered an __________ approach to counseling, focusing on the moment-to-moment flow of experience in the counseling relationship.

atheoretical

Feminist counselors use assertiveness training to help empower clients. The goal of assertiveness training is for clients to ___________________________________.

attend to both the needs of self and others with balance

Gestalt counselors believe neuroses and other problems develop when a person

avoids direct contact with parts of the self

The primary goal of Gestalt counseling is _____________________________.

awareness

Ann is seeing a cognitive-behavioral counselor who asks her to log the frequency, duration, and severity of anxiety. The counselor is assessing Ann's _________________________.

baseline functioning

________________ approaches use classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory and focus on analyzing and intervening on observable and measurable behaviors.

behavioral

Object relations theorists are most concerned with how an infant internalizes relationships in the first three years of life, the impact on adult personality, and how __________ relationships become the template for all future relationships.

caregiver

When a counselor asks, "Can you say more about what you mean by feeling angry?" This is an example of _____________________.

clarifying

Which of the following is a major principle in the feminist counseling process?

clients experience the counseling relationship as empathetic and authentic

Increasing the clients' ability to consistently connect with and act from the Self to reduce potential problems in the future, is an example of a ___________________ counseling task.

closing

The role of the counselor in narrative counseling is often described as the ____________.

co-author

____________________ approaches are based on the premise that psychological disorders result from dysfunctional thinking and beliefs and that improvement comes from modifying thought patterns and beliefs.

cognitive

Jung believed in the ____________________, which extends beyond the individual conscious and unconscious, can be traced in cultures throughout the world and represents the evolutionary mind of humanity.

collective unconscious

Jungian analysis is one of the more influential approaches in Japan, in part because the concept of the ______________________, which acknowledges the role of the community in Japanese culture.

collective unconscious

Maricella, a counselor for 15 years, has chosen to incorporate the core conditions of person-centered counseling to build relationships and solution-generating questions from solution-focused counseling to generate hope. This is an example of ______________.

common factors approach

Interventions in Gestalt counseling are designed to encourage clients to make__________ and complete the __________ cycle.

contact/encounter

Regarding diversity and multicultural competence, it is important to recognize that everything one thinks, does or says is...

contextualized and should be informed by diversity issues

Systemic counselors view the family as ___________________________________.

continually growing and changing in response to stages of development and unexpected life events

The dialectical world view is made up of three primary characteristics: interrelatedness or wholeness, polarity, and ____________________.

continuous change

According to feminist counselors, when conceptualizing cases, it is important to consider how marginalization ________________________________________________.

contributes to a person feeling rejected for one's otherness

The research and evidence base related to the existential approach for counseling indicate the most important quality in counseling is the _______________________________.

counseling relationship

An egalitarian relationship is a critical aspect to feminist counseling and involves_________________________________________.

counselors and clients discussing power dynamics inherent in the therapy process

Symptom based treatment plans are developed from the medical model and focus on symptoms, making them relevant to the medical community but limiting...

counselors from conceptualizing treatment in useful ways

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a counselor's assessment of a family's boundaries?

counselors must proceed slowly and mindfully to accurately assess where and how boundaries are a problem

The vast majority of psychodynamic theorists share all of the following same basic assumptions EXCEPT:

counselors project onto the client interrelational patterns from earlier unresolved issues. *Therefore, the personality is structured in various sub structures such as ego, id, and superego; a person's personality is significantly affected by one's relationship with one's mother; insight into one's personality and internal dynamics can help resolve psychopathologies

Existential counseling requires facing the reality of death, loneliness, and responsibility for one's life. This requires the counselor to promote __________ in the client.

courage

Narrative counseling is based on the premise that we "story" and____________________________ using available dominant discourses-broad societal stories, socio-cultural practices, assumptions, expectations about how we should live.

create meaning of life events

Narrative counselors use _______________ and ________________ to help clients trace the effects of dominant discourses and to empower clients to make more conscious choices about which discourses they allow to affect their life.

deconstructive listening; questions

An example of an early phase goal for Jesse would be _________________________________________.

decrease suppression of feelings and increase ability to express more vulnerable emotions

One example of an initial phase counseling task in Jungian analysis might be to

develop a working relationship by creating a collaborative educator relationship

According to Adlerians, basic mistakes are faulty assumptions such as overgeneralization, false goals of security, misperceptions of life's demands, and minimization of one's self-worth that __________________________________.

develop in childhood as children make sense of loneliness, parental anger, trauma and loss

Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is an evidence-based short term, strengths based approach which resolves trauma and increases self-efficacy. It integrates all of the following elements EXCEPT:

diagnosis/medical model. *Therefore, family systems theory; humanistic approaches; child development theory

The dialect between acceptance and change involves ____________________________.

dialectic of embracing the good and bad without judgement

In CBT, rigid goals are not the purpose, but rather compassionate responsiveness that allows for flexibility while maintaining unwavering clearness of purpose. This is referred to as ______________________.

dialectic of unwavering centeredness and compassionate flexibility

_____________________ is delivered through a comprehensive program of individua land group treatment modalities, including phone support and case consultation.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

According to narrative counselors, the following statement: "A 'happy' and 'good' person, should get married, get a stable, high-paying job, have kids, get a nice car, buy a house, volunteer at your child's school, and build a white-picket fence," is an example of:

dominant discourse

___________________ are broad societal stories, sociocultural practices, assumptions, and expectations about how we should live.

dominant discourses

Feminist counseling relationships should not be misinterpreted as conflict free. "Good conflict" in a counseling relationship involves all EXCEPT:

each person never feeling disconnected. *Therefore, each person feeling heard and understood; each person remaining present and responsive; each person feeling a sense of safety and trust

In general, most schools of feminist and multicultural counseling will consider all of the following aspects of a person's experience EXCEPT:

effect of irrational emotion. *Therefore, effect of gender, culture, relationship

The philosophical reasons for a counselor engaging clients from a position of warmth and empathy include which of the following?

empathy is the vehicle for change in therapy

A woman who was responsible to be the peacemaker growing up and who serves the same role in her husband's family, suddenly finds herself angry and combative. This is an example of __________________________.

enantiodromia (the tendency of things to change into their opposites)

In therapy, he expresses experiencing moments of _____________, where he has intense awareness of how each decision irrevocably shapes his life.

existential angst

Humanistic-existential counseling approaches are sometimes referred to as ___________ approaches because they focus on a client's inner experience.

experiential

Asking your client to speak aloud while in session what she is afraid to say to an actual person, would be an example of _____________.

experiment

The not-knowing in collaborative counseling refers to how counselors think about what they (think they) know and the intent with which they introduce this knowing (expertise, truths, etc.) to the client. This is an attempt to avoid ______________________.

expertise

The principle of authenticity as it relates to counselor-client relationships in feminist counseling is best explained as the counselor _______________________________.

expressing responsiveness keeping the client's well being in mind

In narrative counseling, ___________________ refers to separating people from their problems to create space for new identities and life stories to emerge.

externalizing

Feminist counselors do not take on male clients.

false

It is likely that an unplanned approach of integration or eclecticism will result in the counselor doing what he/she feels like with little understanding of how or why.

false

The counselor need not address diversity issues with each treatment task, as long as diversity is addressed by some tasks in the working phase.

false

All of the following are types of integration EXCEPT:

favorite intervention integration. *Therefore, common factors; assimilative integration; systemic treatment selection

Existentialists maintain that a person's __________ plays a significant role in their presenting problem/psychopathology.

fear of death

Existential angst refers to all of the following EXCEPT:

feeling nervous about something that is going to happen. *Therefore, contemplating the possibility of meaningless existence; becoming aware of choices, freedom, responsibilities; becoming aware how each decision shapes one's life

empathy is the

feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else

It can be said that Gestalt counselors believe that every emotion has a physiological component. All of the following are an accurate example of this concept EXCEPT:

fidgeting due to recent surgery. *Therefore, a tight jaw as a sign someone is holding something back; hunching as a sign of insecurity; folded arms as a sign they are closed off

Within the systems approach, a distinction is made between ___________ and______________ which influenced systemic practices into those that lean more toward finding an objective truth and those in which counselor and client co construct rules for establishing truth.

first order cybernetics; second order cybernetics

___________________ refers to shifts in family structure during the early stages of counseling, which seem like radical change, but the underlying family rules remain the same.

first-order change

When a person-centered counselor focuses on the process in counseling, this means the counselor _____________________________.

focuses on how the client interacts with self and others

The idea that Gestalt counselors use their whole personhood to make real authentic contact with clients is best explained as counselors __________________________.

freely sharing their thoughts and feelings as they occur in session

Aaron Beck used a cognitive approach which identifies schemas and core beliefs that ______________________________________, and changes them using thought records.

fuel and maintain problems

Which of the following is an example of an externalizing question?

have there been times when you have been able to get the best of the anxiety?

Feminist and cultural counselors place high value in the client's ability to be authentically themselves in relationship with others. This can best be explained as the client ________________________________________.

having a sense of identity from developing a full awareness of the client's own personal values and wishes

Regarding person-of-the-therapist competence, research indicates that clients need to feel...

heard; understood; accepted

Existential counseling and person-centered counseling work toward ________________________________________.

helping people live more authentic and self-actualized lives

Gestalt counselors offer clients their presence in __________ experiences in the counseling session.

here-and-now

When a Gestalt counselor is "assessing the field," the counselor will likely ask the client all of the following questions EXCEPT:

how did others experience you? *Therefore, what was your experience? how did you contribute to creating your experience? how did you contribute to the experience of others?

When a narrative counselor wants to separate the problem, such as depression, from the person, they might ask a question such as:

how has Depression affected your life?

In person-centered counseling the focus of the approach is on ______________.

how things happen

Feminist approaches are based on the premise that ____________________________.

humans seek and grow through connection with others throughout the lifespan

All of the following are stages in Jungian analytic psychology EXCEPT

identification. *Therefore, stages include confession, education, and transformation

After creating a theory-specific case conceptualization, working and closing phase goals can be determined by

identifying two or three key patterns

Feminist counselors see women as developing the self ______________________.

in and through relationships

Clinical treatment plans...

include therapeutic tasks, client goals, and interventions

According to Irving Yalom, there are four areas existential counseling helps clients address. All of the following are addressed in existential counseling with clients EXCEPT:

inclusion and authority. *Therefore, death and anxiety; freedom and responsibility; isolation and relationship

All of the following are examples of process oriented goals EXCEPT:

increase problem solving abilities. *Therefore, increase ability to identify emotions in present moment; increase sense of agency and proactive behavior in work life; increase sense of responsibility for own problems and their resolution.

All of the following general goals related to "mental health" fit with psychodynamic approaches EXCEPT:

increased differentiation. *Therefore, decreased use of defense mechanisms; decreased irrational impulses; increased ability to experience mature dependency fit

Feminist counselors who work with women with low self-esteem may focus counseling on self-esteem training which involves _________________________________________.

increasing a client's self awareness and confidence

Behavioralists argue that the ______________ is responsible for choosing thoughts and beliefs that results in healthy behaviors and positive emotions.

individual

All of the following are schools with the post-modern philosophical approach EXCEPT:

individualism. *Therefore, constructivism; social constructivism; structuralism/post constructuralism

Similar to other phenomenological approaches, Gestalt counselors should carefully consider values and assumptions about emotional expression and __________ when working with clients from various populations.

individuality

The goal to increase awareness of the persona and how it is maintained is a good example of an early or working phase goal and aimed at ______________________.

individuation

Basic mistakes result in _________________ and _______________.

inferiority; low social interest

Clinical treatment plans consist of ___________, ___________, and __________ phases of treatment.

initial; working; closing

According to person-centered counseling, all of the following are necessary and sufficient elements for therapeutic change EXCEPT:

insight. *Therefore, unconditional positive regard, counselor congruence/genuineness, accurate empathetic understanding

Most contemporary practitioners utilize cognitive-behavioral approaches which _______________________________________.

integrate cognitive and behavioral techniques to change thoughts, behaviors, and feelings

Which of the following is an important part of the process of systemic counseling?

interrupting and redirecting the interactional sequence

A psychoanalyst views symptoms presented by the client as expressions of

intrapsychic conflict

Like Beck, Ellis assessed for faulty cognitions, called __________________ which were typically flagged by words such as "would", "should", "ought", "must".

irrational beliefs

Counselors are responsible to choose a theory and techniques which best fit the client and the situation, and to develop a treatment plan that does all of the following, EXCEPT:

is consistent with the counselor's worldview

Which of the following statements best describes the value of the goal writing worksheet?

it combines key elements from the client's description of the problem and findings from it can be targeted for change

Common factors proponents, supported by meta analyses of outcome studies, contend that the effectiveness of counseling has more to do with _________________________ than with a specific theory?

key elements found in all theories

A good treatment plan will reflect a chosen theory by the ________________ used to write treatment tasks.

language and interventions

The mental health movement to become more evidence based involves using existing research to inform clinical decisions and treatment planning, and which of the following?

learning evidence-based treatments that are specific for working with distinct populations and issues.

Phenomenology is the study of the internal, subjective world. What person-centered intervention is most important for attending to this internal world of the client?

listening

Gestalt counselors work with clients to confront their "shoulds" in order to help clients____________________________________.

live authentically

Self- actualization can be defined as ________________________________________.

living an authentic, meaningful life

All of the following statements are true about the dream work of gestalt counseling EXCEPT:

meaning of dreams are predetermined. *Therefore, the counselor does not know the interpretation of the dream better than the client; dreams are attempts to integrate parts of the self; the counselor and the client explore how parts of self interact in the dream.

Most existentialists believe that life is inherently __________. Existential counselors work with clients to help clients find life __________.

meaningless/meaning

Asking questions such as: "What do you do for fun? What do you like about living here?" allows the narrative counselor to ________________________________________.

meet the person apart from their problems

The process that Collaborative counselors use to invite their client to join them in becoming curious about their lives in new ways is referred to as:

mutual puzzling

_____________ refers to the idea of no change or "more of the same" feedback, whereas__________________ may be experienced by a family as a problem or crisis such as a fight with a spouse.

negative feedback; positive feedback

Stress inoculation training helps clients change ______________ and _______________, and increase coping skills by using a three phase approach: education, training, and practice.

negative self talk; unhelpful inner dialogue

Which three general categories do Adlerian's use for psychodynamic formulation during assessment?

neurotic symptoms; psychotic symptoms; personality disorders

The term, homeostasis, in the case of families can be defined as ____________________.

norms that create stability for the family

The pretreatment state of DBT consists of ______________________________.

obtaining client agreement to the terms and length of treatment

The statement: "The more one tries to change (and be who one is not), the more one stays the same." refers to what concept in Gestalt counseling?

paradoxical theory of change

All of the following are Jungian analytic interventions EXCEPT:

pathologizing and diagnosing behavior. *Therefore, identifying symbols and decoding their meaning for clients; dream analysis using archetypal symbols and myth to find meaning for clients; interpretation of synchronistic events to determine meaning are interventions used

Jung's original concept of personality types identifies three general elements comprised of two polarities. These elements include all of the following, EXCEPT:

perceiving/judging which refers to how people orient to things outside themselves. *Therefore, elements include extravert/introvert which describe general attitude and orientation; thinking/feeling which refers to how people organize information and made decisions; intuitive/sensing which describes people's typical style of experiencing the world.

The _________ is the part of the personality that develops in our interactions and results in problems when a person identifies with this rather than the Self.

persona

From the perspective of the _______________ approach, the truth is subjective and the counseling relationship is an empathic one in which the counselor serves to create contexts that support the natural process of self-actualization.

phenomenological

Maslow, an early humanist, believed in four areas of the most basic needs that must be in place for a person to self-actualize. The four areas are:

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem

Responsible vs. carefree is an example of a problematic _________________.

polarity

New information or news, experienced in a system is referred to as which of the following?

positive feedback

From the perspective of the _______________ approach, there are multiple, coexisting truths and the role of the counselor is as nonexpert and co constuctor of meaning, in which the counselor serves to facilitate dialogue in which the client can construct new meaning and interpretations.

post-modernism

One of the primary concerns with a client who has an alternative sexual identity is the_______________________________.

potential to live from an inauthentic person to avoid negative social consequences

RBT counseling includes _______________, which are a developed hierarchy to structure treatment, and assessment for _______________, which are necessary for the client to achieve primary goals.

primary behavioral targets; secondary behavioral targets

Like other depth psychology, Jungian analysis believes transference plays an important role the process of counseling and consists of a three state approach that entails recognizing ________________, _______________, and ____________________.

projections; culture, gender, and archetypal elements; who the counselor is apart from the projection

Countertransference takes place when a counselor

projects back onto a client in a way that affects therapeutic neutrality

Which of the following characteristics best describes the stance of existential counselors?

promoting responsibility and independence

Efficacious and specific treatments meet all of the same criteria as EST's and which of the following additional criteria?

prove superior to at least two other studies

__________________ is the hallmark intervention of cognitive-behavioral counseling and aims to teach clients psychological principles and how to use them to handle problems.

psychoeducation

Regarding interventions, DBT counselors teach all of the following skills EXCEPT:

psychological regulation. *Therefore, mindfulness; emotional regulation; distress tolerance

All of the following are dysfunctional schemas that Beck postulated were commonly associated with specific personality disorders, EXCEPT:

psychotic "I am crazy". *Therefore, avoidant "I might get hurt"; histrionic "I need to impress others"; compulsive "errors are bad"

After the pretreatment phase, DBT consist of which of the following three stages?

reduce crisis behaviors and increase coping skills; reduce trauma-related symptoms; increase life-enriching behaviors

Which of the following statements is the best example of a goal in existential counseling?

reduce existential anxiety and fear of being alone

The primary goal of cognitive-behavioral counseling is to ___________________________.

reduce presenting symptoms and problems

Common factors research and evidence-based treatment research have forced counselors and therapists to

reexamine their assumptions about theory

When considering DSM diagnosis, feminist counselors __________________________.

refuse to utilize such classification systems

Systemic counselors believe that the symptoms clients present within counseling are___________________.

related to systemic dynamics

Systemic counselors view the presenting problem not as an individual problem but a__________ one, specifically an interactional one, even if the counselor is working with an individual.

relational

Feminists maintain that humans are primarily ________________; the desire for____________ is the primary motivating force.

relational; connection

_______________ questions are used to gently move a client from one exception of the problem to developing concrete and motivating action plans to manage the problem.

scaffolding

____________________ is the concept that refers to when a system restructures its homeostasis in response to positive feedback. During this time, the rules that govern the system fundamentally shift.

second-order change

One of the most basic assumptions of the DBT approach is that clients ____________________________________________.

seek change but do not want to let go of the old way of doing things

Which of the following is the overarching goal in person-centered counseling?

self-actualization

DBT uses contingency management procedures to make interactions between client and counselor a learning opportunity. The observing limits procedure, a specific application of contingency management, is used to _____________________________________.

set and maintain appropriate limits such as not extending sessions if the client is late, not accepting phone calls at home, not sharing personal information

Lifestyle assessment is at the heart of Adlerian case conceptualization and includes assessment of all of the following EXCEPT:

social inferiority. *Therefore, assessment includes family constellations and birth order, parenting style, organ inferiority or physical weak points

Mark, a cognitive-behavioral counselor remains neutral and uses open-ended questions to help his client discover the illogical nature of her beliefs and to use her own logic to convince her of needed change. This intervention is called ________________________.

socratic method OR guided discovery

In the broadest sense, the goal of Narrative Counseling is to help clients enact their preferred realities and identities. Which of the following is an example of a goal meeting this criteria?

solidify a sense of personal identity that derives self worth from meaningful activities, relationships, and values rather than body size.

Susie reports that she perceives her brothers as being "all-good" and her sister as "all-bad" because her brothers took care of her and stuck up for her growing up while her sister often got all the attention at school and stole friends and boyfriends. This type of defense mechanism is called?

splitting

To increase awareness, Gestalt counselors often encourage clients to ________________.

stay with difficult feelings

Similarly to solution-based counselors, postmodern counselors focus on the client's________________.

strengths

Unlike other depth psychologists of the time, Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology focused on understanding a person's

subjective reality

DBT counselors use all of the following types of client agreements EXCEPT_____________________ to help manage the type of problems that arise working with clients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.

substance abuse treatment. *Therefore, a one year commitment and attendance; circumstances of unilateral termination; suicidal, self harming or interfering behaviors

In addition to individual sessions and group skills training, DBT may utilize all of the following ancillary treatments EXCEPT:

surgical intervention. *Therefore, psychopharmacology; substance abuse treatment; vocational counseling

Unlike symptom based goals which do not describe what the counselor will do, working phase clinical goals address the theoretical conceptualization that will directly guide...

symptom reduction

Adlerian counselors identify all of the following as self-statements that clients make as targets for intervention EXCEPT:

symptom-based self statements. *Therefore, inferiority based self statements, inadequacy based self statements, guilt based self statements are targeted for intervention

Systemic counselors view ______________ as playing a role in maintaining relational homeostasis and a sense of normalcy.

symptoms

From the perspective of the _______________ approach, the truth is contextual and the counseling relationship is an empathic one in which the counselor serves to participate in the system in order to "perturb" it so that it can reorganize itself.

systemic

Models that provide an organized template for integrating theories that incorporate evidence-based practices and target appropriate treatment for a specific client are referred to as __________________________.

systemic treatment selection

Some counselors draw techniques from multiple approaches with more concern for identifying interventions likely to work for the client than concern for theoretical principles. This is referred to as _____________________________.

technical eclecticism

The model that best highlights the essence of cognitive approaches is ___________________ developed by Albert Ellis for rational emotive behavioral therapy.

the ABC model

In Freudian and ego psychology, analysts typically maintain a neutral relationship to clients to provide a "blank slate" upon which clients can project unconscious material. This neutral stance also provides which of the following?

the analyst the opportunity to examine their countertransference on the client

Competencies refers to a necessary set of skills, consistent across all disciplines, in which the counselor must learn to interact in a way that is best for...

the client

The self of the counselor is used to promote change for clients. All of the following statements expand on this concept accurately EXCEPT:

the client and the counselor are in a fully egalitarian relationship. *Therefore, the counselor needs to be real even with difficult emotions; the self of the counselor is used to provide clients with a role model; the counselor and the client have an authentic human encounter

In existential counseling, the counselor-client relationship involves cultivating the type of presence that characterizes I-Thou connections. The experience of the client is best described in which of the following statements?

the client feels seen and heard on a profound level

Which of the following best describes transference?

the client projects attributes from unresolved issues with primary caregivers to the counseling relationship

Of importance to the impact of counseling is the placebo effect, which refers to which of the following?

the client's belief that the counselor will solve their problem

Existential counselors rely most heavily on ______________ to promote change for their clients.

the counseling relationship

Person-centered counselors view ____________ as the primary vehicle for change.

the counseling relationship

What is the fundamental instrument of change in person-centered counseling?

the counselor

The concept of "joining" a system is best described by which of the following statements?

the counselor accommodates to the client

The concept of a holding environment as it relates to the counselor-client relationship incorporates which of the following?

the counselor offers personal information and opinions

All of the following are ways to conceptualize the philosophy of an approach EXCEPT:

the cultural context of counselor. *Therefore, its concept of truth/reality; nature of counseling relationship; role of counselor in change process

Writing client goals is challenging because it requires the counselor to conceptualize the interplay between all of the following factors EXCEPT:

the diagnosis. *Therefore, presenting problem, personal and relational dynamics, psychiatric symptoms are considered

What is the primary vehicle for change in Gestalt counseling?

the person of the counselor

Which of the following statement regarding narrative counseling approaches is most accurate?

the problem is separate from the person

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches in counseling are considered depth psychologies because they explore

the unconscious mind

When a counselor views the family as a system, this means that the counselor accepts the basic premise that ____________________________________.

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Most evidence-based treatments use _________________ to combine two or more theories into a single coherent theoretical model to improve or expand the potentials each theory may have alone.

theoretical integration

Amy listens with a calm and even demeanor, wondering what is happening in her client's life that is leading him to engage in risky behavior. Which term best describes Amy's reaction as she listens to her client?

therapeutic presence

All of the following are true about archetypes EXCEPT:

they are gender specific. *Therefore, they are universal patterns and can be traced across cultures; they are powerful forces that can either be constructive or healing; there are certain archetypes that exists in everyone.

In what way do Gestalt counselors differ from other counselors?

they are willing to be imperfect role models and do not hide behind a professional veneer

Regarding the counseling relationship, Jungian style counselors work collaboratively with clients in pursuing their unique journey of individuation, which they are able to do because which of the following?

they participate in their own analysis in order to understand the process and serve as a guide

In Narrative Counseling, the counselor helps clients create more balanced descriptions of the events of their lives to enable clients to build more accurate and appreciative descriptions of themselves and others. This process is referred to as:

thickening descriptions

Dialectical conceptualization is about finding balance between polar opposites. In the psychological realm opposites take the form of ____________, ____________, or_____________.

thoughts; emotions; behaviors

The DBT relationship in counseling is characterized by ____________________.

three sets of dialectic tensions

The long term goal of cognitive-behavioral counseling is best described by which of the following statements?

to enable clients to independently solve their own problems by recognizing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors early enough to prevent them from creating distress.

The purpose of enactments in systemic counseling is___________________________________________________.

to observe and restructure couple and family interactions in your office

EST's meet all of the following criteria EXCEPT:

treatment based on theoretical orientation vs. use of written treatment manual

Each phase of the clinical treatment plan is comprised of ______________ and ____________.

treatment tasks; client goals

Before Adlerian counselors can move to working and closing phase goals, which focus mostly on increasing social interest, they must first address early phase goals which address crisis symptoms.

true

DBT also utilizes practitioner agreements which include: every reasonable effort, ethical conduct, personal contact, respect, confidentiality, and consultation.

true

Encouragement is a key concept in Adlerian counseling and requires the counselor to believe that clients can change their lives and to inspire them to take real-world action based on insight.

true

Newer forms of psychodynamic practice emphasize __________, while more traditionally oriented and analytical forms of practice emphasize __________.

two-person psychology; one-person psychology

Freud focused his work in which area of the consciousness?

unconscious

Ethical counseling concerns all of the following EXCEPT:

understanding the right of parents to any and all information pertaining to their children

__________________ is the term used to describe when stories or subplots in which the problem-saturated story do not play out in its typical way with no dramatic ending or particularly notable outcome.

unique outcome

"Given your history of abuse, it makes sense that you would be afraid to try a relationship again." This is an example of which intervention?

validating

Regarding interventions, the two core strategies of DBT are _____________ and______________________.

validation; problem solving

Family systems counselors are fundamentally strengths-based. This means focusing on each of the following EXCEPT:

viewing individual as enemy of family. *Therefore, advocating against labeling families as dysfunctional; focusing on spiritual beliefs or hobbies to develop interventions; recognizing the family as supportive and protective to individuals.

Max, a borderline client who professes to believe that all people are untrustworthy, is seeing a DBT therapist who is working to address this belief and help Max see that this expectation is not always accurate. From a DBT perspective, what is the counselor doing?

working to engage dialectic tension in order to achieve synthesis and transcend the tensions

Cognitive-behavioral counselors frequently use _______________ to spell out goals and expectations and to increase motivation and dedication with clients.

written contracts

Which of the following statements best describes Adler's belief about striving for superiority and betterment of self?

In the natural effort to better the self, each person develops a lifestyle, a set of attitudes that becomes a template through which the person makes sense of life.

Which of the following statements best expresses the long term goal of Adlerian counseling?

The goal is for clients to develop the courage to face their insecurities and go to the places they fear most.

Which statement best expresses the goal of counseling in Jungian analytic psychology?

The goal is to build a relationship between the ego and the Self to create a unique sense of individuality and connection with life.

Which of the following statements best describes the Adlerian use of "the question" in assessment?

The question assesses the underlying purpose for the symptom because the response often provides clues to what is being avoided.

Common factors research reflects the importance of the counseling relationship in predicting therapeutic outcomes as evidenced by the strong correlation of_______________ evaluation with positive outcomes.

client

There are two general categories of client factors which impact the effectiveness of therapy: _________________ such as motivation to change and personal strengths and resources, as well as ________________ such as social support and community involvement.

client characteristics; extra therapeutic factors

A sense of individual inferiority impairs a person's social interest and can take all of the following forms, EXCEPT:

societal inferiority. *Therefore, can take forms biological inferiority, personal inferiority, cosmic inferiority

Analyzing childhood experiences, symbols, dreams, and archetypes to bring the unconscious to conscious awareness is an intervention typical of the _______________ phase of Jungian analysis.

working

The first and often the most difficult step in treatment planning is which of the following?

writing a theory specific case conceptualization

Which of the following statements is TRUE about a therapist who is competent working with diversity issues?

A therapist who admits handling diversity issues is a career-long struggle and a journey that adds depth to the person-of-the-therapist

Which of the following statements is most true?

Jung's goal was to help relieve client suffering by functioning as a guide to move clients toward greater integration of the unconscious and conscious.

Unlike symptom based plans, clinical treatment plans are based solidly in theory and include client perspective, which includes

agreement to, and concern about, the plan

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a more practical approach than EST's and uses research and the evidence base by ________________________________________________.

allowing it to inform the question, evaluating the impact of the research, and determining if the research is applicable to the situation

complexes are

an emotionally charged set of responses

What Jungian intervention might a counselor use in order to meet the initial phase client goal of decreasing unconscious conflicts?

analyzing complexes and polarities that fuel crisis

Establishing an egalitarian relationship is the first stage in Adlerian counseling. What are the other three stages?

assess lifestyle, encourage insight, educate/reorientate

The major mental health disciplines agree that the competent use of theory entails all of the following areas EXCEPT:

assessment and diagnosis

Faulty interpretations based on the lifestyle, or attitudes of the person, are referred to as ________________________.

basic mistakes

Closing phase goals in Adlerian therapy seek to go beyond lack of symptoms and move toward _____________________________________________.

developing habits of living that promote wellness and social interest

Diversity can be addressed in treatment tasks by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

disregarding the possibility of marginalization and discrimination in the assessment process

Adler departed from colleagues Freud and Jung on all of the following issues, EXCEPT:

dream analysis. *Therefore, departed on issues of holistic view of human nature, social factors/motivation, choice and self-determination

The primary function of client goals in the working phase is to address

dynamics that create and/or sustain client symptoms or problems

When meeting clients with unfamiliar diversity issues, it is the responsibility of the counselor to

educate themselves about how to best support and engage these clients

The counselor's primary role in this approach is __________________, helping the client to understand mistaken beliefs and improve social relatedness.

educator

Freudian analysts conceptualize client problems by examining how the __________ manages on-going conflicts between the ______________ and the _________________.

ego; id's drives; superego's prohibitions

Two tasks that are almost always present in the initial phase of treatment are...

establishing a therapeutic relationship; assessing individual, family, and social dynamics

Another thread in the debate about the effectiveness of theory involves empirically supported treatments (EST's), generally referred to as

evidence-based therapies

There is much disagreement between professional mental health organizations and federal and state laws regarding the key issues and principles.

false

The ability to spontaneously express need and desire while maintaining a clear distinction between self and other is believed to be a result of

good enough mothering

Aftercare plans identify all of the following EXCEPT:

how the client demonstrated resistance during treatment. *Therefore, what the client did to make the changes they have made; how the client will maintain their success; how the client will handle the next set of challenges in their lives are identified

__________ is the most basic technique of all psychoanalytic approaches, and uses unconscious material to facilitate client insight.

interpretation

One of the predominant interventions in all phases of Adlerian counseling is ________________.

interpretation of symptoms

Freud's drive theory is comprised of the idea that the human psyche is fueled by the energy of instinctual drive. The energy of the system is known as

libido

The current psychodynamic counseling involves three generic phases: ___________, _______________, and __________________.

listening; interpretation; working through

Initial phase client goals should involve all of the following EXCEPT:

making a note to address self harming behaviors at a later time. *Therefore, stabilizing crisis symptoms, managing abuse issues, addressing substance abuse issues should be included in the initial phase client goals

Adlerian assessment identifies the client's level of social interest in each of the six life tasks, which include all of the following, EXCEPT: ___________________________.

personal happiness. *Therefore, life tasks include work, communal life and friendship, love relationships