There goes my record

John Burgoyne

"Gentleman Johnny," as he was known due to his cultural tastes (Burgoyne was also a playwright), he began his Revolutionary War career under Gage, returning to England after ineffectiveness in 1774-1775. Sent to reinforce Canada, he formulated a plan to isolate New England with the help of Barry St. Leger and William Howe. The plan worked as far as capturing Fort Ticonderoga, but met resistance when he sent his Hessians to attack Bennington. Exhausted, his troops met trouble at Saratoga, being repulsed at Freedman's Farm, and being forced to surrender after Bemis Heights. Paroled on condition he returned to England, Burgoyne was later appointed commander-in-chief of Ireland.

maternal morbidity

"any health condition attributed to and/or aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth that has a negative impact on the woman's wellbeing"-WHO

Filippo Brunelleschi (broo-nuh-LESS-kee)

(1377-1446) A friend of Donatello, [blank] was a skilled sculptor and goldsmith, whose 1401 competition with Lorenzo Ghiberti for the commission of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery is a frequent question topic (Ghiberti got the chief commission). As an architect, he is mainly known for the extraordinary octagonally-based dome of the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (also known as the Florence Cathedral and often called the Duomo, though that is just the general Italian term for a cathedral), which dominates the Florentine skyline and is across the street from the Florence Baptistery. The task required an innovative supporting framework and occupied much of his career (as described in detail in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists). Other projects include the Spedale degli Innocenti (a hospital), the Old Sacristy at San Lorenzo, and the Pazzi Chapel in the Cloisters of Santa Croce, all from 1421 to 1430.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

(1378-1455): A Florentine sculptor and goldsmith who taught both Donatello and Filippo Brunelleschi. He is best known for two pairs of bronze doors on the Florence Baptistery (associated with the Duomo, or Florentine Cathedral). He produced a single, low-relief panel to win a 1401 competition (defeating Brunelleschi) for the commission to design the 28 panels for the north doors. After that, he was given another commission to design ten panels for the east doors. This latter work, by far his most famous, was dubbed the "Gates of Paradise" by Michelangelo.

Donatello

(1386-1466): A Florentine sculptor who helped define Renaissance sculpture as distinct from that of the Gothic period. He is known for St. Mark and St. George in the Orsanmichele OR-sahn mee-KAY-lay (a Florentine church), the bald Zuccone (which means "pumpkin-head," though it depicts the prophet Habbakuk), and the first equestrian statue to be cast since Roman times, the Gattamelata in Padua. He is also known for mastering the low-relief form schiacciato.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564): A Florentine "Renaissance man" also known for architecture (the dome of St. Peter's Basilica), painting (The Last Judgment and the Sistine Chapel ceiling), poetry, and military engineering. His sculpted masterpieces include David, a Pietà, Bacchus, and a number of pieces for the tomb of Pope Julius II (including Dying Slave and Moses). He preferred to work in Carraran marble.

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) ostensibly divided the New World (and, in later interpretations, the entire world) between Spain and Portugal. It resulted from a bull by (Spanish-born) Pope Alexander VI granting lands to Spain and established a line west of the Cape Verde islands between future Spanish possessions (west) and Portuguese possessions (east). The line passed through Brazil, allowing the Portuguese to establish a colony there, while Spain received the rest of the Americas. Endless wrangling and repeated revisions ensued.

Andrea Palladio

(1508-1580) Born Andrea di Pietro della Gondola, [blank] designed villas in and near Venice, including the Villa Rotonda and Villa Barbaro. He integrated Greco-Roman ideas of hierarchy, proportion, and order with contemporary Renaissance styles. His Four Books on Architecture from 1570 relates his theoretical principles. Among architects heavily influenced by [blank] were Inigo Jones and Thomas Jefferson.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

(1598-1680): A Roman who — with the rarely asked-about Francesco Borromini — defined the Baroque movement in sculpture. [blank] is principally known for his freestanding works, including David and The Ecstasy of St. Theresa. [blank]'s David differs from that of Michelangelo in that the hero is shown "in motion," having twisted his body to sling the rock. [blank] is also known for his massive fountains in Rome, including the Triton and the Fountain of the Four Rivers.

Pierre de Fermat

(1601-1665, French) is remembered for his contributions to number theory including his little theorem, which states that if p is a prime number and a is any number at all, then ap - a will be divisible by p. He studied [blank] primes, which are prime numbers that can be written as 22n + +1 for some integer n, but is probably most famous for his "last theorem," which he wrote in the margin of Arithmetica by the ancient Greek mathematician Diophantus with a note that "I have discovered a marvelous proof of this theorem that this margin is too small to contain." The theorem states that there is no combination of positive integers x, y, z, and n, with n>2, such that xn + yn = zn, and mathematicians struggled for over 300 years to find a proof until Andrew Wiles completed one in 1995. (It is generally believed that [blank] did not actually have a valid proof.) [blank] and Blaise Pascal corresponded about probability theory.

Sir Christopher Wren

(1632-1723) When fire destroyed much of London in 1666, [blank] was an Oxford astronomy professor who had designed his first building just four years earlier. Charles II named him the King's Surveyor of Works in 1669, and he was involved in rebuilding more than 50 London churches in the next half-century, including Saint Paul's Cathedral. An inscription near his tomb in Saint Paul's declares "Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you."

Isaac Newton

(1643-1727, English) The work of [blank] in pure math includes generalizing the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, doing the first rigorous manipulation with power series, and creating [blank]'s method for finding roots of differentiable functions. He is best known, however, for a lengthy feud between British and Continental mathematicians over whether he or Gottfried Leibniz invented calculus (whose differential aspect [blank] called the method of fluxions). It is now generally accepted that they both did, independently.

Gottfried Leibniz

(1646-1716, German) is known for his independent invention of calculus and the ensuing priority dispute with Isaac Newton. Most modern calculus notation, including the integral sign and the use of d to indicate a differential, originated with [blank]. He also did work with the binary number system and did fundamental work in establishing boolean algebra and symbolic logic.

Peace of Westphalia

(1648) the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor, and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France.

Leonhard Euler

(1707-1783, Swiss) is known for his prolific output and the fact that he continued to produce seminal results even after going blind. He invented graph theory by solving the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem, which asked whether there was a way to travel a particular arrangement of bridges so that you would cross each bridge exactly once. (He proved that it was impsosible to do so.) [blank] introduced the modern notation for e, an irrational number about equal to 2.718, which is now called [blank]'s number in his honor (but don't confuse it for [blank]'s constant, which is different); he also introduced modern notation for i, a square root of -1, and for trigonometric functions. He proved [blank]'s formula, which relates complex numbers and trigonometric functions: ei x = cos x + i sin x, of which a special case is the fact that ei π = -1, which Richard Feynman called "the most beautiful equation in mathematics" because it links four of math's most important constants.

Treaty of Utrecht

(1713) was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of [blank] that (mostly) ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). They were signed by France and Spain for one side and by Britain, Savoy, and the United Provinces (The Netherlands) for the other. The treaty confirmed a Bourbon prince (Philip, Duke of Anjou) on the Spanish throne, ending Habsburg control, but took steps to prevent the French and Spanish thrones from being merged. Some Spanish possessions — including Sicily, the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, and Gibraltar — were given to the victors.

Carl Friedrich Gauss

(1777-1855, German) is considered the "Prince of Mathematicians" for his extraordinary contributions to every major branch of mathematics. His Disquisitiones Arithmeticae systematized number theory and stated the fundamental theorem of arithmetic (every integer greater than 1 has a prime factorization that is unique notwithstanding the order of the factors). In his doctoral dissertation, he proved the fundamental theorem of algebra (every non-constant polynomial has at least one root in the complex numbers), though that proof is not considered rigorous enough for modern standards. He later proved the law of quadratic reciprocity, and the prime number theorem (that the number of primes less than n is is approximately n divided by the natural logarithm of n). [blank] may be most famous for the (possibly apocryphal) story of intuiting the formula for the summation of an arithmetic sequence when his primary-school teacher gave him the task — designed to waste his time — of adding the first 100 positive integers.

William Rowan Hamilton

(1805-1865, Irish) is known for a four-dimensional extension of complex numbers, with six square roots of -1 (±i, ±j, and ±k), called the quaternions.

Treaty of Ghent

(1814) ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. It was signed in the Belgian city [blank] but, due to the distances involved, could not prevent the Battle of New Orleans two weeks later. The treaty made no boundary changes and had minimal effect; both sides were ready for peace and considered the war a futile and fruitless endeavor.

Adams-Onís Treaty

(1819) settled a boundary dispute between the U.S. and Spain that arose following the Louisiana Purchase. It was negotiated by then-Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and most notably sold Florida to the U.S. in exchange for the payment of its citizens' claims against Spain. It also delineated the U.S.-Spain border to the Pacific Ocean leading to its alternate name, the Transcontinental Treaty.

Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi

(1834-1904): A French sculptor primarily known as the creator of Liberty Enlightening the World, better known as the Statue of Liberty. He also executed The Lion of Belfort and a statue of the Marquis de Lafayette in New York's Union Square.

Auguste Rodin

(1840-1917): A French sculptor known for stormy relationships with "the establishment" of the École des Beaux-Arts ay-kohl day boh-zar and his mistress, fellow artist Camille Claudel. His works include The Age of Bronze, Honoré de Balzac, The Burghers of Calais, and a massive pair of doors for the Museum of Decorative Arts (the Gates of Hell) inspired by Dante's Inferno. That latter work included his most famous piece, The Thinker.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and was signed in its namesake neighborhood of Mexico City. Its most significant result was the "Mexican Cession" transferring California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of four other states to the U.S. It also made the Rio Grande the boundary between Texas and Mexico.

Daniel Chester French

(1850-1931): An American who created The Minute Man for Concord, Massachusetts and Standing Lincoln for the Nebraska state capitol, but who is best known for the seated statue in the Lincoln Memorial.

Antoni Gaudí

(1852-1926) [blank] created many extraordinary buildings in Barcelona in the early 20th century. His Art Nouveau-inspired works include the Casa Mila and Casa Batllo apartments, known from their undulating façades, and several works for patron Eusebi Guell, including the Parc Guell, a park in Barcelona. He spent 40 years working on the Expiatory Church of the Holy Family (also known as La Sagrada Familia), which will be finished in 2026. He was also fond of using hyperbolic paraboloids in his work.

Louis Sullivan

(1856-1924) [blank] did not design the first skyscraper, but did become a vocal champion of skyscrapers as reflections of the modern age. Though most associated with Chicago, his best-known work is the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis. His partnership with Dankmar Adler produced over 100 buildings. Later works, such as the Babson, Bennett, and Bradley Houses, reflect an organic architecture distinct from that of his onetime employee Frank Lloyd Wright. [blank]'s dictum that "form should follow function" strongly influenced modern architecture; his writings helped break the profession from classical restraints.

Gutzon Borglum

(1867-1941): An American known for crafting Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills of South Dakota. He is also known for The Mares of Diomedes and an unfinished (and later replaced) tribute to Confederate heroes on Stone Mountain in Georgia.

Frank Lloyd Wright

(1867-1959) Born in Wisconsin, [blank] worked under Louis Sullivan before founding a Chicago practice. His early homes, like the Robie House — which is adjacent to the campus of the University of Chicago — are in the "Prairie" style: horizontal orientation and low roofs. His "organic architecture" tries to harmonize with its inhabitants and site; examples include the Kaufmann House (also known as Fallingwater) in Pennsylvania; the Johnson Wax Building in Racine, Wisconsin; and Taliesin, his home and studio in Spring Green, Wisconsin. (There is also a Taliesin West, his home and studio in Arizona.) Other notable [blank] works are the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, the Larkin Building in Buffalo, the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, which was one of few buildings to survive a 1923 earthquake (though it has since been demolished).

Ralph (rayf) Vaughan Williams

(1872-1958). Best known for reviving the Tudor style and folk traditions in English music, as exemplified in his Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (1909). [blank] completed nine symphonies, the foremost his Second (London) in 1914; other principal symphonies included the First (Sea), Third (Pastoral) and Seventh (Sinfonia Antarctica). His orchestral work The Lark Ascending was based on a George Meredith poem, while Sir John in Love (1924) was a Shakespearean opera that featured the "Fantasia on Greensleeves." Hugh the Drover and The Pilgrim's Progress are other major [blank] operas.

Sergei Rachmaninoff

(1873-1943). A highly skilled pianist and conductor, [blank] twice turned down conductorship of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He failed to reap the monetary benefits of his early pieces (notably the C-Sharp Minor Prelude of 1892), because he sold them cheaply to a publisher. Treated by hypnosis in 1901, [blank] began a productive period with his Second Piano Concerto and the symphonic poem The Isle of the Dead (1909). He moved to the U.S. in 1917, after the Bolshevik Revolution. There his output decreased, though he did complete the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini in 1934.

Arnold Schoenberg

(1874-1951). This Austrian pioneered dodecaphony, or the twelve-tone system, which treated all parts of the chromatic scale equally. [blank]'s early influences were Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss, as evident in his Transfigured Night (1900) for strings. Yet by 1912, with the Sprechstimme (halfway between singing and speaking) piece Pierrot lunaire, he broke from Romanticism and developed expressionist pieces free from key or tone. His students, especially Alban Berg and Anton Webern, further elaborated on his theories. Fleeing Nazi persecution in 1933, he moved from Berlin to Los Angeles, where he completed A Survivor from Warsaw. The first two acts of his unfinished opera, Moses und Aron, are still frequently performed.

Charles Ives

(1874-1954). He learned experimentation from his father George, a local Connecticut businessman and bandleader. [blank] studied music at Yale but found insurance sales more lucrative; his firm of [blank] and Myrick was the largest in New York during the 1910s. Privately, [blank] composed great modern works, including the Second Piano (Concord) Sonata (with movements named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, and Henry David Thoreau); and Three Places in New England (1914). His Third Symphony won [blank] a Pulitzer Prize in 1947, while his song "General William Booth Enters Into Heaven" was based on a Vachel Lindsay poem. Poor health ended both his insurance and music careers by 1930.

Maurice Ravel

(1875-1937). His Basque mother gave him an affinity for Spanish themes, as evident in "Rapsodie espagnole" and his most popular piece, "Bolero" (1928). [blank] produced Pavane for a Dead Princess while a student of Gabriel Fauré, but was frustrated when the French Conservatory overlooked him for the Prix de Rome four times. He completed the ballet Daphnis et Chloé (1912) for Sergei Diaghilev, and followed it with Mother Goose and La Valse. He also re-orchestrated Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. His health declined after a 1932 taxi accident; unsuccessful brain surgery ended his life.

Constantin Brâncuși

(1876-1957): A Romanian sculptor who was a major figure in Modernism. He is best known for The Kiss (not to be confused with the Rodin work or the Klimt painting), Sleeping Muse, and Bird in Space. U.S. customs taxed his works as "industrial products" since they refused to recognize them as art.

Béla Bartók

(1881-1945). A young girl singing a folk tune to her son in 1904 inspired [blank] to roam the Hungarian countryside with Zoltan Kodály, collecting peasant tunes. This influence permeated his music, including the opera Duke Bluebeard's Castle (1911) and the ballets The Wooden Prince (1916) and The Miraculous Mandarin (1919). A virtuoso pianist and an innovative composer, [blank] refused to teach composition, contributing to financial problems, especially after he fled Nazi-held Hungary for the U.S. in 1940. [blank] wrote many prominent instrumental pieces; best known are six string quartets, the educational piano piece Mikrokosmos, and Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta (1936).

Igor Stravinsky

(1882-1971). He studied under Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and completed two grand ballets for Sergei Diaghilev: The Firebird and Petrushka. His Paris premiere of The Rite of Spring (1913), however, is what inaugurated music's Modern era. A pagan story featuring polytonal music, The Rite of Spring shocked the audience so much that riots ensued, leading a stunned [blank] to pursue rational, "neoclassical" music, such as his Symphony of Psalms. In 1940 he moved to Hollywood, where he composed his one full-length opera, The Rake's Progress, with libretto by W. H. Auden. Late in life, he adopted the serialist, twelve-tone style of Anton Webern, producing the abstract ballet Agon (1957).

Walter Gropius

(1883-1969) Though [blank] designed the Fagus Factory (Alfeld, Germany) and the Pan American Building (New York City), he is best known for founding the Bauhaus. Beginning in Weimar in 1919 and moving to a [blank]-designed facility in Dessau in 1925, the Bauhaus school emphasized functionalism, the application of modern methods and materials, and the synthesis of technology and art. Its faculty included artists Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Josef Albers. [blank] would later head Harvard's architecture department from 1938 to 1952, shifting its focus to incorporate modern design and construction techniques.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

(1886-1969) The leading architect of the International Style of skyscraper design, [blank] (like Walter Gropius) worked in the office of Peter Behrens. He directed the Bauhaus from 1930 to 1933, shutting it down before the Nazis could do so. His works include the Barcelona Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition; two adjacent apartment buildings at 860 and 880 North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago; the New National Gallery in Berlin; and the Seagram Building in New York, which he co-designed with Philip Johnson. [blank] asserted that "less is more" as a principle of his architectural style. His glass-covered steel structures influenced the design of office buildings in nearly every major city in the U.S.

Sergei Prokofiev

(1891-1953). He wrote seven symphonies, of which the First ("Classical,&#*221; 1917) is the most notable. While in Chicago, he premiered the opera The Love for Three Oranges, based on Italian commedia dell'arte. [blank] moved to Paris in 1922, where he composed works for Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, including The Prodigal Son. In 1936 he returned to the USSR, where he completed the popular children's work Peter and the Wolf and the score for the film Alexander Nevsky. When Stalin denounced [blank] as "decadent," the composer was forced to write obsequious tributes to the premier. [blank] survived Stalin, but only by a few hours; both died on March 5, 1953.

George Gershwin

(1898-1937). Known at first for producing popular songs and musicals with his older brother Ira, [blank] successfully melded jazz and popular music with classical forms, most famously the Rhapsody in Blue (1924), the Concerto in F for Piano and Orchestra (1925), and the folk opera Porgy and Bess (1935), based on a story by DuBose Heyward. [blank]'s first major hit was 1919's "Swanee," sung by Al Jolson, and his 1931 musical Of Thee I Sing was the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. [blank] died of a brain tumor at age 38.

Aaron Copland ("COPE"-lund)

(1900-1990). At first a modernist, he was the first American student of Nadia Boulanger in Paris in the 1920s, where he finished his Organ Symphony and Music for the Theater. By the 1930s, [blank] turned to simple themes, especially the American West: El Salón Mexico was followed by the ballets Billy the Kid, Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring (1944), the last containing the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." [blank]'s Third Symphony contained his Fanfare for the Common Man, while Lincoln Portrait featured spoken portions of Abraham Lincoln's writings. [blank] wrote several educational books, beginning with 1939's What to Listen For in Music.

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed at the [blank] Naval Shipyard in Maine after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Dmitri Shostakovich

(1906-1975). His work was emblematic of both the Soviet regime and his attempts to survive under its oppression. [blank]'s operas, such as The Nose (1928) and Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, were well received at first—until Joseph Stalin severely criticized his work in Pravda in 1936. Fearful for his security, [blank] wrote several conciliatory pieces (Fifth, Seventh/Leningrad, and Twelfth Symphonies) in order to get out of trouble. He made enemies, however, with his Thirteenth Symphony ("Babi Yar"). Based on the Yevgeny Yevtushenko poem, Babi Yar condemned anti-Semitism in both Nazi Germany and the USSR.

Kurt Gödel

(1906-1978, Austrian) was a logician best known for his two incompleteness theorems, which state that if a formal logical system is powerful enough to express ordinary arithmetic, it must contain statements that are true yet unprovable. [blank] developed paranoia late in life and eventually refused to eat because he feared his food had been poisoned; he died of starvation.

Eero Saarinen

(1910-1961) The son of architect Eliel [blank], Eero was born in Finland but spent most of his life in the U.S. and died in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He designed many buildings on the campuses of MIT and Yale, as well as Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C. and the TWA terminal at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York. [blank] may be best known for designing the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, though he died before it was completed. Many of his works are characterized by elegant, sweeping forms, such as the Kresge Auditorium at MIT.

John Cage

(1912-1992). An American student of Arnold Schoenberg, [blank] took avant-garde to a new level, and may be considered a Dada composer because he believed in aleatory, or "chance" music. His Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (1951) used twelve radios tuned to different stations; the composition depended on what was on the radio at that time. The following year's 4′33″ required a pianist to sit at the piano for that length of time and then close it; audience noise and silence created the music. [blank] also invented the prepared piano, in which screws, wood, rubber bands, and other items are attached to piano strings in order to create a percussion sound.

Benjamin Britten

(1913-1976). Reviver of the opera in the U.K., most notably with Peter Grimes (1945), the story of a fisherman who kills two of his apprentices. [blank] broke through with Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937), a tribute to his composition teacher, and wrote incidental music for works by his friend W. H. Auden. With his companion, the tenor Peter Pears, [blank] founded the Aldeburgh Festival of Music and wrote operas such as Billy Budd, The Turn of the Screw, and Death in Venice. [blank]'s non-operatic works include The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946) and War Requiem (1961), based on the anti-war poems of Wilfred Owen, who was killed during World War I.

I. M. Pei

(1917-present) [blank] is among the most famous living architects. Born in China, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1935. Though he has also designed moderate-income housing, [blank] is best known for large-scale projects. His works include the Mile High Center in Denver, the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, the John Hancock Building in Boston, the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the Fragrant Hill Hotel in Beijing, and the recent Miho Museum of Art in Shiga, Japan. He may be best known for two fairly recent works: the glass pyramid erected outside the Louvre in 1989, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, completed in 1995.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

(1918) was a "separate peace" signed by the Bolshevik government of the new USSR and Germany. The USSR needed to make peace to focus on defeating the "Whites" (royalists) in the Russian Civil War, and it gave up Ukraine, Belarus, and the three Baltic countries after Germany invaded, an outcome worse than a German offer which chief Soviet negotiator Leon Trotsky had rejected. The treaty was negotiated in [blank] (in what is now Belarus) and was nullified by the subsequent Treaty of Versailles following Germany's defeat.

Treaty of Versailles

(1919) officially ended World War I between the Allies and Germany. It was signed at its namesake French palace after the Paris Peace Conference. It is noted for the "Big Four" (Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando) who headed the Allies' delegations, discussions of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (particularly the League of Nations), and its controversial disarmament, war guilt, and reparations clauses. The conference was also notable for up-and-coming world figures who attended (John Maynard Keynes, Ho Chi Minh, Jan Smuts, etc.).

Lateran Treaty

(1929) created the independent country of the Vatican City, made Catholicism the state religion of Italy (ended in 1984), and determined the proper remuneration for Church property taken by Italy. It was signed by Benito Mussolini and a representative of Pope Pius XI in the namesake papal residence, and ended the so-called "Roman Question" that arose out of the unification of Italy and the dissolution of the Papal States.

Frank Gehry

(1929-present) Winner of the 1989 Pritzker Prize, [blank] is best-known today for large-scale compositions like the EMP Museum (formerly known as the Experience Music Project) in Seattle, the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, and the recent, controversial Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. (Bilbao natives describe the latter as "the artichoke," because of its layers of abstract titanium structures.) [blank] often uses uncommon materials such as plywood and limestone; his designs range from Kobe's Fishdance Restaurant, shaped like a giant fish, to the soft-sculpture look of the so-called "Fred and Ginger" buildings in Prague. He also designs furniture: the Easy Edges line is made of laminated cardboard; the [blank] Collection consists of chairs named for hockey terms (e.g. Cross Check and Power Play).

Andrew Wiles

(1953-present, British) is best known for proving the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture that all rational semi-stable elliptic curves are modular forms. When combined with work already done by other mathematicians, this immediately implied Fermat's last theorem (see above).

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat [blank] by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Archimedes

(287-212 BC, Syracusan Greek) is best known for his "eureka" moment, in which he realized he could use density considerations to determine the purity of a gold crown; nonetheless, he was the preeminent mathematician of ancient Greece. He found the ratios between the surface areas and volumes of a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder, accurately estimated pi, and developed a calculus-like technique to find the area of a circle, his method of exhaustion.

The Phantom of the Opera

(Andrew Lloyd Webber; Charles Hart & Richard Stilgoe; Richard Stilgoe & Andrew Lloyd Webber; 1986): At the Paris Opera in 1881, the mysterious [blank] lures the soprano Christine Daaé to his lair ("The Music of the Night"). Christine falls in love with the opera's new patron, Raoul, so the [blank] drops a chandelier and kidnaps Christine. They kiss, but he disappears, leaving behind only his white mask. Adapted from the 1909 novel of the same name by Gaston Leroux, it is the longest-running show in Broadway history

Cats

(Andrew Lloyd Webber; T. S. Eliot; T. S. Eliot; 1981): The Jellicle tribe of [blank] roams the streets of London. They introduce the audience to various members: Rum Tum Tugger, Mungojerrie, Rumpleteazer, Mr. Mistoffelees, and Old Deuteronomy. Old Deuteronomy must choose a [blank] to be reborn, and he chooses the lowly Grizabella after she sings "Memory." It is adapted from Old Possum's Book of Practical [blank] by T. S. Eliot.

Evita

(Andrew Lloyd Webber; Tim Rice; Tim Rice; 1978): Che (possibly Che Guevara, but it's also South American slang for just "a guy") narrates the life story of Eva "[blank]" Perón, a singer and actress who marries Juan Perón. Juan becomes President of Argentina, and Eva's charity work makes her immensely popular among her people ("Don't Cry for Me Argentina") before her death from cancer. It was made into a 1996 film starring Madonna and Antonio Banderas.

Fort Sumter

(April 12, 1861). Built on an island in 1829, the fort was one of three that the United States maintained in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In order to claim true independence from the Union, Jefferson Davis decided that the forts needed to be taken; a Confederate force under P. G. T. Beauregard ordered the small Union garrison, controlled by Major Robert Anderson, to surrender. Anderson refused, shots were fired, and the Union commander surrendered two days later, with only one soldier killed. The Union made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the fort with ironclad ships in 1863, but Confederate forces finally abandoned [blank] when they left Charleston in February 1865.

Battle of Okinawa

(April 1945 - June 1945): The largest amphibious assault of the Pacific Theater, the [blank] featured massive casualties among both combatants and civilians. The Japanese launched over 1,500 kamikaze attacks against the U.S. fleet, and even sent the massive battleship Yamato on a suicide mission; it was sunk by aircraft before reaching [blank]. On the American side, both war correspondent Ernie Pyle and Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., the commander-in-chief of the ground forces, were killed. Somewhat uniquely, the battle also saw large numbers of Japanese troops surrender, although many were native [blank]ns forced into fighting.

Vicksburg Campaign

(April 29 - July 4, 1863). This campaign was launched by Ulysses Grant to take control of the Mississippi River and cut off the western Confederate states from the east. Grant ordered regiments led by James McPherson, John McClernand, and William Tecumseh Sherman through bayous west of the Mississippi to Hard Times. They were up against rebel forces under Joseph Johnston and John Pemberton. Sherman and McPherson drove Johnston from Jackson, Mississippi on May 14, and the Union scored a victory at Champion's Hill two days later, but could not drive the Southerners out of [blank], so Grant laid siege to the town. Outnumbered 71,000 to 20,000 and on the brink of starvation, Pemberton finally surrendered his men; Johnston withdrew east.

Shiloh / Pittsburg Landing

(April 6-7, 1862). This was named after a church in [blank], Tennessee (100 miles southwest of Nashville). Confederate commander Albert Sidney Johnston led a force north from Corinth, Mississippi. Ulysses S. Grant, who had just captured Fort Donelson, brought five Union divisions to face him. At first, the South led the attack, but Union troops held the "Hornets' Nest" for hours, killing Johnston in the process. P. G. T. Beauregard took over, but by the second day Northern Generals Don Carlos Buell and Lew Wallace (who wrote Ben-Hur) brought reinforcements, causing the Confederates to retreat. More than 13,000 Union and 10,000 Confederate soldiers lost their lives.

The Mikado

(Arthur Sullivan; W. S. Gilbert; 1885): The [blank] (Emperor of Japan) has made flirting a capital crime in Titipu, so the people have appointed an ineffectual executioner named Ko-Ko. Ko-Ko's ward, Yum-Yum, marries the wandering musician Nanki-Poo, and the two lovers fake their execution. The [blank] visits the town and forgives the lovers of their transgression. It includes the song "Three Little Maids From School Are We."

Battle of Stalingrad

(August 1942 - February 1943): With about two million casualties, the [blank] is often cited as the bloodiest battle in history. The battle arose out of Germany's summer campaign to capture vital oil supplies in the Caucasus Mountains, but Friedrich Paulus's 6th Army became bogged down in intense street fighting in the city, allowing Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov to launch Operation Uranus, which encircled Paulus's men by defeating the Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian forces guarding their flank. In the final days of the battle, Hitler promoted Paulus to field marshal, a not-so-subtle suggestion that Paulus should either fight to the death or commit suicide, as no German field marshal had ever been captured; Paulus surrendered anyway.

Second Bull Run / Second Manassas

(August 29-30, 1862). This resounding victory by Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson pushed Union forces back to Washington, D.C. President Lincoln had replaced George McClellan with John Pope, who would supposedly be united with the Army of the Potomac, commanded by Henry Halleck. Lee maneuvered Jackson's troops behind those of Pope; Jackson detained Pope's men at [blank] while Lee sent James Longstreet to crush Pope's left flank. Halleck's army was supposed to land at Aquia, but instead retreated to defend Washington, ceding all of Virginia to the Confederacy and marking a low point in the Union effort.

Fredericksburg

(December 13, 1862). At this site, about 50 miles south of Washington, Union commander Ambrose Burnside (who had replaced George McClellan) tried to take the initiative and cross the Rappahannock River in a march toward Richmond. He met Robert E. Lee's forces, which were well entrenched on Marye's Heights behind the town. With a superior position, Lee routed the Union army; 13,000 Northern troops fell there, while only 5,000 Confederates were killed. After the battle, Burnside's troops were forced to make "The Mud March" up the Rappahannock, made foul by weather and dead and wounded bodies.

Battle of the Bulge

(December 1944 - January 1945): The [blank] resulted from Germany's last major offensive operation on the Western Front. The German plan to sweep through the Ardennes Forest and capture the port city Antwerp, Belgium, benefited from Allied aircraft being grounded due to poor weather. During the battle, English-speaking German troops under Otto Skorzeny attempted to disguise themselves as Allied troops and infiltrate enemy lines. German forces also besieged the Belgian town Bastogne and requested its surrender, to which U.S. Army Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe replied "Nuts!"; the siege was eventually lifted by forces commanded by George Patton.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

(December 7, 1941): On what President Franklin Roosevelt declared would be "a date which will live in infamy," Japanese carrier-based aircraft launched — without a formal declaration of war — a surprise attack on the American naval base at [blank] on the Hawaiian island Oahu. The attack sank four battleships, most notably the USS Arizona, but all of the U.S. Navy's carriers were at sea and were unattacked. Shortly after the attack, Japan began invasions of Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, and the British colony of Singapore. On December 8, with only Montana Representative Jeannette Rankin dissenting, the U.S. Congress declared war on Japan.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

(Earl Warren, 9-0, 1954): The suit was filed on behalf of Linda [blank], a third grader, who had to walk a mile to a blacks-only school when a whites-only school was much closer. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argued the case for the plaintiff. The court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were not constitutional. A second case in 1955 required that desegregation proceed "with all deliberate speed" but Southern schools were notoriously slow in complying; it was not until 1970 that a majority had complied with the ruling.

Battle of Iwo Jima

(February 1945 - March 1945): The Allies sought to capture [blank], a small island midway between the Mariana Islands and the Japanese home islands, to provide an airbase for the eventual invasion of Japan. Under the leadership of General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, the island's defenders built a complex network of underground tunnels and well-camouflaged artillery pieces that enabled them to hold out for a month against vastly superior forces. The battle is best known for Joe Rosenthal's photograph showing six American servicemen raising a flag atop Mount Suribachi.

Cabaret

(Fred Kander; John Ebb; Jon Masteroff; 1966): [blank] is set in the seedy Kit-Kat Club in Berlin during the Weimer era. The risqu&eacuate; Master of Ceremonies presides over the action ("Wilkommen"). The British lounge singer Sally Bowles falls in love with the American writer Cliff Bradshaw, but the two break up as the Nazis come to power. Adapted into an Academy Award-winning 1972 film starring Liza Minelli and Joel Grey, it is based on Christopher Isherwood's Goodbye to Berlin.

My Fair Lady

(Frederick Loewe; Alan Jay Lerner; Alan Jay Lerner; 1956): As part of a bet with his friend Colonel Pickering, the phonetics professor Henry Higgins transforms the Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle into a proper lady. After Eliza falls for Freddy Eynsforth-Hill, Higgins realizes he is in love with Eliza. Eliza returns to Higgins' home in the final scene. It is adapted from George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion.

Carmen

(Georges Bizet, Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, 1875): [blank] is a young gypsy who works in a cigarette factory in Seville. She is arrested by the corporal Don José for fighting, but cajoles him into letting her escape. They meet again at an inn where she tempts him into challenging his captain; that treason forces him to join a group of smugglers. In the final act, the ragtag former soldier encounters [blank] at a bullfight where her lover Escamillo is competing (the source of the "Toreador Song") and stabs her. The libretto was based on a novel by Prosper Merimée.

La bohème

(Giacomo Puccini, Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, 1896): This opera tells the story of four extremely poor friends who live in the French (i.e., Students') Quarter of Paris: Marcello the artist, Rodolfo the poet, Colline the philosopher, and Schaunard the musician. Rodolfo meets the seamstress Mimì who lives next door when her single candle is blown out and needs to be relit. Marcello is still attached to Musetta, who had left him for the rich man Alcindoro. In the final act, Marcello and Rodolfo have separated from their lovers, but cannot stop thinking about them. Musetta bursts into their garret apartment and tells them that Mimi is dying of consumption (tuberculosis); when they reach her, she is already dead. [blank] was based on a novel by Henry Murger and, in turn, formed the basis of the hit 1996 musical Rent by Jonathan Larson.

Madama Butterfly

(Giacomo Puccini, Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, 1904): The American naval lieutenant Benjamin Franklin Pinkerton is stationed in Nagasaki where, with the help of the broker Goro, he weds the young girl Cio-Cio-San ([blank]) with a marriage contract with a cancellation clause. He later returns to America, leaving Cio-Cio-San to raise their son "Trouble" (whom she will rename "Joy" upon his return). When Pinkerton and his new American wife Kate do return, Cio-Cio-San gives them her son and stabs herself with her father's dagger. The opera is based on a play by David Belasco.

The Barber of Seville

(Gioacchino Rossini, Cesare Sterbini, 1816): Count Almaviva loves Rosina, the ward of Dr. Bartolo. Figaro (who brags about his wit in "Largo al factotum") promises to help him win the girl. He tries the guise of the poor student Lindoro, a drunken soldier, and then a replacement music teacher, all of which are penetrated by Dr. Bartolo. Eventually they succeed by climbing in with a ladder and bribing the notary who was to marry Rosina to Dr. Bartolo himself. This opera is also based on a work of Pierre de Beaumarchais and is a prequel to The Marriage of Figaro.

William Tell

(Gioacchino Rossini, Étienne de Jouy and Hippolyte Bis, 1829): [blank] is a 14th-century Swiss patriot who wishes to end Austria's domination of his country. In the first act he helps Leuthold, a fugitive, escape the Austrian governor, Gessler. In the third act, Gessler has placed his hat on a pole and ordered the men to bow to it. When [blank] refuses, Gessler takes his son, Jemmy, and forces [blank] to shoot an apple off his son's head. [blank] succeeds, but is arrested anyway. In the fourth act, he escapes from the Austrians and his son sets their house on fire as a signal for the Swiss to rise in revolt. The opera was based on a play by Friedrich von Schiller.

Aida

(Giuseppe Verdi, Antonio Ghislanzoni, 1871): [blank] is an Ethiopian princess who is held captive in Egypt. She falls in love with the Egyptian general Radamès and convinces him to run away with her; unfortunately, he is caught by the high priest Ramphis and a jealous Egyptian princess, Amneris. Radamès is buried alive, but finds that [blank] has snuck into the tomb to join him.

Roe v. Wade

(Harry Blackmun, Warren Burger, 7-2, 1973): Norma McCorvey (under the alias Jane [blank]), a rape victim, sued Dallas County attorney Henry [blank] for the right to an abortion. When the case reached the Supreme Court, the plaintiff depended on the growing recognition of a "right to privacy," which began with the 1965 case Griswold v. Connecticut. The court struck down state anti-abortion laws as "unconstitutionally vague," held that the word "person" in the Constitution "does not include the unborn," and legalized abortion in the first trimester. McCorvey later joined the pro-life movement and claimed that she was not actually raped and that she was pressured into filing the case by her ambitious attorney Sarah Weddington.

Plessy v. Ferguson

(Henry B. Brown, Melville Fuller, 7-1, 1896): Homer [blank] (who was legally classified as an "octoroon," meaning one-eighth black) bought a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway. He sat in the whites-only car in violation of an 1890 Louisiana law mandating separate accommodations. He was convicted, but appealed to the Supreme Court against John [blank], a Louisiana judge. The court upheld the law provided that "separate but equal" facilities were provided. John Marshall Harlan issued a famous dissent claiming "Our constitution is color-blind." [blank] was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.

Gideon v. Wainwright

(Hugo Black, Earl Warren, 9-0, 1963): Clarence Earl [blank] was accused of breaking into a pool hall in Florida. Because his crime was not capital, the court declined to provide him with an attorney. He was convicted, sued Louie [blank] — the director of the corrections office — and took his case to the Supreme Court. The court overruled Betts v. Brady and held that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments required appointed counsel in all trials. Gideon was retried and found innocent. The case is the subject of the book Gideon's Trumpet.

Fiddler on the Roof

(Jerry Bock; Sheldon Harnick; Joseph Stein; 1964): Tevye is a lowly Jewish milkman in tsarist Russia ("If I Were a Rich Man"), and his daughters are anxious to get married ("Matchmaker"). Tzeitel marries the tailor Motel ("Sunrise, Sunset," "The Bottle Dance"), Hodel gets engaged to the radical student Perchik, and Chava falls in love with a Russian named Fyedka. The families leave their village, Anatevka, after a pogrom. It is adapted from Tevye and his Daughters by Sholem Aleichem.

Marbury v. Madison

(John Marshall, 4-0, 1803): On his final day in office in 1801, John Adams signed commissions for 42 federal judges (the so-called "midnight judges"). His successor, Thomas Jefferson, opted to not deliver most of the commissions. One appointee, William [blank], sued the new secretary of state, James [blank], to force the delivery of his commission. The Judiciary Act of 1789 had granted the court original jurisdiction in such cases, but the Constitution did not. The court ruled that the Judiciary Act conflicted with the Constitution and was therefore void. Therefore [blank]'s request was denied for lack of jurisdiction. This case established the principle of judicial review, the power of the court to nullify unconstitutional laws.

Fletcher v. Peck

(John Marshall, 6-0, 1810): In 1795 the Georgia legislature corruptly sold land along the Yazoo River (now in Mississippi) to private citizens in exchange for bribes. The legislators were mostly defeated in the next elections and the incoming politicians voided the sales. In the meantime, John [blank] sold some of the land in question to Robert [blank], who then sued him, claiming that he did not have clear title. The Supreme Court held that the state legislature did not have the power to repeal the sale. This was one of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court struck down a state law.

McCulloch v. Maryland

(John Marshall, 9-0, 1819): After the Second Bank of the United States began calling in loans owed by the states, [blank] passed a law taxing out-of-state banks. The federal bank refused to pay, so the state sued its Baltimore cashier, James [blank]. The court ruled that the federal government had the right to establish the bank even though it was not expressly enumerated in the Constitution and also noted that since "the power to tax was the power to destroy," [blank] could not tax the bank without destroying federal sovereignty.

Gettysburg

(July 1-3, 1863). This marked both the farthest northward advancement by the Confederacy and the turning point that led to its defeat. Robert E. Lee, along with James Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and Richard Ewell, led the southern Pennsylvania attack; J. E. B. Stuart was supposed to monitor Union movement with his cavalry, but strayed so far east of [blank] that his force did not return (exhausted) until the second day. George Meade replaced Joseph Hooker as leader of the Union side; Southern forces drove Northerners through the town but could not secure key positions at Cemetery Ridge and Little and Big Round Tops. Low on supplies, on the final day Lee ordered an attack on the center; George Pickett led his famous "charge" through open fields, where the Union mowed down one-third of his 15,000 men. The Confederates lost 20,000 and Lee retreated to Virginia.

Battle of Britain

(July 1940 - October 1940): [blank] saw the British Royal Air Force (RAF) defeat the German air force, known as the Luftwaffe, effectively saving Britain from a proposed German amphibious invasion codenamed Operation Sea Lion. The primary German fighter plane was the Messerschmitt Bf 109, which engaged in numerous dogfights against British pilots flying Hurricane and Spitfire aircraft. Effective use of radar helped to repel German forces, forcing the Luftwaffe into nighttime raids against civilian targets, a campaign known as the Blitz.

Battle of Kursk

(July 1943 - August 1943): Fought in western Russia, the [blank] was the largest tank battle in history, with about 6,000 tanks engaged. Thanks to a complex spy network, the Soviet leadership was well-informed about German plans to launch Operation Citadel against the Kursk salient, and constructed massive defensive fortifications. After the German advance was stopped, a successful Soviet counterattack was launched. The German Army never again was able to mount a major attack on the Eastern Front.

First Bull Run / First Manassas

(July 21, 1861). Fought at a creek near Manassas, Virginia (30 miles west of Washington, D.C.), this was the first major showdown of the war. P. G. T. Beauregard led an army against Union commander Irwin McDowell and received reinforcements from Joseph Johnston's troops (whom Union General Robert Patterson failed to detain). The Confederacy routed the Union when Thomas Jackson's brigade held the left line at Henry House Hill; this effort earned him the nickname "Stonewall." Congressmen and reporters, who had expected to watch a Union victory, fled in panic back to D.C.

Petersburg Campaign

(June 1864 - April 1865). After Cold Harbor, Grant moved south to lay siege to this railroad hub, 25 miles from Richmond. On July 30, Pennsylvania coal miners detonated four tons of powder in a tunnel underneath the Confederate line; this "Battle of the Crater" killed many defenders. Although the South maintained the city, its supplies ran thin in the winter of 1865. Grant finally destroyed the Confederate right flank at Five Forks (April 1-2), 14 miles southwest of [blank]. This resounding defeat led to Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House one week later, effectively ending the Civil War.

Battle of Midway

(June 1942): Universally considered the turning point in the Pacific Theater, the [blank] saw the Japanese lose four aircraft carriers, a blow from which they never fully recovered. Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto planned to lure the U.S. fleet into a trap, but the Americans had broken the Japanese code, allowing them to pull off a stunning victory, with dive bombers from the Enterprise sinking the carriers Kaga, Akagi, and Hiryu, while those from the hastily-repaired Yorktown sank the carrier Soryu.

D-Day (Operation Overlord)

(June 6, 1944): The largest amphibious assault in history, as Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower's forces attacked the German Atlantic Wall defenses on the beaches of Normandy, France. Due to his wife's birthday, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was absent at the start the invasion, which saw American forces land at Utah and Omaha Beaches, British forces land at Gold and Sword Beaches, and Canadian forces land at Juno Beach. After the landings, Allied forces erected prefabricated artificial Mulberry harbors to aid in transporting goods to France.

West Side Story

(Leonard Bernstein; Stephen Sondheim; Arthur Laurents; 1957): Riff and Bernardo lead two rival gangs: the blue-collar Jets and the Puerto Rican Sharks. Tony, a former Jet, falls in love with Bernardo's sister Maria and vows to stop the fighting, but he kills Bernardo after Bernardo kills Riff in a "rumble." Maria's suitor Chino shoots Tony, and the two gangs come together. Notable songs include "America," "Tonight," "Somewhere," "I Feel Pretty," and "Gee, Officer Krupke." Adapted from Romeo and Juliet, it was made into an Academy Award-winning 1961 film starring Natalie Wood.

Hampton Roads

(March 9, 1862). A channel in southeastern Virginia was the site of the first major fight between two ironclad ships. The Confederates raised an old wooden boat, the Merrimack, and fit it with ten guns and iron armor plates. Renamed the Virginia, it was captained by Franklin Buchanan. The Union countered by constructing a large oval with a rotating gun, called the Monitor and piloted by John Worden. The Virginia tore through Union wooden ships (Cumberland, Congress, Minnesota) but when the Monitor arrived, the two ironclads fought to a stalemate; the Union thus maintained its blockade. The South deliberately destroyed the Virginia two months later, while the Monitor sank in a storm off Cape Hatteras in December 1862.

Peninsular Campaign

(March-July 1862). Union commander George McClellan devised this plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia by sending 110,000 men up the peninsula between the York and James Rivers. Advised of Northern maneuvers, Southern commander Joseph Johnston detached a force to defend the peninsula. He also sent a small unit (led by Stonewall Jackson) that crushed Union reinforcements in the West. After Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines (June 1), Davis replaced him with Robert E. Lee. Lee concentrated his force north of the Chickahominy River; in the Seven Days' Battles (June 25 - July 1), the Confederates broke through Union defenses, leading to McClellan's retreat down the James toward Harrison's Landing, and failure of the campaign.

Chancellorsville

(May 1-4, 1863). A victory for the South, but with great cost, as Stonewall Jackson lost his life. Lincoln called on "Fighting Joe" Hooker to command the Union army; Hooker took a force of 134,000 and provoked Robert E. Lee and Jackson's 60,000 men into battle. Jackson moved around Hooker and counterattacked the Union flank on May 2. That night, while Jackson was on reconnaissance, his own men mistook him for a Northerner and shot him; he died of pneumonia eight days later. The following morning, a cannonball blast hit the Chancellor House, knocking Hooker unconscious; Union troops led by John Sedgwick then retreated. Casualties for the North outnumbered those of the South, 17,000 to 13,000.

Battle of the Coral Sea

(May 1942): Resulting from a Japanese plan to capture Port Moresby, New Guinea, the [blank] was fought entirely by carrier-based aircraft, making it the first major naval battle in history in which the two opposing fleets never directly fired upon (or even sighted) each other. The U.S. Navy's carrier Lexington was sunk, and the Yorktown heavily damaged, while the Japanese navy lost the light carrier Shoho and saw its large carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku damaged. Ultimately, the invasion of Port Moresby was cancelled and the temporary loss of two Japanese carriers gave the U.S. an edge at the subsequent Battle of Midway.

Wilderness Campaign

(May 5 - June 12, 1864). The first clash between Ulysses Grant and Robert E. Lee, this series of conflicts started with the Battle of the [blank] (50 miles northwest of Richmond), where Southern leaders A. P. Hill and Richard Ewell held the line, and over 17,000 Northerners fell. At Spotsylvania Court House, George Meade assaulted Robert E. Lee's men, but they repelled Meade at the "Bloody Angle." The trenches in which much of the fighting took place were similar to those later seen in World War I. Advancing within ten miles of Richmond, Grant met Lee at Cold Harbor (June 3); he lost 7,000 men to Lee's 1,500 and withdrew across the James River, but with the entire campaign he severely reduced Confederate strength in a war of attrition.

Boris Godunov

(Modest Mussorgsky, 1874): The opera's prologue shows [blank], the chief adviser of Ivan the Terrible, being pressured to assume the throne after Ivan's two children die. In the first act the religious novice Grigori decides that he will impersonate that younger son, Dmitri (the [first] "false Dmitri"), whom, it turns out, [blank] had killed. Grigori raises a general revolt and [blank]' health falls apart as he is taunted by military defeats and dreams of the murdered tsarevich. The opera ends with [blank] dying in front of the assembled boyars (noblemen).

Battle of El Alamein

(October 1942 - November 1942): The Second [blank] marked the turning point in the African campaign. Named for an Egyptian coastal town 65 miles west of Alexandria, it saw the British Eighth Army under Bernard Montgomery defeat the German Afrika Korps under Erwin Rommel, preventing the Nazis from capturing the Suez Canal and oil fields in the Middle East. Following the battle, Allied forces landed in Morocco and Algeria as part of Operation Torch, and by May 1943 all Axis forces in North Africa had surrendered.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

(October 1944): By some measures the largest naval battle in history, the [blank] resulted from the Japanese Sho-Go plan to halt the American reconquest of the Philippines. The plan nearly worked when American Admiral William "Bull" Halsey was baited into moving all of his battleships and large carriers away from the landing site, but an American force of small escort carriers and destroyers held off a Japanese task force that included four battleships. Another Japanese force tried to pass through the Surigao Strait, but — in the last-ever combat between opposing battleships — the American Seventh Fleet crossed their 'T' and annihilated the force.

The Sound of Music

(Richard Rodgers; Oscar Hammerstein II; Howard Lindsey & Russel Crouse; 1959): Maria, a young woman studying to be a nun in Nazi-occupied Austria, becomes governess to the seven children of Captain von Trapp. She teaches the children to sing ("My Favorite Things," "Do-Re-Mi"), and she and the Captain fall in love and get married. After Maria and the von Trapps give a concert for the Nazis ("Edelweiss"), they escape Austria ("Climb Ev'ry Mountain"). It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning 1965 film starring Julie Andrews.

Oklahoma!

(Richard Rodgers; Oscar Hammerstein II; Oscar Hammerstein II; 1943): On the eve of [blank]'s statehood, cowboy Curly McLain and sinister farmhand Judd compete for the love of Aunt Eller's niece, Laurey. Judd falls on his own knife after attacking Curly, and Curly and Laurey get married. A subplot concerns Ado Annie, who chooses cowboy Will Parker over the Persian peddler Ali Hakim. Featuring the songs "Oh What a Beautiful Mornin'" and "[blank]," it is often considered the first modern book musical.

Salome

(Richard Strauss based on the play by Oscar Wilde, 1905): Jokanaan (John the Baptist) is imprisoned in the dungeons of King Herod. Herod's 15-year-old step-daughter [blank] becomes obsessed with the prisoner's religious passion and is incensed when he ignores her advances. Later in the evening Herod orders [blank] to dance for him (the "Dance of the Seven Veils"), but she refuses until he promises her "anything she wants." She asks for the head of Jokanaan and eventually receives it, after which a horrified Herod orders her to be killed; his soldiers crush her with their shields.

Ex Parte Merryman

(Roger Taney, 1861): This was not actually a Supreme Court case, but a federal court case heard by Chief Justice Roger Taney while "circuit-riding" when the court was not in session. Lieutenant John [blank] of the Maryland cavalry took an active role in evicting Union soldiers from Maryland following the attack on Fort Sumter. Abraham Lincoln declared a secret suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and had a number of opposition leaders, including Merryman, arrested. Taney found the president had acted unconstitutionally (only Congress can suspend the writ), but Lincoln simply ignored his ruling.

Antietam / Sharpsburg

(September 17, 1862). The bloodiest day of the Civil War: 12,000 Union men lost their lives, as did 10,000 Confederates. Robert E. Lee planned a northern invasion into Maryland, but a Union soldier discovered those battle plans wrapped around three cigars. Instead, Lee marched his army toward [blank] Creek. Meanwhile, Jackson's forces captured Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and rushed to reunite with Lee. George McClellan had a large enough force to capture the entire rebel army, but did not use all of his troops nor coordinate one solid attack. [blank] thus was actually a series of five skirmishes; in one of them, dubbed "The Bloody Lane," 2,000 Union soldiers fell in a few minutes. As it was, Union forces drove the Confederates back across the Potomac.

Chattanooga Campaign

(September-November 1863). It began when Union General William Rosecrans forced Confederate commander Braxton Bragg out of the city on September 9. Ten days later, at Chickamauga (in Georgia), Bragg and James Longstreet turned the tables by whipping Rosecrans, forcing him into a siege position at [blank]. Only George Thomas (the "Rock of Chickamauga") saved Rosecrans from annihilation. Well-developed railroad networks, however, allowed Ulysses Grant, Joseph Hooker, and William Tecumseh Sherman to bring reinforcements. On November 24, Hooker took Lookout Mountain in the southwest, in the "Battle Above the Clouds." The next day, Thomas ran right over the Southern force at Missionary Ridge, securing Tennessee for the North.

Serrekunda is the largest city in what small west African country that is surrounded on three sides by Senegal?

(The) Gambia

Baker v. Carr

(William J. Brennan Jr., Earl Warren, 6-2, 1962): Charles W. [blank], a Tennessee citizen, sued the Tennessee secretary of state, Joe [blank], claiming that the state's electoral districts had been drawn to grossly favor one political party. The defendant argued that reapportionment issues were political, not judicial, matters, but the court disagreed and declared the issue justiciable before remanding the case to a lower court. Two years later, in Reynolds v. Sims, the court mandated the principle of "one man, one vote."

Hammer v. Dagenhart

(William R. Day, Edward Douglass White, 5-4, 1918): The Keating-Owen Act prohibited the interstate sale of goods produced by child labor, leading Roland [blank] to sue U.S. attorney W. C. [blank] in Charlotte since his two sons would be put out of work. The court ruled that the federal government did not have the right to regulate child labor; Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote a notable dissent focusing on the lack of proper state regulation. The case was overturned by the 1941 case U.S. v. Darby Lumber Company case upholding the Fair Labor Standards Act.

The Marriage of Figaro

(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Lorenzo Da Ponte, 1786): [blank] and Susanna are servants of Count Almaviva who plan to marry, but this plan is complicated by the older Marcellina who wants to wed [blank], the Count — who has made unwanted advances to Susanna —, and Don Bartolo, who has a loan that [blank] has sworn he will repay before he marries. The issues are resolved with a series of complicated schemes that involve impersonating other characters, including the page Cherubino. The opera is based on a comedy by Pierre de Beaumarchais. Be careful: Many of the same characters also appear in The Barber of Seville!

Don Giovanni

(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Lorenzo Da Ponte, 1787): [blank] (the Italian form of "Don Juan") attempts to seduce Donna Anna, but is discovered by her father, the Commendatore, whom he kills in a swordfight. Later in the act, his servant Leporello recounts his master's 2,000-odd conquests in the "Catalogue Aria." Further sword fights and assignations occur prior to the final scene, in which a statue of the Commendatore comes to life, knocks on the door to the room in which [blank] is feasting, and then opens a chasm that takes him down to hell.

Le Corbusier

(born Charles-Édouard Jeanneret) (1887-1965) Possibly more influential even than Wright, he wrote the 1923 book Towards a New Architecture, standard reading in architectural theory courses. One famous [blank]an quote is "A house is a machine for living in." His floor plans were influenced by Cubist principles of division of space, and the Villa Savoye (Poissy, France) is his best-known early work. He wrote of the "Radiant City" begun anew, a completely planned city with skyscrapers for residents. Applications of his approach to government buildings (such as in Brasilia or in Chandigarh, India), however, largely failed, as did many urban renewal projects produced on the same ideological foundation. Nonetheless, he influenced every other 20th-century figure on this list.

Euclid

(c. 300 BC, Alexandrian Greek) is principally known for the Elements, a textbook on geometry and number theory, that has been used for over 2,000 years and which grounds essentially all of what is taught in modern high school geometry classes. The Elements includes five postulates that describe what is now called [blank] space (the usual geometric space we work in); the fifth postulate — also called the parallel postulate — can be broken to create spherical and hyperbolic geometries, which are collectively called non-[blank] geometries. The Elements also includes a proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers.

Phidias

(c. 480 - c. 430 BC): An Athenian considered the greatest of all Classical sculptors. He created the chryselephantine (gold and ivory) Statue of Zeus at Olympia (one of the Wonders of the Ancient World, now lost) and the statue of Athena in the Parthenon (now lost). He was supported by money from the Delian League (that is, the Athenian Empire) run by his friend Pericles; he was later ruined by charges of corruption generally considered to be part of a political campaign against Pericles.

demographic momentum

(population momentum) the tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years. (Robinson)

Area of triangle

1/2 (base)(height)

An earthquake measuring 6 on the Richter scale is how many times more powerful than one measuring 4?

100 times

Age of Exploration

1400-1600 Europeans started exploring the world in search of land, goods and materials.

Surface area of a parallelepiped

2ab+2bc+2ac

Surface area of a sphere

4 x pi x r^2

Volume of a sphere

4/3 x pi x r^3

John Paul Jones

A Scotsman who had fled Britain after killing two people, he added the last name _____________ to his given name to hide from law enforcement. At the outbreak of conflict, he was commissioned to outfit the Alfred, which he then used to help capture New Providence in the Bahamas. The next month, April 1776, he led the Alfred against the HMS Glasgow, leading him to promotion and command of the Providence. Ordered to raid until his provisions were expended, he sank and captured ships in operations along the Atlantic coast. Commissioned captain of the Ranger, he sailed to France to acquire new ships, and captured the HMS Drake. Leaving Europe in August 1779, he met the British ship Serapis in battle on September 23, 1779.

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

census

A complete enumeration of a population. As per the Constitution, done every 10 years. Impacts re-apportionment of Reps. in Congress.

zero population growth ZPG

A decline in the fertility rate where the CBR is equal to the CDR, resulting in zero growth, and ultimately in negative growth. Happens to countries in last stages of DTM.

pandemic

A disease that is very widespread, on the regional, national or even global scale. More widespread than an epidemic.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland, Historically and commonly refers to the Jewish people from their homeland.

bijective, or a bijection

A function that is both injective and surjective. If a function is ______________, then it has an inverse. Furthermore, a function can only have an inverse if it is ______________.

USS Arizona

A lead ship of the honor escort for President Wilson's trip to France in 1918, she was on Battleship Row at Pearl Harbor when Japanese aircraft appeared just before 8:00 am on Sunday, December 7, 1941. The _________ came under attack almost immediately, and at about 8:10 was hit by an 800-kilogram bomb just forward of turret two on the starboard side. Within a few seconds the forward powder magazines exploded, killing 1,177 of the crew, and the ship sank to the bottom of the harbor. In 1962 the __________ memorial opened and is now administered by the National Park Service.

Hastings (1066)

A little more than two weeks after Stamford Bridge, Harold Godwinson was defeated by another claimant to the throne of England at Hastings. That claimant was Duke William of Normandy, who is now known as William the Conqueror. The battle and Harold's death are depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry. The battle took place two weeks after William's landing at Pevensey.

population density

A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.

population policy

A national plan for population change (either to lower or to increase birth rates)

Les Misérables (Alain Boublil, Claude-Michel Schönberg, and Herbert Kretzmer, 1985)

A partial retelling of the Victor Hugo novel of the same name, this work follows Jean Valjean, who was convicted of stealing a loaf of bread to feed his starving niece. He breaks his parole and is doggedly pursued by Inspector Javert. Several years later, the lives of Valjean, his adopted daughter Cosette, her lover Marius and his unrequited admirer Éponine, and Javert become intertwined on the barricades of an 1832 student rebellion in Paris. The longest-running show on London's West End, it features the songs "I Dreamed a Dream,", "Castle on a Cloud," "Master of the House," "Do You Hear the People Sing?", "One Day More," and "On My Own."

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and esp. by use of steam power. Coincided with the Second Agricultural Revolution.

Key

A piece of music's _____ is the "home" scale of the work. The _____ is most often indicated by the work's _____ signature, a collection of sharps or flats that appears at the beginning of the work and on each subsequent line of music (a list of _____ signatures may be found here). A pair of ______ may be parallel (beginning on the same pitch, e.g., C major and C minor), or relative (having the same _____ signature, e.g., C major and A minor). Most works of music between the Baroque and Romantic periods end in the same key as they begin, with the exception that works that start in a minor _____ may end in the parallel major. A work's _____ is often used as a descriptor in its title (e.g. Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor).

degree 0.

A polynomial that is just a constant

linear

A polynomial with degree 1, like 3x,

aging population

A population with a high proportion of elderly

Nathanael Greene

A prominent Rhode Island politician prior to the revolution, he raised a militia company but was not elected their captain due to his partial lameness. Following his work in the siege of Boston, he marched his army to Long Island, where they aided in the battles around New York. Following the loss of Fort Washington, ____________ led forces into victory at the Battle of Trenton, and then again distinguished himself by protecting Washington's force at the Battle of Brandywine. ____________ then led the main force at Germantown, and led the evacuation of positions along the Delaware River in fall 1777. The next year, ____________'s logistical talents led Washington to appoint him quartermaster general, a position he only accepted if he were allowed to retain field troops. He then led those troops as the right wing in the Battle of Monmouth. The quartermaster general position led to conflicts with the Continental Congress, and ____________ resigned in 1780. Appointed to command to replace the traitor Benedict Arnold, he was sent south following Gates' loss at Camden. Joining with Daniel Morgan, he retreated from Cornwallis' forces for two months until a crippling counterattack at Guilford Courthouse, which gave a costly victory to the British. Until the end of the war, Greene led a spirited offensive against Lord Rawdon's — and later Duncan Stuart's — forces, besieging Augusta and Ninety-Six, and establishing headquarters in Charleston following Washington's victory at Yorktown.

Ravenstein's Laws

A series of laws that describe voluntary migration patterns

Ticonderoga (May 10, 1775)

A small but symbolic victory for the American forces led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. The Green Mountain Boys captured Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain from the British and transported its cannons to Boston.

What is a mesa-a steep sided plateau or a meandering river?

A steep sided plateau

Cowpens (January 17, 1781)

A turning point in the American recapture of South Carolina. Daniel Morgan commanded the Continentals and Banastre Tarleton led the British. The Battle was fought between the Pacolet and Broad Rivers.

Sir William Howe

A veteran of the siege of Louisbourg, and the leader of the ascent to the Plains of Abraham (Quebec, 1759), he was dispatched in 1775 as second-in-command to Gage. After directing the attack on Bunker Hill, he succeeded Gage as commander, and coordinated a strategic retreat from Boston to Halifax. In Halifax, he coordinated a joint army-navy attack with his brother, Richard, an admiral, resulting in a campaign which allowed the British to control New York City. After his attempts to secure a peace in 1777 failed, he led the attack on Philadelphia, defeating Washington at Brandywine. After this, he wintered in Philadelphia, waiting for acceptance of his resignation, due to the failed peace negotiations. On May 25, 1778, he relinquished command to Sir Henry Clinton and returned home.

Form

A work's _______, or overall structure, is often depicted via a series of capital letters, with each different letter representing a large section of contrasting material. Basic forms include binary form ("AB" or "AABB"), ternary ______("ABA"), and strophic ______("A" endlessly repeated, commonly found in folk songs or religious hymns with multiple verses). Other forms include rondo form, in which several statements of a single theme are each separated by contrasting material (e.g. "ABACA"). Forms not usually represented by capital letters include the various types of theme and variations, as well as sonata-allegro form (which at its most basic level includes an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation).

The process by which snow or ice is lost from a glacier is known as what-ablation, dissolution, or expulsion?

Ablation

H.M.S. Pinafore (W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, 1878)

Aboard the title ship, Josephine promises her father, the captain, that she will marry Sir Joseph Porter, but Josephine secretly loves the common sailor Ralph Rackstraw, and the two plan to elope. A peddler named Buttercup reveals that she accidentally switched the captain and Ralph at birth: Ralph is of noble birth and should be captain, while the captain is nothing more than a common sailor. Ralph, now captain, marries Josephine, and the former captain marries Buttercup. Like The Pirates of Penzance, songs are named after their first lines; they include "We sail the ocean blue," "I'm called Little Buttercup," and "Pretty daughter of mine."

United Arab Emirates

Abu Dhabi

Which emirate, accounting for more than 85 percent of the United Arab Emirates land area, has the bulk of the country's oil deposits?

Abu Dhabi

Nigeria

Abuja

Which is not a port city on the Gulf of Guinea-Accra, Abuja, or Lomé?

Abuja

Surrealism (1924-1930s)

According to André Breton's "Surrealist Manifesto," Surrealism is "pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought"; inspired by the work of psychologists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, Surrealists sought to represent an unseen world of dreams, subconscious thoughts, and unspoken communication. Similar to metaphysical painting and Dada, Surrealist works are not meant to be clearly understood — they are meant to puzzle, challenge, and fascinate by means of confusing titles, unusual arrangements of reality-based subjects, and abounding contradictions. Painters associated with the Surrealist movement include Salvador Dalí (The Persistence of Memory, Swans Reflecting Elephants, Metamorphosis of Narcissus), Joan Miró (Dog Barking at the Moon, The Tilled Field, Harlequin's Carnival), René Magritte (Time Transfixed, The Treachery of Images, The Son of Man), former Dadaist Max Ernst (Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale, The Elephant Celebes), Frida Kahlo (Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird, The Two Fridas, The Little Deer), former metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico (whose stark color contrasts and veristic style strongly influenced surrealist painting), and Yves Tanguy. Surrealist sculptors included Alexander Calder (Lobster Tail and Fish Trap, Flamingo), Meret Oppenheim (Object), and Alberto Giacometti (Woman with Her Throat Cut, L'Homme qui marche I). The Spanish filmmaker Luis Buñuel created a number of films in the surrealist style, collaborating with Dalí on Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog) — which Roger Ebert called the "most famous short film ever made" — and L'Age d'Or (The Golden Age).

The African Union, a pan-African organization which supports integration among its 53 member nations, is headquartered in the most populous city in the Horn of Africa. Name this city that is the world's largest city in a landlocked country

Addis Ababa

Which is not a city in New Zealand-Christchurch, Auckland, or Adelaide?

Adelaide

If you travel westward across the International Date Line do you advance your calendar day once or do you set back your calendar day once?

Advance

Etesian winds, whose name is derived from the Greek word etesios, meaning annual, blow steadily from the north bringing cold continental air during the summer over which sea?

Aegean Sea

Kabuli Palau, consisting of steamed rice with lentils, raisins, carrots and lamb, is a traditional dish in what landlocked Asian country?

Afghanistan

Shumlay, a drink made of yogurt, honey, and spices, is a traditional drink of the Pashtuns in which landlocked Asian country that borders Iran.

Afghanistan

With majority of Pashto-speaking people, Kandahar or Qandahar, is the second largest city in what landlocked country?

Afghanistan

Fresh water lakes Kivu and Edward are in which continent?

Africa

Hausa, a Chadic language, is a lingua franca among more than 40 million people in several countries in the western parts of what continent?

Africa

Offshore oil drilling in the Gulf of Guinea is an important economic activity in what continent-Africa or Europe?

Africa

The CFA franc is the official monetary unit of more than 10 countries in the northern parts of what continent?

Africa

The Danakil Desert and the Danakil Depression are in which continent?

Africa

The Great Rift Valley, a massive fault line that extends about 4,000 miles north south, is marked with numerous fresh water lakes and volcanoes. The Great Rift Valley is in which continent?

Africa

The Maghreb was an ancient Arabic term for land in the northern parts of what continent?

Africa

The Oromo people of Hamitic origin are from the eastern part of what continent?

Africa

Tuareg people, nomadic tribal people of the Sahara that have been converted Islam by Arabs, speak a Berber language and live mostly in what continent?

Africa

What continent's northwest coastal area is settled by Berber people?

Africa

With a top speed of 14 miles an hour, the Black Mamba snake is the fastest land snake in the world. The Black Mamba is native to the southeastern part of what geographically diverse continent?

Africa

The seven day festival of Kwanzaa is observed in the U.S. to celebrate and preserve the traditions of what heritage-Jewish, African-American, or Irish?

African-American

1968

After Lyndon Johnson declined to run for re-election, and after Robert F. Kennedy was killed in California, the Democratic nomination went to Hubert Humphrey. Richard Nixon, gradually returning from political obscurity over the past six years, gained the Republican nomination. Alabama governor George Wallace ran as the American Independent candidate, becoming the last third-party candidate to win multiple electoral votes. Nixon edged Humphrey by half a million popular votes and a 301—191 electoral count, while Wallace won nearly ten million votes. Wallace's presence may well have tipped the election to the Republicans, who, after being out of power for 28 of the last 36 years, would hold the presidency for all but four years through 1992.

The Pyramids (July 21, 1798, Egypt) and the Nile (August 1-3, 1798, Egypt)

After his victory over Austria, Napoleon proposed crossing the Mediterranean and invading Egypt. While the stated goal of this expedition was to strike a blow against British trade with the Middle East and Asia, it also catered to Napoleon's fascination with antiquity. A team of scientists followed his military expedition, whose most lasting result was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, unearthed by soldiers digging to construct a fort in the Nile delta. Napoleon supposedly cried "Soldiers, forty centuries look down upon you" at the 1798 Battle of the Pyramids, where his troops used modern artillery and large square formations to ward off a cavalry charge by the Egyptian Mamluks. French control of Egypt, however, was dependent on communications across the Mediterranean, which were interrupted by the Royal Navy's attack on the French fleet in Aboukir Bay in early August. British victory at the Nile forced Napoleon to abandon his army and return to France.

Tadeusz Kosciusko

After receiving military training in his native Poland and France, he resigned his commission due to poor advancement prospect. Offering his assistance to the Americans, he helped fortify the Delaware River in 1776, earning himself the rank of colonel. That winter, he planned the building of Fort Mercer, and the next spring headed north with General Gates, becoming commander of the northern army and building fortifications that helped win the battle of Saratoga. In 1780, he worked on building defenses for West Point, then headed south when Gates was appointed command of the Southern Department. Serving under Nathaniel Greene, he distinguished himself in the Race to the Dan River, and at Charleston, but mishandled the siege of Ninety-Six. Following the war, he was granted American citizenship but returned home to Poland. Back home he resisted partition, and attempted to liberate the nation afterward.

Piano Sonata No. 23 in F minor, "Appassionata," op. 57 (1804-06)

Again, Beethoven had no hand in the popular title of this sonata: the "__________________" label was applied by a publisher some years after Beethoven's death. The sonata begins ominously: a theme descends in open octaves to the lowest note of the contemporary piano before rising again in an arpeggio, immediately repeated a minor second higher. The second movement has no stable conclusion, instead directly leading to the third through the use of a diminished seventh chord. The final movement's coda, which itself introduces new thematic material, is one of the most demanding and difficult passages in all of the composer's repertoire.

Lichenometry is a method of establishing what aspect of a rock or deposit of glacial origin?

Age

Which people are not native to the Southern Hemisphere-Maori, Aborigines, or Ainu?

Ainu

The Perdido River forms the entire east-west border between Florida's panhandle and what other state?

Alabama

Which state does not border any other state-Vermont, Alaska, or Maine?

Alaska

The international hot-air balloon fiesta that happens every October is a popular event in New Mexico's largest city. Name the city

Albuquerque

Name the group of about 300 small volcanic islands forming an arc in the North Pacific Ocean and extending about 1,200 miles westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Aleutian Islands

Because of the Sahara, the overwhelming majority people in Libya and what other large country to its west live in the northern part of the country near the Mediterranean coast?

Algeria

On December 17, 2008, the Organization of the Petroleum its meeting in the Mediterranean port city of Oran, the second largest city in what Exporting Countries held member country?

Algeria

Tamanrasset, known as Fort Laperrine during French colonial times, is an oasis town in what country near its border with Niger and Mali?

Algeria

The Ahaggar Mountains, a highland region in the central Sahara, are located in what countrý?

Algeria

The city of Ghardaïa, renowned for its coarse goat hair carpets, is located in the Mzab Valley in the northern Sahara in what country?

Algeria

What is the biggest country in Africa by land area?

Algeria

Algeria

Algiers

What city, the second largest city in the Northern Territory, is situated near the geographic center of Australia?

Alice Springs

Wellington's Victory; or, the Battle of Vitoria, op. 91 (1813)

Also commonly known as the "Battle Symphony." This heavily programmatic work was originally written for the panharmonicon, an automated orchestra; Beethoven later revised the work for live performers. The work utilizes several familiar melodies — including "God Save the Queen," "Rule Britannia," and "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" — and calls for special effects such as musket fire. The work is generally regarded as one of Beethoven's worst; even the composer himself acknowledged it as being a money-maker rather than serious art. Note that the piece specifically does not depict Wellington's victory over Napoleon at Waterloo.

De Stijl (1917-1920s)

Also known as neoplasticism, De Stijl (Dutch for "The Style") was founded in Amsterdam in 1917 and sought to create paintings that were completely abstract, with no references to nature whatsoever. De Stijl paintings are typically set on a white background, use black lines to shape rectangular spaces, use only black and the three primary colors (red, yellow, and blue), contain no modulation, and use only perpendicular lines (diagonals are forbidden). While the movement's theories were outlined by Theo van Doesburg (Neo-Plasticism: Composition VII (the three graces), Composition decentralisee, Composition in Gray (Rag-Time)), the principal practitioner of De Stijl was Piet Mondrian (Broadway Boogie Woogie, Victory Boogie Woogie, Tableau I, Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow, Lozenge Composition with Red, Black, Blue, and Yellow); other De Stijl painters include Vilmos Huszar and Bart van der Leck. De Stijl also manifested itself in the architectural works of Gerrit Rietvald (Schroder House, Red and Blue Chair), Robert van't Hoff (Villa Henny), and J. J. P. Oud (Gallery house at Weissenhof Estate).

USS Monitor/CSS Virginia

Also known as the USS Merrimack After departing Union forces burned the Gosport Navy Yard in Norfolk in April 1861, yard workers salvaged the USS Merrimack and converted her into the ironclad CSS Virginia. On March 8, 1862, the CSS Virginia left the shipyard and sank two Union warships in Hampton Roads. The South's ironclad rammed and sank the USS Cumberland and set fire to and sank the USS Congress. The Monitor was sent to end its rampage and the two ironclads battled for 3½ hours before the Virginia ran aground in its attempt to ram the USS Minnesota. Visibly damaged, the Virginia retreated and the Monitor withdrew to protect the Minnesota. The Confederates destroyed the Virginia soon after to prevent her capture by Union forces. The Monitor, victorious in her first battle, sank in a storm off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The shipwreck is a national underwater sanctuary under the purview of the NOAA.

Which river has a bigger delta-the Amazon or Mississippi River?

Amazon

Jordan

Amman

Netherlands

Amsterdam

Charles Cornwallis, First Marquess of Cornwallis

An aristocrat and ensign in 1756, he fought in the battle of Minden, and by the end of the Seven Years' War he was a captain. Made aide-de-camp to George III, he made colonel, and was promoted to major general before being sent to America. After a failed assault on Charleston, he served under Sir Henry Clinton in the battle of Long Island, but made his mark in fighting at Manhattan and pursued Washington across the Hudson, being outmaneuvered by Washington at Princeton (January 3, 1777). Following this defeat he directed the main attack on Brandywine Creek, and reinforced Germantown as part of the plan to capture Philadelphia. Promoted to second-in-command under Clinton after the Philadelphia campaign, he led the Battle of Monmouth before returning home to attend his sick wife. Sent south in 1780 to capture Charleston, he bested Horatio Gates at Camden (North Carolina) and Nathaniel Greene at Guilford Courthouse, the latter a pyrrhic victory that likely led to his defeat in attempts to contain Lafayette in Virginia. Following this, he occupied Yorktown in August 1781, where he was surrounded by American and French forces, and forced to surrender. Following the war, he was appointed governor-general of India, and proved to be a capable administrator.

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Alaska's largest city, a seaport on Cook Inlet, has more than 40 percent of the state's total population. Name this city.

Anchorage

Andorra

Andorra la Vella

Matadi, an important Central African port city along the Congo River, is about five miles away from the Democratic Republic of the Congo's border with what country that was a former Portuguese colony?

Angola

The Cuando River forms part of Zambia's western border with which other country?

Angola

The Kasai River, a tributary of the Congo River, forms part of the the Democratic Republic of the Congo and what other country that is a former boundary between Portuguese colony?

Angola

The coastal town of Benguela was an important place for the slave trade. Benguela is in which present-day African country that formerly was a Portuguese colony?

Angola

Turkey

Ankara

The King and I (Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, 1951)

Anna Leonowens, a British schoolteacher, travels to Siam (now Thailand) to teach English to the King's many children and wives. Anna's western ways, the looming threat of British rule, and romance between Lun Tha and the concubine Tuptim all weigh heavily on the traditional, chauvinistic King. As the King dies, Anna kneels at his side, and the prince abolishes the practice of kowtowing. Adapted from Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon and inspired by Anna Leonowens' memoirs, it was made into an Academy Award-winning 1956 film starring Yul Brynner. Its songs include "I Whistle a Happy Tune," "Getting to Know You," and "Shall We Dance?".

1860

Another four-candidate election, with Republican Abraham Lincoln, (northern) Democrat Stephen Douglas, (southern) Democrat John C. Breckinridge, and Constitutional Unionist John G. Bell. The Republican Party, founded in 1854, won in its second election (its first candidate being John C. Frémont in 1856), aided by the fragmenting of the Democrats. Bell took Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia, Breckinridge swept the other slave states, and Lincoln nearly swept the free states. Though winning under 40% of the total popular vote, Lincoln dominated the electoral count with 180 to a combined 123 for his opponents (Breckinridge 72, Bell 39, Douglas 12). Seven southern states seceded before Lincoln even took office, and war soon followed.

Madagascar

Antananarivo

Beardmore, Pine Island, and Lambert Glaciers are in which continent?

Antarctica

Lake Don Juan located at the west end of Wright Valley has a salinity level of over 40 percent and is considered to be the saltiest lake in the world. Lake Don Juan is in which continent?

Antarctica

Lake Vostok is in which continent?

Antarctica

The Ross and Weddell Seas can be found in which continent?

Antarctica

The highest mountain peak in which continent is in the Eillsworth Mountains?

Antarctica

Vinson Massif is the highest mountain on which continent?

Antarctica

Samoa

Apia

What hiking trail is more than 2,100 miles long and extends from the Mount Katahdin to the Springer Mountain?

Appalachian Trail

Marquis de Lafayette

Approached by the U.S. Minister to France, Silas Deane, he arrived in April 1777 with Baron de Kalb. First seeing action at Brandywine, his primary early action was in supporting Washington during the winter at Valley Forge. After participating at the battles of Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Newport, he returned to France, raising support for an expeditionary force. Returning to America a colonel, he served on the board that sentenced Major Andre to death, and then faced Andre's confederate Benedict Arnold in battle in 1781. Working in Virginia, he evaded Cornwallis' forces, until reinforcements arrived in June. Coordinating with Anthony Wayne, the two combined forces against Cornwallis in the battle of Green Spring. Pursuing Cornwallis to Yorktown, ________________ helped the siege there until Cornwallis' surrender.

Before they were heavily dammed and water diverted for agricultural use, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers used to provide a constant supply of fresh water to what inland sea?

Aral Sea

Name the large but shrinking inland sea that borders Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

Aral Sea

Qoraqalpoghiston or Karakalpakstan, an autonomous republic constituting the western third of Uzbekistan, has what large body of water as part of its northern border?

Aral Sea

The Colón Theater in Buenos Aires is considered one of the world's finest opera houses. To which country would you go see a show in the Colón Theater

Argentina

Which state is not a producer of crude oil-Alaska, Texas, or Arizona?

Arizona

Oranjestad is the largest city and capital of what Dutch overseas territory in the Caribbean Sea?

Aruba

George Marshall (served 1947-1949 under President Truman)

As a general, he oversaw the largest expansion of the U.S. military in its history and wrote the central strategy for the Allies in Europe. Namesake of the Marshall Plan to help Europe recover after World War II from 1948 to 1952. After he left his post, he was president of the American Red Cross. He correctly predicted that Israel's declaration of statehood would lead to war and attempted to mediate the Chinese Civil War.

Nighthawks, by Edward Hopper

As is often the case with his works, [artist] uses a realistic approach (including such details as the fluorescent light of the diner, the coffee pots, and the Phillies cigar sign atop the diner) to convey a sense of a loneliness and isolation, even going so far as to depict the corner store without a door connecting to the larger world. [artist]'s wife Jo served as the model for the woman at the bar. Nighthawks is housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.

Symphony No. 6 in F major, "Pastoral", op. 68 (1802-08)

As the title implies, Beethoven's _______ _______________ is a programmatic depiction of rural scenes; it is the composer's only truly programmatic symphony. The symphony's five movements, rather than the traditional four, each include a short title or description of their content: "Awakening of cheerful feelings upon arrival in the country" (I), "Scene at the brook" (II), "Happy gathering of country folks" (III), "Thunderstorm" (IV), and "Happy and thankful feelings after the storm" (V). In the score for the second movement, Beethoven explicitly identifies several woodwind motifs as being based on bird calls.

Piano Sonata No. 14 in C sharp minor, quasi una Fantasia ("Moonlight"), op. 27 No. 2, (1801-02)

As with the "Emperor," Beethoven did not give the "Moonlight" sonata its nickname; it was coined several years after the composer's death by Ludwig Rellstab, who commented on the first movement's resemblance to moonlight on Lake Lucerne. Beethoven's score calls for the sustain pedal to be held down through the entirety of the first movement. Often overshadowed by the ubiquitous first movement is the violent third movement, a Presto agitato sonata-allegro form with an extended coda, which on a larger scale serves as a recapitulation for the entire sonata. Beethoven dedicated the sonata to Giulietta Guicciardi, his pupil.

The 375-mile-long Garagum Canal supplies much needed water from the Amu Darya River to what capital city that is 15 miles from the Iranian border?

Ashgabat

Turkmenistan

Ashgabat

Nagorno-Karabakh, an enclave of Azerbaijan where the population is almost all Armenian Christian, is in what continent?

Asia

The Altay Mountains, where the headwaters of the Ob and the Irtysh are present, are located in what continent?

Asia

The Prime Meridian does not pass through which continent-Europe, Africa or Asia?

Asia

The Sunda Islands are in which continent?

Asia

The Tian Shan mountain system is in which continent?

Asia

The sarong, a traditional garment consisting of a length of fabric wrapped and tied around the body at the waist or under the arms, is worn by men and women in several countries on what continent?

Asia

The yak, found on the Tibetan Plateau between the altitudes of 13,000 to 20,000 feet, is native to what continent?

Asia

Yurts are portable felt-covered dwelling structures used by nomads on the steppes of what continent?

Asia

Eritrea

Asmara

Kazakhstan

Astana

The hot partially molten layer of the Earth's mantle that lies below the lithosphere is called by what word meaning "weak layer" in Greek?

Asthenosphere

Paraguay

Asuncion

What South American capital city lies near the confluence of the Paraguay and Pilcomayo Rivers?

Asunción

Intervals

At the most basic level, intervals — the distance between two pitches — are described with ordinal numbers (second, third, etc.), with the exceptions of unisons (two of the exact same note, which would logically have been called a "first") and octaves (which would have been called an "eighth"). The easiest way to find the basic interval between two pitches is to start on the bottom pitch, label that line or space "1," and then count lines and spaces upwards until the next pitch is reached; for example, the interval between C and F is a fourth: C is counted as "1," the lines/spaces for D and E are counted as "2" and "3," and the line/space for F is reached on "4." Unisons, fourths, fifths, and octaves may be classified as perfect, augmented, or diminished; seconds, thirds, sixths, and sevenths may be classified as major, minor, augmented, or diminished.

Greece

Athens

Serving as a hub for Delta Airlines, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport is the world's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic. In which southern city in the U.S. is Hartsfield International Airport located?

Atlanta

Which U.S. city does not have a majority of its population that is of Hispanic origin-San Antonio, Miami, or Atlanta?

Atlanta

Which city does not have Atlantic seacoast-Boston, Atlanta, or Miami?

Atlanta

Sable Island, located about 190 miles southeast of Nova Scotia, is renowned for its wild horses and shipwrecks. Sable Island is located in what ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

The city of Freetown was founded in 1792 as a land for freed African American slaves. Today, the city of Freetown is the largest city and the principal port of Sierra Leone. Freetown is a port city on what ocean?

Atlantic Ocean

What mountain range stretches across Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia?

Atlas

What is the most populated city in New Zealand?

Auckland

Which city is closest to the International Date Line-Auckland, Mumbai, or London?

Auckland

Excluding Antarctica, which continent has the lowest population density?

Australia

Kakadu National Park, situated on the Van Diemen Gulf which is connected to the Timor Sea by the Dundas Strait, is home to the indigenous people of what country?

Australia

Lake Eyre, which is normally dry with exposed salt pans, on rare occasions fills completely to become the largest lake in which country?

Australia

Port Augusta, Port Lincoln, and Port Pirie are cities on the southern coast of what large country in the Southern Hemisphere?

Australia

Qantas Airways, nicknamed "The Flying Kangaroo," is the national airline of which country?

Australia

The Barossa Valley, located about 35 miles northeast of Adelaide, is a major wine-producing region in which country?

Australia

The Sydney Opera House on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbor is one of the most recognizable buildings in the world. What country would you visit to see a show in the Sydney Opera House?

Australia

The sparsely populated Kimberley Plateau, with a small mining industry, is located in the northwestern region of which country?

Australia

To watch a game of rugby in the city of Perth, which country would you visit?

Australia

Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is one the largest monoliths in the world and is a natural icon for what country?

Australia

In addition to the capital city, Innsbruck, Salzburg and Graz are major cities in what European country?

Austria

To which country would you go to see the Salzburg Festival, an annual music festival held in the city of Salzburg, where the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born?

Austria

June 28, 1914

Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian ultra-nationalist Gavrilo Princip, a member of a secret military society called the Black Hand. In response to the assassination, Austria-Hungary issued the July Ultimatum to Serbia, leading to the outbreak of World War I.

Iraq

Baghdad

An archipelago of about 35 specks and one large island, this country prospers by processing crude oil rather than drilling for it. Name this country in the Persian Gulf that is connected to Saudi Arabia by the 14.5-mile-long King Fahd Causeway

Bahrain

Azerbaijan

Baku

What is the only major Indonesian island with a Hindu majority?

Bali

What city, the largest in Maryland, is located on the Patapsco River near its mouth on Chesapeake Bay?

Baltimore

Mali

Bamako

Brunei

Bandar Seri Begawan

Extensive rainfall over a period of three months in 2011 in the Chayo Praya and Mekong River Basins yielded extensive floods downstream resulting in the closure of the Don Mueang Airport in what Asian capital city?

Bangkok

Thailand

Bangkok

The Bang Na Expressway is a 34-mile-long elevated highway constructed to allviate traffic problems in what Asian capital city at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River?

Bangkok

Biswa ljtema, which means world congregation in the Bengali language, is an annual gathering of millions of Muslim devotees that takes place near the city of Tongi on the Turag River. Biswa Ijtema takes place in what country?

Bangladesh

Chittagong, a seaport on the Bay of Bengal, is what country's second largest city and its busiest port ?

Bangladesh

The Rohingya people, a Muslim ethnic group of Rakhine state in Myanmar, have fled to what predominantly Muslim neighboring country to avoid persecution?

Bangladesh

The Sundarbans, the marshy lands home to Bengal tigers, are located in West Bengal, India, and which other country?

Bangladesh

Central African Republic

Bangui

Gambia

Banjul

To participate in Crop Over, a popular summer celebration that started more tharn 200 years ago to mark the end of yearly sugarcane harvest, one can go to Bridgetown in what Caribbean country?

Barbados

Which country is not a major producer of nutmeg- Grenada, Barbados, or Indonesia?

Barbados

La Sagrada Família, a neo-Gothic cathedral designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí dominates the skyline of what Mediterranean coast city in Spain?

Barcelona

The Pechora Sea, into which its namesake river flows, is an arm of what sea?

Barents Sea

Basal ice, a relatively thin layer of debris-rich ice, is found in what part of a glacier?

Base; bottom

Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major, "Eroica", op. 55 (1803-04)

Beethoven's _______ _______________ was composed during the first part of his middle stylistic period, often referred to as his "heroic decade." Beethoven may have been influenced in the work's composition by his personal confrontation with his growing deafness. The second movement is a solemn, C minor funeral march, while the finale is a playful set of variations on a melody Beethoven used in several other works. The composer originally intended to title the symphony "Bonaparte"; in a popular but possibly apocryphal story, Beethoven ripped the title page from the score upon hearing that Napoleon had declared himself emperor.

Symphony No. 9 in D minor, "Choral", op. 125 (1822-24)

Beethoven's ________ _______________ marks the first significant use of voices as part of a symphony, though they are only used in the final movement. The opening motif from the first movement reappears in altered form in a second movement scherzo, which itself is followed by a slow third movement that alternates between quadruple and triple time. The massive final movement, whose internal form closely resembles that of the entire symphony, utilizes both Friedrich Schiller's "Ode to Joy" and original texts by Beethoven himself. A typical performance takes approximately 75 minutes; the fourth movement alone takes 25.

China

Beijing

Lebanon

Beirut

The city of Antwerp, famous for its diamond trade, is in what low country?

Belgium

Serbia

Belgrade

Neo-Malthusian

Belief that in order to meet the growing population, controls had to be put in plus, such as birth control. Gained popularity especially after WWII Baby Boom.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the U.S. was meant to expand from coast to coast during the 19th century

The Hondo River and its tributary the Azul River form nearly all of Mexico's entire border with what country?

Belize

The island of Newfoundland is separated from mainland Canada by which strait that means "Beautiful Island" in French?

Belle Isle Strait

Belize

Belmopan

What is the official and most widely used language in Bangladesh?

Bengali

What ocean current brings cold water to the southwest coast of Africa?

Benguela Current

Cotonou is the largest city in what country sandwiched in between Togo and Nigeria?

Benin

The Mono River is the principal river of Togo and forms part of Togo's boundary with which other country to its east?

Benin

What country on the Gulf of Guinea is formerly known as Dahomey?

Benin

Which strait is not in the Southern Hemisphere-the Torres Strait, Bass Strait, or Bering Strait?

Bering Strait

Germany

Berlin

Spandau Prison, which housed some of the most infamous Nazi war criminals from the Nuremberg Trials, was demolished in 1987 to prevent it from becoming a neo- Nazi shrine. Spandau Prison was located in what capital city?

Berlin

The Glienicke Bridge, popularly known as the "Bridge of Spies" during the Cold War, spans the Havel River. The Glienicke Bridge connects the city of Potsdam to what capital city?

Berlin

Switzerland

Bern

USS Constitution

Better known as "Old Ironsides," was one of the first six ships commissioned by the U.S. Navy after the American Revolution. Launched from Boston in 1797, it first saw action as the squadron flagship in the Quasi-War with France from 1799-1801 and also fought in the Barbary War and the War of 1812. She later served many years as the nation's flagship in the Mediterranean. Retired from active duty in 1846, the words of Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem "Old Ironsides" saved her from the scrap yard—she became the training ship of the U.S. Naval Academy until the mid-1880s. She became the symbolic flagship of the U.S. Navy in 1940 and is now a floating museum in Boston.

Although the ngultrum is the official currency, the Indian rupee is legal tender in what landlocked mountainous country?

Bhutan

Dzongkha is widely spoken in what landlocked Himalayan kingdom?

Bhutan

The gho is a knee-length robe tied at the waist and the kira is an ankle-length dress consisting of a rectangular piece of fabric wrapped around the body and pinned at shoulders. The gho and kira are traditional dresses for men and women in the cities of Thimpu and Phuntsholing. To which small landlocked country would you go to see men and women wearing the gho and kira?

Bhutan

Crufts dog show, considered to be the largest annual dog show in the world, has been run since 1886. Crufts is generally held every March at the National Exhibition Centre in the second most populous city in the U.K. Name this city

Birmingham

Name Alabama's most populated city that lies about 90 miles north of Alabama's capital city

Birmingham

Kyrgyzstan

Bishkek

What term is used for circular, steep-walled underwater sinkholes or submarine vertical caves found off the coasts of the Bahamas and Belize?

Blue holes

Muskeg is a Canadian-Indian term used for describing what kind of land terrain—-a bog formed by accumulation of moss or soil permanently frozen and covered by ice?

Bog

Although it is not one of the two capitals, Santa Cruz is the largest city in what South American country?

Bolivia

Tourists can wear masks and devil suits and participate in La Diablada, a carnival celebrated on the Saturday before Ash Wednesday, in the city of Oruro in the Altiplano region of what country?

Bolivia

The 2008 World Chess Championship between Viswanathan Anand and Vladimir Kramnik took place in what German city on the Rhine River that served as thee capital of West Germany?

Bonn

Which of these is a cold wind-Santa Ana, Brickfielder, or Bora?

Bora

The Okavango River, after flowing southward and crossing the Caprivi Strip, forms a vast marshland where it drains into the Okavango Delta in what country?

Botswana

The won is to South Korea as the pula is to what?

Botswana

The city of Guwahati in the northeastern Indian state of Assam is on the banks of which major river that joins the Ganges River in Bangladesh?

Brahmaputra River

Slovakia

Britislava

Built during the construction of the trans-Alaska mountain range as it heads north pipeline in the 1970s, the Dalton Highway travels through Atigun Pass in what through the Arctic Circle?

Brooks Range

Mount Chamberlin is the highest mountain peak in what mountain range that stretches from west to east across northern Alaska and into Canada's Yukon Territory?

Brooks Range

Ambuyat, a dish made of sago, is often eaten using chandas, a two pronged bamboo stick similar in ways to both chopsticks and forks. Ambuyat is part of the national cuisine of what small predominantly Muslim Asian country?

Brunei

Indonesia, Malaysia, and what other small country share the island of Borneo?

Brunei

Belgium

Brussels

The headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are located in which European city?

Brussels

Romania

Bucharest

Which capital city is not on the Danube River-Bratislava, Budapest, or Bucharest?

Bucharest

Hungary

Budapest

What major religion has two branches known as Theravada and Mahayana?

Buddhism

What major religion that started in India in about 550 BC, travelled eastward, and now has a lot more followers outside India than in India?

Buddhism

What major religion was founded in northeastern India based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama?

Buddhism

Argentina

Buenos Aires

Annie Get Your Gun (Irving Berlin, Herbert Fields, and Dorothy Fields, 1946)

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show comes to town, and performer Frank Butler challenges anyone to a shooting contest. Annie Oakley wins the contest and joins the show. She and Frank fall in love, but Frank quits out of jealousy that Annie is a better shooter than he is. The title role was originated by Ethel Merman. The show includes the songs "There's No Business Like Show Business," "Doin' What Comes Natur'lly," and "Anything You Can Do."

USS Chesapeake

Built at what is now the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, between 1798 and 1799. Was attacked by the British Leopard off Cape Henry in 1807 (which led to the duel between Commodores James Barron and Stephen Decatur), one of the causes of the War of 1812. She was captured off Boston in 1813 by the British frigate Shannon, on which occasion her commander, Captain James Lawrence, uttered his celebrated dying words, "Don't give up the ship," which have become a tradition in the U.S. Navy.

Burundi

Bujumbura

The Black Sea city of Varna is in which country on the Balkan Peninsula

Bulgaria

Name the most populous city in Vermont that is on the banks of Lake Champlain.

Burlington

Bujumbura, the largest and busiest port on Lake Tanganyika, is in which country?

Burundi

Coffee constitutes more than 70 percent of exports for what small landlocked African country bordered by Rwanda to the north?

Burundi

what small African country is landlocked but has much of its southwestern border adjacent to Lake Tanganyika?

Burundi

A flat-topped and often steep-sided hill standing isolated on a flat plain is referred to as-a butte or fjord?

Butte

Egypt

Cairo

Tahrir Square, a sprawling, traffic-choked plaza, became the hub of revolution which unseated President Hosni Mubarak in 2011. In which capital city is Tahrir Square?

Cairo

What term is used to describe a large roughly circular volcanic depression-mesa, caldera, or igneous crust?

Caldera

A major gateway for U.S.-Asian trade, Long Beach is one of the busiest seaports in which U.S. state?

California

The Gilroy Garlic Festival, one of the largest food festivals in the U.S, is held annually in the town of Gilroy, located about 16 miles south of San Jose. Which Pacific coast US. state would you visit to participate in the Gilroy Garlic Festival?

California

The breaking away of a mass iceberg or brash ice is known as of ice from a floating glacier or ice shelf to form an what-calving, sublimation, or weathering?

Calving

Built during the 12th century for King Suryavarman II, Angkor Wat is a renowned Hindu temple complex that attests to the central role of Hinduism and later Buddhism in what present-day country?

Cambodia

In July 2007, prosecutors issued the first indictment of a Khmer Rouge leader on charges of crimes against humanity. The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, massacred about 1.5 million people or about 20 percent of the country's total population in the 1970s. The Khmer Rouge was the ruling political party of which Southeast Asian country?

Cambodia

The Tonlé Sap River, which changes its direction of flow twice a year, connects Southeast Asia's largest lake by the same name to the Mekong River in which country?

Cambodia

To which Asian country would you go to see Bonn Om Tuk, a festival celebrated in Phnom Penh with fireworks and boat races on the Tonle Sap River?

Cambodia

N'Djamena, the capital of Chad, is connected by a bridge across the Chari River to the town of Kousséri in what neighboring country?

Cameroon

The Indomitable Lions is the nick name for which African country's soccer team whose home stadium is in the city of Yaoundé?

Cameroon

With a population of about three million people, Douala is the largest city in which African country whose flag consists of three vertical green, red, and yellow stripes and a yellow star in the center?

Cameroon

The Calgary Stampede, an annual rodeo festival held every July, attracts over one million visitors a year. What North American country would you visit to see the Calgary Stampede?

Canada

Australia

Canberra

What is the southernmost point of the continent of Africa?

Cape Agulhas

Table Mountain, a flat topped mountain that is of South Africa's most famous one landmarks, forms a dramatic setting for the harbor of what city?

Cape Town

What technique do scientists use to approximate the age of fossilized remains of plants and animals-carbon dating or remote sensing?

Carbon dating

The Volga-Don Shipping Canal, a 63-mile-long canal together with the lower Volga and the lower Don Rivers, provides the most direct navigable connection between the Sea of Azov and what other body of water?

Caspian Sea

Which is not a Pacific Island capital-Porta Vila, Honiara, or Castries?

Castries

The language spoken in the Balearic Islands and the city of Barcelona is also the official language of Andorra. Name that language.

Catalan

Spleology is the scientific study of what physical forms-volcanoes, caves, or glaciers

Caves

The sturgeon fish of the Caspian Sea, which can live to over 100 years but mature slowly, are being fished out of existence for their roe or eggs to make what luxury food item?

Caviar

French Guyana

Cayenne

The Ubangi River, the longest tributary of the Congo River, forms part of the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and what landlocked country?

Central African Republic

The huipil is a loose, richly embroidered traditional garment worn by indigenous Maya women in which part of the world Central America, West Asia, or southern Africa?

Central America

Buzkashi or kokpar is a sport in which teams on horseback compete to gain possession and propel an object to a scoring area. Buzkashi is a popular sport in what part of the world-Central Asia or Central America?

Central Asia

Libya and its neighboring country have had several armed disagreements over the Aozou Strip, which contains deposits of uranium and manganese. To which country did the International Court of Justice award the Aozou Strip in 1994?

Chad

global climate change

Changes in the average weather that occurs in an area over a period of years or decades; concept started in the later part of the 20th century. Scientists generally contend that the changes are caused by human activity. Debate remains as to what/if anything can and should be done about it.

The Susquehanna River flows into what body of water?

Chesapeake Bay

What Mexican state that borders Guatemala witnessed an uprising of natives called Zapatistas in 1994?

Chiapas

O'Hare International Airport, which is about 15 miles west of Lake Michigan, is in which city?

Chicago

The city of Concepción, struck by a tremendous 8.8 magnitude earthquake in February 2010, is about 270 miles southwest of what country's capital city?

Chile

Xerophytes, plants that have adapted to harsh conditions by storing water and by developing abilities such as imbibing water from condensed atmospheric moisture, can be found in what country-Chile, Burundi, or Sri Lanka?

Chile

Afaq Khoja was an important Sufi religious leader in the 17th century. To which present-day country would you go to see Afaq Khoja's tomb near the city of Kashgar in the Tarim Basin?

China

Europeans long lusted after the riches of Marco Polo's Cathay. This refers to which present-day Asian country?

China

Rare earths are a group of 17 elements that are crucial for manufacturing many high tech products. With over 95 percent of world's production, which Asian country has a monopoly on the rare earths trade?

China

The McMahon Line demarks the disputed border between India's Arunachal Pradesh and what other country?

China

The Turpan Depression is in which large Asian country?

China

The driving distance between the cities of Ningbo and Shanghai was reduced by 75 miles when the 22.5-mile-long Hangzhou Bay Bridge opened on May 2, 2008. In which country is Hangzhou Bay Bridge located?

China

Warm dry winds which blow down the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of North America are known by what name?

Chinook

Moldova

Chisinau

Large scale commercial production and use of CFCs by human beings in the 20th century is considered to have destroyed ozone in the Earth's stratosphere. CFC stand for what?

Chlorofluorocarbon

What city, an important transportation, manufacturing, and education center, is the largest city on New Zealand's South Island?

Christchurch

Which major religion has the most followers in the world?

Christianity

Name the body of water-an extension of the Arctic Ocean-that is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, on the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, and on the south by the Bering Strait.

Chukchi Sea

The term conurbation refers to an area formed when two or more of what entities grow and eventually merge together?

Cities

Toledo and what other city, the second largest in Ohio, are on the shores of Lake Erie?

Cleveland

What city in the state of Ohio is located at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River?

Cleveland

In meteorology, an okta is a measure of the amount of what?

Cloud cover

Battle of Okinawa (April to June 1945)

Codenamed Operation Iceberg, the invasion of ____________ was the last major ground battle in the Pacific theater of World War II. Kakazu Ridge and Shuri Castle were among the positions Japanese troops defended against U.S. Marine and Army units. Okinawa was the high point of Japanese kamikaze attacks; over 1,500 suicide missions were sent against the Allied invasion fleet. The heavy casualties sustained by both sides on Okinawa and the suicidal bravery of the Japanese military encouraged American planners to use atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki instead of launching Operation Downfall, the projected late-1945 conventional invasion of the Japanese home islands.

Indonesia and Vietnam are leading Asian producers of what beverage crop?

Coffee

A fjord, from Old Norse fjörthr, is best described as a narrow sea inlet extending deep into a steep cliffside. Are fjords more common in cold or warm climates?

Cold climates

What explains the formation of the Himalayan mountain range- collision of two continental plates or alternate freezing and thawing of glaciers?

Collision of two continental plates

Brazil and what other South American country are among the world's leading producers of coffee?

Colombia

To which Latin American country would you go to participate in Easter festivities and watch colorful processions in the colonial city of Popayán?

Colombia

What Latin American country would you visit to see movies in the Cartagena Film Festival held annually in the port city of Cartagena?

Colombia

Sri Lanka

Colombo

Just west of the city of Boulder are imposing slabs of sedimentary stones known as the Flatirons. The city of Boulder, where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains, is in which state?

Colorado

Lake Mead and Lake Powell, the two largest artificial lakes in the U.S, were created by damming what river?

Colorado River

The Green, San Juan, Gunnison, and Gila Rivers are tributaries of what major river in the western U.S.?

Colorado River

What river do you cross to enter California from Arizona?

Colorado River

The Astoria Bridge, connecting the towns of Astoria, Oregon, to Megler, Washington, spans what river?

Columbia River

The Grand Coulee Dam produces more electricity than any other hydroelectric facility in the U.S. The Grand Coulee Dam is on what river?

Columbia River

The city of Portland, Oregon, lies at the confluence of what two rivers?

Columbia and Willamette Rivers

Republicanism

Combined we end up with a republic - a nation or state in which people elect representatives to govern them

Malebo Pool, formerly known as Stanley Pool, contains the Île Mbamou. Malebo Pool is a shallow lake-like widening in the lower reaches of what river?

Congo River

What river along with its tributary, the Ubangi River, provides an important transport artery for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville?

Congo River

What river has the highest annual water flow in Africa?

Congo River

Bridgeport, at the mouth of the Pequonnock River, is the largest city in what state famous for its insurance companies?

Connecticut

Name the river that forms the boundary between Vermont and New Hampshire

Connecticut River

Constantinople (1453)

Constantinople fell to the Ottomans on May 29, 1453 after a seven-week siege. The Byzantine defenders were led by Emperor Constantine XI and a Genoese captain named Giovanni Giustiniani, and the Ottomans were led by Sultan Mehmed II and Zaganos Pasha. Preparations for the siege included the building of Rumeli Hisar across from Anadolu Hisar on the Bosphorus. The defenders stretched a chain across the Golden Horn, but the Ottomans rolled their ships over Galata Hill on greased logs to encircle the city.

What term is used to refer to a portion of continental crust that extends out from the continent below the sea level-ionic crust or continental shelf?

Continental shelf

What lines are used on a relief map to indicate points that have the same elevation-parallel lines, contour lines, or latitudes?

Contour lines

Which is not a U.S. overseas territory-the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, or the Cook Islands?

Cook Islands

The two main islands of New Zealand, North and South Islands, are separated by what strait?

Cook Strait

Which strait is not crossed when traveling from Ukraine to the U.K. by ship-the Bosporus Strait, Strait of Gibraltar, or Cook Strait?

Cook Strait

Fossilized animal dung or excrement is important for archeologists for making inferences about the diet and behavior of prehistoric animals. What word of Greek origin, meaning dung stone, is used to describe fossilized animal dung?

Coprolite

What term is used to describe a deflecting force exerted on a parcel of air or any moving body due to the rotation of the Earth?

Coriolis force

Ajaccio and Bastia are the two largest cities on which French Island?

Corsica

The San Juan River forms part of Nicaragua's southern border with what country?

Costa Rica

Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro Basilica, considered to be the largest Christian church in the world, is in which African country?

Cote d'Ivoire

Which country was never a Portuguese colony-Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, or Cape Verde?

Cote d'Ivoire

Which two West African countries produce more than half of the world's cocoa beans?

Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana

The Cavally River flowing south from its source in Guinea forms much of the border between Liberia and which other country to its east?

Cote d'Ivoire/ Ivory Coast

What is the term for the funnel-shaped depression at the summit of a volcano?

Crater

Iráklion is the largest city on the largest and most populous Greek island. Name this island in the Mediterranean Sea

Crete

The Sava River forms part of the north-south border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and what country to its north?

Croatia

The city of Dubrovnik, located on the Dalmatian Coast of the Adriatic Sea, is a major tourist resort in what country?

Croatia

CDR

Crude Death Rate The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

What industry/activity constitutes nearly half of Brunei's gross domestic product?

Crude oil and natural gas production

What word is used to describe the outermost layer of the solid Earth?

Crust

In May 2010, what river caused tremendous floods in Nashville, Tennessee, resulting in extreme damage to property?

Cumberland River

Which clouds are lower-cirrus or cumulus?

Cumulus

The city of Brno, located in the historical region of Moravia, is the second largest city in what central European country?

Czech Republic

Senegal

Dakar

Syria

Damascus

This city is famous for its ancient markets, museums, remnant Roman walls, and the eighth century Umayyad Mosque, considered one of the world's finest examples of Islamic architecture. Name this capital city that is northeast of the Sea of Galilee.

Damascus

In june 2013, the New Europe Bridge opened connecting the cities of Calafat in Romania to Vidin in Bulgaria. The New Europe Bridge spans what important river?

Danube River

Name the river that rises in the Black Forest of Germany and empties into the Black Sea.

Danube River

The city of Belgrade in Serbia is at the confluence of the Sava and what other river?

Danube River

What river forms much of the northern border of Bulgaria?

Danube River

Which European river has the most capital cities on it?

Danube River

The passenger train, the Ghan, runs between Adelaide and what other city that is the largest in the Northern Territory?

Darwin

mortality

Deaths in a population

What plants are more dominant in cool temperate climates with distinct seasons- evergreens or deciduous plants?

Deciduous plants

Which state does not have a coastline on Chesapeake Bay-Maryland, Virginia, or Delaware?

Delaware

Which state does not have a mountain peak above 12,000 feet-California, Colorado, or Delaware?

Delaware

Which state is not considered to be a part of New England -Connecticut, Vermont, or Delaware?

Delaware

Wilmington, on the Brandywine River, is the largest city in what state?

Delaware

What river rises on the western slopes of the Catskill Mountains and forms the boundary between Pennsylvania and New Jersey?

Delaware River

Which river does not empty into Chesapeake bay-the Susquehanna River, Potomac River, or Delaware River?

Delaware River

The Transpeninsular Line separates Maryland from Delaware. On which peninsula is this line located?

Delmarva Peninsula

Lake Mweru, which is fed by the Luapula River, is on the border between Zambia and the Katanga Province of what large country?

Democratic Republic of the Congo

The mineral rich Katanga Province, whose capital is Lubumbashi, is in the southeastern part of which country?

Democratic Republic of the Congo

1800

Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson narrowly beat the incumbent Federalist John Adams 73-65, marking the ascent of that party's power. At the time, one electoral vote each was cast for president and vice president, so Democratic-Republican VP candidate Aaron Burr also had 73 votes, but Burr refused to step aside. In the House of Representatives, neither man won the necessary nine state delegations outright until the 36th ballot, when James Bayard of Delaware changed his vote to Jefferson. The debacle led to the passage of the 12th amendment in 1804. The Federalists never recovered; Alexander Hamilton's opposition to Adams led to a permanent split between the two, and Hamilton's opposition to Burr was one cause of their 1804 duel, in which Burr (then the vice president) killed Hamilton. This was the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another.

The Great Belt Fixed Link, which consists of bridges and tunnels that connect the islands of Zealand and Funen, is in which country?

Denmark

The small and imposing statue of the Little Mermaid that sits on a rock in Copenhagen Harbor is an icon and a major tourist attraction in what country?

Denmark

The 4.8-mile-long Oresund Bridge and the 2.5-mile-long Drogden Tunnel connect what two countries?

Denmark and Sweden

Calculus operations

Derivative, integral, slope at a point, local extrema, points of inflection, and critical points

Dada (1916-1925)

Deriving its name from a nonsense word that literally means "hobby horse" (supposedly chosen by stabbing a knife into a dictionary), Dada was an anti-art movement in Zurich, Cologne, Berlin, Paris, and New York that rejected artistic and social norms in order to protest the establishment. Fervently opposed to the useless slaughter of World War I, Dadaists rejected conventional methods of representation and exhibition: they abandoned oil and canvas, often did work on glass, and accepted "readymades" (commonplace objects selected and exhibited as works of art) as valid art forms. Dada works often relied on location or accident, such as if a glass should shatter, the artist would hail the accident as an enhancement or an achievement brought about by chance; much like many other abstract artists, Dadaists favored artistic concept over execution. The foremost proponent of Dada was Marcel Duchamp, whose readymades include Fountain, L.H.O.O.Q., Prelude to a Broken Arm, and Bicycle Wheel, in addition to the aforementioned non-Dada painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. Duchamp's piece The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass), consists of two panes of glass with materials such as lead foil, fuse wire, and dust, and utilizes chance procedures; when the glass broke in a shipping crate and received a large crack, Duchamp left the cracks intact, incorporating the "accident" into the piece. Other key Dada artists include Jean Arp (Cloud Shepherd, Shirt Front and Fork), Man Ray (Lampshade, Le Violon d'Ingres), Raoul Hausmann (Mechanical Head (The Spirit of Our Time), Kp'erioum, ABCD (Self-portrait)), Hannah Hoch (Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Beer-Belly of the Weimar Republic), Francis Picabia, and Hans Richter.

Tourism is not a major industry in which city- Las Vegas, Des Moines, or Orlando?

Des Moines

Bangladesh

Dhaka

historical migrations

Different periods in US history characterized by large migration streams by different groups/source areas. Initial settlement of the colonies (English or African slaves), mid-19th-early 20th cent.(mostly European), since the 1970s (Latin America and Asia).

East Timor

Dili

Djibouti

Djibouti

Lake Assal, the lowest point in Africa and the saltiest body of water outside of Antarctica, is in which country at the entrance to the Red Sea?

Djibouti

Tanzania

Dodoma

Qatar

Doha

What name is used for a zone located near the Equator that is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high humidity, and frequent cloudy weather with light, variable winds-horse latitudes, pampas, or doldrums?

Doldrums

What is a characteristic of katabatic winds-they move down slopes or they are more active on open seas?

Downslope winds

Which type of irrigation has the least water loss through evaporation-flood irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, or drip irrigation?

Drip irrigation

The Palmer Index, which is measured on a scale of -4 to 4 takes into account precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and soil moisture to assess the severity of what phenomenon?

Drought

Clusters of elongated oval- or tear-shaped hills formed by a moving glacier are known by what word of Gaelic origin-dell, fjord, or drumlin?

Drumlin

Name the United Arab Emirates' most populous city that is also the country's chief port and commercial center

Dubai

Ireland

Dublin

Name the port city at the western end of Lake Superior in the state of Minnesota.

Duluth

Which Mexican state does not touch the U.S.-Durango, Chihuahua, or Coahuila?

Durango

South Pacific (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, and Joshua Logan, 1949)

During the Pacific Theater of World War II, Nellie Forbush, a U.S. Navy nurse, has fallen in love with Émile, a French plantation owner. Émile helps Lieutenant Cable carry out an espionage mission against the Japanese. The mission is successful, and Émile and Nellie reunite. Featuring the songs "Some Enchanted Evening," "There is Nothing Like a Dame," and "I'm Gonna Wash that Man Right Outta My Hair," it is adapted from James Michener's Tales of the South Pacific.

Tajikistan

Dushanbe

Belgium's largest linguistic group, the Flemings, is concentrated in the region called Flanders. What is the native language of the Flemings?

Dutch

What is the most widely spoken language in the South American capital city of Paramaribo?

Dutch

Permutations

EX: Suppose we want to find the number of ways to arrange the three letters in the word CAT in different two-letter groups where CA is different from AC and there are no repeated letters. - is known as 3_P_2, which is 3!/(3-2)!

A seismograph is a device used for detecting the presence of what phenomenon?

Earthquakes

The Donghai Bridge is a 20-mile-long cross-sea bridge that connects the city of Shanghai and the offshore deepwater port of Yangshan. The Donghai Bridge spans what body of water?

East China Sea

The Yangtze River flows from the mountains of Tibet and empties into what body of water?

East China Sea

Ties between China and Japan have been strained by a territorial dispute over a group of tiny uninhabited islands known as the Senkaku Islands in Japan and the Diaoyu Islands in China. These islands are located in what body of water?

East China Sea

What is the term for the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment?

Ecology

Guayaquil, the main outlet for bananas, cacao, and other exports through its Pacific Ocean port, has evolved into the largest city and the leading economic center for which South American country?

Ecuador

At 436 feet below sea level, the Qattara Depression is the second deepest depression in Africa and the fourth deepest in the world. The Qattara Depression is in which Arab country?

Egypt

Port Said, the northern terminus of the Suez Canal, is in what country?

Egypt

The Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens,full of archeological treasures dating back to 1500 BC, are famous tourist attractions in which country?

Egypt

The city of Alexandria, which once had a famous lighthouse that is considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, is an important port city on the Mediterranean Sea in what present-day country?

Egypt

Which country has the largest number of Arab people in the world?

Egypt

Which country is not a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-Egypt, Saudi Arabia, or Venezuela?

Egypt

The city of Dresden, capital of the German state of Saxony, is on the banks of what river?

Elbe River

Located at the corner of 34th Street and 5th Avenue, what famous building completed in 1931 remained New York City's and the world's tallest building for over four decades?

Empire State Building

The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus of an earthquake is called what?

Epicenter

Dutch is a not widely spoken in which country-the Netherlands, Suriname, or Equatorial Guinea?

Equatorial Guinea

Name the Spanish-speaking country in central Africa which consists of a mainland region called Mbini, formerly known as Rio Muni, and several islands in the Gulf of Guinea.

Equatorial Guinea

Name the small country in central Africa whose income has increased significantly since the 1996 discovery of offshore oil in the Gulf of Guinea near Bioko Island on which the country's capital, Malabo, is located.

Equatorial Guinea

The deposits from streams that flow subglacially are known to form curvy ridges of gravel that are many miles in length and several hundred feet in height. These ridges are known by what term?

Eskers

During July of each year, the small city of Viljandi, located about 60 miles west of Lake Peipus, gets swamped with visitors enjoying the Viljandi Folk Music Festival. What country would you visit to participate in this festival that celebrates European folk music?

Estonia

The waters of Lake Peipus are shared between Russia and what Baltic state?

Estonia

The section of a river which flows into the sea where fresh and salt waters mix due to tidal currents is known by what term-estuary, headwaters, or tsunami?

Estuary

Injera, a fermented thin flatbread made of a native grain, teff, is a staple food for people in what landlocked African country?

Ethiopia

Ras Dashen, located about 200 miles from the Red Sea, is the highest mountain peak in what landlocked African country?

Ethiopia

The Ilemi Triangle, a small region in central Africa, is claimed by South Sudan, Kenya, and what other country?

Ethiopia

The Tekeze Wenz River forms part of the border between Eritrea and what other country from which it gained independence in 1993?

Ethiopia

The formation of Eritrea as a separate country in 1993 made which country landlocked?

Ethiopia

Keban and Ataturk Dams in Turkey and Tabqa Dam in Syria reduce water flows of what important river in West Asia before the river enters Iraq?

Euphrates Rivee

The Cantabrian Mountains, which extend about 300 miles east-west, are located in what continent?

Europe

The Organization for Economic was founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and commerce and had 33 member countries as of January 1, 2011. Co-operation and Development (OECD) Most member countries of the OECD are in which continent?

Europe

The Svalbard Islands, with a population of about 3 ,500, are part of what continent?

Europe

The Tropic of Cancer does not pass through which continent-Asia, Europe, or North America?

Europe

The islands of Jersey and Guernsey are in which continent?

Europe

The addition of mineral nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous to lakes by farm runoffs is an example of what process-erosion, eutrophication, or veering?

Eutrophication

What kinds of plants are more dominant in high boreal forests-evergreens or deciduous trees?

Evergreens

Individual Rights

Every citizen of the US has certain rights--freedom of speech and religion, etc. These are rights of citizenship and the government can't take them away.

What is a limitation of Mercator projection, the most commonly used method for making maps that represent the Earth on a flat surface- exaggerating size of land areas near the poles, exaggerating the heights of mountain peaks, exaggerating the population of smaller countries?

Exaggerating size of land areas near the poles

True or False-The U.S.A. has made a formal land claim in Antarctica.

False

Which city is not on the Missouri River-Kansas City, Omaha, or Fargo?

Fargo

The two largest islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, comprise about 85 percent of the land area of what Pacific island country, about half of whose population are descendants of laborers from British India?

Fiji

Lake Saimaa, the fourth largest lake in Europe, is in what country that fought the Winter War against Russia during 1939-1940?

Finland

The Persistence of Memory, by Salvador Dalí

First shown in 1931, The it is probably the most famous surrealist painting. The landscape of the scene echoes Port Lligat, [artist]'s home. The ants, flies, clocks, and the Port Lligat landscape are motifs in many other [artist] paintings, and the trompe l'oeil depiction of figures is typical of his works. It currently belongs to the MOMA; its 1951 companion piece, The Disintegration of [painting], hangs at the [name of artist] Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.

What industry contributes more than 60 percent of Iceland's export revenue?

Fishing

Which river is not directly connected to Lake St. Clair-the St. Clair River, Detroit River, or Flint River?

Flint River

The portion of a river valley inundated by water during flooding is known as-a flood plain or water table?

Flood plain

Levees are often constructed to prevent what natural disaster-floods or earthquakes?

Floods

Name the Italian city located on the Arno River, known as the Cradle of the Renaissance, and filled with architectural jewels including the domed cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore.

Florence

Due to its expansive and intricate canal system and popular beaches, the city of Fort Lauderdale in what state has a flourishing boating industry?

Florida

The Orange Bowl football game takes place annually in what U.S. state that leads the country in orange production-California, Florida, or Kansas?

Florida

Which state is not a major producer of cotton-Texas, Mississippi, or Florida?

Florida

What word of German origin is used to describe a warm dry wind that descends usually at high speed on the leeward side of a mountain range, especially the Alps?

Foehn

Chisholm v. Georgia (No majority opinion, Chief Justice John Jay, 4-1, 1793)

Following the death of Robert Farquhar, his estate's executor, Alexander Chisholm — who, like Farquhar, was a South Carolina resident — sued the state of Georgia to collect money Georgia owed Farquhar for goods it purchased during the American Revolution. Georgia claimed that sovereign immunity protected it from Chisholm's suit. However, the Supreme Court held that Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution gave citizens the right to sue a state, finding against Georgia. The Court's ruling proved so controversial that it resulted in the 1794 passage of the Eleventh Amendment, which specifically prohibited U.S. or foreign citizens from filing a lawsuit against a state (with certain exceptions).

What term is used to describe a community, generally an urban district, with little or no access to supermarkets for buying healthier food items but often served by plenty of fast food restaurants?

Food Desert

Name the specialized agency of the United Nations located in Rome , Italy , that fights world hunger by raising nutritional levels and increasing agricultural productivity

Food and Agriculture Organization

Which of the following is not a potential adverse consequence of prolonged excess irragation-lowered water table, salinization, or forest fires?

Forest fires

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Formerly part of Frederick the Great's staff, the Prussian ________________ was recommended by Ben Franklin to George Washington. Accepted by the Continental Congress, ______________ joined Washington at Valley Forge, and began training the army. Appointed major general and inspector general in May 1777, he aided in the Battle of Monmouth, then spent two years writing the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, an army training manual. Sent to Virginia in 1780 to oppose Benedict Arnold's actions, illness caused him to turn over his troops to Lafayette, but _____________ recovered in time to aid in the siege of Yorktown.

The Bridge (Die Brücke) (1905)

Founded by Ernst Kirchner in Dresden, Die Brücke is so named because members of the movement saw themselves as the bridge between traditional and modern painting. Inspired by Fauvism, members of The Bridge followed similar ideals, utilizing violent juxtapositions of color; however, paintings of The Bridge were noticeably more intense, reflecting emotional agitation through scenes of city streets and sexually charged events in country settings. Besides Kirchner (Street, Dresden, Playing Naked People, Bathers at Moritzburg), other prominent members of The Bridge include Erich Heckel (Bathers in the Reeds, Weisses Haus in Dangast), Karl Schmidt-Rotluff (Woman with a Bag, The Factory), Fritz Bleyl, Emil Nolde (Blumengarten), Max Pechstein (Under the Trees), and Otto Mueller (Landscape with Yellow Nudes).

Hermitage

Founded in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1764 by Catherine the Great, its buildings include the Winter Palace, which was once the residence of Russia's tsars. Its most famous pieces include Rembrandt's The Return of the Prodigal Son and Henri Matisse's Red Room.

Roquefort cheese, produced with techniques developed in 11th century, is aged for more than three months in the limestone caves of Combalou near the city of Toulouse. Authentic roquefort cheese is product of what country?

France

The Cannes Film Festival, one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world, is held annually in the city of Cannes on the Côte d'Azur. To which Mediterranean country would you go to witness the Cannes Film Festival?

France

The Gulf of Lion, on which the port city of Marseille lies, is an extension of the Mediterranean Sea. The Gulf of Lion is in what country?

France

The city of Dijon, a shipping center for Burgundy wines produced in the surrounding areas, is in which European country?

France

The city of Reims, founded by Gauls in 80 BC, is in the Champagne-Ardenne region of what country?

France

Which country conducted many nuclear tests in the 1960s in the Algerian Sahara area?

France

Germany's busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic is located in which city?

Frankfurt

The Pirates of Penzance (W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, 1879)

Frederic, having turned 21, is released from his apprenticeship to the title pirates. Reaching shore for the first time, Frederic falls in love with Mabel, the daughter of Major-General Stanley. Frederic realizes that he was apprenticed until his twenty-first birthday, and, having been born on February 29, he must return to his apprenticeship. Mabel vows to wait for him. The Major-General and the police pursue the pirates, who surrender. The pirates are forgiven, and Mabel and Frederic reunite. As the work is actually a light opera, most of the songs are simply titled after their first lines; the most memorable ones include "Pour, oh pour, the pirate sherry" and the patter song "I am the very model of a modern Major-General."

Sierra Leone

Freetown

What is the major spoken language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a former Belgian colony that received independence in 1960?

French

What is the most widely spoken language of the Walloons in Belgium?

French

The United Arab Emirates uses the process of desalination for producing what natural substance?

Fresh water

The U.A.E. uses the process of desalination for producing what natural substance?

Fresh water/water/drinking water

Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut Territory, was known by what name before 1987?

Frobisher Bay

Depression-era art (1930s)

From 1929 to 1939, art in America reflected and embodied the despair associated with the Great Depression, often raising social issues and concerns of the public. American artists of the decade rejected European abstract art in favor of realism and raw human emotion in order to emphasize the true plight of the destitute. The photographer Dorothea Lange made the desperation of the Depression visible to the general public via documentary photography, such as with her works Migrant Mother, White Angel Breadline, and Ditched, Stalled and Stranded; later, Lange would document the struggle of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Painters such as Aaron Douglas and Jacob Lawrence developed the visual art aspect of the Harlem Renaissance (a period of rebirth and freedom of expression for African-Americans in the early 20th century), highlighting African-American life — such as in Douglas' Aspects of Negro Life series — and exposing social injustices committed towards Blacks — such as in Lawrence's 60-panel Migration series. Edward Hopper depicted somber and realistic scenes of city life, such as with his paintings Nighthawks, Chop Suey, Automat, and Early Sunday Morning. Similarly, Grant Wood explored country life — especially Midwestern subjects in rural Iowa — in such works as American Gothic, Daughters of Revolution, Parson Weems' Fable, The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, Appraisal, and The Birthplace of Herbert Hoover, West Branch, Iowa.

Tuvalu

Funafuti

Omar Bongo, one of the world's longest serving leaders of the 20th century, died in June 2009. President Omar Bongo ruled what oil producing central African country that was once a French colony?

Gabon

Botswana

Gaborone

Which is not a territory in Canada-Yukon, Nunavut, or Galapagos?

Galapagos

Ships traveling from the Gulf of Mexico to the Port of Houston go through what small bay?

Galveston Bay

Which river does not empty into the Gulf of Guinea-the Niger, Volta, or Gambia?

Gambia River

The Bhagirathi and Alaknanda Rivers are the two important headstreams of what holy river in northern India?

Ganges River

Varanasi, a holy place for Hindus, is on what river?

Ganges River

Which landmark is not in Texas-the Gateway Arch, the Alamo, or the San Jacinto Monument?

Gateway Arch

Name the small strip of land about 24 miles long and 4 miles wide along the Mediterranean coast where people are fighting for an independent homeland.

Gaza Strip

Missa solmenis (in D major), op. 123 (1819-23)

Generically, a "_______ ____________" ("solemn mass") is a setting of the Catholic liturgy on a more grand scale than a "missa brevis" ("short mass"). Although it uses the traditional text, Beethoven intended the work for concert performance rather than liturgical use. Beethoven became increasingly fascinated by the fugue during his third stylistic period; his Missa solemnis includes two immense examples that conclude the Gloria and Credo movements. The composer dedicated the work to his patron, the Austrian Archduke Rudolf. The Missa solemnis should not be confused with Beethoven's earlier C major mass, op. 86 (1807).

The second most populous city in Switzerland, located between the Alps and the Jura Mountains at the extreme southwest corner of the country, is a global city and hosts more than 100 international organizations including the Red Cross, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Name this city

Geneva

The scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them is called-- geomorphology or lechometrics?

Geomorphology

Guyana

Georgetown

Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that border Russia along the Caucasus ridge, are fighting for independence from what country?

Georgia

The Chattahoochee River forms part of the boundary between Alabama and which other state to its east?

Georgia

The Masters, one of the four major championships in professional golf, is held annually at the Augusta National Golf Club. Which U.S. state hosts the Masters?

Georgia

Which state does not have a port city on the Gulf of Mexico-Alabama, Louisiana, or Georgia?

Georgia

The St. Marys River in the southeastern U.S. drains Okefenokee Swamp to the Atlantic Ocean. The St. Marys River forms part of the boundary between which two states?

Georgia and Florida

French, Romansh, Italian, and what other language are the most widely spoken languages in Switzerland?

German

What is the official language of Liechtenstein and its neighbor, Austria?

German

Lederhosen, leather shorts for men and boys and often worn with suspenders, are traditionally associated with what country?

Germany

Lufthansa, whose corporate headquarters is located in the city of Cologne, is the national airlines of which country?

Germany

The European Space Operations Centre, which served as the main mission control center for the robotic space probe that landed on a comet in November 2014, is in the city of Darmstadt. The city of Darmstadt is located in the Frankfurt metropolitan region of which country?

Germany

The Potsdam Conference, a major post-World War II conference among the Allied Powers took place in July, 1945, in Cecilienhof Palace to negotiate terms for the end of World War II. Cecilienhof Palace is in which present-day country?

Germany

The city of Passau is known as the City of Three Rivers because it is located at the confluence of the Danube, Inn, and Ilz Rivers. In June 2013, Passau suffered the worst flooding in 500 years that affected many areas in Bavaria. The city of Passau is located in what country?

Germany

The Oder River, which starts in northeastern Czech Republic, forms the boundary between what two countries before it empties into the Baltic Sea?

Germany and Poland

An icon of African cultural heritage around the world, kente cloth made by the Ashanti people is identified by its dazzling, multicolored patterns of bright colors, geometric shapes, and bold designs. Kente cloth is native to which West African country?

Ghana

Built in 1482, St George's Castle in Elmina served as a prison for Africans who were forced into slavery. In which former English colony bordering Cote d'lvoire is St. George's Castle?

Ghana

Lake Volta, the world's largest manmade lake, was created as result of the Akosombo Dam on the Volta River. Lake Volta lies in which country on the Gulf of Guinea?

Ghana

What term is used to describe a large mass of ice formed by the compaction and recrystallization of snow that moves very slowly downslope on land?

Glacier

Located near important coalfields and steel-producing areas, what port city on the Clyde River grew during the Industrial Revolution to become the largest city in Scotland?

Glasgow

The Mongolian Plateau is largely occupied by what desert?

Gobi

The two-humped Bactrian camel is native to the Central Asian Steppes and what desert in northern China and Mongolia?

Gobi

Which desert is not in Africa- the Gobi, Kalahari, or Sahara?

Gobi

pronatalist

Governmental policies designed to encourage citizens having more children. A variety of incentives are offered, including longer maternity leave.

Which national park is not in Utah-Grand Teton NP, Canyonlands NP, or Bryce Canyon NP?

Grand Teton NP

Which lake is entirely in Canada-Great Bear Lake or Lake Superior?

Great Bear Lake

Which body of water is in Utah-the Great Salt Lake or Lake Erie?

Great Salt Lake

Aegean Airlines is one of the chief airlines of what country that is a member of the European Union?

Greece

Catholic Christians are not the majority in which country-France, Greece, or Argentina?

Greece

The Corinth Canal dug across the Isthmus of Corinth in late 1800s to connect the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Sea is in what country?

Greece

Thessaloníki is the second largest city in what country that hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics?

Greece

Lake Prespa in southwestern Macedonia borders which two other countries in the Balkan Peninsula?

Greece and Albania

What city, the capital of Jalisco state, is the second most populous city of Mexico?

Guadalajara

What province, located on the South China Sea, surpassed Henan and Sichuan in 2005 to become the most populous province in China?

Guangdong

What Chinese provincial capital city, located in southern China on the Pearl River, is formerly known as Canton-Guangzhou, Shanghai or Chengdu?

Guangzhou

The thick accumulations of bird excrement that are usually found on islands where birds nest are used as fertilizer for their richness in phosphorous. This bird excrement is known by what term-guano, biome, or manure?

Guano

What U.S. naval base in the Caribbean Sea is on land granted to the U.S. under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty?

Guantanamo Bay

A chuchito, which literally means little dog in Spanish, resembles a Mexican tamale. Chuchitos are native to the cuisine of what Central American country that borders Mexico?

Guatemala

The Sarstun River which flows into the Gulf of Honduras forms Belize's southern border with what country?

Guatemala

Guatemala

Guatemala City

The headwaters of three major African rivers, the Niger, Gambia, and Senegal Rivers, are located in Fouta Djallon, a highland region in West Africa. Fouta Djallon, which receives a great deal of rainfall, is in which country?

Guinea

Hindi is not the most widely spoken language in which Indian state-Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, or Gujarat?

Gujarat

Name the gulf on which Egypt, Israel, and Jordan have coastlines.

Gulf of Aqaba

The Salween River, which forms part of the border between China and Myanmar as well as part of the border between Thailand and Myanmar, empties into what arm of the Andaman Sea?

Gulf of Martaban

Breton National Wildlife Refuge, located on the Breton and Chandeleur Islands, was greatly affected by a tremendous oil spill in April 2010. Breton National Wildlife Refuge is located in what body of water?

Gulf of Mexico

The Song Hong River, also known as the Red River, flows through the city of Hanoi and empties into what body of water?

Gulf of Tonkin

The Cuyuní River forms part of the border between Venezuela and what other country to its east?

Guyana

Flat-topped underwater mountains on the sea floor that are commonly found in the Pacific Ocean are known by what term-guyots or aquabuttes?

Guyots

Designed by French Architect Gustave Eiffel of Eiffel Tower fame, the Long Bien Bridge was completed in 1902. This cantilever bridge provides stunning views across the Red River. Today, the Long Bien Bridge is a beloved historic landmark of what Vietnamese city?

Hanoi

Vietnam

Hanoi

Zimbabwe

Harare

Cuba

Havana

A zone of increased air temperature usually associated with a large urban area is known as what-doldrums, heat island, or bajotermal?

Heat island

Which Mexican city is not on the U.S. border-Hermosillo, Mexicali, or Nogales?

Hermosillo

Inselbergs, Bornhardts, and Kopjes are all forms of what physical feature-glaciers, hills, or winds?

Hills

Bollywood, the Mumbai-based film industry, produces films mostly in what language that is spoken by about 41 percent of the people in India?

Hindi

Although Buddhism is the most widely practiced religion in Sri Lanka, about 15 percent of the population practice what other religion?

Hinduism

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are the three main deities of what religion practiced in Nepal?

Hinduism

Mt. Gunung Agung, the highest peak on the island of Bali in Indonesia, is an important site to adherents of what religion?

Hinduism

What religion that has about one billion followers celebrates Diwali, a festival of lights?

Hinduism

Which former capital city-Vietnam's largest city and financial hub-is in the delta of the Mekong River?

Ho Chi Minh City

The Seikan Tunnel is a 33.5-mile-long railway tunnel going under the Tsugaru Strait and connecting Japan's Honshu Island with what island to its north?

Hokkaido

Where is the headquarters of Cathay Pacific Airways located?

Hong Kong

Solomon Islands

Honiara

The Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge that spans the Akashi Strait in Japan is about 2.5 miles long and is considered to be the world's longest suspension bridge. It links Awaji Island to the city of Kobe on what island?

Honshu

The subtropical latitudes near 30°S and 30° N which are marked by stable dry weather, high atmospheric pressure, and light winds are known by what term?

Horse latitudes

The Buffalo Bayou, a waterway that was developed into a busy shipping channel, connects what major Texas interior port city to the Gulf of Mexico?

Houston

Lincoln Tunnel and Holland Tunnel, which provide a road link between New Jersey and the borough of Manhattan, are under what body of water?

Hudson River

The historic Erie Canal, dug in the early 1800s, provided the first transportation route between the eastern seaboard at New York City and the western interior along the Great Lakes. The Erie Canal connects Lake Erie to what river?

Hudson River

The highly decomposed plant and animal residue that is a part of soil is known as humus, silt, or loam?

Humus

Goulash, a stew made with beef, potatoes, onions, and paprika seasoning and gombutz, a dish made with cabbage, rice, ground meat, and tomatoes are typical foods from what Eastern European country?

Hungary

The headquarters for the International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) are located near a large city in the Deccan Plateau. Name this city where Telugu is widely spoken.

Hyderabad

What do you call a piece of floating sea ice which is not attached to land-ice cap, ice floe, or ice shelf?

Ice floe

Asian Americans do not constitute at least 10 percent of which state's population- Illinois, California, or Hawaii?

Illinois

The Wabash River, a tributary of the Ohio River, starts in Indiana and forms part of the border between Indiana and what other state?

Illinois

Battle of Bataan (January to May 1942)

Immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese bombers struck the Philippine island Luzon, forcing the Americans to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula, where they held out for four months. General Douglas MacArthur vowed "I shall return" before evacuating to Australia and leaving command to Jonathan Wainwright, who retreated to the island of Corregidor and surrendered on May 6. The prisoners from Bataan were sent on a "death march" 80 miles to San Fernando with minimal food, water, and medical supplies; those that fell behind were beaten. Japanese General Masaharu Homma was executed in 1946 for his role in the war crime.

Suprematism (1913-1920s)

Immediately prior to the Russian Revolution, a group of Russian artists formed the independent suprematist movement, so named because they believed that non-objective reality was greater than anything that could be achieved by representation; in his "The Non-Objective World: The Manifesto of Suprematism", suprematist founder Kazimir Malevich stated "By 'Suprematism' I mean the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art. To the suprematist the visual phenomena of the objective world are, in themselves, meaningless; the significant thing is feeling." Suprematist works often consist of simple geometric shapes of limited color placed at diagonals or some thoughtful arrangement on a white background. Major works by Kazimir Malevich in the suprematist style include Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, Black Square, Black Circle, Suprematist Composition: White on White, and Suprematism. After the communists took control of Russia, suprematism died out, much like many other abstract art movements under totalitarian governments.

Museo del Prado

In 1785, Spanish King Charles III commissioned a building to house a natural history museum, but his grandson Ferdinand VII completed the [blank] as an art museum in 1819. Deriving its name from the Spanish for "meadow," the [blank]'s holdings include not only what is universally regarded as the best collection of Spanish paintings, but also a number of works from Flemish masters, such as Diego Velázquez's Las Meninas, Francisco Goya's The Third of May, 1808, and Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights.

Trafalgar (October 21, 1805, off the coast of southwestern Spain)

In 1804 Napoleon abolished the consulate and became France's emperor. He faced an array of enemies who made up the "Third Coalition": the humiliated Austrians sought military aid from both Russia and Britain. France and Spain allied in the hope of challenging the Royal Navy and making it possible for Napoleon's armies to launch an invasion of Britain. Trafalgar, fought in the Atlantic off the coast of Spain in the fall of 1805, was the last great naval battle of the Napoleonic era. A combined French and Spanish fleet under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve was attacked by Royal Navy ships under Lord Horatio Nelson, Britain's greatest admiral. Just before the battle, Nelson's flagship — the HMS Victory — flew the signal "England expects that every man will do his duty." Although Nelson was killed by a French sniper in the battle that followed, his ships captured half of the French fleet, including Admiral Villeneuve. French plans to invade Britain were postponed indefinitely.

Jena-Auerstedt (October 14, 1806, Germany)

In 1806 Napoleon turned his forces against Prussia. At the twin October battles Jena and Auerstedt, Napoleon and Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout worked together to smash a Prussian army led by the Duke of Brunswick, who was mortally wounded by Davout's troops near Auerstadt. The collapse of the Prussian army, widely considered the continent's most experienced and professional military force, shocked European observers. Napoleon felt that he had secured revenge for Frederick the Great's victory over France at Rossbach in the Seven Years' War (1757).

Borodino (September 7, 1812, Russia)

In 1812 Napoleon assembled the largest army of his reign for the most ambitious military operation of the 19th century: a full-scale invasion of Russia. Russian Tsar Alexander I, despite losing to Napoleon in central Europe between 1805 and 1807, refused to agree to the "Continental System," the Napoleonic proposal for a Europe-wide embargo on British trade in manufactured goods. Napoleon's march on Moscow was slowed by Russian resistance at Borodino, where Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov's army was driven out of fortified redoubts after a day of destructive fighting. Although French forces were briefly able to seize control of Moscow, the subsequent retreat through the worst of the Russian winter ruined Napoleon's Grand Army.

Griswold v. Connecticut (William O. Douglas, Earl Warren, 7-2, 1965)

In 1879, ____________ outlawed the use of contraception. In 1961, Estelle __________ and Lee Buxton, who were directors of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, were charged with violating that ban after they opened a birth control clinic. Justice Douglas' majority opinion held that "specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras," and that "emanations" of those guarantees create a Constitutional right to privacy that protects intensely personal decisions, such as the right of married couples to choose whether to use birth control. Connecticut's law was struck down.

USS Nautilus

In 1951 Congress authorized construction of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine. On December 12 of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name __________. She was launched on January 21, 1954. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, the _________ became the first commissioned nuclear-powered ship in the U.S. Navy. On the morning of January 17, 1955, its Commander Wilkinson signaled "Underway on Nuclear Power." In 1958 she departed Pearl Harbor under top-secret orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine," the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship.

Miranda v. Arizona (Earl Warren, 5-4, 1966)

In 1963, Phoenix police arrested Ernesto ________ on suspicion of kidnapping and rape; he subsequently confessed to those crimes. During his initial interrogation by police, Miranda was never informed of his Fifth or Sixth Amendment rights. Writing for a thin majority, Chief Justice Warren stated that "[p]rior to any questioning, [a] person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed," laying the groundwork for the iconic "Miranda warnings."

Lawrence v. Texas (Anthony Kennedy, William Rehnquist, 6-3, 2003)

In 1998, a false police report led Houston police to the apartment of John Lawrence; upon entering, deputies claimed they found Lawrence having sex with another man, Tyron Gardner. Both men were charged with homosexual conduct, still a misdemeanor in Texas. Justice Kennedy's majority opinion held that the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause protected a person's "liberty" to engage in consensual homosexual activity, and declared the Texas law unconstitutional. The decision in Lawrence overturned Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) — in which the court upheld a similar Georgia law — and has been cited as a key predecessor of both U.S. v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges.

The National Gallery

In Trafalgar Square in London houses a synoptic collection of pre-1900 paintings assembled by government purchase and donation. It is home to British masterpieces including John Constable's The Haywain and both Rain, Steam and Speed and The Fighting Temeraire by J. M. W. Turner. The museum also boasts several major highlights of European painting, from arguably the best known of Vincent van Gogh's Sunflowers series to exemplar Baroque works like Caravaggio's Supper at Emmaus, The Judgment of Paris by Peter Paul Rubens, and the Rokeby Venus of Diego Velázquez. Major works of the Italian and north European Renaissance are also represented, including Jan van Eyck's The Arnolfini Wedding, Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors, Titian's Bacchus and Ariadne, Raphael's Portrait of Pope Julius II, and the later of Leonardo's two versions of Madonna of the Rocks.

Baby Boom

In general, an "explosion" in population due to increased births. Specifically in the US, it was the increase in births between 1945 (after WWII) and the end of 1964. Baby Boomers, Baby Boom Generation.

1896

In the election itself, Republican William McKinley swept the North and Northeast to beat Democrat William Jennings Bryan, but the campaign was the interesting part. The most prominent issue, the gold standard versus free silver coinage, led to Bryan's famous "Cross of Gold" speech. Shunned by Eastern press, Bryan — a legendary orator — traveled 18,000 miles through 27 states and was heard by some three million people. McKinley would not accept Bryan's challenge to debate, comparing it to putting up a trapeze and competing with a professional athlete. McKinley instead had a "front porch" campaign, as railroads brought voters by the thousands to hear him speak in his hometown, Canton, Ohio. Mark Hanna, McKinley's campaign manager, is often considered the first modern campaign manager. The election also represented the demise of the Populist Party and ushered in a 16-year period of Republican rule. The gold question would disappear soon after the election with gold strikes in Australia and Alaska.

1948

In the most recent election with four significant candidates, Democrat Harry Truman beat Republican Thomas Dewey, contrary to the famous headline of the Chicago Tribune, which was printed before results from the West came in. Dewey dominated the northeast, but Truman nearly swept the West to pull out the victory. Former vice president Henry Wallace earned over a million votes as the Progressive candidate, and Strom Thurmond took over a million popular votes and 39 electoral votes as the States' Rights (or Dixiecrat) candidate.

Jesus Christ Superstar (Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, 1971)

In the week leading up to the crucifixion, Judas grows angry with Christ's claims of divinity, and Mary Magdalene laments her romantic feelings for Christ. Judas hangs himself, and Christ, though frustrated with God, accepts his fate. It includes the songs "I Don't Know How to Love Him," "Gethsemane," and "Trial Before Pilate."

A country's Lorenz curve or a Gini coefficient may be used for measuring what aspect of a development-income inequality, trade surplus, or labor productivity?

Income inequality

What is observed in a layer of temperature inversion-an increase in temperature with altitude or a decrease in temperature with altitude?

Increase

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport and Indira Gandhi International Airport are located in which country?

India

China and what other neighboring country are the world's top two producers of tea?

India

Idli , dosa, and vada are typical food items of Tamil- and Telugu-speaking people in the southern parts of which country?

India

Lakshadweep, a small archipelago whose name literally means hundred thousand islands in the Malayalam language, lies about 200 miles off the coast of Kerala state in the Arabian Sea. Lakshadweep is a part of which country?

India

The Coromandel Coast, consisting of coastlines in the states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, is in which country?

India

The Ganges Plain, home to about 500 million people, is in which country?

India

The annual spring time festival of Holi, where people douse one another in colors, is celebrated in the Hindi-speaking belt of what country?

India

The dhoti is a traditional garment for men for the lower part of the body. It consists of a piece of unstitched cloth draped over the hips and legs. What country would you visit to see men wearing dhotis in the cities of Allahabad and Patna?

India

The high altitude Aksai Chin area, a part of the Tibetan Plateau that is controlled by China, is claimed by what neighboring country?

India

The production of oil from the Mangala oil field in the Barmer Basin in the state of Rajasthan is supposed to significantly cut what Asian country's energy imports?

India

The rock shelters of Bhimbetka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are located in the state of Madhya Pradesh and are said to hold some of the earliest evidence of human habitation. The Bhimbetka rock shelters are located in which country?

India

The town of Shravana Belagola, in the state of Karnataka, is one of the most important pilgrim centers for followers of the Jain religion. In which country is Shravana Belagola?

India

Unmarried women and young girls in Pakistan and what other country to its east wear long flowing trousers called shalwar and a long blouse called a kameez?

India

Women from which Asian country with more than a billion people wear the sari, a colorful garment consisting of a single six-meter-long piece of cloth draped around the body as a long dress?

India

The Palk Strait, incompletely separated from the Gulf of Mannar by a group of small limestone shoals collectively known as Adam's Bridge, separates which two countries?

India and Sri Lanka

Diego Garcia, a coral island administered by the U.K, is the site of a U.S. naval facility. Diego Garcia Island is in which ocean?

Indian Ocean

Starting near Somalia's border with Ethiopia, the Jubba River flows south into what ocean?

Indian Ocean

The Limpopo River empties into which body of water?

Indian Ocean

The South African city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal state is a major port on what large body of water?

Indian Ocean

January 30, 1948

Indian independence advocate Mohandas Gandhi was shot three times at point-blank range by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist. The shooting occurred just as Gandhi was beginning his daily interfaith service at Birla House in New Delhi. Godse was apprehended by Herbert Reiner Jr., an American diplomat. During his trial, Godse criticized Gandhi's accepting behavior toward Muslims and blamed Gandhi for the 1947 Partition of India. Gandhi's death was reported to the nation via radio by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru that evening.

October 31, 1984

Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards: Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. Her murder came four months after Operation Blue Star, a military raid on the sacred Sikh Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. Gandhi had been on her way to give an interview with British actor Peter Ustinov when she was killed, and the incident led to widespread anti-Sikh riots throughout India in which thousands of Sikhs were killed. Indira Gandhi's oldest son, Rajiv, succeeded her as Prime Minister of India.

The Ohio River separates the state of Kentucky from Ohio and what other states to Kentucky's north?

Indiana and Illinois

At over 16,000 feet, Puncak Jaya is the highest mountain peak in what country?

Indonesia

Borobudur, a ninth century Hindu-Buddhist temple on the island of Java, is in what country?

Indonesia

Located about 11 miles east of Yogyakarta City, Prambanan, built in the ninth century, is the largest Hindu temple in which country?

Indonesia

Lombok Island, which is separated from Bali Island by the Lombok Strait, belongs to which country?

Indonesia

Madura Island, with a population of about 3.3 million people, is separated from the most populous island of which country by the Madura Strait?

Indonesia

On September 30, 2009, a 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit about 31 miles off the coast of Padang, killing more than 770 people. Padang is a port city on the Indian Ocean in which country?

Indonesia

Reaching 10 feet in length and more than 300 pounds in weight, Komodo dragons are the heaviest lizards on Earth. Komodo dragons have thrived in the harsh climate of the Lesser Sunda Islands for millions of years. What Southeast Asian country would you visit to see Komodo dragons in their natural habitat?

Indonesia

Seget, one of the westernmost cities on the island of New Guinea, is in which country?

Indonesia

The Maluku Islands, also known as the Moluccas or the Spice Islands, are part of what country in Asia?

Indonesia

Which country has the most followers of Islam?

Indonesia

Karachi, the biggest city in Pakistan, is in the delta of which river?

Indus River

IMR

Infant mortality rate The annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births. Includes more than just deaths during birth; doesn't include abortion.

Metaphysical painting (1910-1920s)

Influenced by the work of late 19th-century German philosophers, metaphysical painters sought to create enigmatic scenes which beckoned viewers to interpret a meaning based on symbols, suggestions, and impressions, thus foreshadowing the Surrealist paintings of the following decades. In many metaphysical paintings, human figures are represented by shadows or lifeless dummies and are placed in mysterious settings of seemingly infinite space, giving the canvasses dreamlike, eerie, and vaguely threatening qualities. Additionally, the paintings were given intentionally enigmatic titles to contribute to their cryptic effect. Metaphysical painting was based on the works of Italian artists Giorgio de Chirico (The Disquieting Muses, The Song of Love, Melancholy and Mystery of a Street, Le Reve Transforme), Giorgio's brother Alberto Savinio, and former Futurist Carlo Carra (The Oval of Apparition). The metaphysical painting movement came to an end in the 1920s after an argument between de Chirico and Carra over who had founded the group.

What energy is used by geographers for remote sensing-infrared or ultraviolet?

Infrared

Futurism (1909-1914)

Inspired by the scientific and technological advances of the start of the 20th century, a group of Italian artists came together to form the Futurist movement in 1909, seeking to represent the glory of machines and speed in their art; in his "The Futurist Manifesto", Filippo Marinetti declared that "a roaring motor car which seems to run on machine-gun fire, is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace." The Futurists used a cubist-inspired approach to represent figures in multiple states at once, thus giving their works an animated yet shattered feel. Notable Futurists include Umberto Boccioni (Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, Development of a Bottle in Space, The City Rises, Dynamism of a Cyclist), Giacomo Balla (Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, Abstract Speed + Sound), Carlo Carra (Funeral of the Anarchist Galli), and Gino Severini (Armored Train in Action, Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin). Although Marcel Duchamp is not usually associated with Futurism, his Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (which caused an uproar at the Armory Show in 1913) displays many characteristics of Futurist painting.

Transposition

Instruments that are in concert pitch, or "in C," have their music written at the same pitch in which they sound. Concert pitch instruments include the piano, all string instruments, the flute, and nearly every woodwind and brass instrument that plays in bass clef. Other instruments are _________________ instruments, meaning that their music is written at a different pitch than they sound. With few exceptions, music for ________________ instruments is written above the sounding pitch, which can be determined by moving down the interval that the instrument's key is below C. For example, the French horn is in F, a perfect fifth below C; thus, a French horn playing a written G natural would sound a C natural, the pitch a perfect fifth below G natural. Similarly, a B-flat trumpet playing a written D would sound a C, a major second below.

IDP

Internally Displaced Person. Similar to refugees, but the relocation occurs within the same country.

The Belomorkanal, a ship canal that joins the White Sea and the Baltic Sea, is in which country?

International Russia

The Des Moines River rises in southwestern Minnesota, flows about 525 miles in a southeasterly direction, and joins the Mississippi River. For about 25 miles above its mouth, the Des Moines River serves as the boundary between Missouri and what other state?

Iowa

Munn v. Illinois (Morrison Waite, 7-2, 1877)

Ira _____ owned a set of Chicago grain elevators and charged oppressively high fees for their use. In 1871, the _________ legislature passed a law setting maximum rates for grain storage. On appeal to the Supreme Court, lawyers for the business claimed that the Illinois statute violated Fourteenth-Amendment due process rights regarding private property. Chief Justice Waite's opinion upheld the Illinois law, and proclaimed that "when private property is devoted to a public use, it is subject to public regulation." The decision was a landmark in the history of government regulation of businesses, especially railroads.

Arabic is not an official language in which country-Iran, Algeria, or Lebanon?

Iran

Dasht-e Kavir, a salt desert with an area of more than 21,000 square miles, has a hot arid climate and remains unexplored. Dasht-e Kavir is in the north central parts of what Middle Eastern country?

Iran

Doogh is a Persian yogurt drink flavored with salt and dried mint and sometimes made with carbonated mineral water. In which Middle Eastern Country is doogh a popular drink?

Iran

Khark or Kharg Island, a small island in Persian Gulf, has a deep-water oil terminal and is connected by a pipeline to petroleum fields on the mainland of what country?

Iran

Mount Damavand in the Alborz Mountains is the highest peak in which country?

Iran

People celebrating Nowruz, a springtime new year celebration, set up a traditional table setting called Haft Sin. What country would you visit to witness Nowruz festivities in the cities of Esfahan and Tabriz?

Iran

The 700-mile-long Harirud River, which disappears in the steppe region south of the Garagum Desert, forms part of the Boundary between Turkmenistan and what other country?

Iran

The ancient city of Persepolis, founded by Darius the Great, is situated northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in what present-day country in the Middle East?

Iran

The port city of Bandar Abbas, which occupies a strategic position on the northern shores of the narrow Strait of Hormuz, is in which country?

Iran

The rial is the official currency of what oil-producing country-Iran or Singapore?

Iran

For centuries, fish caught in the Tigris River have been used in this country to prepare masgouf, a dish made by grilling a whole fish. Name this oil-exporting country where masgouf is a traditional dish.

Iraq

Saddam Hussein was a dictator of what Middle Eastern country whose capital is Baghdad?

Iraq

Aer Lingus and Ryanair are the two biggest airlines in which European country?

Ireland

Hurling, a sport popular in the counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary, is considered native to which Gaelic country?

Ireland

The cities of Cork and Galway are the second and third most populated cities in what European country?

Ireland

The spectacular sea cliffs of Moher in County Clare rise to more than 600 feet above the Atlantic Ocean and are the most visited tourist attraction of what European Country?

Ireland

The Isle of Man, an island belonging to the U.K., is in what sea?

Irish Sea

Sir Guy Carleton

Irish-born, he led grenadiers across the Plains of Abraham in the 1759 siege of Quebec under his close friend General Wolfe. He entered the war as second-in-command to Thomas Gage before taking command after Gage's 1775 recall. _____________ then directed British troops from Canada to Boston after the Battle of Concord, resulting in a revolt. ____________ repulsed efforts by Montgomery and Benedict Arnold to capture Montréal and Quebec, routing a second attempt by Arnold, by defeating an American naval buildup on Lake Champlain. Following this, he attempted to support Burgoyne's failed plan to isolate New England. Brought back to Britain to govern Armagh in Ireland in 1777, he sat out all but the end of the war, returning in 1782 as commander-in-chief after Cornwallis' surrender.

Although people who practice this religion constitute only 12 percent of India's population, only two other countries have more people of this religion than India. Name this religion.

Islam

During the holy month of Ramadan, people practicing what religion fast until sunset?

Islam

What is the most widely practiced religion in Albania and Kosovo?

Islam

Pakistan

Islamabad

El Al, whose hub is located at Ben Gurion International Airport, is the national airline for which Middle Eastern country?

Israel

Located in the northern Galilee region, Mount Meron, known as Jebel Jarmaq in Arabic, is the highest point in which Mediterranean country?

Israel

Scientists were able to germinate a 2,000-year-old date palm seed found in the excavations at Masada, an ancient fortress of the Jewish people, in what present- day country?

Israel

The city of Beersheba in the Negev is in which country?

Israel

The town of Tiberias on the west coast of the Sea of Galilee is in which country?

Israel

Topkapi Palace, Dolmabahce Palace and Yildiz Palace, which were homes to powerful sultans that once ruled the Ottoman Empire, are in what large city?

Istanbul

Ghost

It is a shadow when dark it appears

Water

It you can drink when you thirty

Genoa and Gioia Tauro are important port cities in what Mediterranean country?

Italy

The cities of Verona and Bologna are located in the northern part of which European country?

Italy

The city of Turin, which hosted the Winter Olympics in 2006, is on the Po River in the northern part of which country?

Italy

Indonesia

Jakarta

Brought to the Caribbean from West Africa on slave ships, the ackee fruit along with saltfish is the national dish of what country?

Jamaica

To witness Reggae Sumfest, a concert festival taking place each year in mid July in Montego Bay, which Caribbean country south of Cuba would you visit?

Jamaica

What Caribbean country located in the Greater Antilles group of islands hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1966?

Jamaica

All Nippon Airways, whose main international hubs are at Narita International Airport and Kansai International Airport, is which country's second largest international airline?

Japan

Chiba, one the world's busiest seaports, is located about 25 miles south west of Narita International Airport. Chiba is in which country?

Japan

Ikebana, an ancient art of arranging flowers that has been in practice for more than 600 years is associated with what Asian island country?

Japan

Izakayas are establishments that serve food to accompany drinks. Customers in Izakayas typically sit on tatami mats and dine from low tables. Izakayas are popular after-work gathering places in what Asian country?

Japan

Mount Fuji is an iconic symbol for what East Asian country?

Japan

Nagano, the host city for the 1998 Winter Olympics, is located on the island of Honshu in which country?

Japan

On special occasions such as weddings and funerals, women from what island country wear a traditional robe called a kimono that is tied around the waist with a sash called an obi and worn with sandals called zori?

Japan

South Korea and which other country co-hosted the soccer world cup in 2002?

Japan

Students interested in learning to create kakemono, a traditional art form of silk or paper wall hangings with painting or calligraphy, can travel to the city of Sendai in which country?

Japan

Traditional restaurants in cities such as Nagoya, Sapporo, and Kobe offer oshibori, a hot wet towel to clean one's hands before eating, Oshibori is a common sight in the restaurants of what country?

Japan

Which country is not a major exporter of rice-U.S.A., Thailand, or Japan?

Japan

The sovereignty of the southernmost Kuril Islands is under dispute by which two countries ?

Japan and Russia

Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

Japan's invasion of China was the primary cause of World War II in East Asia. As early as 1931, Japanese forces occupied Manchuria and set up a puppet state called Manchukuo. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 resulted in open war between Japan and China. Japanese forces committed notorious atrocities during the invasion of China, including the 1937 massacres known as the Rape of Nanking. The Chinese war effort was hindered by internal conflict between Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist Kuomintang government and the communist insurgency led by Mao Zedong. Between 1942 and 1945 central China was largely cut off from the outside world due to Japanese conquest of coastal ports; Allied support was limited to air power deployed over the Himalayas from India, including the fighter pilots known as the "Flying Tigers."

Fall of Singapore (February 1942)

Japan's offensive in southeast Asia also struck at the British Empire. Japanese aircraft sank the British battleship Prince of Wales and drove obsolete British aircraft from the skies over the Malay Peninsula. Allied troops were driven back toward Singapore, Britain's major base in the Far East. Reinforcements from Britain and Australia arrived too late to repair the situation, and British general Arthur Percival was forced to surrender in February 1942. The loss of Singapore stunned the British Empire. Many Indian prisoners captured at Singapore switched sides to fight for the Japanese; British and Australian POWs labored in terrible conditions on the Siam-Burma railway depicted in the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai.

What language, spoken in East Asia, is traditionally written in three forms, Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana, although romanization is also used?

Japanese

Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 1941)

Japanese plans for domination of the Pacific called for a surprise attack on the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; wrecking the American Pacific Fleet would allow the Japanese navy to invade southeast Asia with minimal opposition. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto planned the Japanese strike, which sent carrier-based dive bombers and torpedo bombers to Oahu on Sunday, December 7, 1941. Four American battleships, including the USS Arizona, were sunk; the American aircraft carriers were at sea away from Pearl Harbor at the time of the attack. The losses sustained at Pearl Harbor shocked the previously neutral United States into entering World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt's address to Congress described December 7 as a "date which will live in infamy."

What is the most populated island in the world?

Java

Each year, hundreds of thousands of Muslim pilgrims pass through what port city on the Red Sea on their way to Mecca?

Jeddah

Israel

Jerusalem

A narrow, high-altitude, high-velocity stream of air that affects civilian aviation is known by what term-jet stream or wind turbulence?

Jet stream

1960

John F. Kennedy defeated vice president Richard Nixon 303-219 in a tight election, winning the popular vote by just two-tenths of a percent. The first Kennedy-Nixon debate (September 26, 1960) is a classic in political science; those who saw the calm, handsome Kennedy and the tired, uncomfortable-looking Nixon on television were more likely to select Kennedy as the winner than were those who listened on radio. (Theodore White's notable The Making of the President series began with the 1960 election.) Voting irregularities in Texas and Illinois (especially in Richard Daley's Chicago) led to allegations of fraud, but a recount would not have been feasible, and Nixon did not press the issue. Nixon would go on to lose the 1962 California gubernatorial race (occasioning his famous statement "You won't have Dick Nixon to kick around any more").

Which is not a British overseas territory- the Pitcairn Group of Islands, Ascension Island, or Johnston Atoll?

Johnston Atoll

What is the Icelandic term that geographers use for catastrophic floods from a subglacial or ice-dammed lake?

Jokulhlaup

Built by the Nabateans in the first century BC, the city of Petra is famous for rock- cut architecture carved from sandstone. What present -day country that borders Israel would you visit to see Petra?

Jordan

What Middle Eastern country, known as the Hashemite Kingdom, borders both Israel and Saudi Arabia?

Jordan

The Yiddish language is associated with people practicing what religion-Judaism, Buddhism, or Islam?

Judaism

Bloemfontein is one of the three national capitals of South Africa. Is Bloemfontein the legislative capital, administrative capital, or judicial capital?

Judicial

Alesia (52 BC)

Julius Caesar defeated the Celtic peoples of Gaul, establishing Roman rule of the lands beyond the Alps. The battle began when Caesar besieged Vercingetorix in the town of Alesia, shortly after the Roman defeat at Gergovia. The Romans built a wall to surround the city (a "circumvallation") and a second wall around that (a "contravallation") to protect themselves from the Gaulish relief army under Commius. When Commius launched a massive attack on the Romans, Caesar was able to defeat him and force the surrender of Vercingetorix. Although the Romans were outnumbered by as much as four to one, they proved victorious in what was the turning point of the Gallic Wars.

Which mountain range is not in Asia- the Jura, Zagros, or Kunlun Mountains?

Jura

Afghanistan

Kabul

The Neman or Nieman River is a major Eastern European river arising in Belarus and flowing through Lithuania before draining into the Baltic Sea. The Neman River forms the border between Lithuania and a Russian exclave to its west. Name this Russian exclave.

Kaliningrad Oblast / Kaliningrad

On December 29, 2008, Koryaksky, a volcano in Russia, erupted with a 20,000-foot plume of ash, the first major eruption in 3,500 years. Koryaksky is on what peninsula?

Kamchatka

Uganda

Kampala

Located at the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, Wichita, one of the principle aircraft manufacturing sites in the U.S, is the largest city in which state?

Kansas

The Matochkin Strait, which is covered by ice most of the year, connects which two seas?

Kara and Barents Seas

Nepal

Kathmandu

Which is not a seaport city-Pusan, Kathmandu, or Kobe?

Kathmandu

Baikonur Cosmodrome, the leading space center for the former Soviet Union that is now leased out to Russia, is in what present-day country?

Kazakhstan

In terms of land area, what country is the world's largest landlocked country?

Kazakhstan

Lake Balkhash, one of the largest lakes in the world, is located in what country in Central Asia?

Kazakhstan

The Chu River, starting at the confluence of the Dzhuvanaryk and Kochkor Rivers in the Tian Shan Mountains, spans Kyrgyzstan and what other country to its northwest?

Kazakhstan

The Ishim River, a tributary of the Irtysh River, has its source in the northeast parts of what country?

Kazakhstan

The Ustyurt Plateau, which lies between the Caspian and Aral Seas, is in Uzbekistan and what other country?

Kazakhstan

The dombra, a two-stringed lute usually played in a galloping rhythm, is a folk instrument of which Central Asian country touching both the Caspian and Aral Seas?

Kazakhstan

The sandy Kyzyl-Kum Desert, which lies between the valleys of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers, is mostly in Uzbekistan and what country to its north?

Kazakhstan

The Big Sandy River and its tributary the Tug Fork River form West Virginia's short border with which state to its west?

Kentucky

In 1984, in the vicinity of Lake Turkana, paleoanthropologists discovered "Turkana Boy," a nearly complete skeleton dating back 1.6 million years. Lake Turkana, the largest salt lake in Africa, is mostly in what country?

Kenya

Introduced by the British during colonial times, tea has become a major source of export revenue for what East African country?

Kenya

Lake Turkana, Sibiloi National Park, and the Chalbi Desert are important features of which African country?

Kenya

Masai Mara Game Park, famous for its lions, is one of the most visited parks in which East African country?

Kenya

The Nairobi-Mombasa railway and road divide Tsavo National Park, famous for large numbers of elephants and black rhinoceroses, in what country?

Kenya

The nyatiti is a type of stringed folk instrument native to the western part of what East African country whose largest seaport city is Mombasa?

Kenya

Tiny Migingo Island, located in the northeastern portion of Lake Victoria, is about the size of half a football field. Migingo Island is currently in dispute between Uganda and what other country?

Kenya

Sudan

Khartoum

Name the strategic mountain pass between Afghanistan and Pakistan that served as an invasion route for Alexander the Great and Tamerlane.

Khyber Pass

Ukraine

Kiev

Rwanda

Kigali

Name the plateau in northwestern Australia that is situated north of the Great Sandy Desert.

Kimberley Plateau

Which food it not a traditional Middle Eastern dish-hummus, falafel, or kimchi?

Kimchi

May 4, 1610

King Henry IV of France was stabbed to death by François Ravaillac, a Catholic fanatic who claimed to have had visions instructing him to convince Henry to convert the Huguenots (Protestants) to Catholicism. Ravaillac stabbed Henry—the first French king from the Bourbon Dynasty—on the Rue de la Ferronnerie when the king's coach stopped in traffic. One of the king's advisors, Hercule, Duke of Montbazon, was wounded in the attack but survived. Henry IV was survived by his wife Marie de' Medici, who served as regent for their son Louis XIII until he took power in 1617.

Jamaica

Kingston

St. Vincent & the Grenadines

Kingstown

Outside of Europe, what are the two closest capital cities in the world?

Kinshasa and Brazzaville

What island country in Micronesia straddled both the equator and the International Date Line until 1995-Kiribati or Fiji?

Kiribati

Cordell Hull (served 1933-1944 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt)

Known as "Father of the United Nations," ________ was a Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 1945 for his work in founding that organization. He sent a namesake note to Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor making a futile attempt to force the Japanese out of French Indochina, China, and Manchukuo, in accordance with his predecessor's Stimson Doctrine.

Thomas Jefferson (served 1790-1793 under President Washington)

Known more for his presidency and completing the Louisiana Purchase, began his feud with Alexander Hamilton while serving as Secretary of State, even though his office had no bearing on Hamilton's Treasury. He founded the Democratic-Republicans. He resigned his post after failing to secure from the British compensation for released slaves, withdrawal from garrisons in the Northwest Territory, and admission of violating the terms of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War.

Which city is not at the same longitude as the other two-Knoxville in Tennessee, Mobile in Alabama, or Milwaukee in Wisconsin?

Knoxville

Known during the colonial era as Dalhousie Square, BBD Bagh sits at the political heart of a large metropolitan area on the Hooghly River. BBD Bagh is in what present-day Indian city that was once the seat of power during the British Raj?

Kolkata

The hanbok, known as the choson-ot in the northern parts of the peninsula, is a dress characterized by vibrant colors and simple lines. The hanbok is the traditional dress of people on what Asian peninsula?

Korean

Chuseok is a harvest festival celebrated in late September or early October. During this festival, people visit their ancestral hometown and share traditional foods such as songpyeon. Chuseok is one of the most important holidays on what Asian peninsula?

Korean Peninsula

After a long and bloody struggle for self-determination, on February 17, 2008, this region, with ethnic Albanians making up 95 percent of its population, declared independence from Serbia. Name this region which is bordered by Montenegro and the Republic of Macedonia.

Kosovo

Pristina is the capital city of what country whose population is predominantly Muslim?

Kosovo

Which river does not contribute water to the Ganges River-the Yamuna, Krishna, or Chambal?

Krishna

Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur

Petronas Towers, the world's tallest twin towers, are located in what city?

Kuala Lumpur

Name the archipelago of about 56 islands that stretches approximately 700 miles northeast from Hokkaido Island to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Kuril Islands

Largely recovered from Iraq's invasion and oil field sabotage of 1990-91, this prosperous country is at the western end of Persian Gulf. Name this country

Kuwait

Kuwait

Kuwait City

Issyk Kul, located in the Tian Shan Mountains, is the second largest saltwater lake in the world. Issyk Kul is in the northeastern part of which country?

Kyrgyzstan

The komuz, a small lute-like instrument with a long neck and three strings, is a traditional folk instrument of which country whose capital, in the Chu River Valley, was known as Frunze from 1926-1991.

Kyrgyzstan

Jengish Chokusu, which in the local language means Victory Peak, is the highest peak in the Tian Shan Mountain Range and lies which two countries' border?

Kyrgyzstan and China

In mid-2010, protests between the ethnic Muslims and minority Christians in the city of Osh became violent. Osh, one of the oldest settlements in Central Asia, is the second largest city in which country?

Kyrgyzstar

Bolivia

La Paz

What is Bolivia's administrative capital-La Paz or Sucre?

La Paz

What is the name of the cold ocean current that runs south from Greenland off the northeastern coast of Canada and brings nutrients and fog to the fishing grounds of the Grand Banks?

Labrador Current or Arctic Current

Which team sport is considered to be of Native American origin-lacrosse basketball, or ice hockey?

Lacrosse

What former national capital, also the most populated city in Nigeria, was named by Portuguese traders after a port in Portugal?

Lagos

The world's deepest lake, which accounts for one-fifth of the world's freshwater reserves, is threatened by massive pollution. Name this Siberian lake

Lake Baikal

The Chari River, an important river in central Africa, empties into what north- central African lake?

Lake Chad

Along with the St. Clair River and the Detroit River, Lake St Clair connects Lake Huron to what Great Lake to its south?

Lake Erie

During the summer of 2014, nearly half a million residents of Toledo, Ohio, had to shut off tap water because of toxins caused by a massive algae bloom in the nearby lake that is the source of drinking water. What Great Lake is the source of drinking water for the residents of Toledo?

Lake Erie

The Niagara River, which includes Niagara Falls, connects Lake Ontario to what lake?

Lake Erie

Manitoulin Island, the world's largest island in a freshwater lake, is in what North American lake?

Lake Huron

The city of Milwaukee is on the shores of what great lake?

Lake Michigan

Which Great Lake is located entirely within the U.S-Lake Michigan or Lake Erie?

Lake Michigan

Five counties in southern Florida meet at a single point over what shallow freshwater lake that is divided among these counties?

Lake Okeechobee

Name the only Great Lake that does not contribute water to Niagara Falls.

Lake Ontario

The CN Tower, one of the tallest structures in the world, offers excellent views of what nearby Great Lake from its observation decks?

Lake Ontario

The city of Rochester, the third largest city in the state of New York, is on the southern shores of what Great Lake?

Lake Ontario

Isle Royale National Park is located on an island in what Great Lake?

Lake Superior

Marquette, the largest city in the Upper Peninsular region of the state of Michigan, is a major port city for shipping iron ore. Marquette is on the southern shores of which Great Lake?

Lake Superior

The Apostle Islands, in northern Wisconsin, are in what lake?

Lake Superior

The Keweenaw Peninsula, site of the first American copper boom, juts into what body of freshwater?

Lake Superior

Name the deepest lake in Africa that is also Africa's longest.

Lake Tanganyika

The downward movement of earth or rock along slopes that is generally prompted by increased precipitation or snow melt is called what?

Landslide

The khaen, a mouth organ made of a reed and bamboo pipes, is traditional in the music of what landlocked Indo-Chinese country?

Laos

The Lena River flows into which sea that is separated from the East Siberian Sea by the New Siberian Islands?

Laptev Sea

brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Las Navas de Tolosa (1212)

Las Navas de Tolosa was a major turning point in the Reconquista of the Iberian peninsula. A Christian alliance of Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Afonso II of Portugal, and Peter II of Aragon defeated Muhammad al-Nasir and the Almohads.

Ceviche, a citrus marinated seafood appetizer, is popular in what part of the world-Latin America or the Middle East?

Latin America

What Baltic country adopted the euro as its official currency on January 1, 2014?

Latvia

The northern part of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea is called-Laurasia or Gondwanaland?

Laurasia

The International Olympic Committee, whose membership consists of 205 national Olympic committees, is based in which city that is the capital of Vaud Canton?

Lausanne

The downward movement of water through soil which results in the removal of water-soluble minerals from the upper layers and their accumulation in groundwater or a lower soil zone is called what?

Leaching

Which is an example of non-point source pollution-discharge from a chemical factory into a wash, discharge from a ship at sea, or leaching of excess fertilizer to groundwater?

Leaching of fertilizer to groundwater

Magnificent ruins of temples from the first century Roman city of Heliopolis can be seen today in the town of Baalbek in the Bekaa Valley. Baalbek is now the most visited tourist city in what eastern Mediterranean country?

Lebanon

Tabbouleh is a Middle Eastern salad made of bulgur wheat, herbs and spices. Tabbouleh is widely recognized to have originated in Syria and what eastern Mediterranean country?

Lebanon

What country, a neighbor of Israel on the Mediterranean Sea, has a green cedar tree on its flag?

Lebanon

The U.S. Virgin islands are part of what island group-the Greater Antilles, Leeward Islands, or Windward Islands?

Leeward Islands

What small landlocked African nation was formerly known as Basutoland?

Lesotho

Subsistence agriculture is generally observed in what countries-less developed countries, developed countries, or capitalistic countries?

Less developed countries

Which mountain range is not in Alaska-the Chugach Mountains, Brooks Range, or Lewis Range?

Lewis Range

Which city is not on the Ohio River-Cincinnati, Lexington, or Louisville?

Lexington

Potala and Norbulingka palaces, former residences of spiritual leaders, the Dalai Lamas, are in what Asian city

Lhasa

The Potala Palace, a treasure of Tibetan history, religion, and culture, is in which city?

Lhasa

Gabon

Libreville

Misratah, a city at the western edge of the Gulf of Sidra, is the third largest city in which African country?

Libya

The city of Benghazi on the Gulf of Sidra, a large inlet of Mediterranean Sea, is the second largest city in what country?

Libya

Name the landlocked European nation whose official language is German, which has no army, and which adopted the Swiss franc as its currency in 1921

Liechtenstein

Pesto sauce is believed to have originated in what northwestern Italian coastal region whose biggest city, Genoa, is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus?

Liguria

Malawi

Lilongwe

Peru

Lima

Which of these lines on a map is not an isopleth-a line connecting points of equal snow depth, a line connecting points of equal rainfall, or a line connecting fresh water lakes?

Line connecting fresh water lakes

Portugal

Lisbon

What term, meaning "rock layer" in Greek, is used to describe the Earth's crust and the upper part of its mantle?

Lithosphere

Which country does not have a shoreline on the Gulf of Finland-Russia, Estonia, or Lithuania?

Lithuania

What is an important characteristic of anoxic water found deep in blue holes off the coast of the Bahamas— little dissolved oxygen or high iron content?

Little dissolved oxygen

Slovenia

Ljubljana

What word is used to describe easily worked fertile soil composed of clay, silt, and sand-loam, magma, or bog?

Loam

Rijksmuseum (RYKES-"museum")

Located in Amsterdam, this is the national museum of The Netherlands. Currently housed in a Gothic Revival building designed by P. J. H. Cuypers and completed in 1885, its most distinguished works include Rembrandt's Night Watch, Franz Hals's The Merry Drinker, and Jan Vermeer's The Milkmaid.

Uffizi Gallery

Located in Florence, Italy, the [blank] was originally designed by Giorgio Vasari to serve as offices for the Florentine magistrates under Cosimo de' Medici — hence the name [blank], meaning "offices." After Cosimo I died in 1574, the new grand duke, Francis I, commissioned the conversion of its top floor into a galley. Its outstanding Renaissance holdings include The Birth of Venus and La Primavera, both by Sandro Botticelli, and Titian's Venus of Urbino.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Located on the edge of Central Park and colloquially known as "the Met," its main building on Fifth Avenue was designed by Richard Morris Hunt. Its collection includes El Greco's View of Toledo, Jacques-Louis David's The Death of Socrates, and John Singer Sargent's Madame X

The Art Institute of Chicago

Located on the western edge of Grant Park in Chicago, the main building of the [blank] was built for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and features two lion statues at its entrance (which are often decorated for special occasions, e.g. with jerseys when Chicago sports teams are in the playoffs). It has an outstanding collection of French Impressionist and American works such as Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's At the Moulin Rouge, Grant Wood's American Gothic, and Edward Hopper's Nighthawks.

Togo

Lome

Heathrow Airport handles more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world . In which European city is Heathrow Airport located?

London

Name the European capital city that is on the Thames River

London

The Collegiate Church of St. Peter at Westminster, popularly known as Westminster Abbey, and the adjacent Palace of Westminster are landmarks in what European capital city?

London

Trafalgar Square is a popular tourist spot and is often the site of political demonstrations. Trafalgar Square is in the central part of what European capital city?

London

United Kingdom

London

Wimbledon, one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments, is played in the suburbs of what European capital city?

London

The Connecticut River, which bifurcates the state of Connecticut into two halves, flows into what body of water?

Long Island Sound

placelessness

Loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape. Many places looking the same.

In April 2010, an oil well had a massive leak in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of which state that borders Mississippi?

Louisiana

The 550-mile-long Sabine River, in its lower course, forms part of the boundary between Texas and what other state before the river empties into the Gulf of Mexico?

Louisiana

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, which consists of two parallel bridges crossing Lake Pontchartrain, is about 24 miles long, making it the longest overwater bridge The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway is in the southern part of which U.S. state?

Louisiana

Two separate rivers, the Mississippi and Pearl Rivers, form the entire north-south boundary between Mississippi State and what other state?

Louisiana

The Kentucky Derby, a famous horse race attended by more than 150,000 spectators, is held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs racetrack in what city?

Louisville

Angola

Luanda

Zambia

Lusaka

Luxembourg

Luxembourg City

Halo-Halo, a colorful dessert snack consisting of milk, sweet beans, fruits, and a layer of shaved ice, is popular among the people of Quezon City on what island in the Philippines?

Luzon

The general secretariat of Interpol, the international police organization for apprehending international criminals, is located in what city that is situated at the confluence of the Rhone and Saone Rivers?

Lyon

A broad, shallow volcanic crater typically filled by a lake is known as what—maar or butte

Maar

Major rivers of what country rise in the uplands near the east coast and flow west to the Mozambique Channel?

Madagascar

Malagasy is one of the two official languages of what island country that was once a French colony?

Madagascar

Wilbur Zelinsky

Made model of transition of migration of a country depending on how developed it is.

Funchal is the largest city in what island territory of Portugal that is located about 550 miles southwest of the Iberian Peninsula?

Madeira Islands

What capital city is located on a narrow strip of land between two lakes-Madison or Phoenix?

Madison

Spain

Madrid

What term is used to describe the molten rock found below the Earth's crust?

Magma

Bangor, located approximately 30 miles from Penobscot Bay up the Penobscot River, is the third most populous city in which state?

Maine

Marshall Islands

Majuro

Equatorial Guinea

Malabo

The city of Blantyre is the financial and commercial center in what narrow southeast African country?

Malawi

Which country was known as Nyasaland when it was a British colony?

Malawi

What is the official language of Brunei?

Malay

The Strait of Malacca separates the island of Sumatra from what major peninsula?

Malay Peninsula

Kalimantan, a region of Indonesia, is bordered in the north by the states of Sarawak and Sabah of which country?

Malaysia

Sarawak and Sabah on the island of Borneo are the two largest states constituting about 60 percent of the land area in which Asian country?

Malaysia

Which Asian country is divided into two regions, a peninsular region and a Borneo Island region separated by the South China Sea

Malaysia

With a population of over five million, Selangor, whose capital is Shah Alam, is the most populated state in which Asian country?

Malaysia

None of the 1,200 coral islands of this archipelago country measure more than six feet above the sea level, making them vulnerable to a small rise in sea levels. Name this predominantly Muslim country that lies off the Indian subcontinent.

Maldives

Maldives

Male

Founded in 11th century, the city of Tombouctou or Timbuktu, a trading post on the southern edge of the Sahara, is in what present-day landlocked country?

Mali

Name the landlocked desert country east of Mauritania whose southern region is watered by the Niger River

Mali

The ancient city of Timbuktu near the Niger River is in which African country?

Mali

The kora, a stringed instrument, and the balafon, a wooden xylophone with gourds are important instruments for the Jali music of what landlocked West African country that is named after an ancient empire?

Mali

Ireland and which other small European island country are majority Roman Catholic?

Malta

With a population of about 22,500, Birkirkara is the largest city in what Mediterranean island country?

Malta

Nicaragua

Managua

Bahrain

Manama

Ships can navigate 900 miles upstream on the Amazon River to what port city at the confluence of the Rio Negro and the Amazon River?

Manaus

What trees are found in tidal flats, estuaries, and muddy coasts in tropical areas- mangrove or pine?

Mangrove

Philippines

Manila

The headquarters for the Asian Development Bank are located in what large city at the mouth of the Pasig River?

Manila

The weeklong Folklorama festival that celebrates various ethnic cultures in the city of Winnipeg attracts about half a million people every year to which Canadian province?

Manitoba

Name the thick layer of the Earth's interior that lies between the crust and the core

Mantle

The Mohorovičić discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and what layer that lies below the crust?

Mantle

Mozambique

Maputo

What Atlantic port city, located about 230 miles southeast of Buenos Aires, hosted the 1995 Pan-American Games?

Mar del Plata

The Preakness Stakes, a thoroughbred horse race, is held in May each year at Pimlico Race Course in the city of Baltimore. To which U.S. state would you go to see the Preakness Stakes?

Maryland

Which state did not secede to join the Confederacy during the Civil War-Georgia, North Carolina, or Maryland?

Maryland

Lesotho

Maseru

Name the Pennsylvania-Maryland boundary line that is traditionally regarded as the division between the North and the South U.S.

Mason-Dixon Line

Name the highest mountain peak in Hawaii.

Mauna Kea

The Senegal River, which flows into Atlantic Ocean, forms the entire border between Senegal and which other country to its north?

Mauritania

Which country is not located on the Gulf of Guinea-Nigeria, Cameroon, or Mauritania?

Mauritania

The Shimahore language is spoken by the Mahorais people of what small French overseas territory in proximity to Madagascar?

Mayotte

Swaziland

Mbabane, Lobamba

A sverdrup (Sv), named in honor of the Norwegian oceanographer, is a unit for measuring what aspect of ocean currents?

Measure of volume transport (1Sv = 1 million cubic meters per second

Mecca and what other city in Saudi Arabia are considered to be holiest places for Muslims?

Medina

Khamsin, Lodos, Bora, and Marin are winds that blow over what sea?

Mediterranean

The climate in Southern California, central Chile, and the South African coast near Cape Town that is characterized by hot dry summers and wet winters is known by what name associated with a body of water?

Mediterranean Climate

The Alboran Sea is the westernmost extension of what larger sea?

Mediterranean Sea

Which river touches more than one country-the Yangtze, Ob, or Mekong?

Mekong River

Millenials

Member of the generation born between about 1980 and 2000. Population began to rise again after Gen X. Very tech-saavy.

Because it serves as a hub for Federal Express shipments, the airport in which city by the Mississippi River in Tennessee handles the most cargo traffic by volume anually?

Memphis

Although the entire country celebrates Día de los Muertos, Day of the Dead, on November 1st and 2nd each year, many tourists flock to the southern cities of Veracruz and Oaxaca to witness the festival in what country?

Mexico

Guacamole, a dish made from avocados and often served with tortilla chips or as a relish on other foods, is common in what country that shares borders with the U.S.?

Mexico

Mariachi bands playing traditional music wear the charro suit consisting of a heavily embroidered jacket and matching pants and a wide brimmed hat known as a sombrero. Which country would you visit to listen to mariachi bands in the states of Zacatecas, Michoacán, and Nayarit?

Mexico

Monterrey, capital of the state of Nuevo Leon, is which country's center of heavy industry including the iron and steel industry?

Mexico

La Plaza de la Constitución, the city hub and a public square that is often the site of major public ceremonies and military displays, is one of the main attractions of what large North American city?

Mexico City

The Mackinac Bridge, a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac, connects the upper and lower peninsulas of what state in the U.S.?

Michigan

Falafel is a fried ball or patty made from spiced fava beans and/or chickpeas. Falafel is a popular form of fast food in which part of Asia?

Middle East

Hummus is a dip or spread made from cooked mashed chickpeas blended with olive oil, lemon juice, tahini, and garlic. Hummus is a popular food item in what part of Asia?

Middle East

emigration

Migration from a location

immigration

Migration to a new location

Crusades

Military attempts by European Christian kings to free the Holy Land from Muslim control during the period from about 1100-1300 AD.

Name Wisconsin's most populated city that has a larger share of people claiming German ancestry than any other major city in the U.S

Milwaukee

Which island is not divided between two or more countries-Tierra del Fuego, Mindanao, or Hispaniola?

Mindanao

The Mississippi River and its tributary the St. Croix River form the border between Wisconsin and which other state?

Minnesota

Belarus

Minsk

Because of its strategic location on the Mississippi River, the city of Vicksburg became a key battleground during the Civil War. In which state is the city of Vicksburg?

Mississippi

What river forms the entire border between Iowa and Wisconsin?

Mississippi River

What river runs along the entire boundary between the states of Arkansas and Tennessee?

Mississippi River

The Mississippi River demarks the short 50-mile-long border between Kentucky and what other state?

Missouri

Jefferson City, a midwestern U.S. state capital, is on what river?

Missouri River

On its way to the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River collects water from which tributary first-the Missouri River or the Ohio River?

Missouri River

The cold dry wind that blows southward in winter and spring affecting the Rhone Valley in southern France is known by what name?

Mistral

A busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico is Alabama's second largest city. Name this city

Mobile

Which seaport city in Alabama is at the delta of the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers?

Mobile

Although not recognized as a separate country by the U.N., Transnistria unilaterally declared its independence from what country in 1990?

Moldova

Monaco

Monaco

Broadway Boogie Woogie, by Piet Mondrian.

Mondrian's De Stijl works are a still further abstraction, such that the canvas is often divided up into rectangular "tile patterns," as in Composition with Red Blue and Yellow. The painting simultaneously echoes the bright lights of a marquee, resembles a pattern of streets as seen from above, and creates a feeling of vitality and vibrancy, not unlike the music itself. This work can also be found at the MOMA.

remittance

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries

Przewalski's horses, which were hunted to near extinction, can be seen roaming of the southern Khentii Mountain Range about 60 miles southwest of Ulaanbaatar free in the wild forests and steppes of Hustai National Park, located in the foothills in what country?

Mongolia

What country would you visit to see Naadam, a spectacular annual event of traditional sporting contests in Ulaanbaatar and the vast grassy steppes around the city?

Mongolia

Liberia

Monrovia

Name the seasonal winds that carry moisture from the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia.

Monsoons

In what state are the cities of Bozeman, Missoula, and Great Falls located?

Montana

People of Hispanic origin do not constitute at least 10 percent of which state's population-Colorado, Nevada, or Montana?

Montana

The city of Billings on the Yellowstone River serves as a gateway to Yellowstone National Park, the Crow Indian Reservation, and the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. Billings is the largest city in which state?

Montana

Lake Scutari, the largest lake in the Balkan Peninsula, is shared between Albania and which country to its northwest?

Montenegro

Podgorica, formerly known as Titograd, is the capital of what country that acquired independence from Serbia in 2007?

Montenegro

Uruguay

Montevideo

On December 1, 1955, in protest of the segregation of whites and blacks in buses Rosa Parks refused to get up out of her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. In which Alabama city did this key event in the Civil Rights Movement take place?

Montgomery

What present-day capital city succeeded Saint Stephens, Huntsville, Cahaba, and Tuscaloosa as capital of the state and served as the site of the inauguration of Jefferson Davis as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America?

Montgomery

Which Canadian city has the most French-speaking people

Montreal

What term is used to refer to a mass of earth and rock debris carried by an advancing glacier and left behind as the glacier retreats?

Moraine

What major world religion with about 12 million followers was established in the U.S. in 1830 by Joseph Smith?

Mormonism

Atlas Blue is a low-cost airline based in the city of Marrakech in which country?

Morocco

Men and women in the cities of Fez and Marrakech wear long, full sleeved, loosely fitted, hooded robes called djellaba. The djellaba is traditional dress in what African country?

Morocco

The 14th century traveler and author Ibn Battuta was born in the city of Tangiers in what present-day North African country?

Morocco

The Atlantic port city of Essaouira, which is protected from the extreme heat of the Sahara by the Atlas Mountains, is in which country?

Morocco

Western Sahara, a region in northwestern Africa formerly ruled by Spain, is currently controlled by what country?

Morocco

What African country seeks to gain control of the Ceuta and Melilla exclaves of Spain?

Morocco

In which city would you see Red Square and the ornate St. Basil's Cathedral with its onion-shaped domes?

Moscow

Russia

Moscow

What term is used for a vertical cylindrical shaft or hole in a glacier into which surface meltwater flows?

Moulin, glacier mill

The southeastern face of what mountain in South Dakota is the site of four gigantic carved sculptures depicting the faces of U.S. Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt?

Mount Rushmore

The processes of retrogradation and progradation occur at which end of the river- headwaters or mouth?

Mouth

The Unity Bridge, being built across the Ruvuma River in East Africa will connect Tanzania and what other country?

Mozambique

The currency of what former Portuguese colony in Africa is the metical?

Mozambique

To better manage wildlife, Kruger National Park in northeastern South Africa was merged in 2002 with Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe and Limpopo National Park in what adjoining country to form the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

Mozambique

Mayotte, a French overseas territory located just north of 13 N latitude, is in which channel?

Mozambique Channel

Last Three Symphonies

Mozart wrote Symphonies Nos. 39-41 in about three months in the summer of 1788, for unknown reasons. (It is unclear if any of them were performed in his lifetime, although No. 40 probably was.) Of the three, only No. 39 in E flat major, K. 543, has a slow introduction; unusually, it omits oboes entirely. No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, on the other hand, was revised to reduce the oboe part and add clarinets; the last movement may have inspired the third movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. No. 41 in C major, K. 551, probably got its nickname of "Jupiter" from Johann Peter Salomon. Its first movement quotes Mozart's aria "Un bacio di mano" ("A kiss on her hand"), composed for Pasquale Anfossi's opera Il curioso indiscreto; its last movement presents five themes which are all brought together in a massive fugato at the end.

Piano Concertos

Mozart's _____ _________ are numbered from 1-27, though six of them are arrangements of works by other composers. The Concerto No. 8 in C major, K. 246, is named for Countess Lützow, for whom it was written, and No. 9 in E flat major, K. 271, is nicknamed "Jeunehomme" (although recent scholarship suggests the title should actually be "Jenamy," after an acquaintance of Mozart named Victoire Jenamy). The first movement of the Jeunehomme" Concerto unusually (for the time) has the soloist start playing very early—in the second measure—and its last movement Rondo includes a slow minuet section. The Concerto No. 21 in C, K. 467, is often nicknamed "Elvira Madigan" because it was used in the 1967 Swedish film of that name. No. 26 in D, K. 537, is called the "Coronation," because it was played at the coronation of Leopold II. Mozart also wrote concertos for two pianos (No. 10 in E flat major, K. 365) and three pianos (No. 7 in F major, K. 242, nicknamed "Lodron").

Requiem:

Mozart's _______, K. 626, was his last composition; it was anonymously commissioned by the Count von Walsegg. Mozart died before he could finish it; many musicians have completed it, including Mozart's student Franz Xaver Süssmayr, and more recently Richard Maunder and Robert Levin. The scoring is notably for low-timbered instruments, omitting oboes and flutes and substituting basset horns for clarinets. The theme of the "Kyrie" was taken from "And With His Stripes We Are Healed," a chorus from Handel's Messiah. After the dramatic "Dies Irae," the "Tuba Mirum" begins with a trombone solo. The circumstances surrounding Mozart's death remain mysterious, and the (unfounded) rumor that Antonio Salieri murdered him gave rise to the Aleksandr Pushkin play Mozart and Salieri, which in turn inspired a Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov opera and Peter Shaffer's Amadeus, which be

string quartets

Mozart, like most composers of his day, wrote most of his quartets in sets of three or six; he also wrote two standalone concertos for a total of 23. The most famous are probably the six "Haydn" Quartets (Nos. 14-19). The collection begins with the highly chromatic Spring Quartet in G major, K. 387, and ends with the even more chromatic Dissonant Quartet in C major, K. 465, which begins with an extremely dissonant Adagio introduction. The Haydn Quartets also include the Hunt Quartet, No. 17 in B flat major, K. 458, so named for its "hunting-horn" melodies. The other famous collection of Mozart quartets is the set of three Prussian Quartets (Nos. 21-23), dedicated to Friedrich Wilhelm II, which make prominent use of the cello. Between these two sets, Mozart wrote the Hoffmeister Quartet, No. 20 in D major, K. 499, for his friend Anton Hoffmeister.

The Strait of Hormuz, which connects the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, is between Iran and what exclave of Oman?

Musandam Governorate

Oman

Muscat

February 21, 1965

Muslim activist Malcolm X was shot and killed in the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan by three members of the Nation of Islam, an organization that Malcolm X left in March 1964. The assassins were Talmadge Hayer, Norman 3X Butler, and Thomas 15X Johnson. Malcolm X was about to give a speech to the Organization of Afro-American Unity when he was shot 21 times with a shotgun. Many people, including Malcolm X's widow, have blamed Louis Farrakhan's harsh rhetoric for inciting the assassination.

Bangladesh has a land border with India and what other country?

Myanmar

Mohinga, a thickened fish soup with rice vermicelli, is a very popular breakfast dish in the cities of Mandalay and Naypyidaw. Mohinga is considered as the national dish of what country?

Myanmar

The mouth of the Irrawaddy River is located in which country?

Myanmar

Visitors must remove their shoes before entering the Shwedagon Pagoda, also known as the golden pagoda, which overlooks the city of Yangon in what Buddhist country?

Myanmar

Which country is not a member of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation-India, Afghanistan, or Myanmar?

Myanmar

Chad

N'Djamena

In 2004, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became members of what defense alliance whose members include the U.S.A. and France?

NATO

Kenya

Nairobi

Christina's World, by Andrew Wyeth

Named after Christina Olson, who lived near the Wyeths' summer home in Cushing, Maine. In the 1948 painting, Christina lays in the cornfield wearing a pink dress, facing away from the viewer, her body partly twisted and hair blowing slightly in the wind. In the far distance is a three-story farmhouse with dual chimneys and two dormers, along with two sheds to its right. A distant barn is near the top middle of the painting. One notable aspect is the subtle pattern of sunlight, which strikes the farmhouse obliquely from the right, shines in the wheel tracks in the upper right, and casts very realistic-looking shadows on Christina's dress. The Olson house was the subject of many [artist] paintings for 30 years, and it was named to the National Register of Historic Places for its place in Christina's World.

Originally established in 1907 when the country was a German colony, Etosha National Park is home to animals that can survive in savanna and semi-desert conditions. Etosha National Park is in which present-day Atlantic Coast country that is home to the Ovambo people?

Namibia

Skeleton Coast Park, a 250-mile-long and 30-mile-wide band of desolate land along the Atlantic Ocean coast, is in which country?

Namibia

The Caprivi Strip, a narrow band of land about 280 miles long between Angola and Botswana, gives which country access to the Zambezi River?

Namibia

The Cunene and Cubango Rivers form part of the boundary between Angola and which country to its south?

Namibia

Name the city about 170 miles northwest of Shanghai on the Yangtze River that served sporadically as the national capital of China from the third century until 1949

Nanjing

Viticulture is the study and cultivation of grapes and grape vines. Viticulture is an important economic activity in which California valley-Napa Valley or Silicon Valley?

Napa Valley

Austerlitz (December 2, 1805, Czech Republic)

Napoleon's Grand Army then struck east at Austria and Russia, the land-bound members of the Third Coalition. Napoleon's first move was to force the surrender of 30,000 Austrians under General Mack at Ulm. The French then turned east into the heart of Austria, where they seized Vienna and awaited counterattack by the Russians. At Austerlitz on December 2, 1805, a mostly-Russian coalition army collided with the waiting French. (The Russians, led in person by Tsar Alexander I, were joined by the scattered remains of the Austrian army under Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Austerlitz is thus known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors.") The allies, planning to advance their left, abandoned the Pratzen Heights, a dominating hill in the center of the battlefield. Napoleon seized the heights, splitting the Russian army and then defeating each half in turn. The resulting Peace of Pressburg (December 26, 1805) ended the War of the Third Coalition and brought about the downfall of the Holy Roman Empire.

Waterloo (June 18, 1815, Belgium)

Napoleon's escape from Elba began a period known as the "Hundred Days," in which the emperor briefly returned to the throne of France. The struggle between the restored emperor and the "Seventh Coalition" began when Napoleon's Army of the North marched into the Low Countries, hoping for a showdown with the British, Dutch, and Prussians before the Austrian and Russian armies gathering further east could come to their aid. The French brushed aside Allied advance guards at the two preliminary battles Quatre Bras and Ligny on June 16. Napoleon's victory over the Prussians at Ligny led him to falsely believe that he had enough time to pursue and defeat the British without further Prussian interference. On June 18 Napoleon's advance on Brussels approached the crossroads of Mont St. Jean, where the Duke of Wellington had set up a defensive position for a combined army of British Peninsular War veterans, Dutch, and pro-British Germans. On the French left, British troops defended the walled farm Hougoumont from a series of infantry assaults; in the center, Marshal Michel Ney's massed cavalry charge was broken by the square formations of the British infantry; on the right, Gebhard von Blücher's Prussian army arrived to attack the French army in the flank. Napoleon's final gamble was to commit his Imperial Guard to a renewed assault on the Allied center. The guardsmen were cut down by the fire of British light infantry, leading to the general collapse of the French army. Napoleon was exiled once more, this time to the isolated South Atlantic island St. Helena, where he died in 1821.

What state capital on the Cumberland River is known as Music City because it is the center of the recording industry for country and western music?

Nashville

Bahamas

Nassau

Guys and Dolls (Frank Loesser, Jo Swerling, and Abe Burrows, 1950)

Nathan Detroit runs an underground craps game but needs a location. To make enough money to use the Biltmore garage for his game, he bets the notorious gambler Sky Masterson that Sky can't convince a girl of Nathan's choice to go to Havana with him for dinner; Nathan chooses the righteous missionary Sarah Brown. Sky wins the bet but ends up having to bring a dozen sinning gamblers to a revival meeting. As Nathan attends the meeting, his long-suffering fiancée Adelaide, a nightclub dancer, is increasingly frustrated that their 14-year engagement has not led to marriage. At the meeting, Sky bets a large amount of money against the gamblers' souls, winning, and eventually convinces Sarah to marry him and Nathan to marry Adelaide. Adapted from short stories by Damon Runyon, the musical the songs "A Bushel and a Peck," "Luck Be a Lady," and "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat."

Trail of Tears

Native Americans (Cherokee) who were forced from their land traveled west in the 1830's

NIR

Natural Increase Rate The percentage growth of a population in a year (CBR-CDR)/10 , where birth and death rates are in per thousand.

Nauru

Nauru

Yaren is the de facto capital of what island country in Micronesia that is the smallest republic in the world?

Nauru

What is the name of the Azerbaijani exclave that is separated from the rest of Azerbaijan by Armenia?

Naxcivan

Myanmar (Burma)

Naypyidaw

A small sand dune or a mound formed when windblown sediment is trapped within or accumulates around a shrub is known as what-nebkha or dell?

Nebkha

Omaha, located on the western bank of the Missouri River, is home to Offutt Air Force Base. Omaha is the largest city in which state?

Nebraska

Known as Diwali in India, Tihar, a festival of lights, is celebrated in what landlocked Hindu country?

Nepal

Lumbini, the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama, is one of the holiest places for the followers of Buddhism. Lumbini is located near the town of Kapilavastu near the Indian border in what present-day country?

Nepal

On August 18, 2008, the Koshi River picked up a channel it had abandoned over 100 years ago and broke its embankment affecting more than two million people in the state of Bihar. Name one of the two countries the Koshi River flows through.

Nepal; India

Which state does not border Mexico-Arizona, New Mexico, or Nevada?

Nevada

Which state is not a major producer of corn-Illinois, Iowa, or Nevada?

Nevada

The eight-mile-long confederation bridge spanning the Northumberland Strait links Price Edward Island with what Canadian province?

New Brunswick

In which French Pacific overseas territory is Nouméa the largest city and capital?

New Caledonia

India

New Dehli

The Torres Strait separates Australia from what large island to its north that is shared by two countries?

New Guinea

In June 2010, a new species of imperial pigeon was discovered in the Foja (fo-ya) Mountain Range in Indonesia. The Foja Mountain Range is on what island that also home to the Sudirman Mountain Range?

New Guinea Island

Cape May, where Delaware Bay on the west meets the Atlantic Ocean on the east, is located in which state?

New Jersey

Newark, is the most populated city in what Atlantic coast state?

New Jersey

The George Washington Bridge, a double-decked suspension bridge with 14 lanes of travel, carried about 102 million vehicles in 2013 making it the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. The George Washington Bridge connects which two U.S. states?

New Jersey and New York

Most tourists visiting what city in the U.S. flock to Bourbon Street in the French Quarter?

New Orleans

Which U.S city on the Mississippi River is famous for its Mardi Gras Carnival during February and March?

New Orleans

The Belmont Stakes, a thoroughbred horse race and the final leg of the U.S. Triple Crown, is held in June at Belmont Park in the town of Hempstead in Nassau County on Long Island. What Atlantic coast state would you visit to see the Belmont Stakes?

New York

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911, which killed 146 workers and caused a great outburst against weakly enforced building code safety regulations, occurred in what major American city?

New York City

The headquarters of the United Nations is located in which American city?

New York City

The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, which connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn, is the starting point of what famous running race?

New York City Marathon

At 12,316 feet, Mt. Cook is the highest peak in which country?

New Zealand

Hangi [pronounced hungee] is an ancient Maori method of cooking food using super heated rocks buried in the ground in a pit oven. In which developed country can you find restaurants serving Hangi food along with Maori music?

New Zealand

Lake Taupo, a freshwater lake that sits in a caldera, is in an area with numerous geysers and hot springs. Water in Lake Taupo is drained by the Waikato River into the Tasman Sea. Lake Taupo is the largest lake and the Waikato River is the longest river in what island country?

New Zealand

Stewart Island, which is separated from South Island by the Foveaux Strait, is part of which country in the Southern Hemisphere?

New Zealand

The Bay of Plenty and and the Hauraki Gulf, which lie between 34° and 38° south latitude, are off the coast of which country?

New Zealand

The Southern Alps mountains are in which country?

New Zealand

Tongariro National Park, located on the North Island, is home to a number of Maori religious sites and to several volcanic mountains. Established in 1887, Tongariro National Park is the oldest national park in what country?

New Zealand

Which country does not have its most populous city as the capital city New Zealand or Germany?

New Zealand

Which island country would you visit to travel by the Seasider, a tourist train that runs between Dunedin and Palmerston?

New Zealand

Palau

Ngerulmud

The 27-mile-long Welland Canal was dug in Canada between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario so ships can bypass what waterfalls?

Niagara Falls

Niger

Niamey

Nacatamal, vigorón, and mondongo are typical dishes in the cuisine of what country that lies between Honduras and Costa Rica?

Nicaragua

Cyprus

Nicosia

Considered one of the poorest countries in the world, about 80 percent of this landlocked country is covered by the Sahara. Name this country whose biggest city Niamey, is about 70 miles from its border with Burkina Faso.

Niger

Mamadou Tandja was elected president after a coup in 1999 in what landlocked West African country that is 95 percent Muslim and has a border on Lake Chad?

Niger

What river provides a transportation link between Niamey and Bamako?

Niger River

Name this oil exporting country that is the most populated country in Africa.

Nigeria

The Mandara Mountains stretch for 125 miles along Cameroon's western border with what country?

Nigeria

The most populated country in Africa is also Africa's leading crude oil producer Name this country

Nigeria

To which country would you go to surf the shores of the Bight of Biafra-Nigeria, Liberia, or Namibia?

Nigeria

Which African country hosted the All-Africa Games twice, in two different cities- once in its current capital city and once in a former capital city?

Nigeria

The capital city of Egypt is on the world's longest river. Name this river

Nile River

Kurgan Warrior

Nomadic Warrior Theory. Marija Gimbutas' theory of the first Proto-Indo-European speakers came from the steppes of central Asia, diffusing language through conquest about 4000 BC.

The Iditarod, an annual sled dog race in Alaska, starts near the city of Anchorage and ends in what town 1,150 miles away on the Bering Sea?

Nome

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is in which continent?

North America

Which continent leads the world in wheat exports?

North America

Each May, crowds of cheering All-Star Race. Charlotte is the most fans fill the 1.5-mile Charlotte Motor Speedway to populous city in watch the NASCAR Sprint which southern state?

North Carolina

The Research Triangle area is a region anchored by the cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill and is home to numerous high-tech companies and enterprises. The Research Triangle, whose population is among the most educated in the U.S, is located in which U.S. state?

North Carolina

Visitors are drawn to the twin towns of Winston and Salem for their historic plantations, which were built on the riches of tobacco and cotton farming. The twirn towns of Winston and Salem, home of Wake Forest University, are located in which U.S. state?

North Carolina

Fargo, a large port city lying across the Red River of the North from Moorhead, Minnesota, is the largest city in which Great Plains state?

North Dakota

Which present-day state is not on the historic Oregon Trail-Nebraska, North Dakota, or Idaho?

North Dakota

Auckland, Wellington, and Lower Hutt are on what island?

North Island

Which communist country carried out its first nuclear underground testing in 2006 near the northeastern coastal town of Kimchaek?

North Korea

The 61-mile-long Kiel Canal in Germany provides a shorter route for ships between what two large bodies of water?

North Sea and Baltic Sea

The Saami language, classified as an Uralic language, is spoken by the Saami people in what part of the Europe-northern Spain, northern Scandinavia, or southern Balkan Peninsula?

Northern Scandinavia

As of January 2015, which country was not a member of the European Union- Bulgaria, Slovenia, or Norway?

Norway

Raking of fish, a fermentation method for preserving fish, has been known to the Norse people for thousands of years. The word "rak" comes from "rakr" in the Norse language, meaning moist or soaked. Today, rakfisk, a dish with a very strong odor, is a unique food specialty of what oil-producing country?

Norway

Th eport city of Bergen is the second most populated city in what Scandinavian country?

Norway

What Scandinavian country's economy improved tremendously with the discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s?

Norway

Where are you most likely to see a fjord-Norway, Panama, or Bangladesh?

Norway

Which country does not use euros as its official currency - Norway, Germany, or Spain?

Norway

Mauritania

Nouakchott

Constantinople

Now known as Istanbul, Turkey, it was the capital of the eastern Roman Empire then the Byzantine Empire. Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, cutting off the Holy Land and Asia from Europe, inspiring exploration for new trade routes. Has a very desirable situation on the Bosporus and Black Sea.

Tonga

Nuku'alofa

Currently the Earth's axis is tilted 23.5 degrees. Because the Earth wobbles as it rotates and revolves around the Sun, the tilt of earth's axis varies from 21.5 to 24.5 degrees over a period of about 40,000 years. This variation in axial tlt is called what?

Nutation

On what island is the capital city Honolulu located?

Oahu

The headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet is located at Pearl Harbor in the state of Hawaii. On which island is Pearl Harbor located?

Oahu

Waikiki Beach, Hawaii's most visited resort area, and Diamond Head Crater are located on the most populated island of Hawaii. Name this island.

Oahu

What is the name for an area within a desert region where there is sufficient water to sustain animal and plant life throughout the year?

Oasis

Trenton (December 26, 1776)

Occurred early in the morning after George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on Christmas night. The Hessians, under the command of Johann Rall, were surprised and about two thirds of them were captured.

Other Symphonies

Of Mozart's first 38 symphonies, the "Little" G minor symphony (No. 25, K. 183) is the only one in a minor key. The "Paris" Symphony (No. 31 in D major, K. 297), written for that city, begins with a fast upward D major scale that can be classified as a "Mannheim rocket," a popular opening device for symphonies. Mozart's other notable symphonies include the "Haffner" (No. 35 in D major, K. 385), which is more familiar than the serenade; the Linz Symphony (No. 36 in C major, K. 425); and the Prague Symphony (No. 38 in D major, K. 504). There is no Symphony No. 37: Mozart added an introduction to a symphony by Michael Haydn (Joseph's brother) and scholars did not notice that the rest of the work was not by Mozart until 1907.

antinatalist

Official policies designed to discourage births

The Cumberland River, which runs through the states of Kentucky and Tennessee flows into what tributary of the Mississippi River?

Ohio River

What river forms the entire border between the states of West Virginia and Ohio?

Ohio River

The Suwannee River rises in southern Georgia and meanders in a southwestern course through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. Name the swamp in Southern Georgia that the Suwannee River drains.

Okefenokee Swamp

The city of Cushing, a major trading hub for crude oil, is in which U.S. state?

Oklahoma

The city of Moore was the site of several devastating tornadoes, including two in 1999 and 2013. The city of Moore, located about 12 miles southeast of Will Rogers World Airport, is located in what U.S. state that borders Arkansas?

Oklahoma

The city of Moore, located about 12 miles southeast of Will Rogers World Airport, was the site of several devastating tornadoes, including two in 1999 and 2013. The city of Moore is located in what U.S. state that borders Arkansas?

Oklahoma

USS Lawrence/USS Niagara

Oliver Hazard Perry's decisive victory over the British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813 ensured American control of the Great Lakes during the War of 1812. In the battle, Perry's flagship was severely damaged and four-fifths of her crew killed or wounded. Commodore Perry and a small contingent rowed a half-mile through heavy gunfire to another American ship, _________. Boarding and taking command, he brought her into battle and soundly defeated the British fleet. Perry summarized the fight in a now-famous message to General William Henry Harrison: "We have met the enemy and they are ours."

Which national park is not east of the Mississippi River-Olympic NP, Dry Tortugas NP, or Acadia NP?

Olympic NP

Which city is not at the same latitude as the other two-Las Vegas, Tulsa, or Omaha?

Omaha

Al Ayn, an educational and cultural center and the fourth largest city in the United Arab Emirates, is near the country's eastern border with what other country?

Oman

Piano Sonatas

One of Mozart's best-known pieces is the "Rondo Alla Turca" from his _____ Sonata No. 11 in A major, K. 331. That sonata begins with a theme and variations that inspired Max Reger to write his Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart. Sonata No. 14 in C minor, K. 457, is often performed with the highly chromatic Fantasy, K. 475. Other notable Mozart piano sonatas include the dramatic No. 8 in A minor, K. 310; the Sonata "for beginners" No. 16 in C major, K. 545; and the "Hunt" or "Trumpet" Sonata No. 18 in D, K. 576, his last. Mozart also finished four sonatas for piano duet (also known as "piano four hands") and one in D major for two pianos.

the zero function, f(x) = 0

Only one function is both even and odd

What river forms part of the international border between South Africa and Namibia?

Orange River

The Missouri River does not flow through which state-North Dakota, Oregon, or Montana?

Oregon

Moder, mor, and mull are three forms of what substance in soil?

Organic matter, humus

OPEC, which is a cartel of countries from Asia, Africa, and South America, sets supply targets and seeks stabilization of prices in international oil markets. What does OPEC stand for?

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Tate

Originally known as the National Gallery of British Art when opened in 1897, it was renamed for its benefactor, sugar tycoon Sir Henry [blank]. The original [blank] Gallery has been renamed [blank] Britain, and there are now three additional branches: [blank] Modern in London, [blank] Liverpool, and [blank] St. Ives in Cornwall. The [blank] awards the Turner Prize, a highly publicized award for British artists, and its collection includes Whaam! by Roy Lichtenstein and many works by J. M. W. Turner.

Expressionism (1905-1930s)

Originating in Germany at the start of the 20th century, Expressionism sought to present the world from a purely subjective perspective, shaping images to maximize emotional effect and evoke certain moods or ideas. As such, Expressionists favored meaning and emotional experience over physical reality. Two major sub-movements of Expressionism were The Bridge (Die Brücke) and The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter):

Which river does not flow through India-the Ganges, Orinoco, or Godavari?

Orinoco

Bandy, a sport described as ice hockey with a ball, was played as a demonstration event when the Winter Olympics were held in Norway's largest city in 1952. Name this city

Oslo

Norway

Oslo

Canada

Ottawa

Burkina Faso

Ouagadougou

What kind of lake is formed by a meandering river-an oxbow lake or alpine lake?

Oxbow lake

Very little of the harmful ultraviolet energy from the Sun ever reaches the surface of the Earth because it is absorbed by what substance in the Earth's atmosphere- ozone or water vapor?

Ozone

With perfect white sand beaches, emerald-turquoise lagoons, and beautiful reefs, the French Polynesian island of Bora Bora is considered to be one of the most strikingly beautiful islands in the world. Bora Bora Island is located in what ocean?

Pacific

I and the Village, by Marc Chagall

Painted in 1911, I and the Village is among [artist]'s earliest surviving paintings. It is a dreamlike scene that includes many motifs common to [artist], notably the lamb and peasant life. In addition to the two giant faces—a green face on the right and a lamb's head on the left—other images include a milkmaid, a reaper, an upside-down peasant woman, a church, and a series of houses, some of them upside-down. I and the Village is currently housed at MOMA.

Although Urdu is the national language, about 44 percent of its people claim Punjabi as their native language in which country?

Pakistan

Connecting the cities of Sibi and Quetta, the Bolan Pass in the Central Brahui Range has been a route for traders, invaders, and nomadic tribes between the Indian subcontinent and higher Asia for centuries. In what present-day country is the Bolan Pass located?

Pakistan

Flying kites is a popular activity during springtime in the cities of Lahore and Rawalpindi in which country?

Pakistan

In 1998, what country conducted underground nuclear tests in the arid Chagai Hills in the southwestern part of the country?

Pakistan

On October 29, 2008, an earthquake of 6.4 magnitude struck Balochistan Province in the southwestern part of which country?

Pakistan

Possession of Siachen Glacier, which is located in the Kashmir region of Asia, is disputed between India and which other country?

Pakistan

The army headquarters for what Islamic country are located in the city of Rawalpindi in Punjab Province?

Pakistan

The city of Karachi on the Arabian Sea is the largest city and commercial center of which country?

Pakistan

The city of Quetta, where you can hear people speaking Urdu, Balochi, and Pashto, is in which country?

Pakistan

To which country would you go to visit the Badshahi Mosque, the Shalimar Gardens, and the Lahore Fort?

Pakistan

What country split into two in 1971 resulting in the formation of Bangladesh?

Pakistan

The Karakoram Highway is one of the highest paved international roads in the world. It connects which two countries?

Pakistan and China

The Wakhan Corridor is a narrow strip of land in Badakhshan Province in eastern Afghanistan. The Wakhan Corridor separates what two countries?

Pakistan and Tajikistan

Palestine

Palestine

Micronesia

Palikir

Which is not a mountain range in Iran-the Zagros, Elburz, or Pamir Mountains?

Pamirs

Ships taveling what important waterway go through Gatun, Pedro Miguel, and Miraflores Locks?

Panama Canal

The Bridge of the Americas and the Centennial Bridge span what important shipping canal?

Panama Canal

Panama

Panama City

New Britain, lying northwest of Bougainville and the Solomon Islands, belongs to what country?

Papua New Guinea

The kina replaced the Australian dollar as the official currency of what island country bordering Indonesia?

Papua New Guinea

Suriname

Paramaribo

Charles de Gaulle Airport is located in which European city that is one of the world's leading business, cultural, and fashion centers?

Paris

France

Paris

Roland Garros Stadium, where one of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments is played, is located in what European city?

Paris

Which state did not secede from the Union during the Civil War-South Carolina, Pennsylvania, or Alabama?

Pennsylvania

Which state does not border Washington D.C.-Maryland, Virginia, or Pennsylvania?

Pennsylvania

Which state is not south of the Mason-Dixon line-Virginia, North Carolina, or Pennsylvania?

Pennsylvania

rural to urban migration

People moving from the countryside to cities

unauthorized immigrant

People who enter a country without proper documents. Undocumented or illegal immigrants.

Louvre

Perhaps the world's most famous museum, the [blank] is located on the right bank of the Seine River in the heart of Paris. Housed in the [blank] Palace, which was a royal residence until 1682, the [blank] was permanently opened to the public as a museum by the French Revolutionary government in 1793. During renovations carried out in the 1980s, a controversial steel-and-glass pyramid designed by I. M. Pei was installed at its entrance. Works housed within the Sully, Richelieu, and Denon Wings of the [blank] include ancient Greek sculptures such as the Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, and Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People.

internal migration

Permanent Movement within a particular country.

inter-regional migration

Permanent movement BETWEEN regions (from one region to another)

intra-regional migration

Permanent movement WITHIN the same region

forced migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

international migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Firdausi, one of the classical and most famous poets from ancient Iran, wrote mostly in what language?

Persian

Marathon (490 BC)

Persian King Darius I's invasion of mainland Greece ended with a decisive victory for Miltiades and the Athenians at _____________. The defeated Persian commanders were Datis and Artaphernes. Among the few Athenian dead of the battle were archon Callimachus and the general Stesilaos. Legend has it that the Greek messenger Pheidippides ran to Athens with news of the victory, but collapsed upon arrival. This is the inspiration for the modern race known as the "marathon."

Arequipa, a major city whose chief industry is the grading and packing of alpaca wool, sits in the Andes at 7,800 feet above sea level in the southern part of which country?

Peru

Many remains of Inca times can be seen in the Andean city of Cuzco or Cusco. In what present-day country is the Incan capital city of Cuzco?

Peru

To which U.S. city would you go to visit Independence Hall and to see the Liberty Bell?

Philadelphia

What port city on the Delaware River, located 90 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, is one of the busiest freshwater ports in the world?

Philadelphia

Cambodia

Phnom Penh

What growing state capital city in the southwest is located on the Salt River?

Phoenix

What southwestern U.S. city on the Salt River hosted Tostitos Fiesta Bowl game in 2014-Phoenix, Seattle, or Atlanta?

Phoenix

Which U.S. city is not on the Mexican border-El Paso in Texas, Laredo in Texas, or Phoenix in Arizona?

Phoenix

With its headwaters in the foothills of the Andes Cordillera in Bolivia, what river forms the border between Argentina and Paraguay before it joins the Paraguay River?

Pilcomayo River

Three Rivers Stadium, constructed in 1970 and demolished in 2001, near where Allegany and Monongahela Rivers join to form the Ohio River, was located in what city?

Pittsburgh

Which physical form is exposed to or contains saline water-playa or cienega?

Playa

Which tourist attraction is not in New York state-Ellis Island, Time Square, or Plymouth Rock?

Plymouth Rock

Montenegro

Podgorica

Pierogi, dumplings containing cream cheese and potatoes, are popular in what country that borders the Kaliningrad Oblast?

Poland

What country has beaches on the Bay of Pomerania and the Bay of Gdansk, both of which are extensions of the Baltic Sea?

Poland

Campbell's Soup Can, by Andy Warhol

Pop Art parodies (or perhaps reflects) a world in which celebrities, brand names, and media images have replaced the sacred; [artist]'s series of Campbell's Soup paintings may be the best illustration of this. Like the object itself, the paintings were often done by the mass-produceable form of serigraphy (silk screening). Also like the subject, the [artist] soup can painting existed in many varieties, with different types of soup or numbers of cans; painting 32 or 100 or 200 identical cans further emphasized the aspect of mass production aspect in the work. The same approach underlies [artist]'s familiar series of prints of Marilyn Monroe, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and other pop culture figures.

Mauritius

Port Louis

Papua New Guinea

Port Moresby

Vanuatu

Port Vila

Haiti

Port-au-Prince

Trinidad & Tobago

Port-of-Spain

The most populated cities in the states of Maine and Oregon share the same name. Name these cities

Portland

Benin

Porto-Novo

What is the official language in Mozambique and Angola?

Portuguese

What river forms part of the boundary between West Virginia and Maryland and also separates Virginia from Maryland?

Potomac River

Czech Republic

Prague

The World Roma Festival showcases Romani culture and is held annually in the last week of May. Thousands of tourists flock to which European capital city on the Vitava River to see colorful street performers, concerts. and exhibitions during the World Roma Festival?

Prague

Cape Verde

Praia

The Earth wobbles as it revolves in a way similar to that in which a top wobbles when spun. What is this wobble is called-precession, Coriolis force, or orbiteering?

Precession

The South African province of Gauteng is the smaller of the two provinces that do not border any other country or ocean. Gauteng also contains South Africa's administrative capital. Name this capital city

Pretoria

Francis Marion

Previously an Indian fighter, _______________ was given command of Fort Sullivan in 1776. Commanding the 2nd South Carolina, he fought at Savannah, and escaped capture when the British retook Charleston. From there, ____________ fought a successful guerilla campaign against British troops, forcing Cornwallis to appoint Colonel Banastre Tarleton to eliminate _____________. Tarleton's frustration at the task led to the remark "But as for this damned old fox, the devil himself could not catch him," creating _____________'s nickname, "Swamp Fox." Promoted to brigadier general in 1781, and later given command of the North and South Carolina militias, ______________ fought the British at Eutaw Springs.

In 1989, dumping more than 10 million gallons In one of the worst oil spills in U.S. history, the Exxon of oil into what body of water in Valdez oil tanker ran aground Alaska?

Prince William Sound

Name the oil field in northern Alaska on the Beaufort Sea from which oil is transported south through the 800-mile-long Trans-Alaska Pipeline to the port of Valdez.

Prudhoe Bay

The most populated state in Pakistan shares its name with a state in India. Name this state

Punjab

Songs for bhangra, a colorful vibrant dance, are written in what language spoken by people in both India and Pakistan?

Punjabi

North Korea

Pyongyang

Name the small peninsular country that jets into the Persian Gulf

Qatar

French-speaking people of Canada are concentrated mostly in which province?

Quebec

On July 6, 2013, a train hauling two million gallons of crude oil derailed and exploded in the Canadian town of Lac-Mégantic, killing 47 people. The town of Lac Mégantic, located about 22 miles west of Maine border, is in which Canadian province?

Quebec

Poutine is a French-Canadian dish consisting of french fries topped with cheese curds and hot gravy. Poutine originated in what Canadian province during the 1950s?

Quebec

What language, spoken by about 10 million indigenous people today, was the official language of the Inca Empire?

Quechua

Ecuador

Quito

Morocco

Rabat

What do you call a steep section of a river channel with turbulent high velocity flow?

Rapid

What river, a tributary of the Mississippi River, forms part of the border between Texas and Oklahoma?

Red River

What river that empties into Lake Winnipeg forms most of the borders between North Dakota and Minnesota?

Red River of the North

The Bab al Mandeb or Strait of Tears connects the Gulf of Aden to what body of water?

Red Sea

What do you call a rocky construction found at or near sea level formed mainly from biogenically produced carbonates?

Reef or bioherm

Under certain conditions, melted water at a glacier's surface and at the base of a sliding glacier refreezes. What term is used to describe this refreezing of melted water?

Regelation

The acquisition of information such as temperature and moisture about objects from a distance without physical contact with those objects is called what-remote sensing or GPS?

Remote sensing

Which city is not in Tornado Alley-Tulsa, Reno, or Topeka?

Reno

1876

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes faced Democrat Samuel Tilden, best known for battling Tammany Hall and the Tweed Ring in New York. Tilden won the popular vote and seemed to win the election, but results in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana were contested, as was one vote in Oregon; if Hayes swept these votes, he would win the electoral count 185-184. In Congress, an informal bargain was reached (often called the Compromise of 1877) in which Hayes won the election in exchange for Reconstruction being brought to an end.

Which process can cause the formation of kettle lakes-prolonged rains, retreating glaciers, or meandering rivers?

Retreating glaciers

Iceland

Reykjavik

The City of Basel in northern Switzerland is on the banks of what major river?

Rhine River

Brazil is not a major exporter of which commodity-coffee, soybeans, or rice?

Rice

What grain is the staple food for people in Bangladesh?

Rice

Latvia

Riga

The cities of Brownsville and Matamoros in North America are connected by two bridges across what river?

Rio Grande River

What river forms the border between the state of Texas and Mexico?

Rio Grande River

Cristo Redentor, a monumental statue of Christ on top of Corcovado Mountain, can be seen from all over what South American City?

Rio de Janeiro

In which South American city can tourists take a cable car ride to the top of Sugar Loaf Mountain, called Pão de Açúcar in Portuguese, and enjoy panoramic views of the famous Copacabana beach?

Rio de Janeiro

The President Costa e Silva Bridge, locally known as The Rio-Niteroi Bridge, is a reinforced concrete structure that connects the cities of Niteroi and the second largest city in Brazil. Name this city in Brazil

Rio de Janeiro

What Brazilian city, a popular tourist destination, is located on the western shores of Guanabara Bay?

Rio de Janeiro

Scientists install stilling wells at the edge of a river channel or in a river bank for measuring what-total precipitation, river levels, or evapotranspiration?

River levels

Fluvial deposits are made by which physical form-rivers or retreating glaciers?

Rivers

Riparian corridors are likely to occur near what physical forms-rivers or mountains?

Rivers

Saudi Arabia

Riyadh

June 5, 1968

Robert F. Kennedy was himself fatally shot by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles. Kennedy was only the second sitting U.S. senator to be assassinated (the other was Huey Long in 1935). The day after winning the California presidential primary, Kennedy was leaving the Ambassador Hotel through the hotel kitchen when he was shot. Following Kennedy's death, it became policy for the Secret Service to provide protection to presidential candidates during the campaign. The Democratic nomination for 1968 eventually went to Hubert Humphrey, who lost the election to Richard Nixon.

Lithification is a process by which loose sediments are converted into what objects?

Rocks

March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March)

Roman statesman Julius Caesar was stabbed 23 times by the Liberatores ("Liberators"), a group of senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus. Caesar died at the base of the Roman Curia in the Theater of Pompey, just outside the Roman Senate. Caesar had recently been named dictator perpetuo—or "dictator in perpetuity"—which many senators believed would be the end of the Roman Republic. After the assassination, Caesar's adopted grandnephew Octavian (later Augustus) and his top general Marc Antony formed the Second Triumvirate with Marcus Lepidus; the trio deified Caesar and defeated Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi.

Constanta is the major seaport of what country located on the Black Sea?

Romania

Italy

Rome

To see the Fabricius Bridge, one of the oldest bridges that is still in use on the Tiber River, to which city will you go?

Rome

What are the two closest capital cities in the world?

Rome and Vatican City

Dominica

Roseau

The International Dateline bifurcates what major Antarctic sea that bears the name of an English explorer?

Ross Sea

Rills are shallow channels that often form in sets on sloping agricultural lands and earthen embankments with no cover. Rills are caused by what agent-intense run offs or intense winds?

Run-offs

Completed in 1967, Ostankino Tower is the tallest free standing structure in Europe. In what country is Ostankino Tower located?

Russia

Sakhalin Island, separated from Hokkaido Island to its south by the Soya Strait or the Strait of La Pérouse, belongs to which country?

Russia

Separatists in Chechnya, a region near the Caucasus ridge, are fighting for a separate country. Chechnya is in what country?

Russia

The Gulf of Anadyr, an arm of the Bering Sea, is in the Republic of Chukotka in what country?

Russia

The Kamchatka Peninsula is part of what country?

Russia

The Trans-Siberian Railway, which extends over 5,500 miles east to west, is located in what country?

Russia

The Yamal Peninsula, home to the Nenets people, possesses one of the world's largest natural gas reserves. The Yamal Peninsula is in which country?

Russia

The city of Sochi, with the snowcapped Caucasus Mountains on the horizon, hosted the Winter Olympics in 2014. In which country is Sochi?

Russia

The jarjar, a frame drum traditional to the folk music of the indigenous people of the Kamchatka Peninsula, is used in what country?

Russia

Which country is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-Turkey, Greece, or Russia?

Russia

In 2008, a small landlocked country in east-central Africa became the first country in the world to elect a national legislature in which the majority of members are women. Name this country whose national legislature meets in the city of Kigali.

Rwanda

S curve/J curve

S- refers to part of population curve where the population starts to stabilize J- A growth curve that depicts exponential growth; called a J curve because of its shape.

A saline flat or depression that is subject to occasional inundation by sea water is known by what Arabic word-moraine, sabkha, or solfatara?

Sabkha

Which is not a port city in California Long Beach, San Diego, or Sacramento?

Sacramento

What term is used to describe the semiarid transition zone in Africa between the Sahara to the north and tropical forests to the south?

Sahel

What is the former name of Ho Chi Minh City located in southern Vietnam?

Saigon

Which island is not part of the Windward Islands group in the Caribbean Sea- Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, or Martinique?

Saint Kitts

The headquarters of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States are located in the city of Castries in which country?

Saint Lucia

On September 1, 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, on its way from Alaska to South Korea, deviated deep into Russian airspace and was shot down just west of Russia's largest Island. Name this island north of Hokkaido.

Sakhalin

Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument consisting of a circular group of large upright stones, is located in what plain in England?

Salisbury Plain

Candlestick Park, Fisherman's Wharf, and Golden Gate Bridge are located in which city?

San Francisco

The small stretch of Lombard Street between Hyde and Leavenworth streets zigzags with eight sharp turns. Lombard Street, said to be one of the world's most crooked streets, is an attraction for drivers visiting what California city?

San Francisco

The San Mateo-Hayward Bridge near the city of Oakland in California spans what bay?

San Francisco Bay

San Marino

San Marino

El Salvador

San Salvador

Yemen

Sana'a

Arrange these sediments by particle size from the largest to the smallest-clay, silt, and sand.

Sand, silt, clay

What name did the British explorer James Cook give to the Hawaiian Islands when he first arrived in 1778?

Sandwich Islands

The holy books of Hinduism are originally written in what ancient language?

Sanskrit

Which island is not a part of Texas-Mustang Island, Matagorda Island, or Santa Catalina Island?

Santa Catalina Island

Which capital city is not in South America-Asunción, Santiago, or Santa Domingo?

Santa Domingo

Chile

Santiago

Dominican Republic

Santo Domingo

São Tomé and Príncipe

Sao Tome

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Sarajevo

Cagliari is largest city and capital of what Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea?

Sardinia

What North Atlantic sea, famous for its aquatic life, is the only sea in the world to be bordered by ocean currents rather than by land?

Sargasso Sea

The Strait of Tiran, connecting the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea, is controlled by which two countries?

Saudi Arabia and Egypt

Which river does not empty into the Gulf of Mexico-the Rio Grande, Savannah, or Pearl?

Savannah

What river constitutes most of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina before it empties into the Atlantic Ocean?

Savannah River

Which river does not empty into the Gulf of Mexico-the Savannah River, Mississippi River, or Brazos River?

Savannah River

The Forth Road Bridge, which spans the Firth of Forth, connects the city of Edinburgh at South Queensferry to Fife at North Queensferry in which nation?

Scotland

The kilt, a knee-length, skirt-like garment that is pleated at the back but has a plain front, is associated with what people?

Scots

La Pérouse Strait, separating the Russian Sakhalin Island from the Japanese Hokkaido Island, connects which two bodies of water?

Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan

What are chotts found in North Africa-gusty winds, seasonal saline lakes, or short camels?

Seasonal saline lakes

Anatolian Hearth

Sedentary Farmer Thesis. Colin Renfrew's theory that Proto-Indo-European language family originated in modern-day Turkey and diffused as a result of agricultural exchange among people in about 6000 BC.

What kind of rock is limestone-sedimentary or igneous?

Sedimentary

George Washington

Selected by the Continental Congress to serve as general-in-chief, his first actions were to blockade Boston. Key to the success in Boston was the capture of Dorchester Heights, allowing cannon fire against the British and forcing the withdrawal of Howe. After failing to defend New York, _______________ retreated toward Pennsylvania, extending British supply lines and allowing a successful counterattack on Hessian mercenaries at Trenton. Following victory at Princeton, ______________ retired to winter quarters at Morristown. Sending his best forces north to deal with Burgoyne's attack in spring 1777, he kept Howe engaged in the mid-Atlantic. Autumn setbacks at Brandywine and Germantown led to a demoralized winter camp at Valley Forge, countered by the work of Lafayette, Steuben, and others. After a costly draw with Sir Henry Clinton's forces at Monmouth, ________________ sent Greene south to replace Gates, and worked with the French general Jean Baptiste Rochambeau to plan the Yorktown campaign. The success of this campaign led to Cornwallis' surrender on October 19, 1781.

During the transatlantic slave trade, slaves were temporarily stationed on Gorée Island before being shipped off to other countries. Gorée Island, located a mile at sea from the Dakar harbor, is in what present-day country that was once a French colony?

Senegal

The Cap Vert (or Cape Verde) Peninsula, forming the westernmost part of mainland Africa, is in which country?

Senegal

The Casamance region, which shares borders with the country Gambia, is part of which African country?

Senegal

South Korea

Seoul

What capital city near Incheon International Airport on Korean Peninsula is on the banks of Han River?

Seoul

Pythagorean triples

Sets of small integers that satisfy the equation of the Pythagorean theorem, a^2 + b^2 = c^2, and could therefore be the side lengths of a right triangle. The simplest ones are {3, 4, 5}, {5, 12, 13}, {7, 24, 25}, and {8, 15, 17}.

The Karun River, the only navigable river in Iran, is a tributary of what river that forms part of the border between Iran and Iraq?

Shatt al Arab River

Wh at type of volcanoes do not erupt violently and are generally found at mid-ocean ridges or at hot spots in the sea?

Shield volcanoes

circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as commuting to and from work.

Which city is not in Texas-Lubbock, Amarillo, or Shreveport?

Shreveport

The Strait of Messina Bridge upon its completion will provide a road connection to what large island from mainland Italy?

Sicily

A gurudwara is a place of worship for people practicing what religion?

Sikhism

The Golden Temple in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India, is one of the holiest places for people practicing what religion?

Sikhism

Name the small Indian state in the Himalayas that is nestled between Nepal and Bhutan

Sikkim

Which Mexican state does not border Guatemala-Chiapas, Sinaloa, or Campeche?

Sinaloa

Name the highly urbanized island country located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula that has one of the world's busiest ports.

Singapore

Singapore

Singapore

What is the present name of Singhapura, an island that the British purchased in 1819?

Singapore

Which musical instrument is not native to India-the sitar, veena, or sistrum?

Sistrum

Museum of Modern Art aka "MoMA"

Situated in Manhattan, it has been connected with the Rockefeller family since its founding in 1929. Its collection includes Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night, Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Salvador Dalí's The Persistence of Memory, and Piet Mondrian's Broadway Boogie-Woogie.

Macedonia

Skopje

The Morava River, which starts near the border between Poland and the Czech Republic, forms much of the border between Austria and what other country before joining the Danube River?

Slovakia

What river winds south through Grand Teton National Park, flows westward into Idaho, and then forms part of Idaho's border with Oregon before it empties into the Columbia River?

Snake River

Which river does not have headwaters in the state of Colorado--the Arkansas River, South Platte River, or Snake River?

Snake River

The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) (1911)

So named because of the founders' love for horses and the color blue (and the namesake of an early painting by Kandinsky), The Blue Rider was formed in Munich mainly around Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. Its members began to reject representational art and move towards abstraction, as they saw abstraction as a means of conceiving the natural world in terms that could surpass representation; according to Kandinsky's influential essay Concerning the Spiritual in Art, blue is the color of spirituality, and the darker the blue, the more it awakens the human desire for the eternal. In addition to Kandinsky (The Rider, Composition VI, Improvisation 28, The Cow) and Marc (Large Blue Horses, Fighting Forms, Animals in Landscape), other members of The Blue Rider include Alexej von Jawlensky (Variation), Marianne von Werefkin, August Macke (View into a Lane), and Gabriele Munter (Dorfstrasse in Blau).

Which is not an island in Indonesia-Sulawesi, Sumatra, or Socotra?

Socotra

Bulgaria

Sofia

The 2010 World Chess Championship between Viswanathan Anand and Veselin Topalov took place in what capital city whose landscape is defined by Mount Vitosha?

Sofia

A small volcanic vent through which acid gases are emitted, usually in areas where violent volcanism has ceased, is known by what term-solfatara, magma chamber or humus escape?

Solfatara

Hafun, a small peninsula that juts out into the Indian Ocean, contains Ras Hafun, the easternmost point in mainland Africa. Ras Hafun is in which country?

Somalia

Maakhir and Puntland, autonomous areas in the Horn of Africa, are part of what country plagued by civil war?

Somalia

The Gulf of Aden separates Yemen from what country in the Horn of Africa?

Somalia

The port city of Eyl, which in 2008 became a safe haven for sea pirates operating in and around the waters of the Gulf of Aden, is in which country?

Somalia

Which present-day African country was formed when British- and Italian- controlled colonies gained independence and formed a single country on July 1 1960?

Somalia

Afrikaans, English, Tswana, and Xhosa are among the 11 official languages in which country?

South Africa

Durban and East London are seaports on the Indian Ocean in which country?

South Africa

People trying to escape hyperinflation and unemployment in Zimbabwe are seen crossing Limpopo River to enter which country?

South Africa

Robben Island Prison, where anti-apartheid activists were held until 1990, is off the coast of which country?

South Africa

Table Mountain, visible to sailors 30 miles out in the Atlantic Ocean, forms a backdrop to Cape Town in what country?

South Africa

The Drakensberg Mountains that extend for 700 miles from Mpumalanga Province to Eastern Cape Province are the highest mountain range in what country?

South Africa

The Great Karoo is a semi-desert plateau region which covers the southern portion of Namibia and the western portion of what other country?

South Africa

The Vaal River, a tributary of the Orange River, is in which African country?

South Africa

The city of Walvis Bay that serves as Namibia's principal port was an enclave of what country until 1994

South Africa

Tugela Falls, the highest in Africa, are located in Royal Natal National Park in KwaZulu-Natal Province of what country?

South Africa

Vuvuzela-wielding spectators were a common sight during the 2010 FIFA World Cup (soccer) held in what country?

South Africa

Alpaca are partially domesticated mammals kept in flocks for their wool-like fleece by native people in highlands of what continent?

South America

Baggy trousers called bombachas and wide-brimmed felt hats are traditional dress for gauchos from what continent?

South America

In January 2009, paleontologists discovered fossilized bones of Titanoboa, a large prehistoric snake, at Cerrejón, one of the world's largest open-pit coal mines. Titanoboa is believed to have lived in the rainforests in the northeastern part what continent?

South America

Mercosur, a regional trade agreement among member countries, was founded in 1991 by the Treaty of Asunción. Mercosur was established to promote free trade among countries on which continent?

South America

Rondador, an Andean musical instrument of hollow bamboo tubes placed side by side in order of size, is native to what continent?

South America

Which continent has the most Roman Catholic people?

South America

Located between the Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas, Spencer Gulf is off the coast of which Australian state?

South Australia

The 1,760-mile-long Stuart Highway extends north to south in the country's interior and connects the city of Darwin in the Northern Territory with Port Augusta in which Australian state?

South Australia

What Australian state shares borders with all of the mainland states-South Australia, New South Wales, or Queensland?

South Australia

Hilton Head Island, which is located about 20 miles north of the mouth of the Savannah River, is a popular vacation destination. Hilton Head Island is located in which U.S. state?

South Carolina

The first battle of the U.S. Civil War was fought on April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter situated at the entrance to Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter is located in which southern state?

South Carolina

Which state does not touch Tennessee-Arkansas, Missouri, or South Carolina?

South Carolina

Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam all lay claim to the Spratly Islands. Although the total area of the islands does not exceed four square miles, the Spratly Islands are important for economic and strategic reasons. The Spratly Islands are located in what sea?

South China Sea

Timber, sago, and rubber are some of the commodities exported from the port city of Kuching, capital of Sarawak state, on what body of water?

South China Sea

Sioux Falls, located on the Big Sioux River, is the largest city in which Great Plains state?

South Dakota

The cities of Christchurch and Dunedin are on what island?

South Island

Incheon international Airport, which is one of Asia's largest and busiest airports, is located in which peninsular country?

South Korea

The city of Pyeongchang, located about 45 miles south of the 38th parallel, will host the 2018 Winter Olympics. In which peninsular country is Pyeongchang located?

South Korea

Which country's flag includes the yin-yang symbol and trigrams from the I-Ching?

South Korea

Because of the low gradient of the land, the headwaters of the White Nile and its major tributaries overflow, resulting in 30,000 square miles of swampy area called Sudd in what country?

South Sudan

Mt. Cook, the highest mountain peak in New Zealand, is in which mountain range?

Southern Alps

Andalusia, a region where flamenco dance is considered to have originated, is part of which country?

Spain

ETA, the Basque nationalist and separatist organization fighting for a separate country, claims to represent all the Basques living in southwestern France and what other country?

Spain

Eating pre-dinner finger foods or appetizers, known locally as tapas, is a common ractice among the natives of aragoza, a city on the Ebro River. Tapas are considered to be a traditional part of the cuisine of what country?

Spain

La Tomatina, a festival where thousands of participants throw overripe tomatoes at one another, is an organized annual food fight in the town of Buñol, about 25 mi west of the city of Valencia. To which country in southern Europe would you go to participate in La Tomatina?

Spain

Paella, a dish made with rice, meat, seafood, beans, and vegetables, originated in the Valencia region on the Mediterranean Sea. People from which European country consider paella as their national dish?

Spain

Pamplona, the capital of the Navarra region, celebrates the famous Fiesta de San Fermín each July by running bulls through the streets to the bullring and with bullfights, fireworks, and singing contests. To which country will you travel to watch the Fiesta de San Fermín?

Spain

Plaza Mayor and Plaza Puerta del Sol are part of Madrid's historical center. To which country would you go to visit these two popular city squares?

Spain

Production of turron, a traditional confection made of toasted almonds, honey sugar, and eggs, is the mainstay of the economy of the town of Jijona in the Valencia region of which country?

Spain

The city of Seville in the Andalusia region of what country is connected to the Gulf of Cádiz by the navigable river, the Guadalquivir?

Spain

Chankanai, home to one of the most popular markets in South Asia, is also one of the northernmost cities in what island country?

Sri Lanka

Galle International Stadium, where the game of cricket is played, has been rebuilt after a devastating tsunami hit the city of Galle on December 26, 2004. To which island country would you go to watch a game of cricket at Galle International Stadium?

Sri Lanka

Islam is not the major religion in which country-Sri Lanka, Malaysia, or Turkey?

Sri Lanka

Tea exports are a major source of export revenue for what island country?

Sri Lanka

The Gulf of Mannar separates India from what country?

Sri Lanka

The Tamil Tigers waged a violent secessionist campaign for a separate country for Tamil-speaking people in what island country?

Sri Lanka

What country would you visit to see the richly decorated elephants participating in the Esala Perahera Buddhist festival in the city of Kandy?

Sri Lanka

Grenada

St. George's

The Gateway Arch, a 630-foot-tall stainless steel arch constructed to commemorate the westward expansion of the U.S., dominates the skyline of what city?

St. Louis

Sweden

Stockholm

Which strait is not travelled by an oil tanker taking oil directly from Kuwait to Japan--the Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, or Strait of Otranto?

Strait of Otranto

Name the strait between the Sinai and Arabian Peninsulas that links the Gulf of Aqaba to the Red Sea

Strait of Tiran

Name the straits that connect Lakes Michigan and Huron.

Straits of Mackinac

Explosive volcanoes that generally occur near plate boundaries where subduction is taking place are known as what type of volcanoes?

Stratovolcanoes

What term is used to describe the process in which one tectonic plate is forced deep into earth by its collision with another plate?

Subduction

Elihu Root (served 1905-1909 under President T. Roosevelt)

Succeeding Hay after Hay's death, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912 for attempting to bring nations together for arbitration and cooperative agreements. During his tenure, he moved the consular service under the umbrella of the civil service. His negotiations with Great Britain settled border disputes regarding Alaska and Canada, and he was a proponent of free trade policies with China that Hay established.

At the confluence of the Blue and White Niles in Africa lies Tuti Island, which is responsible for a large portion of what country's produce supply?

Sudan

Lake Nasser, a reservoir created by the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River, is mostly in Egypt but extends many miles into what other country?

Sudan

The Atbara River, a tributary of the Nile, originates in Ethiopia and flows in a northwesterly direction. In which country does the Atbara join the Nile River?

Sudan

The Darfur conflict has displaced more than 2.5 million people since 2003. The Darfur region, where the Darfur conflict is going on, is in which country?

Sudan

The Hala'ib Triangle, which is located on the Red Sea's African coast, is disputed between Egypt and what other country?

Sudan

The Nubian Desert, a rocky sandstone plateau, is bounded by the Nile River Valley on the west. The Nubian Desert is primarily located in what country that lies south of Egypt?

Sudan

The city of Omdurman is located across the Nile River from Khartoum. Omdurman is the most populous city and a commercial center in what country?

Sudan

The Great Bitter Lake is part of what international waterway that opened in 1869?

Suez Canal

The Mubarak Peace Bridge, El Ferdan Railway Bridge, and Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel cross what important shipping lane?

Suez Canal

Which canal is older-the Suez or Panama Canal?

Suez Canal

Makassar is the largest city on what Indonesian Island?

Sulawesi

Rafflesia, a leafless plant with large foul smelling flowers that weigh up to 15 lbs. can be found in the rain forests of what large island south of the Malay Peninsula?

Sumatra

What best describes an equinox-the precise point in time when the sun appears directly overhead at the equator or the point in time when the Earth is closest to the Sun?

Sun is directly over equator

What strait would a proposed bridge connecting the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra span?

Sunda Strait

Dutch is the mostly widely spoken language in what small South American country?

Suriname

Which is not a tributary of the Mississippi River- the Arkansas River, Red River, or Susquehanna River?

Susquehanna River

Fiji

Suva

What African language is a lingua franca in much of East Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is a national or official language of Tanzania and Kenya?

Swahili

What small landlocked African monarchy's unit of currency is the lilangeni?

Swaziland

In which country is the krona the official currency-Sweden or Germany?

Sweden

The nyckelharpa is a type of keyed fiddle that can be heard on the western banks of the Gulf of Bothnia in what country?

Sweden

With around 150,000 vehicle crossings a day, the Fredhlls Tunnel in the city of Stockholm is one of the most traveled tunnels in Europe. In which country is Fredhälls Tunnel located?

Sweden

Sweeney Todd: the Demon Barber of Fleet Street (Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler, 1979)

Sweeney Todd, a barber, returns to London from Australia, where the evil Judge Turpin — who lusted after Sweeney's wife — unjustly imprisoned him. Sweeney's daughter, Joanna, escapes Turpin — of whom she had been a ward during her father's incarceration — and falls in love with the sailor Anthony Hope. A vengeful Sweeney begins murdering his customers, and his neighbor, Mrs. Lovett, bakes them into meat pies. Sweeney kills the Judge but, in his fury, accidentally kills a mad beggar woman who was really his long-lost wife. Mrs. Lovett's shop boy, Tobias, grows scared and kills Sweeney. The show's famously complex score includes "The Ballad of Sweeney Todd," "The Worst Pies in London," "Johanna," and "God, That's Good," but the show is nearly sung through and it is sometimes nontrivial to identify distinct songs within it.

The Titlis Cliff Walk is a pedestrian suspension bridge that is 320 feet long and only 3 feet wide and opened in December, 2012. At 10,000 feet above sea level, the Titlis Cliff Walk is Europe's highest suspension bridge. To which landlocked country would you go to walk on this bridge overlooking Alpine glaciers?

Switzerland

The town of Davos, situated at an elevation of 5,000 feet in Graubünden Canton, hosts the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum every January. Davos is located in what landlocked European country?

Switzerland

The Golan Heights, a strategic plateau and mountainous region, is being disputed by Israel and what other country?

Syria

The ancient city of Aleppo, founded by the Hittites before 1000 BCE, is in what country on the Mediterranean Sea?

Syria

Federalism

System in which central [federal] government shares power with state governments

Which is not a major language in India-Bengali, Telugu, or Tagalog?

Tagalog

The 10.7-mile-long Vasco da Gama Bridge spans what important river in Portugal?

Tagus River

Which river is not in Asia-the Narmada, Irrawaddy, or Tagus?

Tagus River

Taiwan

Taipei

In 1971, China replaced what country as a permanent member of the United Nation's Security Council?

Taiwan

Kaohsiung, one of the world's largest ports, was the site of the World Games in 2009. Kaohsiung is the second largest city in which Asian island country?

Taiwan

Which country is not a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations- Indonesia, Taiwan, or Myanmar

Taiwan

Ismail Samani Peak, formerly known as Communism Peak, is part of the Pamirs and is the highest mountain peak in which country?

Tajikistan

Name the Central Asian country and former Soviet Republic that does not touch Kazakhstan.

Tajikistan

The eastern part of what country contains the highly mountainous Gorno- Badakhshan autonomous region, an ethnically based political subunit that occupies about 45 percent of the country's land area but has only 3 percent of the population?

Tajikistan

Battle of Adrianople (AD 378)

Taking place near what is now Edirne, Turkey, the Battle of ________________ signalled the beginning of the spread of Germanic peoples into the Western Roman Empire. The Romans were led by the eastern emperor Valens, while the Goths were led by Fritigern. Eager for glory, Valens decided not to wait on reinforcements from the western emperor Gratian, and instead attacked the Goths. In the battle, over two-thirds of the Roman army was killed, including Valens. The battle was chronicled by Ammianus Marcellinus, who thought it so important that he ended his history of the Roman Empire with the battle.

Estonia

Talinn

Name the African country to have borders on both Lake Malawi and Lake Victoria.

Tanzania

Serengeti National Park, most famous for the annual migration of hundreds of thousands of wildebeest and zebra, is in which country that is south of Kenya?

Tanzania

The Pemba Channel separates Pemba Island from the mainland portion of which East African country?

Tanzania

The city of Arusha, located on the southern slopes of Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the Great Rift Valley, serves as a tourist gateway to Olduvai Gorge and the nation's scenic national parks. In which African country is Arusha?

Tanzania

The city of Dodoma, the legislative capital and the designated future national capital, about 300 miles southeast of Lake Victoria, is in what country?

Tanzania

To what country would you go to visit large numbers of mammals, including lions elephants, and rhinoceroses, that are attracted to the bountiful grasslands on the floor of the Ngorongoro volcanic crater?

Tanzania

Ukerewe, the largest African island in a freshwater lake, lies in the southeastern region of Lake Victoria. Ukerewe Island belongs to what country?

Tanzania

Uzbekistan

Tashkent

The Bass Strait separates which large island from mainland Australia?

Tasmania

Sakhalin Island is separated from mainland Russia by which strait that also connects the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk?

Tatar Strait

Which is not a mountain range in Africa-the Drakensberg, Atlas, or Taurus Mountains?

Taurus

Which is not a mountain range in Europe-the Taurus, Apennine, or Carpathian Mountains?

Taurus

Kiribati

Tawara

Georgia

Tbilisi

What term is used to describe the sections of the Earth's crust that move to cause continental drift and volcanic activity?

Tectonic plates

Honduras

Tegucigalpa

Iran

Tehran

Which is not a seaport city-Shanghai, Karachi, or Tehran?

Tehran

The cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga in Tennessee and Huntsville in Alabama are on what river?

Tennessee River

What is the name for the ancient sea that is thought to have separated Laurasia and Gondwanaland?

Tethys Ocean

At least 20 percent of its population is not African American in which state- Mississippi, Georgia, or Texas?

Texas

Centered around the cities of Midland and Odessa, the Permian Basin is a home to a large oil and natural gas producing region. The Permian Basin is mostly in what U.S state?

Texas

The city of Amarillo, which is the self-proclaimed "Helium Capital of the World," is located in a mineral-rich, cattle-ranching area in the panhandle of what state?

Texas

The city of Lubbock, located on the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River near the eastern edge of the flat area known as Llano Estacado, is in the cotton-growing region of which state?

Texas

Chickens were first domesticated about 6000 BCE along the Chao Phraya River the central part of what present-day country?

Thailand

Ko Phuket Island, an international tourist destination and home to many popular eaches, was devastated by a tsunami on December 26, 2004. Ko Phuket is what country's largest island?

Thailand

Officially opened on September 28, 2006, to replace the aging Don Muang Airport, Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport is the largest airport in which Asian country?

Thailand

The baht is the currency of what Southeast Asian country-Thailand or Singapore?

Thailand

The city of Ayutthaya, located in a rich rice-producing region in Asia, has several magnificent Buddhist pagodas. Ayutthaya served as a national capital city until the Burmese invasion in the 18th century for what present-day country?

Thailand

Two friendship bridges across the Mekong River connect Laos to what country to its west?

Thailand

Which country does not border China-North Korea, Thailand, or Kyrgyzstan?

Thailand

Which country was not a former colony of the U.K-India, Thailand, or Sri Lanka?

Thailand

Galois gal-wah theory

That impossibility is the topic that began an area of study, which is part of abstract algebra.

Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-flat major, "Emperor," op. 73 (1809-10)

The "_____________" concerto, composed near the end of Beethoven's "heroic decade," is the last concerto of any type that he completed. Beethoven defies traditional concerto structure in the opening movement by placing the most significant solo material for the piano at the beginning of the movement, rather than near its end. Beethoven did not give the work its title; it was first dubbed "Emperor" by Johann Cramer, who first published the work in England. The "Emperor," which was premiered by pianist Friedrich Schneider, is the only one of Beethoven's piano concertos that the composer himself never performed publicly.

Camden (August 16, 1780)

The American defeat was part of the British "southern strategy," which included the earlier capture of Charleston and Savannah. Charles Cornwallis inflicted a humiliating defeat on the forces of Horatio Gates.

Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 1944)

The American landings on the island of _______ in the fall of 1944 fulfilled Douglas MacArthur's promise to return to the Philippines. Most of the Imperial Japanese Navy's remaining strength emerged to challenge the Allied landing, setting up one of the largest naval battles in world history. American admiral William "Bull" Halsey was criticized for the poorly-coordinated response to the Japanese attack. Nevertheless, American ships, aircraft, and submarines were able to destroy more than two dozen Japanese vessels, including the giant battleship Musashi. The Japanese position was by now so desperate that Japan began the practice of suicidal kamikaze attacks on Allied naval vessels.

Bannockburn (1314)

The Battle of Bannockburn was a decisive victory for Robert the Bruce, King of Scots, over King Edward II of England. The English attempted to lift the siege of Stirling Castle. The battle began with single combat between Robert the Bruce and Sir Henry de Bohun. The Earl of Moray commanded the Scottish vanguard near the Church of St. Ninian.

Grunwald/Tannenberg (1410)

The Battle of Grunwald marked a major turning point in Eastern European history as it led to the decline of the Teutonic Knights and the rise of Poland-Lithuania. Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen led the Teutonic Knights, and King Władysław II Jagiello led Polish forces and Grand Duke Vytautas led the Lithuanians. After their defeat, the Teutonic Knights held out in Marienburg Castle until the Peace of Thorn in 1411.

Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942)

The Battle of the ________ _____ resulted from Japanese ambitions to invade Port Moresby, an Allied base in New Guinea. Frank Jack Fletcher's American fleet damaged two Japanese aircraft carriers, Shokaku and Zuikaku. The U.S. Navy's major loss was the carrier Lexington. The battle, a tactical draw, prevented the Japanese from attacking Port Moresby. It is notable for being the first naval battle fought entirely by aircraft — neither fleet was ever in visual range of the other's ships.

Manzikert (1071)

The Byzantine defeat at Manzikert (Malazgirt in Turkish) by the Seljuk Turks was a severe blow to the Byzantine empire's control of Anatolia. The Seljuks were led by Alp Arslan, while Emperor Romanus IV led the Byzantines. The Byzantines split their forces in half before the battle by sending general Joseph Tarchaneiotes to Khliat, and were further weakened by the desertion of Andronicus Dukas. The Byzantine emperor was captured in the battle, but released by Alp Arslan after signing a peace treaty. Romanus IV was later deposed and blinded.

The Uélé River, a tributary flowing west into the Ubangi River, is in what country?

The Democratic Republic of the Congo

Schenck v. United States (Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Chief Justice Edward White, 9-0, 1919)

The Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited — among other things — any attempt to inhibit recruitment by the U.S. Armed Forces. Charles __________ was a Socialist who opposed conscription and distributed literature urging readers to resist the draft. Follwing his arrest and conviction, he appealed, claiming that his advocacy was protected speech covered by the First Amendment. Writing for a unanimous court, Justice Holmes claimed the First Amendment does not protect speech that creates a "clear and present danger," and that "the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting 'fire' in a theatre."

Tours (732)

The Franks' victory at the Battle of Tours was a major turning point in the history of Europe. After conquering Iberia, the Umayyads advanced into France as far as Poitiers. The Franks were led by Charles Martel, while the Umayyads were led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. The battle was preceded by a pact between the Berber governor Munuza and Odo, Duke of Aquitaine, though Odo was present at Tours. The best contemporary source for the battle is the Mozarabic Chronicle of 754.

Which European country is famous for cut flowers and Edam and Gouda cheeses?

The Netherlands/Netherlands

The Ati-Atihan Festival, where celebrants paint their faces with black soot and wear bright, outlandish costumes as they dance, is held annually in January on Panay Island in which Catholic country?

The Philippines

Lake Peipus (1242)

The Russian victory at this battle ended territorial claims of the Teutonic Knights on Russian soil. The Russians were led by Alexander Nevsky and Andrey Yaroslavich, while the Livonian Order (a branch of the Teutonic Order) was led by Hermann of Dorpat. It is also known as the Battle on the Ice because it was fought on frozen Lake Peipus.

Yorktown (ended October 19, 1781)

The Siege of Yorktown essentially ended the American Revolutionary War, although the Treaty of Paris wasn't signed until two years later. George Washington, with help from the French navy under the Comte de Grasse, surrounded the forces of Cornwallis and forced the British to surrender. General Charles O'Hara presented Cornwallis's sword of surrender.

To see Antebellum houses, elegant plantation homes built around 1830-1850 which part of the U.S. should tourists visit?

The South

Guggenheim

The [blank] Museum is located in Manhattan's Upper East Side. Founded as "The Museum of Non-Objective Painting," in 1959 it moved into its current home, a Frank Lloyd Wright building that features a spiral ramp connecting the exhibition areas. Focusing on modern art, its holdings include the world's largest collection of paintings by Wassily Kandinsky.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

The [blank] opened in 1997 and is — like its sister institution in New York — less famous for its collection than its building, a Frank Gehry design that seems to be an abstract sculpture all its own. Richard Serra's The Matter of Time is permanently installed here.

Similar figure

The areas are related by the square of any corresponding length, and the volumes are related by the cube of any corresponding length. For instance, if a square has a diagonal that is 30% longer than another square, it has an area that is 1.30 × 1.30 = 1.69 times as great (69% greater). Similar reasoning applies to perimeters, side lengths, diameters, and so forth.

distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Malthusian

The belief that the population is growing faster than the resources needed to sustain it

Dad

The boy is the boss in the family

1824

The candidates were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson, all Democratic-Republicans. After John C. Calhoun decided to seek the vice presidency and Crawford (from Georgia) had a stroke, Jackson took most of the South and won the popular vote. Jackson had 99 electoral votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37, but since none had more than 50% of the vote, the House decided the election. Adams won in the House with support from Clay, and Jacksonians cried foul when Clay was made Secretary of State (the so-called "corrupt bargain"), giving fuel to Jackson's victorious 1828 campaign. Jackson is the only candidate to lose a presidential race despite having the most electoral votes, and he is one of five (with Tilden, Cleveland, Gore, and Hillary Clinton) to lose despite winning the popular vote. The election also led to the founding of the Democratic Party.

2000

The closest election in American history. Al Gore won the popular vote but lost the electoral vote to George W. Bush by a final count of 271—266 (one Gore elector abstained). Ralph Nader of the Green Party won an important 2.7% of the vote, while Pat Buchanan of the Reform Party placed fourth. New Mexico and Oregon were initially too close to call but went to Gore, and Florida became the center of attention. Ballot confusion in Palm Beach County, intimidation of vote recounters in Miami-Dade County, and absentee ballots throughout Florida became significant issues, as Americans had to hear about butterfly ballots, hanging chads, and Florida Secretary of State Katharine Harris for the next five weeks. Gore officially conceded the election on December 13, 2000.

Marengo (June 14, 1800, northern Italy)

The coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) brought down France's existing government (the Directory) and made Napoleon himself "first consul," the effective leader of France. While Napoleon was absent in Egypt, a coalition of Austria, Russia, and Britain had pushed French troops back on all fronts. In 1800 Napoleon marched over the Alps to roll back Austrian gains in Italy. His troops, overextended in an attempt to relieve the Austrian siege of Genoa, were hit by an Austrian surprise attack on June 14, 1800. General Louis Desaix led a column of French reinforcements to Napoleon's aid; the additional troops drove off the Austrian army, but Desaix was shot and killed.

Quebec (December 31, 1775)

The culmination of a failed invasion of Canada by American colonists. In a blinding snowstorm, the American general Richard Montgomery was killed in battle, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan was captured.

Zama (202 BC)

The final battle of the Second Punic War, ________ was fought near Carthage in what is now Tunisia. Scipio Africanus's victory at the Battle of the Great Plains in 203 BC forced Hannibal to leave Italy and return to North Africa for the final showdown. Prior to the battle, the Numidian king Masinissa switched sides, and brought his considerable cavalry force to join the Romans. This, coupled with Scipio's strategy of opening up his lines to allow Carthaginian elephants through without harming his troops, led to a complete Roman victory.

USS Maine

The first ________, a second-class armored battleship, was launched in 1889. A part of the "Great White Fleet," in 1897 it sailed for Havana to show the flag and protect American citizens. Shortly after 9:40 pm on February 15, 1898, the battleship was torn apart by a tremendous explosion. The court of inquiry convened in March was unable to obtain evidence associating the blast with any person or persons, but public opinion—inflamed by "yellow journalism"—was such that the _________ disaster led to the declaration of war on Spain on April 21, 1898.

Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)

The first battles of the American Revolutionary War were skirmishes near Boston in the two towns of Lexington and Concord, as well as Cambridge, Lincoln and Menotomy. British regulars under Francis Smith attempted to destroy the supplies of the colonial militia, but were stopped by Minutemen. Ralph Waldo Emerson described the first shot as the "shot heard round the world."

Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813, Germany)

The following year the Russian army marched west into central Europe at the head of a "Sixth Coalition" that brought the previously defeated Austrians and Prussians back into hostilities against France. At Leipzig in central Germany, coalition forces met a hastily-assembled replacement army raised by Napoleon after the disaster in Russia. More than 600,000 men fought in this four-day struggle, popularly known as the "Battle of the Nations" for the multi-ethnic nature of the coalition army. The forces of Saxony, one of the minor German states, switched sides during the Battle of Leipzig, leaving Napoleon's army to join the allies. The premature destruction of a bridge over the River Elster hindered Napoleon's retreat from Leipzig, the first in a series of military disasters that led to the emperor's forced abdication and exile to the Mediterranean island Elba in 1814.

USS Missouri

The fourth __________ was the last battleship completed by the United States; she was laid down January 6, 1941 by New York Naval Shipyard. The _________ was launched on January 29, 1944 and received her sponsorship from Miss Margaret Truman, daughter of the then-Missouri Senator, Harry S. Truman. Commissioned on June 11, 1944, the "Mighty Mo," as she became known, sailed for the Pacific and quickly became the flagship of Admiral Halsey, which is why she was chosen as the site of the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan on the morning of September 1, 1945.

uneven development

The gap in economic conditions between regions because of globalization of the economy.

Mom

The girl in the family and born you

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas by the Europeans, beginning with the discovery of the New World by Columbus. Considered as the beginnings of globalization.

Symphony No. 5 in C minor, op. 67 (1804-08)

The iconic opening motif of the ______ _______________ — a descending major third followed by a descending minor third, in a short-short-short-long rhythmic pattern — has become ubiquitous in popular culture, though the claim that it represents "fate knocking at the door" does not come from Beethoven himself. The work's third movement, a scherzo and trio in C minor, ends on a G major chord that proceeds directly into a C major final movement; that finale features one of the first orchestral uses (though not the first orchestral use) of trombones. The Fifth was premiered as part of a concert that also included the premiere of the Sixth Symphony.

Cannae (216 BC)

The largest battle of the Second Punic War, ___________ represented one of the worst defeats in Roman history. The Carthaginians were led by Hannibal, while the Romans were led by the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. Hannibal employed a double-envelopment tactic, surrounded the Roman army, and destroyed it. Although a total disaster for the Romans, it resulted in their adopting of the Fabian strategy, in which battles are avoided in favor of a war of attrition. This eventually wore down Hannibal's army, and the Carthaginians had to leave Italy.

Long Island (August 27, 1776)

The largest battle of the entire war, Long Island (or Brooklyn Heights) resulted in the British capture of New York. William Howe defeated George Washington.

carrying capacity

The largest population that a particular environment can support. Exceeding the carry capacity results in over population.

Monmouth (June 28, 1778)

The last major battle of the Northern theater of the war; its outcome was inconclusive. American general Charles Lee was court-martialed for his actions at Monmouth. Molly Pitcher became famous for fighting in this battle in place of her husband.

The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte, K. 620):

The libretto, by Emanuel Schikaneder, who took the role of Papageno at the premier, incorporates many Masonic elements (both Schikaneder and Mozart were Masons). Tamino is saved from a serpent by three maidens of the Queen of the Night, but Papageno, a bird-catcher, claims credit. Both are shown their counterparts — Pamina and Papagena — but must face several trials at the hands of the sorcerer Sarastro, who heads a cult of Isis and Osiris and is assisted by Monostatos, a treacherous Moor. The Queen of the Night, who has two very difficult arias ("O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn" and "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen," the latter of which is often just called "the Queen of the Night's aria"), attempts to stop Tamino and Pamina from joining Sarastro, but

Saratoga (ended October 17, 1777)

The major turning point of the American Revolution because the American victory led France to join the war. British General John Burgoyne led an invasion into New York from Canada with hopes of meeting another British army and splitting the American colonies. The final surrender was preceded by battles at Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights. Horatio Gates led the American forces.

Chords

The most common types of _________ are built of successive notes that are each a third above the previous. A triad consists of three notes referred to as the root, third, and fifth—the third and fifth being that respective interval above the root. Triads are classified as either major, minor, augmented, or diminished, based on whether the successive pitches are separated by major or minor thirds. Adding another third above the fifth results in a seventh chord (since that new pitch is a seventh above the root). Although many types of seventh chords are possible, the most common are the major, major-minor (or dominant), minor, half-diminished, and fully-diminished. Larger chords, such as ninth and thirteenth chords, appear commonly in jazz.

Salamis (480 BC)

The naval battle at ___________was a major turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars, as it signaled the beginning of the end of Persian attempts to conquer Greece. The battle is named after an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens. Xerxes was so confident in victory that he watched the battle from a throne on the slopes of Mount Aegaleus. The Athenian general Themistocles devised a plan to lure the large, slow Persian ships into the narrow straits, where the Greek ships were able to outmaneuver and destroy much of the Persian fleet. The Persian admiral Ariabignes was killed in hand-to-hand combat, and the Queen of Halicarnassus, Artemisia, had to sink some of her allies' ships to escape.

coefficient.

The number at the beginning of each term

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population. Some societies prefer male children.

physiologic density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

doubling time/ rule of 70

The number of years needed to double a population. The rule of 70 states that in order to estimate the number of years for a variable to double, take the number 70 and divide it by the growth rate of the variable.

Agincourt (1415)

The outnumbered army of King Henry V of England defeated the army of King Charles VI of France under Charles d'Albret. French commanders Jean le Maingre and Charles d'Orleans were captured. The battle occurred about one month after the English victory at the Siege of Harfleur. Five years after Agincourt, Henry was recognized as the heir to the French throne through the Treaty of Troyes.

migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another

fertility

The production of offspring within a population.

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)

Islam

The second largest universalizing religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammed. Founded in SW Asia in the early/mid 7th century, diffused through conquest and relocation.

concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

Dean Acheson (served 1949-1953 under President Truman)

The successor to Marshall, he is known primarily for developing the policy of containment — designed to prevent the spread of Communism — and the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. His autobiography Present at the Creation is a major source for Cold War historians.

The Music Man (Meredith Wilson and Franklin Lacey, 1957)

The swindler Harold Hill attempts to con the families of River City, Iowa by starting a boys' band. While there, he falls in love with the librarian Marian Paroo. The scheme is exposed, but the town forgives him. Notable songs include "Trouble" (the origin of the phrase "trouble in River City"), "Seventy-Six Trombones," "Shipoopi," "Gary, Indiana," and "Till There was You."

CBR

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Crude Birth Rate

arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Scales

The two most common types of _________ are the major and minor _________, both of which are referred to as diatonic, meaning that they have seven notes between octaves and follow a repeating pattern of whole steps and half steps. While there is only one major _______, there are three common variants of the minor _______: natural, harmonic, and melodic. The individual notes within a _______are given numeric indications known as _______ degrees, starting with "1" and moving up the _______ note by note; the most prominent of these are the first degree, or tonic (the "home" pitch), and the fifth degree, or dominant. There is also the chromatic _______, which includes every note between two endpoints, including sharps and flats.

Christianity

The world's largest religion. A universalising religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in the first century. Hearth is in SW Asia, diffused primarily through relocation.

Brother

The young boy in the family

What is the term for the government system led by one or more religious leaders?

Theocracy

Serenades and Divertimentos

These include two of Mozart's most familiar pieces, Eine kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, and A Musical Joke, K. 522. Eine kleine Nachtmusik, originally scored for string quartet and double bass, is often translated as "a little night music" (but more accurately as "a little serenade"); it includes a lovely "Romanze" second movement as well as the more famous first movement. A Musical Joke is exactly that: a parody of bad composition, ending with chords in four different keys, and including almost every possible kind of "mistake." Mozart's other Serenades include the "Gran Partita" for 13 instruments (No. 10 in B flat major, K. 361), as well as the "Posthorn" and "Haffner" (not to be confused with the symphony!).

Bhutan

Thimpu

Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775)

This British pyrrhic victory outside Boston resulted in the capture of the Charlestown Peninsula, but showed that colonial troops could stand up to British regulars. Most of the fighting actually occurred on Breed's Hill, not Bunker Hill.

Kosovo (1389)

This battle between Serbians and Ottomans eventually led to the subjugation of Serbia. Both Prince Lazar of Serbia and Sultan Murad I died during the battle. Bayezid I, who was present at the battle, became the Ottoman Sultan once his father died.

Guadalcanal Campaign (August 1942 to February 1943)

This first Allied counteroffensive in the Pacific targeted __________________, an island in the Solomons, to secure communications between the U.S. Pacific coast and Australia. "Operation Watchtower" was the codename for the initial U.S. Marine landings, which secured an airbase at Henderson Field and held off a Japanese counterattack on Edson's Ridge. The naval battle of Savo Island took place between American ships and Japanese forces (the so-called "Tokyo Express") trying to resupply troops on Guadalcanal. By early 1943, Allied dominance of the seas and skies around Guadalcanal forced Japan to withdraw its remaining troops.

Song

This is a .... when you sing.

Così fan tutte (roughly, They're All Like That, K. 588):

This opera is, along with The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni, one of Mozart's collaborations with Italian librettist Lorenzo da Ponte. The soldiers Guglielmo and Ferrando, who love the sisters Fiordiligi and Dorabella, respectively, brag about the fidelity of their fiancées; in a coffeeshop, Don Alfonso makes a bet that he can make the sisters fall in love with other men in one day. Don Alfonso disguises the two men as Albanians after bribing the sisters' maid Despina; at first they resist (see Fiordiligi's aria "Come Scoglio"), but after Dorabella and Guglielmo trade a medallion and a heart-shaped locket, Fiordiligi is seduced by Ferrando. In the end, the sisters "almost" marry the wrong husbands, and only realize they've been tricked when the two men return to the stage half in disguise, half out.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, by Pablo Picasso

This painting depicts five women in a brothel. However, the images of the women are partly broken into disjointed, angular facets. The degree of broken-ness is rather mild compared to later Cubist works, but it was revolutionary in 1907. The rather phallic fruit arrangement in the foreground reflects the influence of Paul Cézanne's "flattening of the canvas." The two central figures face the viewer, while the other three have primitive masks as faces, reflecting another of [artist]'s influences. It is currently housed at the MOMA.

Fidelio, op. 72 (1805; revised 1806 and 1814)

This work is Beethoven's only opera. The libretto is by Joseph Sonnleithner, with revisions by Stephan von Breuning and Georg Treitschke. Leonore wishes to rescure her husband Florestan from the prison of the evil Pizarro; to do so, she disguises herself as a boy named Fidelio so that the jailer Rocco will hire her to help him, and thus grant her access to her husband. Beethoven struggled with his opera: he first presented it as a three-act work before cutting it to the present two-act form, and wrote four separate overtures. The opera utilizes some spoken (rather than sung) dialogue, and includes "O what joy," a chorus sung by prisoners.

Gibbons v. Ogden (John Marshall, 6-0, 1824)

Thomas _________ and Aaron _______ were partners in a steamboat business that ferried people between New York and New Jersey. Ogden had purchased a license granting him a monopoly under New York law. After the partners suffered a disagreement and split up, Gibbons applied for and received a federal permit to run a similar business. Ogden sued Gibbons for violating Ogden's monopoly. In a unanimous decision, Marshall held that Congress' interstate regulatory power under the Commerce Clause had "no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution." Gibbons' federal permit trumped Ogden's state-granted monopoly.

1912

Three presidents — Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson — earned electoral votes. Roosevelt, displeased with his successor Taft, returned to lead the progressive Republican faction; after Taft got the Republican nomination, Roosevelt was nominated by the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose" Party). Wilson won with 435 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 88 and Taft's 8, making Taft the only incumbent to finish third in a re-election bid. Though Wilson did set forth his New Freedom program, his dominating win must be credited largely to the splitting of the Republican vote by Roosevelt and Taft.

An intense convectional storm associated with a cumulonimbus cloud is known by what name-thunderstorm or caldera?

Thunderstorm

The regular and predictable rise and fall of the water level of the Earth's oceans caused by the alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun is called what-flooding or tide?

Tide

The Shatt al Arab River flows from the confluence of what two major rivers?

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, bordering the Australian state of Western Australia and the Northern Territory of Australia, is an arm of what sea?

Timor Sea

The Philippines does not have a coast on which sea-the Sulu Sea, South China Sea, or Timor Sea?

Timor Sea

Albania

Tirana

Which is not an island country in the Pacific Ocean-Tuvalu, Togo, or Tonga?

Togo

Japan

Tokyo

The Tsukiji fish market, considered the biggest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world, is a major attraction for foreign visitors to what capital city?

Tokyo

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down a historic decision in the Brown v Board of Education case, ruling that segregation of children by color in public schools is unconstitutional. In what northeastern Kansas city did this case originate?

Topeka

TFR

Total fertility rate the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. Often indicates level of development in a country.

Tempo

Traditionally, the _______, or speed, of a piece is indicated through the use of Italian-language terms. Some of the most common _________ markings are largo (very slow), adagio (slow), andante ("walking speed"), allegro (fast), and presto (very fast). A work's tempo may also be indicated by a metronome marking, which indicates the number of a certain type of note per minute (e.g., quarter note = 120). __________ are often modified with further Italian terms, such as allegro con fuoco (fast, with fire), which can make them more unique. Movements from larger works are often referred to by their tempo (e.g. "the Allegretto from Beethoven's 7th symphony"); entire works may also be named for their tempo (e.g., Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings).

Silk Road

Travel route which connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

What do dendroclimatologists study for making inferences about past climates- tree rings, volcanic deposits, or glacier patterns?

Tree rings

The Association of Caribbean States promotes regional cooperation and integration among member countries. The secretariat of the organization is located in the city of Port of Spain in what country?

Trinidad and Tobago

Libya

Tripoli

An intense low-latitude storm that typically brings with it both high winds and torrential rains is called what-tropical cyclone or doldrums?

Tropical cyclone

Willy-willies in Australia refer to what phenomenon-landslides, tropical cyclones, or earthquakes?

Tropical cyclones

True or False- Hawaii Island is the largest island in Hawaii?

True

True or False-the euro is the official currency of French Guiana?

True

Honshu and Hokkaido, the two largest islands in the Japanese Archipelago, are separated by what strait that directly connects the Sea of Japan to the Pacific Ocean?

Tsugaru Strait

A sea wave, with a long wavelength, generated by submarine earthquakes or volcanic activity is called what-a hurricane or tsunami?

Tsunami

What island is separated from the Korean Peninsula by the Korean Strait, and from Japan by the island's namesake strait?

Tsushima

The Chicago White Sox, Colorado Rockies, and Arizona Diamondbacks are some of the Major League Baseball teams that have done spring training in what Arizona city located about 100 miles south of Phoenix?

Tucson

Which waterfall is not in the Western Hemisphere-Angel, Tugela, or Iguacu?

Tugela

The ruins of Carthage, an ancient city-state on the North African coast that was founded by Phoenicians, later became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean. Carthage can be found near which present-day African capital city that is closest to Sicily?

Tunis

Tunisia

Tunis

Ras ben Sakka, considered to be the northernmost point of mainland Africa, is in which country?

Tunisia

According to the Old Testament, Noah's ark landed on the Mount Ararat after the deluge. Mount Ararat, a peak perpetually covered with snow, is located in which present-day country near its border with Armenia and Iran?.

Turkey

Asia Minor, which may be described as a peninsula, is part of which country?

Turkey

Considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is a popular tourist destination. What present-day, predominantly Muslim country would you visit see this ancient wonder?

Turkey

Famous for its massive dome, the Hagia Sophia is a Byzantine church that remained as the largest cathedral in the world for many centuries. It was converted to a mosque in the 1400s and is now a museum. The Hagia Sophia is in what present- day country?

Turkey

For hundreds of years men have dug into the soft but firm tuff to create dwellings monasteries, churches, and underground cities in the Cappadocia region. In which modern day predominantly Muslim country us Cappadocis, famous for its unique landscape where erosion has formed caves, clefts, and fairy chimneys in soft volcanic rock, located?

Turkey

In what present-day country is the ancient city of Troy, where the famous Trojan War was fought, located?

Turkey

Known formerly as Smyrna, the city of Izmir is an important port on the Aegean Sea in what country?

Turkey

Once the center of the Ottoman Empire, this country was founded in 1923 as a secular state whose population is Muslim though not Arab. Name this country that is a member of NATO and a candidate for overwhelmingly membership in the European Union.

Turkey

Syria, Iraq, and what other country have large numbers of Kurdish people seeking a separate country?

Turkey

The Gulf of Iskenderun, an inlet of the Mediterranean Sea, borders the Adana and Hatay Provinces of what country?

Turkey

The US. House Foreign Relations Committee in October, 2007, passed a resolution labeling as genocide the murder of some 1.5 million Armenians during World War I. What country was allegedly responsible for the deaths?

Turkey

To cross the Bosporus Strait by road you can take either the Boğaziçi Bridge or the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in what country?

Turkey

Urdu is not an official language in which country-India, Turkey, or Pakistan?

Turkey

Which country does not have a majority Christian population-Turkey, the Philippines, or Armenia?

Turkey

Which predominantly Muslim country has been a member of NATO since 1952?

Turkey

Name the two countries that are both in Asia and Europe.

Turkey and Russia

The Garagum Desert, also known as the Karakum Desert, occupies about three fourths of what country that borders Iran?

Turkmenistan

Which country does not have a coast on the Aral Sea-Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, or Turkmenistan?

Turkmenistan

With a population of about 200,000, Türkmenabat is the second largest city in which country that shares its northeast border with Uzbekistan?

Turkmenistan

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is located in the city of Pisa on the Arno River near the Ligurian Sea. Pisa is located in which Italian region?

Tuscany

April 14, 1865

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth during a showing of the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Lincoln died the next morning at Petersen House across the street. The assassination was part of a wider plot that included failed attempts to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. Prior to shooting the president, Booth shouted the Virginia state motto, sic semper tyrannis ("thus always to tyrants"). Booth fled the theater after the attack. After a two-week manhunt, he was found in a barn in northern Virginia, where he refused to surrender and was killed by Union soldier Boston Corbett. Samuel Mudd, a doctor, was controversially imprisoned for treating the broken leg that Booth suffered during his escape.

November 22, 1963

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald, who targeted the presidential motorcade from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository as the vehicles rode through Dallas's Dealey Plaza. Texas Governor John Connolly was also severely injured in the shooting, which was captured on tape in the Zapruder film. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president aboard Air Force One later that day. Oswald never faced trial for the assassination, as he himself was shot and killed by bar owner Jack Ruby while being transported by federal agents. The Kennedy assassination was investigated by the Warren Commission, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, which concluded that Oswald was the lone gunman.

Name the group of Caribbean islands located about 90 miles east of Puerto Rico that are part of U.S. overseas territories.

U.S. Virgin Islands

The islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John, Saint Croix, Water Island and several nearby smaller islands in the Caribbean Sea are collectively referred to as what?

U.S. Virgin Islands

What is the official currency of Ecuador and El Salvador?

U.S. dollar

Beaver Island, the largest island in Lake Michigan, belongs to which country-U.S.A. or Canada?

U.S.A.

Which country does not have a trade surplus-U.S.A, China, or Germany?

U.S.A.

Which country is world's biggest consumer of energy?

U.S.A.

The St. Lawrence River forms part of the border between which two countries in North America?

U.S.A. and Canada

Which two countries in the Western Hemisphere are members of NATO?

U.S.A. and Canada

Sharjah is one of the seven member states of what oil rich country in the Middle East?

UAE

What international organization that promotes peace and security through education, science, and culture is headquartered in Paris?

UNESCO

Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, is on the banks of what river that is a chief tributary of the Congo River

Ubangi River

At an elevation of more than 16,750 feet, Margherita Peak in the Rwenzori Range is the third highest peak in Africa. Margherita Peak, located about 33 miles north of Lake Edward, forms part of the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and what other country?

Uganda

Lake Albert, part of the Nile River system, is sandwiched between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and what other country?

Uganda

Mount Elgon, an extinct volcano, lies on Kenya's western border with what country?

Uganda

Maidan Nezalezhnosti, known simply as Maidan, has been the traditional place for political rallies in the city Kiev. During November and December 2014, the Maidan witnessed large demonstrations demanding closer European integration and improved human rights. To which country would you go to visit the Maidan?

Ukraine

Which country is not a member of the European Union-Latvia, Poland, or Ukraine?

Ukraine

Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar

The crust, the outermost layer of the Earth that runs about 5 to 25 miles in thickness, is generally thinner where-under the oceans or on the continents?

Under the oceans

What is the Lomonosov Ridge-an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean or a ridge in Norway?

Underwater ridge in Arctic Ocean

Fauvism (c. 1905)

Upon seeing a number of Fauvist paintings in the same room as a classical sculpture at the 1905 Salon d'Automne exhibit, critic Louis Vauxcelles described the sculpture as "Donatello chez les fauves" ("a Donatello amongst wild beasts"), thus coining the art movement's name with an insult. To maximize the expressiveness of their canvases, Fauves disregarded figure modeling and color harmonies in favor of large brushstrokes with broad flat areas of violently contrasting colors. The poorly received Fauves — accused by critic Camille Mauclair of "flinging a pot of paint in the face of the public," an accusation first leveled by John Ruskin against James Whistler — were led by Henri Matisse, whose Woman with a Hat (a portrait of his wife, who is also depicted in his The Green Stripe) was singled out for attacks before being purchased by Gertrude and Leo Stein. Other Fauves include André Derain (Charing Cross Bridge, Houses of Parliament at Night) — who co-founded the movement with Matisse — Raoul Dufy (Regatta at Cowes), Maurice de Vlaminck (The River Seine at Chatou), and Kees van Dongen (Woman with Large Hat). Fauvism died out almost entirely by 1908.

What mountain range forms the natural boundary traditionally accepted as separating Asia and Europe?

Ural

Fossils of a new species of dinosaur, the Abydosaurus, were discovered in the Cedar Mountain Formation close to Dinosaur National Monument in February 2010. In which U.S. state are the Cedar Mountain Formation and Dinosaur National Monument located?

Utah

The majority of the followers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or the Mormon Church, live in what U.S. state?

Utah

Which state is not in the Plains-South Dakota, Kansas, or Utah?

Utah

The city of Allahabad, located at the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna Rivers, is in the most populated state in India. Name this Indian state that has a population of over 200 million.

Uttar Pradesh

Water from the Amu Darya River is diverted to irrigate the cotton crop in which central Asian country that borders Turkmenistan?

Uzbekistan

Which country does not have a coast on the Caspian Sea-Iran, Azerbaijan, or Uzbekistan?

Uzbekistan

Liechtenstein

Vaduz

Malta

Valetta

Which city, the largest in the Canadian Province of British Columbia, hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics?

Vancouver

Name the island that is separated from mainland Canada by the Strait of Georgia, the Johnstone Strait, and the Queen Charlotte Strait, and from the U.S. by the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Vancouver Island

Vatican City

Vatican City

What country would you visit to see the Sistine Chapel, which contains two of the world's most celebrated frescoes, Genesis and The Last Judgment?

Vatican City

All of the land west of the Essequibo River in Guyana is claimed by what other country?

Venezuela

Maracaibo is the second most populous city in which country-Venezuela or Brazil?

Venezuela

Although used mainly by tourists these days, gondolas have been the most common method of transportation for centuries in what Italian city on the Adriatic Sea?

Venice

The Doge's Palace and Piazza San Marco are two popular structures among tourists visiting which historic Italian city?

Venice

The Poultney River meanders for 40 miles through several towns and scenic areas before it drains into the southern extent of Lake Champlain. The Poultney River defines a portion of the border between New York and which other state?

Vermont

Which state does not have a coastline-New Hampshire, Vermont, or Delaware?

Vermont

With a population of less than 10,000, Montpelier is the least populated state capital in the U.S. Montpelier is in which state?

Vermont

During February 2009, more than 170 people died in bush fires that gutted many towns located near the city of Melbourne in which Australian state?

Victoria

Seychelles

Victoria

The Twelve Apostles, a collection of large natural limestone stacks standing beyond the eroding cliffs just off the shore in Port Campbell National Park, is a popular tourist attraction. The Twelve Apostles are located in which state that is the smallest Australian mainland state?

Victoria

Austria

Vienna

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy among nations. city where German is the. IAEA headquarters are located in a European capital city where German is the official language. Name this capital city.

Vienna

The Schönbrunn Palace, a former royal palace built in the early 1700s, is one of the most important cultural monuments and one of the major tourist attractions in what capital city where German is the native language?

Vienna

Laos

Vientiane

The Mekong River, the most important river in southeastern Asia, has two capital cities on its banks. Name one of them.

Vientiane, Phnom Penh

During the colonial period, Haiphong served as France's main naval base in mainland Asia. Today, Haiphong is the third largest city and one of the most important port cities in what country?

Vietnam

Lithuania

Vilnius

The Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, a 23-mile-long facility that crosses the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, is in which U.S. state?

Virginia

Which physical forms have fumaroles-deep valleys, mesas, or volcanoes?

Volcanoes

Benedict Arnold

Volunteering for service following the Battle of Lexington, he joined Ethan Allen in the attack on Fort Ticonderoga. Appointed by Washington to capture Quebec, he was severely wounded in the failed December 1775 assault that also saw the death of General Richard Montgomery. Arming a flotilla on Lake Champlain, he attacked the British forces at Valcour Island, earning accolades — perhaps at the cost of the support of other officers. Passed over for promotion, Washington personally persuaded him not to resign. Promoted following his defense of Danbury, he again considered resignation, but won victory at Ft. Stanwix, and commanded advance battalions at Saratoga, where he was wounded in the fight. Sent to command Philadelphia, he lived extravagantly among Loyalists, and skirted several regulations to raise money, prompting investigations. After marrying Peggy Shippen, he made overtures to the British, alerting them to a plan to invade Canada, and planning to betray his expected command of West Point. When his contact, Major John Andre was captured, he escaped. Later, as part of the British army he raided New London, Connecticut, and led several raids on Virginia.

Eisteddfod is a national music and poetry festival held in the summer. Eisteddfod is a tradition in what political unit of the U.K.?

Wales

Poland

Warsaw

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, by Marcel Duchamp

Was painted in 1912 and created a sensation when shown at the 1913 Armory Show in New York, where one critic referred to it as "an explosion in a shingle factory." Painted in various shades of brown, Nude Descending a Staircase portrays a nude woman in a series of broken planes, capturing motion down several steps in a single image. The painting reflects a Cubist sense of division of space, and its portrait of motion echoes the work of the Futurists.

United States of America

Washington D.C

To which city would you go to see the Smithsonian Museums on the National Mall?

Washington D.C.

Germantown (October 4, 1777)

Washington's attack on Germantown was the Continental Army's last major effort to retake Philadelphia before the winter of 1777-1778. After this defeat, Washington's troops wintered at Valley Forge.

The Organization of American States (OAS) is a regional organization of 35 countries in the Western Hemisphere and promotes peace and security. OAS main building is located on the corner of 17th Street and Constitution Avenue in which capital city?

Washington, D.C.

The headquarters of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are located in which capital city?

Washington, D.C.

The land area that contributes runoff to a stream is called its watershed or water table?

Watershed

The breakdown of rock material at or near the Earth's surface due to atmospheric exposure is called what-weathering or erosion?

Weathering

The Antarctic Peninsula separates the Bellingshausen Sea from what other sea?

Weddell Sea

New Zealand

Wellington

What is the capital of New Zealand? Wellington or Sydney?

Wellington

During 2014, the Ebola virus epidemic killed more than 7,000 people in what part of the world-East Africa, Central America, or West Africa?

West Africa

The historic biblical cities of Hebron, Bethlehem, and Jericho are in which present- day territory?

West Bank

On January 9, 2014, officials discovered that a chemical used in the coal industry had leaked from storage tanks into the Elk River, a tributary of the Kanawha River The chemical spill left more than 300,000 people without running water for several days. In which U.S. state did the chemical spill occur?

West Virginia

Which state cannot be reached by a boat from the St. Lawrence waterway-Ohio, Minnesota, or West Virginia?

West Virginia

The Sahrawi rebels of what disputed region in Saharan Africa claim a separate country by the name of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic?

Western Sahara

Combinations

When we want to find the number of combinations of size 2 without repeated letters that can be made from the three letters in the word CAT, order doesn't matter; We say '3 choose 2' and write 3_C_2. 3_C_2 = 3_P_2/2!

Salamanca (July 22, 1812, Spain)

While Napoleon struggled against Austrians, Russians, and Prussians on the plains of central and eastern Europe, a smaller but no less violent conflict was fought for control of Spain and Portugal. During this "Peninsular War" (1807-1814), the throne of Spain was claimed by Napoleon's older brother, Joseph Bonaparte. Spanish and Portuguese resistance (the first "guerrilla" warfare, from the Spanish for "little war") was supported by the landing of British troops under the command of the Duke of Wellington. Wellington's triumph over Marshal Auguste Marmont at Salamanca in July 1812 was a decisive blow against the stability of Joseph's regime.

The Abduction from the Seraglio (Die Entführung aus dem Serail, K. 384)

While often called an opera, The _________ ____ ___ ________, is, like The Magic Flute, actually a Singspiel with spoken dialogue (as opposed to sung recitatives). The action takes place at the home of the Ottoman Pasha Selim, and the music uses "Janissary" military instruments associated with "Turkish" music. Belmonte is trying to rescue his lover Konstanze from the Seraglio (harem); he is assisted by Pedrillo, his servant, while Osmin works for the Pasha. In the end, the Pasha releases Belmonte and Konstanze, much to Osmin's chagrin. Famous arias include Osmin's "O, wie will ich triumphieren" and Konstanze's incredibly difficult "Martern aller Arten." According to one story, Joseph II accused it of having "too many notes."

What famous building is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue?

White House

What is the most populated city in Kansas?

Wichita

What was the capital of Virginia before it was moved to Richmond in 1780?

Williamsburg

In the last two decades, what renewable energy source has been harnessed with greater success in open treeless areas and mountain passes?

Wind

Nambia

Windhoek

The Menominee River, named for the tribes who once lived in this area, forms the eastern part of the border between Michigan's Upper Peninsula and what state?

Wisconsin

Cubism (1907-1930s)

With a name also coined by Louis Vauxcelles, cubism was developed almost entirely by Pablo Picasso, whose Les Demoiselles d'Avignon introduced the movement in 1907. Influenced by the simple geometries of African masks, Picasso's Cubism sought to allow an object to be viewed from many sides at once by breaking down the figures into angles and shapes. Cubism as a whole can be subdivided into three movements: analytical cubism (1907-1912), synthetic cubism (1912-c. 1930), and curvilinear cubism (1930s). Analytical cubism was highly experimental, showing jagged edges and sharp multifaceted lines, such as in Picasso's Girl With a Mandolin. Synthetic cubism was inspired by collages and featured flattened forms of normal objects, such as in Picasso's Mandolin and Guitar. Curvilinear cubism contrasted with the flattened and firm edges of synthetic by featuring more flowing, rounded lines, such as in Georges Braque's Houses at l'Estaque. Besides the aforementioned pioneers of cubism, Picasso (whose other Cubist works include Guernica and The Poet) and Braque (Pitcher and Violin, Viaduct at l'Estaque, Still Life with Metronome), other prominent Cubists include Juan Gris (Portrait of Picasso, Guitar and Pipe), Jean Metzinger (Deux Nus, Tea Time), Robert Delaunay (Simultaneous Windows on the City, La Ville de Paris), Albert Gleizes (The Bathers, Portrait de Jacques Nayral), Fernand Leger (Still Life with a Beer Mug), and Henri Le Fauconnier (L'Abondance).

Horatio Gates

Wounded in the disastrous French and Indian War attack on Fort Duquesne, it was there he first met George Washington. Recommended by Washington to be adjutant general of the army at the outbreak of revolution, he organized the army around Boston into an effective force. Promoted to major general in 1776, he was assigned to command troops in New York originally intended to invade Canada. Briefly put in charge of Philadelphia, he then directed the defense of New York against Burgoyne's invasion attempt, leading to victory at Saratoga. Following this he became involved in the Conway cabal, an attempt to replace Washington, which led to coldness between the two. Placed in command of the South over Washington's objections by Congress, he tried to raise adequate forces, but lost the battle of Camden to Cornwallis, and was replaced by Nathaniel Greene. Washington then accepted Gates back as his deputy, a position he held until the end of the war.

Which state does not meet at the four corners-Utah, Colorado, or Wyoming?

Wyoming

Name the largest but sparsely populated province in China where native Uyghur people are pressing for greater autonomy

Xinjiang

The Taj Mahal, regarded as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, is on the southern banks of what river?

Yamuna River

Shanghai, the most populous city in China, is at the mouth of what river?

Yangtze River

The Three Gorges Dam, constructed on China's longest river, is the world's largest hydroelectric river dam. On what river was the Three Gorges Dam constructed?

Yangtze River

Cameroon

Yaounde

The Grand Canal was built 1,300 years ago and is 20 times longer than the Panama Canal. The Grand Canal connects the Yangtze River with what other major Chinese river?

Yellow River (Huang He)

The Han River of South Korea flows generally westward and joins the Imjin River before emptying into body of water?

Yellow Sea

The Huang He River flows in to the Bohai Sea, an arm of what other sea?

Yellow Sea

What National Park in Wyoming would you visit to see water erupting from Old Faithful, the geyser?

Yellowstone National Park

Name this Middle Eastern country that once was divided between a traditional north and a Marxist south until it united in 1990

Yemen

With distinctive plants such as the dragon's blood tree, the island of Socotra boasts unique flora and fauna. Socotra Island, located about 150 miles east of the Horn of Africa, is part of what Asian country?

Yemen

Armenia

Yerevan

Snowcapped Mount Ararat, the tallest peak in Turkey, is easily visible from what neighboring capital city?

Yerevan

North America's highest waterfall bears the same name as the national park in which it is located. Name this waterfall in California.

Yosemite Falls

Croatia

Zagreb

What city in Croatia is situated on the Sava River on the southern slopes of the Medvedníca Mountains?

Zagreb

Lake Kariba, created by the Kariba Dam, is the world's largest manmade lake by volume of water. Lake Kariba was created by damming which African river?

Zambezi River

Victoria Falls, which is situated between Zambia and Zimbabwe in southern Africa, is on what river?

Zambezi River

Which African country shares borders with Angola and Mozambique?

Zambia

Like much of the nation, the city of Bulawayo has been experiencing a steep decline in living standards in recent years. Bulawayo is the second largest city in what landlocked African country?

Zimbabwe

Traditionally associated with the Shona people, the mbira, a thumb piano made of orged iron keys bound to a wooden box, is the most important instrument in the music and culture of what African country that was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia?

Zimbabwe

Which of the 11 official languages of South Africa is claimed as the mother tongue by most people in that country-Zulu, Afrikaans, or English?

Zulu

American Gothic, by Grant Wood.

[Artist] painted his most famous work after a visit to Eldon, Iowa, when he saw a Carpenter Gothic-style house with a distinctive Gothic window in its gable. Upon returning to his studio, he used his sister Nan and his dentist, Dr. Byron McKeeby, as the models for the two figures. The pitchfork and the clothing were more typical of 19th-century farmers than contemporary ones. [Title] is among the most familiar regionalist paintings, and it is said to be the most parodied of all paintings. It hangs at the Art Institute of Chicago, where it was submitted for a competition by [artist] upon its completion in 1930 (he won a bronze medal and a $300 prize).

Guernica, by Pablo Picasso

[name of painting] was a Basque town bombed by the Germans during the Spanish Civil War in April 1937. [Artist] had already been commissioned to paint a mural for the Spanish Pavilion at the World's Fair, and he completed his massive, black, white, and grey anti-war mural by early June 1937. [Artist]'s Cubist approach to portraying the figures adds to the sense of destruction and chaos. Guernica was in the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York until 1981, when it was returned to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Spain.

Battle of Iwo Jima (February to March 1945)

_____ ______ is an isolated volcanic island between the Marianas and Honshu; early in 1945 it was strategically important as a base for American air attacks on the Japanese home islands. The defenders were led by General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, who attempted to prolong the battle indefinitely by digging an elaborate system of tunnels to protect his troops. The U.S Marines who stormed the island starting in February 1945 sustained thousands of casualties. Joe Rosenthal's photograph of Marines raising the flag on Iwo's Mount Suribachi is one of the best known images of the Second World War.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (Roger Taney, 7-2, 1857)

______ ______was a slave purchased by John Emerson in the 1820s, and who at various points lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, both of which prohibited slavery. In 1853, Scott sued his then-owner John Sanford for his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that no African-American — slave or free — was a citizen of the United States, and that therefore Scott lacked standing to initiate a lawsuit in the first place. In addition, the Court found the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional, holding that Congress lacked authority to prohibit slavery in any new territory that was not originally part of the United States.

Rent (Jonathan Larson, 1996)

______ tells the story of impoverished artists ("bohemians") living in the East Village of New York City during the AIDS crisis circa 1990 (though the temporal references are inconsistent, so no specific year can be pinned down). It is narrated by the filmmaker Mark Cohen, whose ex-girlfriend Maureen just left him for a woman (Joanne), and whose recovering-heroin-addict roommate Roger meets the dying stripper (and fellow heroin addict) Mimi. Mark and Roger's former roommate, the itinerant philosopher and hacker Collins comes to town, where he is robbed, then saved by the transvestite Angel, with whom he moves in. Meanwhile, the former fourth roommate of Mark, Roger, and Collins — Benny — has married into a wealthy family and bought the building Mark and Roger now live in, from which he wants to evict them. The title refers to both the rent money that Mark and Roger cannot and will not pay Benny, and to their community being rent apart (torn) by the AIDS epidemic, poverty, and drug addiction. Rent is an adaptation of Giacomo Puccini's opera La bohème (with most characters corresponding directly, e.g. Mark to Marcello). It won the 1996 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and is most famous for the songs "Seasons of Love" and "La Vie Bohème".

Muller v. Oregon (David Brewer, Melville Fuller, 9-0, 1908)

_______ laundry owner Curt _______ was fined for violating an Oregon law that limited the working hours of female employees; he appealed, claiming the law was an unconstitutional restriction of freedom of contract. Arguing on behalf of Oregon, future Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis invoked scientific evidence to support the notion that excessive working hours were deleterious to a woman's health. Oregon's statute was upheld on the grounds that the state had a compelling interest in protecting the health of its female workers. One side effect of the decision was the judicial justification of sex discrimination in legislation.

Loving v. Virginia (Earl Warren, 9-0, 1967)

________'s Racial Integrity Act of 1924 was an anti-miscegenation law that criminalized marriages between whites and non-whites. In 1958, Virginia residents Richard Loving (a white man) and Mildred Jeter (a woman of both African-American and Native American heritage) were married in Washington, D.C., which did not have such a statute. After returning to their Virginia home, they were arrested and convicted under the Racial Integrity Act. Striking down that Act as violating both the Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, Chief Justice Warren wrote that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual and cannot be infringed by the State."

Twelve-tone technique

_________-______ _____________ was developed by Arnold Schoenberg in the early 1920s, and is one method of writing atonal music—music that has no key or tonic pitch. _________-______ works are based on a tone row constructed from each of the twelve pitches of the chromatic scale, each used only once. This row may be inverted and/or presented in retrograde (backwards), a combination of possibilities often represented in a twelve-tone matrix (for an example, see here; curious readers may experiment with creating their own row/matrix here). Twelve-tone technique is one form of serialism, the rigid structuring of various musical elements within a work. A work of total serialism applies the same process to dynamics, articulations, and other basic elements of music as well as pitch.

Battle of Midway (June 1942)

___________ is considered the turning point of World War II in the Pacific. Japanese Admiral Yamamoto launched attacks on both Midway Island — an atoll northwest of Hawaii — and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, but the Americans had broken the Japanese naval code and were forewarned. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz's American fleet lost the aircraft carrier Yorktown, but American dive-bombers destroyed four Japanese carriers: Soryu, Akagi, Kaga, and Hiryu. The loss of four irreplaceable aircraft carriers and the death of the best-trained Japanese pilots crippled Japanese naval aviation for the duration of the war.

Dynamics

_____________ markings indicate the volume at which music is to be played. The two most basic _____________ markings are forte, meaning "loud," and abbreviated f; and piano, meaning "soft," and abbreviated p. These indications are often modified by the word mezzo (abbreviated m); thus, mf indicates "mezzo forte," meaning "medium loud." They may also be modified by the suffix -issimo, meaning "very," and symbolized by two of the same letter; thus, pp would indicate pianissimo, meaning "very soft." Gradual changes in volume are indicated by a crescendo, meaning gradually getting louder, or a diminuendo (also called decrescendo), meaning gradually getting softer.

Articulation

_________________ refers to the various techniques which may be used to modify the attack or performance of a single note or a series of notes. Some of the most common _________________ include staccato, meaning light or short; tenuto, meaning a note is to be held its entire value; and legato, meaning a series of notes is to be connected to one another very smoothly. Single notes may be given extra force by an accent mark.

counter-urbanization

a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

period

a function of one variable f is periodic if f(x+p) = f(x) for every x in the domain of the function and some positive number p because the graph repeats itself every p units. While the trigonometric functions are the periodic functions most commonly encountered by high school math students, some other functions like triangle waves are also periodic; in general, functions representing waves tend to be periodic.

cohort

a group of people born during the same period in historical time A group of individuals of the same age. A generation is about 20-30 years: enough time to be born and start bearing children.

Harold "Doc" Edgerton

a longtime member of the MIT faculty, gained the nickname "Papa Flash" for developing techniques to capture fast-moving events using synchronized multiflash photography, with the help of a previously-obscure piece of lab equipment called the stroboscope.

Edward Steichen

a member of the Photo-Secession movement, Steichen was heavily featured in Camera Work and helped Stieglitz found 291. Steichen later abandoned pictorial photography and worked for Vogue and Vanity Fair, where he produced some of the first fashion photographs. He later served as the director of the Department of Photography at the Museum of Modern Art, where he organized the exhibition The Family of Man.

demographic transition model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy. Characterized by different stages. Tracks birth rate, death rate, and the resulting total population change over time. No country still in Stage 1.

quadratic

a polynomial with degree 2, like 3x2 - 8x + 4

cubic

a polynomial with degree 3

monomial

a polynomial with one term, like 2x or -12x2

trinomial

a polynomial with three terms

binomial

a polynomial with two terms

Volume of a parallelepiped

abc

Differentiable functions,

also studied in calculus, are functions for which the derivative can be found (because a particular limit, called a difference quotient, exists). Every ___________________________--- is continuous, but some continuous functions are not differentiable; mathematicians thus say that ____________________ is a stronger property than continuity. In terms of graphs, a _____________________ has a "smooth" graph with no corners or cusps (and also, because continuity is required, no holes, jumps, or asymptotes). All polynomials are ___________ as are the sine and cosine functions, and exponential and logarithmic functions. However, the absolute value function f(x) = |x| is not ________________ because it has a "corner" at x = 0 (but recall that it is still continuous).

Polynomials

are functions made of terms added together, in which each term is a number times a product of variables raised to nonnegative-integer powers. For instance, 3x2y and -πx7y2z3 are each terms, so 3x2y - πx7y2z3 is a polynomial. (Individual terms are also considered polynomials.) Much of math is concerned with polynomials involving only one variable, such as -x3 + 2x2.

Logarithmic functions, or logarithms,

are functions of the form f(x) = logbx, where b is again a positive number other than 1 (and again called the base). They are the inverses of the exponential functions with the same bases. _________________________ are used to model sensory perception and some phenomena in probability and statistics. The phrase "the logarithm" can refer to a logarithmic function using the base 2 (especially in computer science; this is also called the binary logarithm), e (especially in higher math), or 10 (especially in lower levels of math and physical sciences). The phrase natural logarithm refers to the logarithm base e, and the phrase common logarithm usually refers to the logarithm base 10.

Surjective functions, or surjections,

are functions that achieve every possible output. For instance, if you are thinking of functions whose domain and codomain are both the set of all real numbers, then f(x) = tan(x) is surjective, because every real number is an output for some input. But f(x) = x2 is not surjective, because (for instance) -3 is not an output for any real-number input. The term image is sometimes used for the set of all output values that a function actually achieves; a surjective function, then, is one whose image equals its codomain.

Injective functions, or injections

are functions that do not repeat any outputs. For instance, f(x) = 2x is injective, because for every possible output value, there is only one input that will result in that output. On the other hand, f(x) = sin(x) is not injective, because (for instance) the output 0 can be obtained from several different inputs (0, π, 2π, and so on). If you have the graph of a function, you can determine whether the function is injective by applying the horizontal line test: if no horizontal line would ever intersect the graph twice, the function is injective.

Quadratics

are polynomials of degree 2. The graph of a quadratic equation will be in the shape of a parabola that opens straight up (if the coefficient on the x2 term is positive) or straight down (if that coefficient is negative). It is possible to find the roots of a quadratic by graphing it, factoring it, completing the square on it, or using the quadratic formula (itself derived by completing the square) on it. If the quadratic is in the form ax2 + bx + c, then the expression b2 - 4ac, which appears in the quadratic formula, is called the discriminant. If the discriminant is positive, the quadratic will have two real roots; if the discriminant is zero, the quadratic will have one real root (said to have a multiplicity of 2); and if the discriminant is negative, the quadratic will have two non-real complex roots (and if the coefficients of the quadratic are real numbers, the complex roots will be conjugates of each other).

Exponential functions

are those of the form f(x) = bx, where b (called the base) is a positive number other than 1. ____________________ are used to model unrestricted growth (such as compound interest, and animal populations with unlimited food and no predators) and decay (such as radioactive decay). The phrase "the ____________________________" refers to the function f(x) = ex, where e is a specific irrational number called Euler's number, about equal to 2.718. ________________________________ have the interesting property that their derivatives are proportional to themselves.

Periodic functions

are those whose graph repeats a pattern (specifically, the graph has translational symmetry).

The Anti-Masonic Party (established 1828)

became America's first third party by riding the tide of _________ sentiment following the 1826 disappearance of Freemason whistleblower William Morgan. For the 1832 election, the _______________ selected William Wirt in the first presidential nominating convention in United States history. Running against eventual winner Andrew Jackson, a Democrat seeking re-election, and Henry Clay, a National Republican, Wirt managed to receive 8% of the popular vote and 7 electoral votes from Vermont. Vermont and Pennsylvania both elected ___________ as governors, and Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont and other states all sent _______________ to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Former President Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party (established 1912),

better known as the Bull Moose Party, was created after he was unable to reclaim the Republican nomination from his former ally William Howard Taft. Roosevelt pitted his platform of New Nationalism, which promised reforms inspired by the Progressive movement, against Democrat Woodrow Wilson's more conservative New Freedom. In the most successful American third-party campaign ever, Roosevelt's 27% was still only enough to win six states; the split of the Republican voter base between him and Taft ensured a dominant victory for Wilson even though Wilson received only 42% of the vote.

The States' Rights Democratic Party (established 1948),

better known as the Dixiecrat Party, was founded by Southern Democrats to oppose President Truman's re-election bid, in response to his actions advancing civil rights. When Truman was nominated by the Democrats in 1948, members from the South stormed out of the convention, creating a further divide within the party. With South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond as its candidate, the Dixiecrats — while receiving the same amount of votes as Henry Wallace — won 39 electoral votes from four southern states. Though it was a temporary split, the issue of civil rights did not disappear.

The American Party (established 1843),

better known as the Know-Nothing Party, formed from the anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant nativism of early America. Secret societies like the Order of the Star Spangled Banner had been sprouting up since the 1840s, but the Know-Nothing Party was not a unified entity until the 1854 elections, when it won 52 of the 234 seats in the House, including the position of Speaker of the House. The 1856 presidential election was the first one for both the ______________ behind Millard Fillmore and the Republican Party behind John C. Frémont. Fillmore received 22% of the popular vote but only eight electoral votes from Maryland; Frémont won eleven states with 33% of the popular vote. Strong Southern support, however, allowed Democrat James Buchanan an easy win.

The People's Party (established 1891),

better known as the Populist Party, had its roots in the same farmer-labor partnership that created the Greenback Party (established 1874). Opposed to the elites of the banking and railroad industries, the Populist movement promised agrarian and labor reform. Its first presidential candidate, James B. Weaver, captured 22 electoral votes from six western states with 8.5% of the vote in 1892, as Democrat Grover Cleveland won his rematch against Republican Benjamin Harrison. Also in the West, multiple Populist governors, senators, and representatives held power throughout the decade. The Populists nominated the same presidential candidate as the Democrats in 1896, William Jennings Bryan, because of his stance on a silver bi-metal currency, though the Populist vice-presidential candidate — party leader Thomas E. Watson — differed from the Democratic candidate. Bryan's failure to defeat Republican William McKinley spelled the decline of the People's Party.

Gen X, Gen Y

birth dates ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s, following the Boomers and before Gen Y (Millenials). Birth rate was declining for various cultural reasons. "Latch-key kids", first generation with both parents working, first with divorced parents. Gen Y = Millenials

Rodeo (1942)

by Aaron Copland. Agnes DeMille choreographed Rodeo and danced the lead role at its premiere. It tells the story of a tomboy Cowgirl in the American West (the characters are not given specific names). She falls in love with the Head Wrangler, who prefers the more feminine Rancher's Daughter. The Cowgirl winds up dancing and eventually kissing the Champion Roper, who earlier competed for the Rancher's Daughter's hand. Rodeo is split into five sections: "Buckaroo Holiday," which introduces the characters; "Corral Nocturne," in which the oboe and bassoon depict the Cowgirl's loneliness; "Ranch House Party," which was omitted from the orchestral version; "Saturday Night Waltz"; and "Hoe-down," which is based on the folk song "Bonaparte's Retreat." "Hoe-down" was famously used in the "Beef: It's What's for Dinner" ad campaign in the 1990s.

Billy the Kid (1938)

by Aaron Copland. Choreographed by Eugene Loring, this ballet depicts episodes in the life of the title Old West outlaw. Early in the ballet, Billy's mother is accidentally killed in a gunfight; Billy then stabs the man who killed her. Sections from the ballet include "Card Game at Night" and a "Gun Battle" that features percussion imitating the title shootout. At the end of the ballet, when Billy is resting in the desert, a posse led by Pat Garrett finds and kills him. The story of Billy's life is bookended at the beginning and end by a section called "The Open Prairie," which depicts settlers moving west. The ballet makes extensive use of cowboy songs, such as "The Old Chisholm Trail" and "Goodbye Old Paint" in its depiction of a frontier town, and features a "Jarabe," a Mexican dance in 5/8 time.

Appalachian Spring (1944)

by Aaron Copland. Copland had several working names for _____________________________________ while composing it, including House of Victory and Ballet for Martha. The latter name refers to its choreographer, Martha Graham, who took its ultimate title from a line in Hart Crane's poem "The Bridge." Graham's ballet depicts a group of pioneers in Pennsylvania — including a newlywed couple — building a farmhouse and encountering a Revivalist preacher and his flock. The ballet's original set was designed by Graham's frequent collaborator Isamu Noguchi. Because _________________________ was first performed in the Library of Congress, Copland was forced to limit the accompanying ensemble to just thirteen musicians. The best-known section of the ballet by far is Copland's use of the traditional Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts" in the penultimate section of the suite; the full ballet contains several more movements based on variations on the hymn.

Giselle (1841)

by Adolphe Adam. Choreographed by Jean Coralli and Jules Perot, Adam wrote ___________________ for Perot's lover, Carlotta Grisi, who danced the title role at its premiere. ________________________, a peasant girl, falls in love with Loys, who is secretly Duke Albrecht of Silesia in disguise. Although Albrecht is engaged to Princess Bathilde, he pursues his romance with _____________________. After playing "he loves me, he loves me not" with a daisy, Giselle is shocked when the gamekeeper Hilarion, who also loves her, presents Albrecht's sword, revealing Albrecht's noble status. Unable to handle Albrecht's deception and knowing he can never marry her, ___________________ goes mad, tearing the necklace her mother has given her, and dies of a broken heart. After her death, ________________________'s spirit is enlisted into the Wilis, a group of spirits led by Queen Myrtha. The Wilis corner Hilarion and force him to dance to death; but _____________________ stops them from doing the same to Albrecht. Sparing Albrecht, the Wilis let ______________________'s ghost return to rest in her grave.

Gayane (1942)

by Aram Khachaturian. Gayane tells the story of the title heroine, who lives on a cooperative farm (kolkhoz) in Khachaturian's native Armenia with her husband Giko and her father Ovanes, who heads the collective. Giko, a lazy alcoholic, repeatedly beats and abuses the hard-working Gayane. However, Gayane escapes the marriage when she reveals Giko to be an anti-Soviet spy, leading to his arrest; Gayane then marries the soldier Kazakov. The most famous excerpt from Gayane is the frenetic "Sabre Dance," originally part of a group of dances in the final act meant to represent the various Soviet republics. Other notable music from the ballet includes an adagio movement, meant to represent carpet weavers, that was used in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey.

The Miraculous Mandarin (A csodálatos mandarin) (1926)

by Belá Bartók. Based on a story by Melchior Lengyel, ____________________________ opens by depicting a large city, with rapid ascending and descending notes on the strings followed by a theme of minor seconds and a brass imitation of car horns. In the ballet, a group of robbers force a girl to dance at the window of their apartment as a "Lockspiel," or decoy, to lure in potential victims. After the criminals successfully rob an old lecher and a poor young man, the girl lures a rich Chinese man — the Mandarin — into the apartment; glissandos in the brass mark his entrance. After the Mandarin tries unsuccessfully to capture the girl, the tramps jump on him — symbolized by the repetition of the minor second intervals heard at the beginning of the ballet—and stab him three times, then hang him from a lamp. However, the Mandarin's body begins to glow strangely. The girl then convinces the robbers to free the man, whom she then embraces, allowing him to die peacefully. The material of the ballet made it controversial upon its 1926 premiere; the mayor of Cologne, where the ballet debuted, had it banned on moral grounds.

The Creation of the World (La Création du Monde) (1923)

by Darius Milhaud. A trip to the U.S. inspired Milhaud to write The Creation of the World in 1922. Enchanted by the jazz bands Milhaud heard in Harlem, the ballet shows a heavy influence of jazz and blues, as well as traditional African rhythms; Milhaud omitted violas, substituting an alto saxophone. Choreographed by Jean Börlin and using a set designed by Cubist artist Ferdinand Leger, the ballet aims to depict the beginning of creation according to African tradition: the creator gods Mzame, Mbere, and Nkwa appear out of a seemingly empty void to create animals, plants, and then the first man and woman. The latter then perform a routine based on popular Dixieland dances and conclude the ballet in the tableau "The Man and the Woman Kiss."

The Firebird (L'Oiseau de feu or Zhar-ptitsa) (1910)

by Igor Stravinsky. Choreographed by Michel Fokine, The _____________ was the first of several collaborations between Stravinsky and Ballets Russes director Sergei Diaghilev. Prince Ivan, the ballet's protagonist, captures the mythical _______________, who pledges a feather to Ivan in exchange for her freedom. Ivan later stumbles upon thirteen princesses performing the "Dance of the Golden Apples." Ivan follows them back to the castle of Kashchei the Immortal, who has enchanted and imprisoned them. Kashchei, whose magic is represented by a recurring descending chromatic motif, sends bewitched monsters to attack Ivan. Ivan uses the feather to summon the __________________, who uses her magic to make the monsters perform an "Infernal Dance" before lulling them to sleep with a "Berceuse." While the monsters sleep, Ivan discovers the egg that preserves Kashchei's power inside a tree trunk and destroys it, breaking Kashchei's spell. Ivan frees the princesses, marrying one of them in the ballet's 7/4-time finale. Stravinsky created three versions of the ballet suite for a smaller orchestra, which were published in 1911, 1919, and 1945.

Petrushka (1911, revised 1947)

by Igor Stravinsky. Petrushka has a framing story with opening and closing scenes at a Shrovetide fair. The main story is about three puppets: Petrushka, the Ballerina, and the Moor, who are brought to life by the Magician (in some translations, the Charlatan). Petrushka falls in love with the Ballerina, who is smitten with the Moor. The love triangle ends with the Moor killing Petrushka with an axe after the "Dance of the Wet-Nurses" and the "Dance of the Peasant and Bear." The Magician claims that no harm was done, since Petrushka is only a puppet, but at the ballet's end Petrushka's ghost appears and haunts the Magician. Musically, it is most famous for its "Petrushka chord," a dissonant combination of C-major and F-sharp-major triads played by the clarinets.

Pulcinella (1920)

by Igor Stravinsky. Pulcinella is usually regarded as the first work of Stravinsky's neoclassical period. Choreographed by Léonide Massine, it was commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev. Diaghilev wanted to update a commedia dell'arte play attributed at the time to Giovanni Pergolesi (that attribution has recently been challenged). The one-act ballet tells the story of Pulcinella, a stock character of commedia dell'arte, and his lover Pimpinella, as well as two girls, Prudenza and Rosetta, and their suitors, Florindo and Cloviello. Pulcinella kisses Rosetta after she dances for him, enraging Pimpinella as well as the two suitors, who — jealous of Pulcinella — beat him up and appear to kill him. However, the "body" of Pulcinella is actually his friend Furbo, who impersonated Pulcinella and played dead. Pulcinella, disguised as a magician, appears, reveals himself, and marries Pimpinella, who forgives him.

Fancy Free (1944)

by Leonard Bernstein. __________________, the first ballet choreographed by American dancer Jerome Robbins, was inspired by Paul Cadmus's painting The Fleet's In!. The ballet depicts the antics of three sailors on shore leave in New York City, where they meet two beautiful women. To determine which one will leave dateless, the sailors hold a dance contest, performing a galop, waltz, and a Cuban danzón. However, the women cannot choose a winner, and the sailors quickly start fighting. The women run away, but the men reconcile and the ballet ends with them crossing paths with another attractive woman and starting to pursue her. ____________________'s success catapulted both Bernstein and Robbins to stardom; Bernstein later adapted _________________ into a musical and a film under the title On the Town; the musical features the song "New York, New York."

The Creatures of Prometheus (Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus) (1801)

by Ludwig van Beethoven. Choreographer Salvatore Viganò asked Beethoven to write the music for The Creatures of Prometheus for a performance for Austrian empress Maria Theresa. In the ballet, two statues come to life; Prometheus then takes them to Parnassus and exposes them to "the passions of human existence." They learn music from Orpheus, tragedy and comedy from the Muses, and dance from Pan and Bacchus. The ballet's overture, like Beethoven's First Symphony, begins with dissonant chords giving way into a lilting melody. Its finale contains a theme Beethoven would use in his "Eroica" Symphony (No. 3) and his Op. 35, the Eroica Variations for piano.

The Three-Cornered Hat (El sombrero de tres picos) (1919)

by Manuel de Falla. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned this ballet based on a novella by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón; the costumes were designed by Pablo Picasso. The title headgear is worn by the ballet's main villain, a magistrate (corregidor), who attempts to seduce the main female character, a miller's wife. The miller and his wife then trick the magistrate: the miller's wife flirtatiously offers the magistrate some grapes, but then leads him on a chase past the miller, hiding in a bush, who beats the magistrate. That night, the magistrate sends a deputy to arrest the miller on falsified charges; after the arrest, the opening of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony plays to signify the "knocking of fate." The magistrate goes to the miller's home, but falls into a river, causing the miller's wife to flee. The magistrate then undresses and gets into the miller's bed; the miller, having escaped from prison, decides to seduce the magistrate's wife and secretly switches clothes with him. The magistrate, dressed in the miller's clothes, is then arrested by his deputy. The miller and his wife arrive and toss the magistrate up and down in a blanket.

Daphnis and Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé) (1912)

by Maurice Ravel. Commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev and choreographed by Michel Fokine, _______________________ is based on the only surviving work by the Greek author Longus. The ballet starts in a sacred grotto, where Daphnis, Chloe, and other youths arrive to give an offering to three statues of the Nymphs. When the cowherd Dorcon challenges Daphnis to a dance contest for a kiss from Chloe, Dorcon is humiliated. A group of pirates abduct Chloe and take her to their island, where she is forced to dance for their leader, Bryaxis. The god Pan saves Chloe; after reuniting her with Daphnis, Pan is reminded of his own love for the nymph Syrinx. Daphnis and Chloe then reenact Pan's courtship of Syrinx. The rest of the company joins in a bacchanalian "Danse générale" featuring a wordless chorus. Ravel reworked the music from Daphnis and Chloe into two suites often performed in the concert hall.

La Péri (The Peri) (1912)

by Paul Dukas. La Péri, the last major work by Paul Dukas, tells the story of Iksender (Alexander the Great), who is searching Iran for the Flower of Immortality. He finally finds it at the Ends of the Earth, where it is in the hands of a sleeping Péri (a mythical fairy-like creature from Persian folklore). When Iksender tries to steal the flower, he awakens the Péri, who needs the flower to commune with Ormuzd (the Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda). The Péri seduces Iksender, who realizes that he doesn't deserve the flower. He surrenders it to the spirit, who ascends to Paradise, leaving him to die alone on Earth. The opening fanfare is often performed independently of the rest of the suite.

Sleeping Beauty (Spyashchaya krasavitsa) (1890)

by Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky. Choreographed by Marius Petipa, Sleeping Beauty (also called The Sleeping Beauty) is based on the fairy tale of the same name, though other fairy tale figures — including Little Red Riding Hood and Cinderella — appear. Split into four sections ("The Christening," "The Spell," "The Vision," and "The Wedding"), Sleeping Beauty relates the story of Princess Aurora, the daughter of King Florestan XXIV. He invites a group of fairies to Aurora's christening, but the evil spirit Carabosse, furious at not being invited, appears and curses Aurora to die on her 16th birthday by pricking her finger with a spindle. However, the powerful Lilac Fairy weakens the curse, so that Aurora will sleep for a hundred years instead. On her 16th birthday, the townspeople perform the "Garland Waltz" and four suitors and Aurora perform the challenging "Rose Adagio." A mysterious figure (Carabosse in disguise) appears and gives Aurora a spindle, on which Aurora pricks herself and falls asleep; the Lilac Fairy then expands the spell over the entire kingdom. A century later, Prince Desire is hunting in the forest when the Lilac Fairy approaches him and leads him to the castle. He wakes Aurora with a kiss and wins her hand in marriage.

Swan Lake (Lebedinoye ozero) (1867)

by Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky. Many modern performances of Swan Lake are based on a revised version of Tchaikovsky's score prepared after Tchaikovsky's death by Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and Riccardo Drigo. The ballet opens at Prince Siegfried's 21st birthday party, where Siegfried's mother scolds him for not finding a wife; she plans for him to choose a spouse at a ball the following evening. After the "Dance of the Goblets," Siegfried, his tutor Wolfgang, and his friend Benno go hunting. They are about to shoot a swan when it turns into the beautiful Odette. Odette reveals she was cursed by the sorcerer von Rothbart to turn into a swan during the daytime. The curse can only be broken if one who has never loved before declares his love for her. Odette and the other victims of von Rothbart's curse live on the title lake, which was created by Odette's mother's tears. Their presence is usually signified by one of the ballet's recurring musical themes, a B-minor motif for oboe and harp. Odette and Siegfried begin to fall in love, but morning breaks and Odette returns to her swan form. At the palace, the ball begins with nationalistic dances, including Neapolitan and Hungarian dances and a mazurka. Von Rothbart arrives with his daughter Odile, disguised to look like Odette. (Odette and Odile are normally played by the same ballerina, who wears white as Odette and black as Odile.) They successfully trick Siegfried into declaring his love for Odile, dooming Odette to live as a swan forever. He hurries back to the lake, where he and Odette drown themselves, killing von Rothbart in the process. The exact ending varies from production to production, with some happier than others.

The Nutcracker (Shchelkunchik) (1892)

by Peter Tchaikovsky. Now a Christmastime favorite, ______________________________ was choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov. The plot, based on an E. T. A. Hoffmann story, opens at a Christmas party, where Drosselmeyer gives his daughter Clara a toy nutcracker, which her brother Fritz soon breaks. At night, the living room becomes a battleground between the evil Mouse King and toys and gingerbread soldiers, led by the Nutcracker. Clara throws her slipper at the Mouse King, distracting him long enough for the Nutcracker to kill him. The Nutcracker then turns into a prince and leads Clara into a magical forest where the "Waltz of the Snowflakes" marks the end of Act I. In Act II Clara and the prince arrive in the Land of Sweets, where they witness dances representing delicacies from around the world, including Arabian coffee and Spanish chocolate, as well as the Chinese "Dance of the Reed Flutes" and the Russian "Trepak." Mother Ginger has a group of clowns ("Polcinelles") emerge from her skirt to dance before the orchestra plays the "Waltz of the Flowers" and the Sugar Plum Fairy and the Cavalier dance a pas de deux. Finally, the Sugar Plum Fairy dances alone to music that marks one of the first orchestral uses of the celesta.

Romeo and Juliet (1938)

by Sergei Prokofiev. Prokofiev composed Romeo and Juliet for the Bolshoi Ballet. Prokofiev originally intended to substitute a happier ending for Shakespeare's tragic one — stating "dead people cannot dance" — but conductor Yuri Fayer talked him out of it (in significant part for political reasons). The "Dance of the Knights" (also called "Montagues and Capulets") is an often-excerpted portion of the ballet noted for its pulsating, driving rhythm, while the Gavotte, or "Departure of the Guests," reuses a theme from Prokofiev's First Symphony (the "Classical"). The score, which calls for such nonstandard instruments as a tenor saxophone, maracas, tambourine, and celesta, was later transformed into three orchestral suites, as well as a set of ten works for solo piano. (The score underwent further revisions — not by Prokofiev himself — in 1940; choreographer Mark Morris has performed Prokofiev's original version with the "happier" ending.)

Bob Fosse (1927-1987)

came to prominence in the 1953 film Kiss Me Kate. While he and dance partner Carol Haney only had small roles, the dance that ________ choreographed for them in the number "From This Moment On" launched ________'s career. _________'s unique style, featuring turned-in knees, rolled shoulders, sideways movement, and "jazz hands," found its greatest expression on Broadway, where he choreographed the musicals The Pajama Game, Damn Yankees, Redhead, Sweet Charity, Pippin, and Chicago. Many of his works featured his wife Gwen Verdon, who won four Tonys under his choreography or direction. __________ also directed the films Cabaret and All That Jazz, winning an Oscar for Cabaret. Many commentators have described his cameo as The Snake in a 1974 film adaptation of The Little Prince as a forerunner to the dance style of Michael Jackson.

Robert Mapplethorpe

came to prominence thanks to his portraits of his longtime friend, the musician Patti Smith. He produced many celebrity portraits and still-life images of flowers, but is likely most famous for his homoerotic work depicting the BDSM subculture of 1970s New York. Shortly after his 1989 death from AIDS complications, his exhibition "The Perfect Moment" culminated in a 1990 obscenity trial in Cincinnati.

April 4, 1968

civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed on a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray. King had been in Memphis to show support for a strike by African-American sanitation workers. One notable response to the death of King was the speech given by Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy that night in Indianapolis, in which he quoted the words of the Greek playwright Aeschylus about "pain which cannot forget" that "falls drop by drop upon the heart."

Rational functions

consist of one polynomial divided by another polynomial. The denominator polynomial cannot be the zero polynomial, because dividing by zero is undefined. Examples therefore include 1/x, x2/(x - 3), and (x2 + 1)/(x2 - 1). Every polynomial can be considered to be a rational function because 1 is a polynomial and dividing by 1 doesn't change an expression (so to consider the polynomial x3 as a rational function, think of it as x3/1).

Separation of Powers

divides the powers of government between the executive, legislative and judicial branches

The Farm Security Administration photographers

during the Great Depression documented the plight of poor farmers. Dorothea Lange may have produced the single most enduring image among them, a portrait of Florence Owens Thompson staring worriedly into the middle distance as two of her children bury their faces in her neck, called Migrant Mother. Walker Evans, another FSA photographer, collaborated with writer James Agee on a study of three sharecropping families in Alabama, called Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Gordon Parks, whose photo of an FSA cleaning woman was both posed and titled in ironic homage to Grant Wood's American Gothic, was a pioneering African-American photographer who later directed the film Shaft.

Checks and Balances

each branch shares powers with other branches & can check each others activities & power

Treaty of Paris of 1898

ended the Spanish-American War and transferred Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. while making Cuba (ostensibly) independent. The treaty was the beginning of American imperialism, and underwent a lengthy and contentious ratification.

Limited Government

everyone, including authority figures, must obey the laws

epidemiologic transition model

focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the DTM

Former Vice President Henry Wallace's Progressive Party (established 1948)

formed out of Wallace's disagreements with his replacement as FDR's vice president, incumbent Harry S. Truman, who had fired Wallace from his position as Secretary of Commerce. In addition to promoting leftist reforms, Wallace also wanted cooperation with the Soviet Union, though his association with the Soviets and Communism hurt his popularity. In spite of this, he still won 2.4% of the vote with well over a million votes in a contentious election that Truman barely won over Thomas Dewey.

Louis Daguerre and Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

functionally invented photography as we know it. ____________________________ created the process of heliography, which he used to create View from the Window at Le Gras, the oldest surviving photograph of a real-world scene. _______________, another pioneer, partnered with _______________ and the two developed the physautotype method, which used lavender oil. After _____________'s death, _________________ developed an even faster process, in which an iodized silver plate was exposed to light, treated with mercury fumes, and "fixed" with a solution of sodium thiosulfate; that process, daguerreotypy, bears his name.

Henry Kissinger (served 1973-1977 under Presidents Nixon and Ford)

held the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks that resulted in SALT I with the Soviet Union and pursued the "détente" policy to de-escalate the Cold War. He was instrumental in opening relations with China in 1972. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for the negotiation of Paris Peace Accords and ceasefires that ended the Vietnam War. Kissinger used "shuttle diplomacy" to settle the Yom Kippur War among Egypt, Syria, and Israel.

Henry Clay (served 1825-1829 under President John Quincy Adams)

helped negotiate the "corrupt bargain" that led to John Quincy Adams winning the House vote that decided the presidency in 1824 and led to his appointment as Secretary of State. While Clay served in that post, his slave, Charlotte Dupuy, sued for her freedom in a move that foreshadowed the Dred Scott case. He lost presidential elections as a Whig candidate three times prior to his involvement in the Compromise of 1850.

Complex number

i = square root of -1

push factor

induces people to move out of their present location. Usually negative.

Eadweard Muybridge

initially gained fame in the 1860s for his photographs of Yosemite Valley, published under the alias "Helios," but is now likely more famous for helping Leland Stanford—the governor of California—settle an argument regarding whether a racehorse ever has all four feet off the ground during a gallop. _______________ eventually did this to the satisfaction of the public with a series of tripwire-triggered cameras; the series of photos thus created was later exhibited in the form of a zoopraxiscope, an early motion-picture device ______________________ also invented. ______________________ also shot and killed his wife's lover, Major Harry Larkyns. He was acquitted on the basis of justifiable homicide, and the trial was later dramatized in Philip Glass's opera The Photographer.

Edwin Land

initially made his name developing filters for polarizing light. He then developed the instant, self-developing film, which worked by squeezing the negative film against a positive sheet, then using a reagent to transfer and quickly develop the image. The first commercially viable instant camera was produced and sold in 1948 by ____________'s Polaroid Corporation.

gravity model

interaction of places based on their population, sizes, and distances between them. (There is also a gravity model used in urbanization)

George Eastman

invention of a dry-plate process improved the robustness of photographs, which he then built further on by developing a gelatin emulsion that was applied to paper, then removed and varnished with collodion after exposure. This film, which was carried in rolls, was easier to transport than plates and allowed for multiple exposures without fully reloading a camera. ______________________'s crowning achievement was the compact, handheld Kodak camera.

Hillary Clinton (served 2009-2013 under President Obama)

is a former Senator from New York and the wife of former president William Jefferson Clinton. President Clinton appointed Hillary as the face of the failed 1993 health care bill. She also sought the Democratic nomination for President in 2008, losing to eventual President Barack Obama. During her term, she presented a "reset button" to Russia and accepted formal responsibility for failures in consulate security that led to death of Ambassador Christopher Stephens in Benghazi.

A Fourier fur-ee-ay series

is a way to rewrite (almost) any periodic function in terms of only sine and cosine functions.

function

is an association between input values and output values, in which each input value is associated with exactly one output value. That association is often given by a formula, and it is that sort of function that this article will focus on. However, a function could be defined in other ways, such as by a table (as one might make for scientific observations) or simply by a description (for instance, your distance from home is a function of the time of day, since at each time of day you are at exactly one place, and therefore a particular distance from home).

The Communist Party of the United States of America (established 1919)

is notable mainly for attempts to outlaw it, such as the 1940 Smith Act which criminalized organizations advocating the violent overthrow of the government, the Communist Control Act of 1954, and the inquiries of the House Un-American Activities Committee and Senators Richard Nixon and Joseph McCarthy. Though the 1951 Supreme Court case Dennis v. U.S. ruled that there is no First-Amendment right to advocate the overthrow of the government, general concerns about freedom of speech and overreach in investigations of Communists put an end to prosecutions of individuals solely for belonging to the Communist Party by the early 1960s. The CPUSA ran Gus Hall for President four times, but was never a significant force at the ballot box. In 1995, a cache of Soviet documents known as VENONA was published, revealing that the CPUSA was controlled by Moscow. Like the Socialist Party, the CPUSA has splintered into several similarly named successor organizations.

Stephen Sondheim (1930-present)

is one of the most celebrated lyricists and composers in musical theater. Sondheim's career has included eight Tony Awards. He was mentored by Oscar Hammerstein II (of Rodgers and Hammerstein), and was the lyricist for West Side Story, working alongside composer Leonard Bernstein. Musicals for which he was both lyricist and composer include Company (1970), a series of scenes about an unmarried bachelor and his married friends; Sweeney Todd (1979), about a barber's murderous quest for revenge; Into the Woods (1987), a dark mash-up of several fairy tales; and Sunday in the Park with George (1984), which portrays a fictionalized version of the painter Georges Seurat and won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

Jerome Robbins (1918-1998)

is probably best known for his work with Leonard Bernstein. He broke through as a choreographer with an experimental ballet about three sailors on leave in New York City, Fancy Free, which he then helped rework into the hit 1944 musical On the Town. Known for being temperamental and difficult to work with, he conceived, choreographed, and directed the 1957 original production of West Side Story and won an Oscar for co-directing the 1961 film version (despite quitting early in the process due to creative differences). He also choreographed and directed the original production of Fiddler on the Roof. He acted as an uncredited "show doctor," rescuing several floundering Broadway shows, including A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum and Funny Girl.

"range"

is sometimes used instead of "codomain," but "range" is also sometimes used to mean "image" (see below), so "range" is confusing and NAQT generally avoids it.

The fundamental theorem of algebra

is the statement that every single-variable polynomial, other than constants, has a root in the complex numbers, which means that if f(x) is a polynomial, then the equation f(x) = 0 has at least one solution where x is some complex number.

The Abel-Ruffini theorem, also called Abel's impossibility theorem,

is the statement that there is no way to find a formula for the solutions of all quintic or higher-degree polynomials, if the formula must be based on the traditional operations (addition/subtraction, multiplication/division, and exponentiation/taking roots).

The Socialist Party (established 1901)

is usually associated with Eugene V. Debs, the face of the American socialist movement at its peak. He ran for president five times from 1900 to 1920, and managed to increase his vote counts with each successive campaign. He attracted over 900,000 votes twice: in 1912 with 6% of the vote, almost making it a four-way race, and in 1920, when Debs famously ran his campaign while imprisoned. Starting in 1928, his successor, Norman Thomas, ran for president six consecutive times, though the party was not quite able to replicate Debs's success.

Ansel Adams,

like Muybridge, gained significant fame for his photographs of Yosemite National Park, including Moon and Half Dome. With Willard Van Dyke and Edward Weston, he founded Group f/64, named after the smallest common aperture setting of cameras at the time. He also developed a method to determine the optimum exposure for a negative, known as the Zone System, enabling him to create tremendous detail within small gradation of shade in black-and-white photography.

Which state does not have a national park-Arizona, Utah, or lowa?

lowa

Which state is not a major producer of rice-Arkansas, lowa, or California?

lowa

Which state is not entirely south of Kentucky-Tennessee, lowa, or Georgia?

lowa

Cindy Sherman

made a series of Untitled Film Stills, consisting largely of self-portraits posed in the style a B-movie actress, which began a series of photos in which she modified popular photographic forms to respond to the stereotyping of women in the media. Her later series Fairy Tales and Disasters began including mannequins and prosthetic limbs, which she also used as the subject of her "Sex Pictures."

Twyla Tharp (1941-present)

made her mark in the mid-1970s with the "crossover ballets" Deuce Coupe (performed by the Joffrey Ballet to music by The Beach Boys) and Push Comes to Shove (starring Mikhail Baryshnikov), both marked by a fusion of diverse musical and dance styles. She found success on Broadway with the "jukebox musical" Movin' Out, set to the catalog of Billy Joel; she subsequently built musicals around the songs of Bob Dylan and Frank Sinatra. She created the children's ballet The Princess and the Goblin and collaborated with director Milos Forman on the Hollywood films Hair, Ragtime, and Amadeus.

resources

materials found in the earth that people need and value. Anything that is used to produce goods or services

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages. Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination

George Gershwin's (1898-1937)

music blended classical traditions and genres with jazz and popular idioms. His "Rhapsody in Blue" (1924) and "Concerto in F" (1925) both feature solo piano and orchestra, while "An American in Paris" (1928) and "Cuban Overture" (1932) were inspired by his trips abroad. The lyrics for his vocal works were often written by his brother Ira; two of his best-known songs, "Embraceable You" and "I Got Rhythm," appeared in his Broadway musical Girl Crazy (1930). His opera Porgy and Bess (1935), which included the song standards "Summertime" and "It Ain't Necessarily So," featured an entirely African-American cast.

John Hay (served 1898-1905 under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt)

negotiated the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-American War and established the "open door policy" with China. He also served as Lincoln's personal secretary while working as a clerk in the Interior Department. He negotiated the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that established the Panama Canal Zone in 1903.

Daniel Webster (served 1841-1843 under Presidents Harrison and Tyler, then again from 1850-1852 under President Fillmore)

negotiated the Webster-Ashburton treaty that defined the border between Maine and New Brunswick (the Eastern border) and left his post in 1843 under pressure from Whigs, who had resigned in protest from Tyler's cabinet over the issue of the national bank. In his second term, he upheld the Compromise of 1850, which cost him popularity with his fellow New Englanders.

The Green Party (established 1991)

never attracted as large of a share of the vote as the other third parties, but the ticket of Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke pulled 2.7% of the popular vote in the infamous 2000 presidential election, possibly influencing Republican George W. Bush's extremely narrow victory over Democrat Al Gore, the winner of the popular vote. The Green Party continues to nominate candidates for presidential elections, and cites ecological sustainability, social justice, and fair democracy among its goals.

Battle of Aegospotami (405 BC)

on the Hellespont (Dardanelles) ended the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian Empire. After a setback at the Battle of Arginusae in 406 BC, the Spartans reinstated Lysander as the commander of their fleet. The result was a complete victory for Sparta; only a fraction of the Athenian fleet survived, including the general Conon, and the ship Paralus, which brought the news of defeat to Athens. Following the battle, the Spartans besieged Athens and forced its surrender.

chain migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

voluntary migration

permanent movement undertaken by choice

refugee

person who flees to another country to escape persecution or disaster. To be considered a refugee, one must move internationally and fear for one's life or that of one's family. They have special considerations and protections guaranteed.

Alfred Stieglitz

pioneered the artistic style of photography and founded the journal Camera Work. After a fight over the importance of pictorialism with the National Arts Club, he founded the Photo-Secession movement. The husband of painter Georgia O'Keefe, _____________________ also founded the Little Galleries of the Photo Secession at 291 Fifth Avenue, New York City, which became known as simply "291."

unit circle

points and segments related to a circle of radius 1 centered at the origin

Cornucopian

pop growth provides resource for innovation to solve problems of resource scarcity

Popular Sovereingty

power rests with the people who can create, alter (change), and abolish (get rid of) their government

Atlantic Slave Trade

process by which Europeans brought enslaved Africans to the Americas

asylum seeker

refugee seeking shelter and protection in one state from another state

epidemic

regional outbreak of a disease

The trigonometric functions

represent relations between angles and sides of triangles.

Napoleon Bonaparte (born 1769 on the Mediterranean island Corsica)

rose to power during the later stages of the French Revolution. He defended the revolutionary government with artillery fire during the coup of 13 Vendémiaire (October 1795) and was rewarded with command of the French forces in Italy, where his series of battlefield victories forced Austria to sign the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio. Over the next eighteen years, Napoleon rose from general to first consul to emperor of France, effectively ending the French Revolution and provoking a series of "Napoleonic Wars" that sent French troops into battle in places as distant as Egypt, Portugal, and central Russia. To defeat and depose the upstart emperor, it took a coalition of European powers nearly two decades of warfare, including the following battles:

Odd functions

satisfy the rule f(-x) = -f(x) for every x in the domain of the function. The graph of an odd function remains the same when it is rotated 180° around the origin. Odd functions are so named because if a polynomial's exponents (on the variable) are all odd, then the polynomial is an odd function; for instance, x3, 4x7, and -x5 + 2x3 are all odd. There are other odd functions, such as the sine and cube root functions.

Even functions

satisfy the rule f(-x) = f(x) for every x in the domain of the function. The graph of an even function has reflection symmetry over the y-axis. Even functions are so named because if a polynomial's exponents (on the variable) are all even, then the polynomial is an even function; for instance, x2, 3x6, and -x8 + 7x4 are all even. There are other even functions, though, such as the cosine and absolute value functions.

John Kerry (served 2014-2016 under President Obama)

served as a senator from Massachusetts — spending the majority of his time as the junior senator to Ted Kennedy — and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He received the Democratic Party nomination for President in 2004, but lost the general election to George W. Bush. His major foreign policy involvement was in the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran.

Trigonometric functions

sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions. There are many interesting relationships between these: the graphs of sine and cosine are translations of each other; the tangent function equals the sine function divided by the cosine function; the cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions are the reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions, respectively; and there are many other relationships called trigonometric identities.

pull factor

something that encourages people to move to a new place. Usually a positive, usually for economic, cultural, or environmental reasons.

Continuous functions

studied in calculus, are functions where the limit approaching each point equals the function's value at that point. In particular, there are no holes, jumps, or asymptotes "in the middle of the graph."often explained as a function's graph being drawable in one motion without lifting the writing utensil from the paper. All polynomials are ________________, as are the sine and cosine functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, and the absolute value function. Some examples of non-_______________- functions are many rational functions, as they often have holes or asymptotes; the tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions, which have asymptotes; and the floor and ceiling functions, which have jumps.

Matthew Brady

studied under Samuel Morse, who popularized the daguerreotype in America, and became a portrait photographer in New York. When the Civil War broke out, _____________ saw it as a potential source of memorabilia, and took photos at Bull Run in a mobile darkroom. His work expanded to hiring out crews of photographers to cover the entire war, essentially creating the practice of photojournalism. ________________ himself took portrait photos of prominent figures of both sides.

Pierre Beauchamp (1631-1705)

taught dance to French King Louis XIV at Versailles for over two decades. An early director of the Western world's first dance institution, the Académie Royale de Danse, he collaborated extensively with Molière's acting company and the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully. He is often credited with codifying the five basic feet positions in ballet. His system of dance notation, later revised by Raoul-Auger Feuillet and Pierre Rameau and today known as "_________________-Feuillet notation," was used until the late 1700s.

During Junkanoo, a national festival celebrated on December 26, colorful and boisterous parades flood the streets of Nassau in what country?

the Bahamas

Which islands do not belong to India-the Maldives, the Andaman Islands, or Lakshadweep?

the Maldives

Klompen, shoes made entirely of wood, are commonly associated with rural areas of which European country?

the Netherlands

Rotterdam, Europe's busiest port, is situated in the Rhine River Delta in which country?

the Netherlands

Cebu Island is a major island of which archipelago country that was invaded by Japan during World War II?

the Philippines

In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan devastated the city of Tacloban on Cancabato Bay on Leyte Island. The city of Tacloban is located in which Asian country?

the Philippines

Mount Pinatubo, an active stratovolcano on the island of Luzon, had a massive eruption in 1991. In which country is Mount Pinatubo?

the Philippines

The San Juanico Bridge spans Leyte and Samar. The San Juanico Bridge is the longest bridge spanning a body of the San Juanico Strait and connects the islands of sea water in what Asian country?

the Philippines

The Visayas group of islands, north of Mindanao Island and separated from Borneo by the Sulu Sea, belongs to what country?

the Philippines

10 Downing Street in the city of Westminster is one of the most famous addresses in which country the U.K. or Canada?

the U.K

Oxford and Cambridge Universities, the two oldest surviving universities in the English-speaking world, are in what country?

the U.K

The cities of Cardiff, Belfast, and Liverpool are important cities in what island country?

the U.K

Which country conducted nuclear tests during the 1950s on the Australian Montebello Islands, located about 80 miles off the Pilbara coast of northwest Australia?

the U.K

The bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of a leather bag with pipes with finger holes, is most commonly associated with the Celtic people of what island country?

the U.K.

Which country does not use the euro as its currency-Ireland, the U.K., or Finland?

the U.K.

The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, considered one of the oldest and most prestigious golf clubs in the world, is located in what European country?

the U.K. (Scotland)

The Channel Tunnel, known as the Chunnel, is a 31-mile-long undersea rail tunnel that connects which two countries?

the U.K. and France

Charles Darwin is pictured on the 10 pound sterling bill of what country?

the U.K/United Kingdom

Scones are biscuits often served with with jam or clotted cream at teatime in what European country?

the UK

life expectancy

the average age to which a person in a given population can expect to live. Often (but not always) indicates country's level of development.

friction of distance

the degree to which distance interferes with some interaction, usually between two places

Medical Revolution

the diffusion of medical technology from MDC's to the LDC's, allowing LDCs to benefit from advances produced in MDCs.

Actium (31 BC)

the fleet of Octavian defeated the combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at this battle near what is now Preveza in the Ambracian Gulf of Greece. Marcus Agrippa commanded Octavian's fleet, which consisted of small, nimble Liburnian ships. Antony's fleet consisted of massive Quinqueremes, which were less mobile. Following his victory in the battle, Octavian titled himself Princeps, and later Augustus. To some, Actium signals the end of the Roman Republic.

Agnes de Mille (1905-1993)

the niece of the film director Cecil B. DeMille and granddaughter of the economist Henry George, worked extensively with American Ballet Theater, but the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo commissioned her most famous work, Rodeo. That ballet, featuring music by Aaron Copland (possibly assisted by an uncredited Leonard Bernstein), details a love rectangle between characters known as American Cowgirl, Champion Roper, Head Wrangler, and Rancher's Daughter. Her other notable stage ballets include Three Virgins and a Devil and Fall River Legend (based on the life of Lizzie Borden). De Mille also found success in musical theater, creating a revolutionary "dream ballet" for Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!.

over population

the number of people exceeds the resources available in an area. Three factors: number of people, availability/amount of resources, and the amount of land. "Crowded" does not mean "over population". Parts of northern Canada, with a very small population, are actually over populated due to limited resources.

dependency ratio

the ratio of the number of people under 15 and over 64 years to those 15-64 years of age. Assumes the too young/too old to work. Has multiple implications.

demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

domain

the set of possible input values for a function

codomain

the set of possible output values is called the .

George Balanchine (1904-1983)

trained in his native Georgia (the country) and Russia and briefly worked with Sergei Diaghilev at the Ballets Russes in Paris before being invited by impresario Lincoln Kirstein to the United States, where the two co-founded the New York City Ballet (NYCB) and its associated School of American Ballet. As artistic director of NYCB, _______________ began the tradition of annually staging The Nutcracker at Christmas. One of his four wives — all dancers — was the company's first major star, Native American prima ballerina Maria Tallchief. He collaborated with composer Igor Stravinsky and visual artist Isamu Noguchi on the 30-minute ballet Orpheus.

sustainability

using resources in ways that do not harm ecological systems that support human existence

William H. Seward (served 1861-1869 under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson)

wanted to resign prior to Lincoln's inauguration, but the request was denied. Prior to the purchase of Alaska ("Seward's Folly"), he helped set the conditions that ended the Atlantic slave trade in the Lyons-Seward treaty between the U.S. and U.K. He survived an assassination attempt the night Lincoln was shot. The purchase of Alaska was completed on March 30, 1867 for close to two cents an acre from Russia.

Samuel Barber (1910-1981)

was a classicist composer best known for his "Adagio for Strings" (1936), which he adapted from his String Quartet, and which was premiered under the baton of the legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini. Other major orchestral works include his Piano Concerto (1962), his ballet score Cave of the Heart (1947) based on the Greek tale of Medea, and his single-movement "First Symphony" (1936, revised 1943). His vocal works include "Dover Beach" (1931) and "Knoxville: Summer of 1915" (1947). For much of __________'s life, he maintained a romantic relationship with the opera composer Gian-Carlo Menotti. His first opera, Vanessa (1958), won the Pulitzer Prize; his second major opera, Antony and Cleopatra (1966), was a flop.

Philip Glass (1937-present)

was a minimalist composer who is best known for his trilogy of "Portrait Operas," which include Einstein on the Beach (1976), Satyagraha (1979), and Akhnaten (1983). Einstein on the Beach is particularly notable for its use of solfege syllables and numbers in place of a standard libretto. _______'s style is heavily influenced by Indian musical traditions, and focuses on additive processes; this focus can be seen in his early minimal works "Strung Out" (1967) and "Music in Fifths" (1969). Glass is a prolific composer of film scores; his most prominent include his scores for The Truman Show, The Hours, and Notes on a Scandal.

John (Coolidge) Adams (1947-present)

was a minimalist composer whose music, like that of Charles Ives, often features an "American" program. Adams may be best known for his opera Nixon in China (1987), which dramatizes the 1972 presidential visit and meeting with Mao. His other operas include Doctor Atomic (2005), which is about the Manhattan Project. He composed "On the Transmigration of Souls" (2002) to memorialize the September 11th attacks; that work received the Pulitzer Prize. Other major works for orchestra include Harmonium (1980), Harmonielehre (1985), Shaker Loops (1978), and his Violin Concerto (1993).

Charles Ives (1874-1954)

was a modernist, experimental composer whose programmatic works often utilize polytonality (more than one active key center at a time), quote extensively from folk songs and earlier classical works, and have distinctly "American" themes. ______, who worked in the insurance industry, was not widely-recognized as a composer until late in his life. His Piano Sonata No. 2 (1915), the "Concord" sonata, depicts four leading figures of the transcendentalist movement. His Symphony No. 3, "The Camp Meeting" (1947), was awarded the 1947 Pulitzer Prize. Other notable works include the suite Three Places in New England (1914) and "The Unanswered Question" (1906).

Alvin Ailey (1931-1989)

was a pioneering African-American choreographer. He originally danced in the Horton Dance Company run by his mentor Lester Horton. After Horton's unexpected death in 1953, _____________ took over as its artistic director. In 1958 he formed ___________________ American Dance Theater in New York City. His best-known work, Revelations, was based on his upbringing in Texas and is divided into three parts, titled "Pilgrim of Sorrow," "Take Me to the Water," and "Move Members, Move." "Move Members, Move" emphasizes gospel music, including the traditional spiritual "Sinner Man," and concludes with the number "Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham," which recreates a joyous church service.

Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)

was a prolific composer and conductor who gave numerous televised "Young People's Concerts" during his eleven-year tenure as music director of the New York Philharmonic (1958-1969). His concert works include his Symphony No. 1, "Jeremiah" (1942), and a jazz clarinet concerto premiered by Benny Goodman: "Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs" (1949). Bernstein is best known for his works for the stage, which include the musical West Side Story (1957), the ballet Fancy Free (1944), and the operetta Candide (1956; revised 1989). He also composed the score for the 1954 film On the Waterfront.

The American Independent Party (established 1967)

was a sort of spiritual successor to the Dixiecrats from two decades before. In an effort to combat the desegregation being pushed by a pro-civil rights federal government, George Wallace, the segregationist governor of Alabama, ran for president on the ticket of the AIP, led by Bill and Eileen Shearer. Running on a platform of segregation once again proved appealing to the South, as Wallace won 46 electoral votes from five states, and 13% of the vote with nearly ten million votes. Many Wallace supporters, including the organizers of the AIP, later joined the U.S. Taxpayers Party, which was renamed the Constitution Party, and still exists as a small party to the right of the Republicans.

Michel Fokine (1880-1942)

was accepted to the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, Russia, at age nine, eventually becoming a teacher there. He choreographed a four-minute ballet for Anna Pavlova called The Dying Swan, set to "The Swan" from The Carnival of the Animals (the title comes from a Tennyson poem entitled "The Dying Swan"). He mentored Vaslav Nijinsky and featured him in early works like Les Sylphides, a ballet based on the music of Frédéric Chopin. After Sergei Diaghilev hired _____________ to work for the Ballets Russes in Paris, _________showcased Nijinsky's talents in several ballets based on the work of famous composers, such as Scheherazade, The Firebird, Petrushka, Daphnis et Chloé, and The Spirit of the Rose. However, once Nijinsky turned to choreography Fokine quit the Ballets Russes, only returning after Nijinsky's dismissal.

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

was an Austrian composer who emigrated to the U.S. in 1934. __________________ was the leading figure and mentor of the "Second Viennese School," which also included Alban Berg and Anton Webern, who were __________________'s students. In 1908, __________________ began composing atonal music, which has no tonic pitch or key center. He also developed the twelve-tone method of composition, one of the most influential musical styles of the 20th century and first fully realized in his Suite for Piano, Op. 25 (1923). His other musical innovations include the technique of klangfarbenmeoldie ("tone-color melody"), which was used in the third movement of his Five Pieces for Orchestra (1909).

Battle of Chalons (or Catalaunian Fields) (AD 451)

was an epic battle between the Romans and the Huns fought in what is now France. The Roman army was commanded by Flavius Aetius and included Visigoths under Theodoric I, who was killed by an Ostrogoth during the battle. The Hunnic army was led by Attila, who was rampaging through Gaul. The battle ended with a victory for the Roman-Visigothic alliance, which stopped the Huns' advance into Gaul. The next year, Attila invaded Italy; however, in 453, Attila died and his empire broke up shortly after.

John Cage (1912-1992)

was an experimentalist composer whose works are known for aleatoric (chance-based) composition and other forms of indeterminacy. His best-known piece, 4′33″ (1952), is created from the ambient sounds of the concert space while the performer(s) sits silently on stage. His Music of Changes (1951), as well as numerous other works, were written utilizing the Chinese I Ching to determine musical content. ________'s other innovations include works for "prepared piano," a piano which has had various objects inserted into its strings. A 639-year-long organ performance of his "As Slow As Possible" (1987) is currently underway in Germany, having begun in 2001.

Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr.'s Progressive Party (established 1924)

was created for him to run for president on his own brand of progressive ideals different from those of Roosevelt, his onetime rival. Running on promises resembling those of the earlier Populists, La Follette grabbed 17% of the vote in the 1924 election with thirteen electoral votes from his home state, Wisconsin. He came close to Democrat nominee John W. Davis in votes, but neither could prevent Republican Calvin Coolidge's re-election.

The Free Soil Party (established 1848)

was created through a union of anti-slavery factions from the two major parties, the Barnburner Democrats and Conscience Whigs. Its platform, unlike that of James G. Birney's earlier Liberty Party (established 1840), did not aim to abolish slavery, but rather to cease its expansion. As a result, Free Soilers backed the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the Democratic Party on using popular sovereignty to decide slavery's status. In its first year, 1848, the party ended up with two senators and 14 Representatives in Congress. Free Soil presidential candidate Martin van Buren managed to capture 10% of the popular vote, and his influence may have secured Whig candidate Zachary Taylor's close victory over Democrat Lewis Cass.

The Reform Party (established 1995)

was created to follow up on Ross Perot's 1992 independent campaign for President, in which he won 19% of the popular vote but no electoral votes, making him the most successful alternative candidate by vote count since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Reform Party members agreed on the need for a balanced budget and changes to the electoral process, and were generally opposed to free trade agreements and immigration. The lack of a unified platform on other issues led to constant infighting over the party's goals and an inability to capitalize on Perot's initial success. Perot ran under the Reform banner again in the 1996 election, taking 8% of the vote. The Reform Party is perhaps best known for candidate Jesse Ventura's surprise victory in the 1998 election for governor of Minnesota. In the 2000 election cycle, a conservative faction led by Pat Buchanan took over the party, leading to the departure of many Perot supporters and effectively ending the party. Ventura left the party midway through his governorship. Buchanan received several disputed votes under the Reform Party line on the infamous 2000 Florida "butterfly ballot."

Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC)

was fought near the Orontes River in what is now Syria between Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II and the Hittite king Muwatalli II. Although Ramses proclaimed a great victory for himself, he was lucky to achieve a stalemate after being ambushed by Hittite chariots. Kadesh was probably the largest chariot battle in history, with over 5,000 chariots engaged. The Egyptian chariots were smaller and faster than those used by the Hittites, which gave the Egyptians an advantage.

Margaret Bourke-White

was hired by Henry Luce to work for Fortune magazine, but became known for her work for Life, including the magazine's first cover. a picture of Fort Peck Dam. She and her future husband, the author Erskine Caldwell, produced the book You Have Seen Their Faces, a survey of sharecroppers in the South. __________________ was later a World War II correspondent, and her pictures of the concentration camps at Buchenwald and Erla broadcast the tragedy back to the U.S. She also interviewed and photographed Mohandas Gandhi before his assassination.

Vaslav Nijinsky (1889-1950)

was known as the greatest male dancer of his era, but what he really wanted to do was choreograph. His boss at the Ballets Russes, Sergei Diaghilev, gave him the opportunity in 1912 with The Afternoon of a Faun, set to the music of Claude Debussy, and a year later a riot broke out at the premiere of another ballet he choreographed, Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. (The exact cause of the riot is unclear.) In 1919 _______________ was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He never danced again in public, and spent much of the rest of his life in various asylums and institutions.

Aaron Copland (1900-1990)

was one of a litany of American composers who studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, for whom __________ wrote the solo keyboard part in his Symphony for Organ and Orchestra (1924; revised as Symphony No. 1 in 1928). "El Salón México" (1936) was the first of his highly successful "Populist" works based on folk or folk-like themes, which also included his three major ballets: Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942), and Appalachian Spring (1944). His opera The Tender Land (1954) included the chorus "The Promise of Living." Copland utilized modified serial techniques in his later works; he composed very little in his last 25 years.

Battle of the Milvian Bridge (AD 312)

was part of the civil war that ensued when Maxentius usurped the throne of the western half of the Roman Empire from Constantine. Prior to the battle, Constantine supposedly had a vision of God promising victory to his forces if he painted his shields with the Chi-Rho, a Christian symbol. Constantine was indeed victorious, and Maxentius drowned in the Tiber River during the battle. Eventually, Constantine was able to abolish the Tetrarchy, become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire, and end persecution of Christians.

Thermopylae (480 BC)

was the first battle of the second Persian invasion of Greece. Although the Persians under Xerxes I and his general Mardonius defeated the Spartans, King Leonidas and his Spartan troops put up a heroic defense of the pass at Thermopylae (the "hot gates"). The Greeks were betrayed by Ephialtes, who told the Persians about a path that led behind the Spartans. The battle was part of Themistocles' plan to halt the advance of the Persians. The other part of his plan was to block the Persian navy at Artemisium; a battle occurred there simultaneously.

Martha Graham (1894-1991)

was the first dancer invited to perform at the White House. As a choreographer, she developed the "__________ technique" that creates dramatic tension through "contraction" and "release" of major muscles. Her first major success was her 1958 concert-length ballet Clytemnestra, one of four collaborations with composer Halim Ed-Dabh. She performed the title role in Clytemnestra with her namesake dance company, whose dancers included Merce Cunningham and her husband, Erick Hawkins, both of whom went on to become choreographers in their own right. Hawkins danced the male lead in Appalachian Spring, a ballet with "an American theme" that ______________ commissioned from Aaron Copland.

Issus (333 BC)

was the second major battle between Alexander the Great and the Persian Empire, and the first to feature Darius III. The battle was fought along the Pinarus River near what is now Iskenderun in Turkey's Hatay province. Before the battle, Darius was able to surprise Alexander and cut him off from the main force of Macedonians. However, the battle ended with Darius fleeing the field and the capture of his tent and family. The battle was the subject of a 1528 painting by Albrecht Altdorfer, the leader of the Danube School.

Auguste and Louis Lumière

were brothers who invented an improved cinematograph, which made them very early pioneers in the film industry. However, they were also important in the history of still photography, as their autochrome process was the first widely used technique that produced color photographs.

asymptotes

which are places in which their graphs approach a line (or occasionally other shape), usually getting infinitely close to but not crossing it.

Henri Cartier-Bresson

who with Robert Capa and several others founded the cooperative Magnum Photos, was a master of candid photography who conceived of the goal of photography as the capture of the "decisive moment." His most famous photograph, an encapsulation of his philosophy, shows a man leaping from a ladder over a puddle behind the Gare Saint-Lazare train station in Paris.

Andreas Gursky

whose work tends to feature high vantage points and scenes that produce horizontal bands of color, has taken some of the most expensive photographs ever sold. Among those are his 99 Cent II Diptychon, a shot of the shelves of a 99-cent store, and Rhein II, a photograph of the Rhine River with humans and buildings digitally edited out.

Man Ray

worked with Marcel Duchamp on a series of readymades before taking up photography. His earliest works were darkroom experiments in exposure called "rayographs." His later photographic work tended toward surrealism; perhaps the most prominent example is his Violon d'Ingres, a photograph of the model Kiki de Montparnasse with the f-holes from a violin superimposed on her back. With his assistant Lee Miller, ______________________ also rediscovered the technique of solarization.

Ghana

Accra

Ethiopia

Addis Ababa

St. Kitts & Nevis

Basseterre

Guinea-Bissau

Bissau

Columbia

Bogota

Brazil

Brasilia

Congo

Brazzaville

Barbados

Bridgetown

South Africa

Cape Town, Pretoria, Bloemfontein

Venezuela

Caracas

St. Lucia

Castries

Guinea

Conakry

Denmark

Copenhagen

Finland

Helsinki

Democratic Republic of Congo

Kinshasa

Mexico

Mexico City

Somalia

Mogadishu

Comoros

Moroni

Costa Rica

San Jose

Puerto Rico

San Juan

Antigua & Barbuda

St. John's

Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

Yamoussoukro