things i always forget
Which protein has the highest electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions? (Note: There are no disulfide interactions unless stated in the table.) Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 3 Protein 4
"Separation and purification methods." The answer is C because in an SDS-PAGE gel that is run under non-reducing conditions, proteins 1, 3, and 4 will run as monomers. Protein 2 will run as a dimer because the disulfide bonds between Cys residues are not reduced. The running masses will then be: A = 32, B = 38, C = 25, D = 38. As the smallest one, Protein 3 will have the greatest electrophoretic mobility.
Molecules that have multiple stereocenters but differ at only one of them are called epimers. D-mannose and D-glucose each have several stereocenters but differ from each other only at the carbon 2 center; therefore, they are called C-2 epimers. Because POMT can use activated D-mannose but not D-glucose as a substrate, it must be able to distinguish between these epimers.
(Choice A) Unlike stereoisomers, constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but different bond types in at least one position (ie, different connectivity between atoms). For example, D-glucose and D-fructose are constitutional isomers, having a carbon with two bonds to oxygen at carbon 1 and carbon 2, respectively. (Choice B) Enantiomers are stereoisomers that differ at every stereocenter, not just one. The enantiomer of D-mannose is L-mannose. (Choice D) Anomers are a special kind of epimer that differ at the anomeric carbon and are designated as the α- and β-forms of the same sugar. This difference can only occur in the cyclical form of the carbohydrate because the anomeric carbon is not a stereocenter in the linear form.
Lateral Hypothalamus
(LH, acronym: One with missing LH - Lacks Hunger, so normal functioning LH controls that we start eating. You'd be skinny like an "L"). In normal conditions, LH sends positive signal to us to start eating. .
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
(VMH, acronym: when one is missing- Very Much hungry, you'd be fat like a O in ventrOmedial), so when functioning properly, it signals to us to stop eating. Lectin present in high amounts in blood when full (appetite suppressing hormone)
% submerged buoyant foce
(density of obj/density of fluid)x 100= % submerged and minus 100 to get percent above density of water= 1,000 kg/m^3
normative organizations
(ie, membership based on shared values) churches
The mere exposure effect
(or familiarity effect) argues that just the act of being exposed to something increases an individual's affinity for it. For example, the more someone hears a song, the more they will like the song. The mere exposure effect explains why people like certain things, but it cannot explain complex behavior like suicide.
Social cognitive theory
(originally referred to as social learning theory) suggests that behaviors are learned through observing others and modeling their actions.
ADH function
(vassopressin) triggered by high plasma osmolarity, open aquaporins, reduces plasma osmolarity -increases urine osmolarity, decreases water excretion, increases water reabsorption, decrease urine volume
Cisplatin (shown below) is utilized as a chemotherapeutic against a variety of cancers. What is the oxidation state of the platinum atom in cisplatin?
+2 Cl -1 each NH3 0
Cr2O7 2- oxidation number of Cr
+6
Synaptic pruning
- breaking down connections between certain neurons. Focus resources on the ones we use the most. What we do during our teenage users - shapes us for life. What we spend our time doing = what is reinforced.
Cyclothymic disorder
- hypomania + dysthymia (less 2 years depressed mood)
Isolated vs. closed vs. open systems
- isolated: no exchange matter/energy w/ envrm - closed: exchange energy (heat) - open: exchange both energy matter In thermodynamics, the "system" is the physically enclosed space being studied that is separated from the rest of the universe, known as the "surroundings." There are three main types of thermodynamic systems, which are characterized by the type of barrier between the system and its surroundings: An open system allows heat and matter to be exchanged with the surroundings. A closed system allows heat but not matter to be exchanged with the surroundings. An isolated system does not allow heat or matter to be exchanged. According to the passage, the bomb cell houses the combustion reaction, and its surroundings include the water in the calorimetry device. Because the temperature of the surrounding water increased during the combustion reaction, heat can be exchanged between the bomb cell and its surroundings. Because the container is enclosed and does not allow for the exchange of matter, the bomb cell is an example of a closed system (Choices B and D). The calorimetry device houses the bomb cell and the water it is submerged in, and its surroundings are the surface it rests on and the nearby air. Because the enclosed walls of the device are thermally insulated (poor conductors of heat), neither heat nor matter can be exchanged with its surroundings, and the device is an example of an isolated system (Choice A).
Implicit bias
- refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect an individual's understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. These biases, which encompass both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily and without an individual's awareness.
lead-acid batteries
- when discharging, they consist of a pB anode and a PbO2 cathode in a concentrated sulfuric acid solution - when charging, the PbSO4-plated electrodes are dissociated to restore the original Pb and PbO2 electrodes and concentrate the electrolyte - these cells have a low energy density
what is the oxidation number of OH
-1
VTA sends dopamine to the
-Amygdala -Nucleus accumbens (controls motor functions) -Prefrontal cortex(focus attention and planning) -Hippocampus(memory formation). -Nuc. Accum., amygdala and hippocampus are part of the mesolimbic pathway VTA releases dopamine and receptors uptake dopamine -amygdala says this was enjoyable -hippocampus remembers and says let's do it again, -nucleus accumbens says let's take another bite.-Prefrontal cortex focuses attention to it
bottom up processing
-Begins with stimulus. Stimulus influences what we perceive (our perception). -No preconceived cognitive constructs of the stimulus (never seen it before) -Data driven. And the stimulus directs cognitive awareness of what you're looking at (object) -Inductive Reasoning. -Always correct.
Fixation at a particular stage is what predicts adult personality.
-Ex. someone fixated at oral stage (first stage) might have oral personality characteristics, such as smoking habits/overly talkative when they grow up
octet rule exceptions
-Hydrogen, He, Li (has only 2) -Be (beryllium) 4 e- -B (boron) 6 e- P 10 e- S 12 e- Cl 14 e- -all period 3 and below can hold >8
what needs to be on amino acid to be phosphorated
-OH group
Factitious Disorder
-Patients want to be sick. The patient will falsify or disease their signs or symptoms to get a diagnosis/treatment. Ex. They might injure themselves, falsify tests. This is often called Munchausen's syndrome. Munchausen's by proxy -when one person makes another person look ill so medical attention/treatment provided further for another individual. -People do this to be in sick roll (not for money)
Primary vs secondary active transport
-Primary (direct) active transport uses the energy released by ATP hydrolysis (performed by a transmembrane ATPase). -Secondary (indirect) active transport is a coupled transport process that utilizes the energy released by the movement of one substance along its concentration gradient (passive transport) to move another substance against its concentration gradient. Essentially, the potential energy stored in the concentration gradient of one molecule is used for the transport of another molecule. -This means that SGLTs utilize the energy released by the movement of Na+ along its concentration gradient to move glucose against its concentration gradient (back into the body). For charged particles such as Na+, this movement occurs in reference to an electrochemical gradient, which incorporates both the electrical (potential) and chemical (concentration) gradients of the molecule. Accordingly, the movement of Na+ along its electrochemical gradient enables glucose reabsorption.
Naming Disaccharides
-Put the non-reducing sugar on the left 1) Start with config of anomeric carbon (α/β) 2) Name chiral form (D/L) and structure (pyranosyl/furanosyl) 3) Location of glycosidic bond in brackets 4) Repeat with next sugar
top-down processing
-Uses background knowledge influences perception. -Ex. Where's waldo -Theory driven. Perception influenced by our expectation -Deductive Reasoning -ex. creating a cube when it's not there! Not always correct.
group polarization
-a phenomenon where group decision-making amplifies the original opinion of group members. A stronger version of the decision is adopted. -For a view point to influence a groups final decision making: -All the view do not have equal influence. -Viewpoint is shared by majority of members of the group -Arguments made tend to favour popular/majority group view Any criticism is directed towards minority view -Confirmation bias: group members seek out information that support the majority view. Ex: majority of the group agrees that training the dog with treats is the best way to go about it. Some people chastise those who say the collar is the best way to train the dog. The individuals leave the discussion that training the dog with treats is amplified
Longitudinal study
-data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, can take years or decades.
Aerobic respiration ends at the electron transport chain, where protein complexes are reduced and oxidized in turn as electrons make their way to join O2 to form H2O.Consider the following equation: Which species acts as an oxidizing agent? Na N in NH3 H in NH3 H2
-find oxidation state -H in NH3 The oxidizing agent is the species that is reduced in any given equation. In this problem, six hydrogen atoms with +1 oxidation states in NH3 are reduced to three neutral H2 molecules.
Cohort study
-following a subset of population over a lifetime. A cohort is a group of people who share a common characteristic (ex. people born and exposed to same pollutant/drug/etc.) in period of time.
microtubules
-function in moving chromosomes during cell division A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
Clinical trial
-highly controlled interventional studies
NADPH has three primary functions:
-involvement in biosynthesis of lipids and cholesterol (the precursor to steroid hormones) -production of bactericidal bleach in the lysosomes of certain white blood cells -maintenance of a supply of reduced glutathione for protection against free radical damage
combustion reaction
-involves a fuel (hydrocarbon) and an oxidant (oxygen) -typically a hydrocarbon combines with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water -fuels can also be sulfur and other compounds like sugars
Epigenetics
-is the study of changes in gene expression that results in something other than changes to a DNA sequence. -One epigenetic change is methylation, which can make it more difficult for a gene to be expressed.
Cross-sectional study
-look at a group of different people at one moment in time
demographic transition model
-low to high population • Stage 1: Preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high • Stage 2: Improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop. • Stage 3: Improvements in contraception, women's rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy cause birth rates (births per 1000 individuals per year) to drop. Furthermore, with an industrializing society, children must go to school for many years to be productive in society and may need to be supported by parents for a longer period of time than was formerly the case; families thus have fewer children. • Stage 4: An industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low
Case-control study
-observational study where 2 groups differing in outcome are identified and compared to find a causal factor. Ex. comparing people with the disease with those who don't but are otherwise similar.
Groupthink
-occurs when maintaining harmony among group members is more important than carefully analyzing problem at hand. Happens in very cohesive, insulated groups. Often have important/respected leaders, and in the interest of group "unity" individuals suppress/sensor their own opinions. o First suggestion proposed by the leader is adopted. Especially if there is little hope of finding a better solution. Not the most effective way to make a decision and can explain what's wrong with Congress in the US. o Ex: neighborhood people decide to meet to discuss a dog exhibiting bad behavior. Leader says the dog should be put down to avoid damage to the neighborhood. Instead of arguing with the leader and having a conflict, the neighbors agree that the dog should be put down. o To avoid group think: bring in outsiders/experts, have the leader of the group not disclose opinion, discuss what should be done in smaller groups
Spatial mismatch
-opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access. Gap between where people live and where opportunities are
Intensions are based on 3 things
-our attitudes towards a certain behavior (ex. I like studying) subjective norms (what we think others think about our behavior) perceived behavioral control (how easy/hard we think it is to control our behavior)
Randomized Controlled Trial
-people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs. Gold standard for a clinical trial
Aldoesterone
-steroid hormone -secreted by adrenal cortex in response to dec. blood volume. -less fluid --> low BP (hypotension) - positively reg. by renin --> inc in angiotensin --> released from adrenal glands -*reabsorb* sodium --> water flow --> inc blood vol --> inc blood pressure -also inc. K+ excretion -high BP --> drug blocking aldo receptors --> less sodium reabsorbed --> less blood --> low BP
inspiration steps
-the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, causing air to enter the lungs. -Elevation of the rib cage increases the volume inside the chest cavity, reduction of pressure inside the pleural cavity causes air to move into the lungs, and contraction of the external intercostal rib muscles helps the chest expand
False consciousness
-unlike class consciousness, instead of seeing they have solidarity with one another, they're unable to see their oppression ●And owners can promote this false consciousness by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression
STP of ideal gas
0 degrees C, I atm, 22.4 L/1mol
initial velocity thrown horizontally
0 m/s
The half-life of urea is the time it takes for its concentration to fall by one-half. The graph illustrates the clearance of urea from an initial plasma concentration of 200 ng/mL. If it takes five half-lives for urea to be considered eliminated from the body, how long did it take to eliminate the urea?
0.5 hr for 1 half life 5 half lives (what is usually to power of 1/2) .5 x 5 = 2.5 hrs
where to attach a radioactive H where it would not react with anything
1 By labeling guanine, you can use it to determine its rate of incorporation into another bio-molecular compound like GTP, DNA, or RNA. Typically such experiments would requires a mixture of the radioactive guanine and the other reagents. At certain time intervals, the product would be isolated and extracted from the reaction mixture. The amount of product formed using that labeled guanine could then be identified using a nuclear radio assay (detecting the radioactive isotope). For this to work, you need to ensure that wherever you incorporate the radioactive tritium, the hydrogen can't be lost. Locations III and IV would not be ideal, because these two locations on guanine undergo hydrogen bonding with cysteine and other hydrogen bond acceptors. Location II is not viable either, because this nitrogen is often involved in forming bonds with ribose sugars. Hence, location I would be the best place to add tritium, because this part of guanine is relatively inert.
110 Daltons in
1 amino acid
specific heat of water
1 cal / g*C 4.18 J / g*C
Cytocrome C carries _____ electrons
1 e-
Mesoderm layer becomes
1) Circulatory system (heart) 2) Lungs (epithelial layers) 3) Skeletal system 4) Muscular system
drive reduction theory
1. actors drive essential for a response to occur 2. actor must perceive both stimulus and response for conditioning to occur 3. the actual response must take place in order for conditioning to occur 4. conditioning will occur if reinforcement satisfied a need
Refractive index of air
1.0003
RbCc x RbCc what percent getting RRCC?
1/4 x 1/4 = 1/16 = 0.0625 6.25% do punnet square for each letter and multiply
density of water
1000 kg/m^3 (1g/cm^3)
Ka x Kb =
10^-14
1 amino acid has what molecular weight in Da?
110 da/1 amino acid
pKa + pKb =
14
when finding weight of amino acid subtract ______ for each peptide bond formed
18
molar mass of glucose
180 g/mol
torr = ? mmHg
1=1
According to the graph, how many transmembrane regions does this protein most likely contain? 1 2 3 4
2 positive hydropathy index means the amino acids are hydrophobic, and therefore more likely to reside within a plasma membrane.
energy yield from glycolysis
2 NADH and 2 ATP / glucose
Aceytl group
2 carbon compound
nadh carries _____ electrons
2 e-
mitosis results in
2 identical daughter cells (2n-->2n) diploid
1 mole of any ideal gas at STP
22.4 L
What is the value of the equilibrium constant for Reaction 1 if the equilibrium concentrations of nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia are 1 M, 2 M, and 15 M, respectively?
28 Keq=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b Keq=[NH3]2/ [H2]3[N2] Next, calculate the equilibrium constant. Plugging in the appropriate values: Keq=28
circumfrance formula
2pi(r)=C
how many glycosidic bonds
3 bond btw anomeric carbon of carb and any other bio molecule
Na/K pump
3 Na out, 2 K in active transport -restore resting membrane potential
Hepatocytes synthesize the primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, from cholesterol. What is the pH of a 4.1 × 10-3 M solution of cholic acid? (Ka = 1.05 × 10-5)
3.7 x^2/4.1 × 10-3 -x
288 amino acid monomer weight how much kDa?
32 kDa
how many electrons needed to fully reduce o2 to h2o
4 e-
meiosis results in
4 nonidentical sex cells (haploid cells) 2n-->n-->n
specific heat of water
4.184 J/gC, or 1 cal/gC
porphyrin = pyrrole ring = heme
5-sided heterocycle with nitrogen atom
In a PCR, primers are complementary to stretches of DNA with which they anneal. build from 5-->3
5′ - GCATGGCATGCC - 3′ 5′ - GGCGGGCATTGC - 3′
how many atp consumed by gluconeogensis
6 atp consumed
Paul Ekman found ____ emotions that are ____ across cultures, which are_______
6 universal emotions identified by everyone around the world -happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger and surprise. Consistent expressions across culture
1 mole of any substance
6.022 x 10^23 particles
Plank's constant
6.626 x 10^-34
atmospheric pressure mmHg
760 mmHg
If the hydroxide concentration in common duct bile is 1 × 10−6 M, what is the pH of the bile? A.6 B.7 C.8 D.14
8 hydroxide= oh
Consider an organism that has three pairs of chromosomes, AaBbCc, in its diploid cells. How many genotypically different kinds of haploid cells can it produce? 4 8 16 32
8 independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis can be calculated using the formula 2^n where n is the haploid number of chromosomes. In this case, the haploid number is 3, making the number of different haploid cells 2^3, or 8.
Which of the following statements explains why the change in temperature of the H2O2 decomposition reaction using Fe(NO3)3 is approximately the same value as the change in temperature using NaI? A.Fe(NO3)3 stabilizes the transition state more than NaI. B.Fe(NO3)3 results in a faster reaction rate than NaI. C.Fe(NO3)3 and NaI are both homogeneous catalysts. D.Fe(NO3)3 and NaI do not affect the heat of the reaction.
A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. A catalyst does not change the amounts of the products produced or the enthalpy (heat) of the reaction.
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule -Covalent bonds can form between similar atoms (H-H),
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the solubility properties of fatty acid salts? They are soluble in polar media only. They are soluble in nonpolar media only. They can partially dissolve in both polar and nonpolar media. They are completely insoluble in both polar and nonpolar media.
A fatty acid salt contains a long hydrocarbon chain, which is soluble in nonpolar solvents. The salt also contains the charged group -CO2-Na+, which is soluble in polar solvents. Thus, C is the best answer.
Medicaid
A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.
medicare
A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older or chronic illness
Catalysts can be either homogenous or heterogeneous.
A homogenous catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. A heterogeneous catalyst is a catalyst that is in a different phase than the reactants.
Melatonin
A hormone manufactured by the *pineal gland* that produces sleepiness.
standard conditions
A pressure of 100 kPa (1 atmosphere), a stated temperature, usually 298 K (25 °C), and a concentration of 1 mol dm-3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
Which process is expected to begin earliest in a prolonged fast? Ketone bodies are used by the brain. Glycogen storage is halted. Proteins are broken down. Enzyme phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
A prolonged fast is characterized by an increase in glucagon, which accomplishes its cellular activity by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating metabolic enzymes. Glycogen storage, choice (B), is then halted, but this requires enzyme regulation by glucagon to occur. Later in the postabsorptive state, protein breakdown, choice (C), begins. Eventually, in starvation, ketone bodies, choice (A), are used by the brain for its main energy source.
peptidoglycan
A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid
ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. -race
Functionalist Perspective
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. -Manifest functions are the intended functions of an institution or a phenomenon in a social system. Latent functions are its unintended functions
bacterial fission
A special type of asexual reproduction performed by bacteria -vertical gene transfer
isoelectric focusing
A specialized method of separating proteins by their isoelectric point using electrophoresis; the gel is modified to possess a pH gradient -separate based on charge
fMRI
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.
zona pellucida
A thick, transpartent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte. -glycoprotein
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) For the balanced reaction above, how many grams of nitrogen monoxide are produced when 16.0 g of oxygen react? A.12.0 g B.13.6 g C.18.8 g D.24.0 g
A, remember o2 is 16x2 and NO is one O
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K -stored in adipose and other fatty tissue
posterior pituitary gland
ADH and oxytocin -The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, it stores and releases vasopressin and oxytocin -Hypothalamus senses change in homeostasis and synthesizes hormones. Said hormones are transmitted to the posterior pituitary where they are secreted.
surge current
Above average current released at the beginning of the discharge phase -wanes rapidly until stable current achieved
absolute vs relative refractory period
Absolute: Na+ inactivation gate closes, activation gate still open Relative: Na+ inactivation gate reopens and activation gatecloses [de-inactivation] - ready to participate in AP again During the relative refractory period, a stronger than normal stimulus is needed to elicit neuronal excitation. After the absolute refractory period, Na+ channels begin to recover from inactivation and if strong enough stimuli are given to the neuron, it may respond again by generating action potentials.
sarcolemma burrows deep into the muscle fiber, forming hollow structures known as transverse (T) tubules. t tubules do what?
Action potentials propagate along T-tubules just as they propagate along the superficial sarcolemma, resulting in the rapid and complete depolarization of the muscle fiber
primary active transport
Active transport in which ATP is hydrolyzed, yielding the energy required to transport an ion or molecule against its concentration gradient. ex: atpase
what cells are highly proliferating ?
Adipocytes- tend to get fatter/they're kinda like transitional cells in that they expand to accommodate more stuff. Probably average proliferation rates. Cardiac muscle cells - muscle cells don't divide. These cells fuse together. Getting swole = bigger cells/more blood, not more cells. These are highly specialized cells, and many highly specialized cells lose replicative abilities (as well as many other 'normal function.' Nerve cells - like muscle cells, highly specialized and don't divide. Another example: oocytes. Highly specialized, doesn't proliferate. Intestinal epithelial cells: these cells are constantly exposed to pathogens and rough environments. It is likely that they are constantly being degraded and replaced, given their strenuous role. They likely must rapidly proliferate to replace infected cells or used up cells or cells that have lysed in the moving/kinetic environment they work in.
serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. involved in regulation of mood (aggression) and appetite
polygenic inheritance
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
According to trends in electronegativity, which of the following pairs of atoms is most likely to form an ionic bond? N and O C and F Ca and I Si and Cl
An ionic bond is most likely to form between elements of very high and very low electronegativity. In practice this generally means elements at the far right and far left of the periodic table respectively. Of the pairs of elements offered as choices, only calcium and iodine are found at opposite sides of the periodic table. An ionic compound of formula CaI2 is likely to form between them. Answer choice C is the correct answer.
Which of the following statements about optically active compounds MUST be true? a. The compound cannot be superimposed on its mirror b. The compound has at least one carbon chiral center c. The compound has a line of symmetry d. A mixture of all stereoisomers will not rotate plane polarized light
An optically active compound has chirality and therefore cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A chiral center does not have to be located on a a carbon atom. If a compound has a line of symmetry, it will not be optically active. Only a mixture containing equal amounts of each stereoisomer will not rotate plane polarized light.
type of intelligence
Analytical - mainly academic Creative - generate novel ideas and adapt Practical - solve ill-defined problems Emotional - perceive, understand, and manage emotions (i.e. delay gratification)
What are the normality and gram equivalent weight (respectively) of 1 M oxalic acid (H2C2O4)?
Another measurement useful for acid-base chemistry is gram equivalent weight. The gram equivalent weight is the mass of a compound that produces one equivalent (one mole of charge). For H2C2O4 (molar mass: 90 g/mol), a divalent acid, each mole of the acid compound yields two acid equivalents. The gram equivalent weight is therefore 90 ÷ 2 = 45 grams. That is, the complete dissociation of 45 grams of H2C2O4 will yield one acid equivalent (one mole of H3O+). 45 g and 2 N
Suppose that a stream of fluid flows steadily through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-sectional diameter. Neglecting viscosity, where is the fluid pressure greatest? At the intake point At the point of maximum diameter At the point of minimum diameter At the point of maximum change in diameter
Answer Key: B Bernoulli's equation for horizontal fluid flow (when viscosity is neglected) states that the pressure plus kinetic energy density of the fluid is constant. If the fluid velocity falls, the kinetic energy density decreases so the pressure increases. The fluid velocity is lowest where the diameter of the pipe is a maximum. Thus, the pressure is greatest where the diameter is a maximum.
An unknown solid weighs 31.6 N. When submerged in water, its apparent weight is 19.8 N. What is the specific gravity of the unknown sample? 2.96 2.68 2.02 1.68
Answer Key: B The buoyant force on the solid is the difference between its weight (31.6 N) and its apparent weight in water (19.8 N). This force equals the weight of the water displaced, which, in turn, equals the product of the volume of the solid and the density of water. The specific gravity of the solid, i.e., the ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water, is then: 31.6/(31.6 -19.8) = 2.68. The correct answer is B.
A battery in a circuit has an electromotive force given by ℰ and an internal resistance of r. The battery provides a current i to the circuit. What is the terminal voltage of the battery? ℰ ℰ - ir ℰ + ir ℰ + i2r
Answer Key: B The terminal voltage is the voltage provided to the external components of the circuit. The battery voltage ℰ will be reduced by the voltage required to overcome the internal resistance, so V = ℰ - ir. Thus, B is the best answer.
A rat receives food for pressing a lever on a variable ratio schedule. Which pattern of responding is most likely to be observed? Relatively high response rate with predictable pauses after reinforcement Relatively high response rate with no predictable pauses Relatively low response rate with a predictable increase in responding right before reinforcement Fluctuating response rate with a predictable increase in responding right after reinforcement
Answer Key: B This is a Psychology question that falls under content category "Attitude and behavior change." The answer to this question is B because a variable ratio schedule leads to high response rates with no predictable pauses. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires knowing the effects of variable ratio schedules on responding.
A rat in a shuttle box is presented with a tone followed by an electric shock. It can jump over the barrier to the other side of the shuttle box where no shock is delivered. This procedure is repeated over a number of trials. The rat will be conditioned through which type of reinforcement? Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment
Answer Key: B This is a Psychology question that falls under content category "Attitude and behavior change." The answer to this question is B because when a response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of negative reinforcement. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires knowing the definition of negative reinforcement.
An individual experiences shortness of breath and panic in confined spaces. To overcome this reaction, the individual decides to spend time in a confined space until the shortness of breath and panic response are eliminated. The patient is using which method to eliminate the symptoms? Extinction of an operantly conditioned response Extinction of a classically conditioned response Counter conditioning Aversive conditioning
Answer Key: B This is a Psychology question that falls under the content category "Attitude and behavior change." The answer to this question is B because phobic responses are usually acquired through classical conditioning. Exposing oneself to the conditioned stimulus (in this case, the confined space) until the conditioned phobia is no longer elicited is consistent with the extinction of a classically conditioned response. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it requires using the information from the stem to derive the strategy that the individual is using to treat his/her phobia
Which prediction related to adolescent behavior is most consistent with labeling theory? Adolescents will frequently conform to the attitudes of their peers. Adolescents will be stigmatized regardless of their individual behaviors. Adolescents' risky behaviors will be due to immature cognitive abilities. Adolescents' attitudes will generally be inconsistent with their behaviors.
Answer Key: B This is a Sociology question that falls under the content category "Social processes that influence human behavior." The answer to this question is option B because it best applies labeling theory to the example of adolescent behavior. Labeling theory is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior. Adolescents are often subject to stigmatizing labels, leading to perceptions that may not match behavior. Labeling theory calls attention to the power that stereotypes can have in determining how individuals are perceived. The question involves Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving because you are asked to select the prediction about a social group that is consistent with a sociological theory
The mineral component of human bone is a salt that consists primarily of all of the following EXCEPT: calcium. phosphate. potassium. hydroxyl groups.
Answer Key: C The inorganic component of bone consists of submicroscopic deposits of calcium phosphate similar to hydroxyapatite (Ca10[PO4]6[OH]2), so it would be expected to contain calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups.
The properties of sound waves allow them to propagate through: gases only. liquids and gases only. solids, liquids, and gases only. vacuum, solids, liquids, and gases.
Answer Key: C The question requires you to identify a major property of sound waves. For sound waves to propagate, there must be a physical medium consisting of atoms that can interact with each other and therefore propagate the perturbation produced by the sound wave. Such medium can be in either solid, liquid, or gaseous state. Recalling one example of each medium is sufficient to determine the correct answer. Thinking that sound waves require large spaces between atoms will lead to answer option A, which is incorrect. Thinking that sound waves require a fluid medium for propagation will lead to option B, which is incorrect. Vacuum means the absence of any atom, hence sound waves cannot propagate through vacuum, thus option D is incorrect.
How long will it take a runner, starting from rest and accelerating uniformly at 1.5 m/s2, to travel 3.0 m? 2 1/2 sec 1.5 sec 2.0 sec 3.0 sec
Answer Key: C The relation between distance, acceleration, and time is: d = (1/2)a • t2. To solve for the time it takes the runner to use t = (2d/a)1/2 = (2 • 3/1.5)1/2 = 2 s. Therefore, answer choice C is the best answer.
Specific activity is a measure of: -the total units of an enzyme in a solution. -the amount of substrate converted to product in one minute. -the enzyme units per milligram of total protein in a solution. -the concentration of enzyme that results in a particular rate of catalysis.
Answer Key: C This Biochemistry questions falls under the content category "Separation and purification methods." The answer is C because the activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein. This provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to recall a concept from a quantitative assay of enzyme kinetics
According to the psychodynamic theory, conflict between the superego and the id leads to unconscious conflict. The ego attempts to reduce this conflict through the use of defense mechanisms. Based on this description, the unconscious conflict functions as: a need. negative reinforcement. a drive. negative punishment.
Answer Key: C This is a Psychology question that falls under content category "Individual influences on behavior." The answer to this question is C because a drive is an internal state that the individual acts to reduce, which is consistent with the definition of unconscious conflict in the stem. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires applying the definition of drive to the description in the stem.
The independent variable of a memory study that tests the encoding specificity effect is most likely to be: the depth of processing. the amount of time allowed for encoding. the location of encoding and retrieval. the time interval between encoding and retrieval.
Answer Key: C This is a Psychology question that falls under content category "Making sense of the environment." The answer to this question is C because encoding specificity refers to enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because it requires identifying the independent variable of a study based on the concept that is being tested.
How much work is done by a constant horizontal 20-N force pushing a 50-kg block a distance of 10 m on a horizontal surface? 50 J 100 J 200 J 500 J
Answer Key: C Work is the product of the force on an object and the distance the object moves in the direction of the applied force. In this case, work = 20 N x 10 m = 200 J. Thus, answer choice C is the best answer.
When a light wave and a sound wave pass from air to glass, what changes occur in their speeds? Both speed up. Both slow down. Light speeds up; sound slows down. Light slows down; sound speeds up.
Answer Key: D Light slows down because the index of refraction in the glass is greater than in the air. The index is a measure of the ratio of the velocity in air to the velocity in the medium. For sound the speed becomes greater because the speed of sound in a solid is much greater than in air (the glass has stiff rigid bonds which gives rise to a speed more than 10 times greater than in air). n=c/v n air =1 n water 1.3 n glass 1.5 increase in n decrease in speed
Disruption of two disulfide bonds within a protein requires: 1 molecule of NAD+. 2 molecules of NAD+. 1 molecule of NADH. 2 molecules of NADH.
Answer Key: D This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics." The answer is D because the reduction of a disulfide bond requires two electrons and each molecule of NADH can provide two electrons when reducing another compound. This is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to reason about the properties of two molecules and draw a conclusion about their interaction.
Which experimental scenario is most likely to result in social facilitation? A group of participants, who initially agree on a social issue, are asked to discuss their views with each other A group of participants, who initially disagree on a social issue, are asked to discuss their views with each other A participant is asked to solve a complex puzzle in front of other participants A participant is asked solve an easy puzzle in front of other participants
Answer Key: D This is a Psychology question that falls under content category "Social processes that influence human behavior." The answer to this question is D because social facilitation occurs when an individual completes a manageable task in front of an audience. When an individual works on a challenging task in front of an audience, this might increase arousal beyond optimal and interfere with performance. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it requires using the definition of social facilitation and knowledge of the relationship between arousal and performance to identify the correct scenario.
A researcher interested in actor-observer bias asks a group of viewer participants to watch a target participant work on a series of puzzles. Which two variables is the researcher most likely to compare in this study? The viewers' memory for the puzzles and the target's memory for the puzzles The viewers' estimate of the difficulty of the puzzles and the target's estimate of the difficulty of the puzzles The viewers' likelihood of accurately remembering the target's performance and the target's likelihood of accurately remembering his or her own performance The viewers' likelihood of attributing the target's performance to intellect and the target's likelihood of attributing his or her own success to intellect
Answer Key: D This is a Psychology question that falls under content category "Social thinking." The answer is D because actor-observer bias refers to the actor's tendency to explain his/her own behavior by situational factors whereas the observer tends to explain the actor's behavior by internal stable traits. Thus, an appropriate measure would be to assess whether the actor and the observer attribute the actor's behavior to a relatively stable trait such as intellect. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it requires applying the definition of actor-observer bias to predicting the researcher's variables.
Pituitary: master gland
Anterior: (FLAT-PEG) FH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH• GH - The pituitary gland triggers the growth spurt that occurs during adolescence. Posterior: ADH + Oxytocin -(Intermediate Lobe) Pars Intermedia - MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) (oxytocin = uterine contraction during child birth, milk ejection, physical contact
Adaptive Coping Mechanisms / Positive Coping Technique /Constructive Coping
Anticipation is when one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it. social support from others, and meaning-focused coping, in which the person concentrates on deriving meaning from the stressful experience. nutrition, exercise, sleep, humor -support seeking
muscle contraction steps
At rest, troponin blocks tropomyosin binding site on actin When Ca+ is available, it binds to troponin on actin, and myosin binding site becomes available Myosin, containing ADP + P, binds its head to actin Myosin head moves and pulls actin (power stroke), ADP released *Binding of new ATP needed to release actin from myosin head ATP hydrolysis by myosin occurs and cycle repeats
covalent bonds vs ionic bond
Atoms with a large difference in electronegativity (usually a metal and a nonmetal) form ionic bonds. Atoms with a small difference in electronegativity (usually two nonmetals) form covalent bonds.
water soluble vitamins
B and C -excreted in urine
Iodine reacts with ClO3− under acidic conditions according to the reaction shown below. 5 ClO3− + 3 I2 + 3 H2O → 5 Cl− + 6 IO3− + 6 H+ Does I2 act as the oxidizing agent or reducing agent in the reaction? A.Oxidizing agent, because I2 is reduced B.Reducing agent, because I2 is oxidized C.Oxidizing agent, because ClO3− is reduced D.Reducing agent, because ClO3− is oxidized
B.Reducing agent, because I2 is oxidized
Head to toe development:
Baby can lift head before they can crawl.
A block of weight W is pulled across a rough floor by a rope that exerts a force T on the block. The frictional force between the floor and the block is F. Which of the following expressions equals the frictional force F when the block moves with a constant speed? T W - T T sin θ T cos θ
Because the object moves at a constant speed, the net force on the object is zero. In the horizontal direction the sum of the forces must be zero. This will occur if the horizontal component of T, T cos θ, has the same magnitude as the frictional force F. Thus, D is the best answer.
Ego-dystonic behavior
Behavior that does not conform to the person's thoughts, wishes, and values. Bulimic pt's are more likely to have type of behavior. The person feels compelled to binge, purge and fast, helpless to stop this behavior and full of disgust for continuing the pattern.
Upregulation of which enzyme could improve oxygen release into the tissues of cirrhotic patients? A.Phosphoglycerate kinase B.Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase C.Bisphosphoglycerate mutase D.Phosphoglycerate mutase
Bisphosphoglycerate mutase converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which allosterically regulates hemoglobin.
Which of the following statements regarding fetal circulation is FALSE? In the umbilical cord, there are more arteries than veins. The foramen ovale is the only shunt that connects two chambers of the heart. Blood flow in the ductus arteriosus is from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. The ductus venosus is the only shunt that bypasses the liver
C is the correct answer. Blood flow in the ductus arteriosus is from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. The direction of flow is determined by the pressure differential between the right side of the heart (and pulmonary circulation) vs. the left side of the heart (and systemic circulation). Unlike in adults, the right side of the heart is at a higher pressure during prenatal life than the left side, so blood will shunt from the pulmonary circulation to the systemic circulation through both the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
capacitance in relation to area
C=EA/d
Different imaging techniques
CTPurpose: Provide images of the structure of the brain and bodyPros: Cheap, very fastCons: Radiation exposure (X-rays), relatively low detail images, no information regarding brain activity, the patient must be lying still on the table PET (a specific type of CT scan)Purpose: Provide images of the structure and activity of the brain and bodyPros: CheapCons: Radiation exposure (X-rays + radioisotope), relatively low detail images, the patient must be lying still on the table MRIPurpose: Provide images of the structure of the brain and bodyPros: High detail, safe (no radiation)Cons: Time-consuming, more expensive than CT, the patient must be lying still on the table fMRIPurpose: Provide images of the structure and activity of the brainPros: High detail, safeCons: Time-consuming, expensive, the patient must be lying still on the table EEGPurpose: Provide information regarding the electrical activity of the brainPros: Safe, the patient can be moving / performing tasks, can give information over a long period of time (hours to days), it is the only technology on this list that measures electrical activity aka brain wavesCons: No imaging of brain structures... the product is a bunch of waveforms rather than picturesIf the question is about imaging structures without studying activity: CT or MRIIf the question is about imaging structure and activity: PET or fMRIIf the question is about brainwaves / electrical activity or the subject is performing a task: EEG PET you're injecting radioactively tagged glucose and seeing what portion of the brain is metabolizing it (lets you know what areas are active). fMRI you're looking at oxygen consumption so it also lets you know what parts of the brain are active at that time. MRI/CT you are able to visualize brain structures which is great for space occupying lesions/bleeds etc but you know nothing about brain activity. EEG provides you information about neural activity. Specifically used when diagnosing seizures/sleep disorders.
polyspermy blocked by release of
Ca ions
Calcitriol
Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.
neural crest cells
Cells at the tip of the neural fold -becomes Schwann cells (myelination of peripheral nervous system) this group of cells gives rise to many components of the peripheral nervous system. -ectoderm
totipotent ⟶ pluripotent ⟶ multipotent ⟶ nonpotent
Cells with the greatest potency are called totipotent and include embryonic stem cells; totipotent cells can ultimately differentiate into any cell type, either in the fetus or in the placental structures. After the 16-cell stage, the cells of the morula begin to differentiate into two groups: the inner cell mass and the trophoblast cells. After a few more cycles of cell division, these totipotent cells start to differentiate into the three germ cell layers. At this stage, the cells are said to be pluripotent; these cells can differentiate into any cell type except for those found in the placental structures. Finally, as the cells continue to become more specialized, they are said to be multipotent. Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group. For example, hematopoietic stem cells are cells that are capable of differentiating into all of the cells found in blood, including the various types of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets—but not into skin cells, neurons, or muscle cells. While we use all of these different terms to describe potency, it is important to recognize that potency is a spectrum, not a series of strict definitions
Thermodynamics vs kinetics
Chemical reactions, including those in biological settings, are controlled both by thermodynamics and kinetics. Thermodynamics describes the energy difference between products and reactants (ΔG), and dictates whether a reaction requires energy input. Kinetics describes the energy required to initiate a reaction (activation energy), and determines how quickly a reaction proceeds.
Nativist (innatist/Biological) perspective of language
Children are born with ability to learn language. Associated with Noam Chomsky. Thought humans had a language acquisition device (LAD) that allowed them to learn language. Idea that this ability exists - all languages shared universal grammar (same basic elements like nouns, verb, etc.) So LAD enables child to pick up on understand/pick up on those types of words and their organization within a sentence for any language. o Goes along with idea there's a "critical period" (also called sensitive period), thought to be from birth to age 8-9, the period of time a child is most able to learn a language.
TCA cycle
Citric acid cycle/krebs cycle-products of glycolysis enter TCA cycle and generate ATP -all same thing -tricarboxylic acid
Equipoise
Clinical equipoise requires that the control group of a clinical trial receive the "best available therapy." In the case of this question, continuation of treatment with the inferior medicine would violate the principle of equipoise
Interposition:
Closer objects will overlap in front of objects that are further away (Choice A). Light and shadow: Highlights and shadows help to give objects the appearance of depth (Choice C). Texture gradient: Closer objects show more fine detail than objects that are further away (Choice D). Relative size: Further objects appear smaller than closer objects of the same size. Relative height: Further objects are perceived at higher distances within a field.
Aliphatic
Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
only exceptions to electron configuration
Cr, Cu
pka of side chains Cys Try Asp Glu Lys Arg His
Cys - 8.33 Try - 10.07 Asp - 3.86 Glu - 4.25 Lys - 10.79 Arg - 12.48 His - 6.04
he electrolysis of aqueous silver nitrate involves two separate half-reactions that occur at the anode (Reaction 1) and the cathode (Reaction 2). 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− Reaction 1 Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s) Reaction 2 Which of the following net reactions occurs during the electrolysis? A.2H2O(l) + Ag+(aq) → O2(g) + Ag(s) + 4H+(aq) B.2H2O(l) + 4Ag+(aq) → O2(g) + 4Ag(s) + 2H2(g) C.2H2O(l) + Ag(s) → O2(g) + Ag+(aq) + 4H+(aq) D.2H2O(l) + 4Ag+(aq) → O2(g) + 4Ag(s) + 4H+(aq)
D
how to tell if glucose is alpha or beta what number carbon on what side and how to tell D or L
D carbon 5 on right beta carbon 1 on left (top)
enantiomers
D- and L- forms of the same sugar -same molecular formula and differ at every configuration of stereocenter
Blood flows through a vessel in the leg at an average velocity of 10 cm/s. How much glucose passes by a segment of the blood vessel each second if the radius of the blood vessel is 0.20 cm and each 1.0 cm3 of blood contains 1.0 mg of dissolved glucose? A.4.0 × 10−1 mg/s B.4.0 × 100 mg/s C.1.3 × 10−1 mg/s D.1.3 × 100 mg/s
D.1.3 × 100 mg/s Q=AV A=area= pi r^2
Topoisomerase introduces negative supercoiling in the DNA double helix ahead of the replication fork to reduce the strain produced by unwinding, which causes positive supercoiling.
DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double helix and separates the parent strands at the origin of replication. Single-strand DNA-binding protein binds to each strand to prevent spontaneous reannealing of unwound single-stranded DNA. Primase synthesizes RNA primers and positions them at the beginning of each DNA strand. Only one primer is needed for leading strand synthesis, but lagging strand synthesis requires many RNA primers. DNA polymerase synthesizes daughter strands in a 5′ → 3′ direction only. One daughter strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork (leading strand); the other strand is synthesized discontinuously in a direction away from the replication fork (lagging strand), with more and more segments added as the replication fork progresses. This process results in the formation of Okazaki fragments, short stretches of newly synthesized DNA separated by RNA primers. DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments.
salt bridges in DNA
DNA is predominantly negatively charged due to the phosphate groups on the backbone. Histones associate with DNA by forming salt bridges between positively charged amino acid residues and negatively charged phosphate groups. These ionic interactions allow histones to bind tightly to DNA and prevent genes from being transcribed.
The following parameters influence the thermodynamic stability of the DNA duplex:
DNA length: Longer DNA molecules take more time to both melt and reanneal. pH: Extreme changes in pH outside the physiological range lead to loss of hydrogen bonding and destabilize the DNA helix. Salt concentration (ionic strength): High salt concentration of the solution increases double helix stability, but decreased salt concentration decreases stability.
reaction formation
Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.
Paradoxical sleep
Describes how EEG readings during REM sleep mimic those of someone who is awake
diffraction
Diffraction refers to the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening or around an obstacle.
Operant Extinction
Disappearance of a behavior through removal of reinforcers (ex. if a dog learns to sit down in order to receive a treat, and treats are no longer given, the "sit down" behavior will eventually disappear)
Which steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle require binding and/or hydrolysis of ATP? Dissociation of myosin head from actin filament Attachment of myosin head to actin filament Conformational change that moves actin and myosin filaments relative to one another Binding of troponin to actin filament Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasm I, II, and III only II, III, and IV only I, III, and VI only III, IV, and VI only
Dissociation of the myosin head from the actin filament requires the binding of ATP (I). Attachment of the myosin head to the actin filament requires calcium and a troponin/tropomyosin shift (II). The conformational changes that move actin and myosin relative to one another require that ATP be hydrolyzed, for these changes occur upon release of the products of hydrolysis (ADP and Pi) by the myosin head (III). Binding of troponin to actin does not require the hydrolysis of ATP (IV). Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum also does not require ATP hydrolysis. This release occurs when calcium ions move via voltage-gated ion channels down their concentration gradient (V). The reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs via an ATP-hydrolyzing pump that moves calcium against its concentration gradient (VI). Thus, C is the correct response. This is incorrect. Step IV does not require binding and/or hydrolysis of ATP. Solution: The correct answer is C. This is incorrect. Step II does not require binding and/or hydrolysis of ATP. This is incorrect. Steps II and IV do not require binding and/or hydrolysis of ATP.
distal stimulus
Distal stimuli are objects and events out in the world about you. The distal stimulus is an object which provides information for the proximal stimulus. is an object which provides information for the proximal stimulus. The proximal stimulus registers, via sensory receptors, the information given by the distal stimulus.
Linear perspective:
Distances between parallel lines appear narrower as they become further away.
K-complexes
Drastic drop in voltage that occurs during Stage 2 sleep
electric field formula for fixed voltage btw anode and cathode
E= (v-IR)/L L change affect E more
electric field equations
E=V/d E=N/C F=kqq/r^2
Congenital megacolon, or Hirschsprung disease, is the most common cause of neonatal obstruction of the colon. It results from failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the wall of the colon during the fifth to seventh weeks. These cells are derived from which of the following germ layers?
Ectoderm The ectoderm differentiates into the neural tissue including the neural crest.
Afferent (ascending) axonal tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain in the dorsal and lateral columns.
Efferent (descending) axonal tracts carry motor commands from the brain to the body in the ventral and lateral columns.
types of support
Emotional, tangible, esteem, network emotional= listening, affirming, empathizing esteem support= affirming qualities and skills network support= sense of belonging tangible support = financial/material contribution
do viruses have cell membrane
Enveloped viruses have a membrane, or phospholipid bilayer, generally derived from the cell membrane of the host. The phospholipid bilayer of enveloped viruses surrounds the capsid and often contains host-derived proteins, allowing the virus to better evade the immune system and gain entry into the host cell. In contrast, nonenveloped (naked) viruses lack a phospholipid bilayer.
ectoderm becomes
Epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands Brain & spinal cord
5 schools of thought
Evolutionary-role instincts play in motivation. Think about baby, cries, sleep, eats. Basic instincts all humans have. −Drive Reduction Theory-drives vs. needs. Need is lack or deprivation that will energize the drive, or aroused state. That drive is what will reduce the need. Maintains homeostasis. Ex. need for water, driven by thirst, doing pushups is means to fulfill drive for water. Or sleeping. −Optimum Arousal Theory-people want to reach full arousal/alertness. Why people go to amusement parks. Drive to get full arousal, and natural high.−Cognitive-thought processes drive behavior
Stroop Effect
Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.
focal length for mirror
F=r/2
Menstruation occurs when
FSH and LH are at low levels
anterior pituitary
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH Secretes and releases its own hormones. -Has 'releasing hormones' which stimulates the secretion of its own hormones. Ex. Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates secretion of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) FLAT PEG
objective
Factual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by emotions, unbiased
Anencephaly
Folate is essential for reducing the risk of neural tube defects, including anencephaly, a condition in which the brain fails to develop and the skull is left open.
secondary active transport
Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport. molecules across the cell membrane utilizing energy in other forms than ATP. This energy comes from the electrochemical gradient created by pumping ions out of the cell. This Co-Transport can be either via antiport or symport.
Psychodynamic theory
Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior -id, ego, super ego
cell cycle
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis Go G1=cell grow and performs normal functions, DNA examined and repaired S= DNA replicated G2= cell continues to grow and replicates organelles in preparation for mitosis. cell continues to perform its normal functions M= mitosis divison occurs G0=cell performs normal functions and not preparing to divide
endoderm
GI tract tube (forms esophagus, small intestine, large intestine)+ lungs + liver + pancreas
Glycagon
Glucagon secretion is a major driving force to the metabolic adaptation to starvation. Plasma glucagon level increases after 24-48 h of fasting, inducing hepatic insulin resistance that prevents glucose from being stored. Glucagon also promotes gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis
glucogenic amino acids vs keotgenic amino acids
Glucogenic amino acids are converted to pyruvate, which can be used to make glucose or citric acid cycle intermediates. Ketogenic amino acids are converted directly to acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle or be used to form ketone bodies.
_______ is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis).
Glycogen phosphorylase
hydronium ion
H3O+
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought (word salad) and behavior (need help daily activities)
disstress
Hassle, choice (A), and frustration, choice (B), are both types of distress, choice (C), or negative stressors.
electrolytic cells
House non spontaneous reactions (G>0) with a negative electromotive force. These non spontaneous cells can be used to create useful products through electrolysis.
how are eukaryotes unique
However, eukaryotic cells are unique in that they have membrane-bound organelles as well as a mechanism for intron splicing by the spliceosome. In addition, eukaryotic cells have a unique mechanism for processing messenger RNA (mRNA). Eukaryotic mRNA is initially transcribed as pre-mRNA, containing both introns (noncoding sequences) and exons (coding sequences). Following transcription, the spliceosome (an RNA and protein complex) removes introns from the pre-mRNA molecule to form mature mRNA in a process known as RNA splicing. This mature mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein.
functions of rna poly I,II, and III
I = rRNA transcription II= hnRNA III= tRNA
The intensity of sound waves is defined as
I=P/A A=pi r^2 (exponential relationship) -power per unit area, and relates to the perceived loudness of sounds. Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between source and detector, resulting in a relatively significant decrease in intensity as the distance increases.
Growth hormone stimulates
IGF-1 release, which in turn stimulates protein building in muscles, and osteoblast and chondrocyte activity to promote bone growth.
level of commitment and degree of exploration
Identity diffusion (low commitment, low exploration): People at this level lack direction, have not explored options, and have not committed to a particular career path or future. Identity foreclosure (high commitment, low exploration): People at this level have accepted an identity that they have been assigned (typically by a parent or authority figure) without contemplation or exploration. Identity moratorium (low commitment, high exploration): People at this level are still trying new activities and thinking about a career path, but have not yet arrived at a decision. Identity achievement (high commitment, high exploration): People at this level have explored their options and typically feel confident about who they are and what they want to do in the future.
role conflict.
If the tension existed between different roles that a single individual held
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. bacteria to bacteria exchange
The adaptive immune system contributes specialized or acquired immunity based on learned recognition of specific antigens. Responses of adaptive immune system can be further subdivided into cell-mediated and humoral immunity:
In cell-mediated immunity, mainly driven by T cells, receptors on immune cells recognize and bind directly to receptors on target cells. In humoral immunity, B cells produce antibodies specific to a new antigen (primary immune response). These antibodies enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the antigen is encountered later (secondary immune response).
isoelectric focusing explanation
In isoelectric focusing, an electric field causes proteins to migrate through a pH gradient within a gel. The gel is placed with the low-pH end near the anode (attracts anions) and the high-pH end near the cathode (attracts cations). At low pH, proteins are fully protonated, making them positively charged and causing them to migrate away from the anode and toward the cathode. Proteins that start at the high-pH end are initially deprotonated and negatively charged, so they migrate toward the anode. As positively charged proteins move toward the cathode, the pH to which they are exposed gradually increases, causing the proteins to become deprotonated and lose positive charge. When the net charge becomes zero, the protein stops migrating through the gel. The pH at which this occurs is the protein's isoelectric point. The question states that reflectins entered the gel at the low-pH end, which is near the anode. They are fully protonated and positively charged at this end, and they gradually become deprotonated as they migrate from anode to cathode.
order of g protein comlex
In the G protein-regulated cAMP signaling pathway, a ligand binds the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor and activates the GDP-bound alpha subunit of the G protein by replacing GDP with GTP. The activated G alpha subunit activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cAMP. Elevated cAMP leads to the activation of protein kinase A and subsequent signaling effects.
anomeric carbon at ketoses vs aldoses
In the case of aldoses such as D-mannose, the anomeric carbon is carbon 1 whereas in ketoses such as D-fructose, the anomeric carbon is typically carbon 2.
What are the oxidizing and reducing agents, respectively, in the reaction below? 2HCl + H2O2 + MnO2 → O2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O H2O2; HCl H2O2; MnO2 MnO2; HCl MnO2; H2O2
In the reaction pictured, Mn is reduced from +4 to +2; therefore, MnO2 is the oxidizing agent. O is oxidized from -1 in H2O2 to 0 in O2; therefore, H2O2 is the reducing agent. Thus, D is the best answer.
Stressors like threats and dangers trigger our fight or flight system-the sympathetic nervous system
Inc. heart rate and respiration (more energy + oxygen), increased peripheral vasoconstriction(push more blood to our core area-harder to live without blood), and turn off digestion/immune/etc.−Endocrine response-adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine, and cortisol ndocrine response:§ Adrenal glands - -The adrenal medulla release catecholamine's (epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/noradrenaline). Catecholamine's are tyrosine derivatives. Developed from ectoderm. -The adrenal cortex release glucocorticoid (cortisol) - steroid hormone redistributes glucose energy in body and suppressing immune system. Developed by endoderm. Acronym: COTisol is released by the CORTex Play a role in development of muscles/bones.
reference group
Individuals often emulate the attitudes and behaviors of groups that they admire and would like to join. Sociologists refer to these as reference groups, which are important for self-evaluation and identity formation. The scenario in the question suggests that the teen constructs an identity, through modifying his behaviors (dressing, speaking, acting), to match that of teens from the dominant culture of his new country
Ingratiation
Ingratiation is using flattery or conformity to win someone else over. Flattery likely would remain constant between societies.
Validity
Internal validity refers to the extent to which an experiment or measure is accurate (ie, produces a true result).
endosomes
Internalization of viral particles through endocytosis is mediated by endosomes.
Which series shows the order in which these lipid droplets are transported from the intestine to the bloodstream?
Interstitial fluid → lymph capillaries → lymph vessels → lymph duct → vein lymph enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body
ionic radius trend
Ionic radii tend to decrease in size across a period (row) of the periodic table (left to right) and increase moving down a group (column). This trend occurs for metal cations, and then resets and repeats for anions beginning near the division between metals and nonmetals, past which anions tend to preferentially form. Compared to the neutral atom of a given element, its cation will be smaller but its anion will be larger. Losing electrons to form a cation causes the remaining electrons to experience a greater effective nuclear charge (Zeff), pulling the electrons closer to the nucleus. Conversely, gaining electrons to form an anion produces greater electronic repulsion and nuclear shielding (lesser Zeff), which pushes electrons farther from the nucleus. Na+, F−, Mg2+, and O2− ions are isoelectronic (have the same number of electrons), but because the number of protons is different in each ion, the electrons in each ion experience a different Zeff. Therefore, in an isoelectronic series, ionic radii decrease with increasing atomic number. Because magnesium has the highest atomic number (greatest number of protons) in the isoelectronic series, Zeff is greatest in this ion, making it the smallest within the given series.
mutase
Isomerase enzyme -which changes the configuration of a molecule
The three major cytoskeletal components are actin filaments (ie, microfilaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
It functions to give the cell its shape, support cellular motility, and help organize intracellular components.
pentose phosphate pathway
It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Golgi apparatus
It has been likened to the cell's post office. A major function is the modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes. The sacs or folds of the Golgi apparatus are called cisternae
Recap: of James-Lange:
James-Lange: physiological -> emotion Cannon-Bard: physiological + emotion Schachter-Singer: physiological + cognitive -> emotion Lazarus: cognitive -> emotion + physiological
average translational kinetic energy of the individual gas molecules equation
KE=3/2KT (k= 1.381 x 10^-23 J/k)
catalytic efficiency
Kcat/Km
At the end of Study 2, the researchers' recommendation suggests that parents in food-insecure households are subject to which role dynamic? A. Role engulfment B. Role confusion C. Role conflict D. Role strain
Keeping up with the needs of their children & their own selves are both outcomes they desire to happen. The role of being a parent is hindering both of these outcomes simultaneously. The key thing to remember is whether you are talking about the number of roles, or the number of desired outcomes from those roles. not role conflict because same role (1 role)
Lewis Acid vs Lewis Base
LA accepts electron pairs, LB donates electron pairs
centrioles
Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division -radiate to membrane
Theta waves
Lower frequency, high voltage waves found in Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep
ketogenic amino acids
Lysine and leucine are ketogenic
function of nucleolus
Makes ribosomes -(consisting of RNA and protein)
Maladaptive Coping Mechanisms / Negative Coping Technique /Non-Coping Technique
Maladaptive techniques are more effective in the short term rather than long term coping process. -dissociation, sensitization, safety behaviors, anxious avoidance, and escape (including self-medication). -Aggression, Hostility: Counterattacks through defying, abusing, blaming, attacking, or criticizing other so Dominance, Excessive Self-assertion: Controls others through direct means to accomplish goal so Recognition-seeking, Status-seeking: Overcompensates through impressing, high achievement, status, attention-seeking, etc.o Manipulation, Exploitation: Meets own needs through covert manipulation, seduction, dishonesty, or conning
Floppases
Membrane proteins in the ABC transporter family that catalyze movement of phospholipids from the cytosolic leaflet to the extracellular leaflet of a membrane bilayer. -moves lipids between leaflets
tight junctions
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid -epithelial cells
In both male and female offspring, mitochondrial DNA (and any associated mitochondrial disease) is inherited only from the mother, meaning mitochondrial genes do not follow
Mendelian inheritance patterns, which occur when organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from the father and one from the mother. Due to heteroplasmy, the phenotype of a given tissue, organ, or whole organism, is influenced by the relative amounts of wild-type and mutant mtDNA, not by Mendelian patterns of dominance or recessivity.
Conversion Disorder
Must look like Neurological symptoms only - like problems with speech, swallowing, seizures, paralysis -Neurological symptoms that we see are incompatible with any known neurological or mental condition. We cannot explain these symptoms based on test or clinical exam. -Sometimes have a level of psychological stress or traumatic event resulting in manifestation of neurological symptoms
During fatty acid synthesis,
NADPH is oxidized to NADP+ to reduce the carbonyl groups and carbon-carbon double bonds on each acetyl-CoA molecule added to the fatty acid chain. If fatty acid synthesis is inhibited in ME patients, the conversion of NADPH to NADP+ will occur less frequently, and cytosolic NADPH will build up. Acetyl-CoA, NADPH, and ATP are the reactants needed to generate fatty acid chains during lipid synthesis. The pentose phosphate pathway generates the NADPH needed to reduce the carbonyl groups from each molecule of acetyl-CoA that is added to a fatty acid chain
Na K in cells depolarization/repolarization
Na in (depolarize) K out (repolarize)
aldosterone causes
Na+ reabsorption by kidney tubules.
jules units
Newtons x meters
frictional force equation
Newtons x meters = J
ideal fluid assumptions
No viscosity: Friction between fluid molecules is negligible such that applied shearing forces (ie, gravity acting on a fluid pouring out of a glass) cause instantaneous, uniform acceleration of the fluid (Choice C). Laminar flow: The fluid flows in parallel layers, each with equal velocity. No interaction between each layer occurs, ensuring uniform velocity within the fluid at all points (Choice A). Incompressible: The density of the fluid is modified by neither external forces nor its own weight when oriented in a fluid column (Choice D).
Normative conformity vs. Conformity by internalization
Normative conformity= The worker disagrees with her supervisor but remains quiet for fear of the *repercussions* of disagreeing with the supervisor. Normative conformity explains the desire to fit into a group and fear of rejection. Conformity by internalization= involves changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also *privately agreeing* with the ideas
northern blot
Northern blotting is a biomolecular assay used to detect and measure the concentration of specific RNA molecules within a cell or tissue sample as follows: RNA is isolated from other cellular components and denatured. The RNA is separated by size via gel electrophoresis. The RNA samples are transferred from the gel to a blotting membrane and immobilized. The membrane is incubated with a labeled RNA or single-stranded DNA probe complementary to the RNA sequence of interest. If the sequence of interest is present, the probe will bind to it (hybridize) and the label (eg, radioactive atom, fluorescent dye) will allow visual detection of the probe. The sample is washed to remove unbound probes. Researchers determine if a visual signal is present. A visual signal indicates that hybridization occurred, meaning the RNA sample contains the RNA sequence of interest. No visual signal corresponds to absence of the target RNA sequence. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites with DNA or RNA genomes that can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Specifically, some viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes can directly translate their genetic material into viral proteins upon infection of a host cell. The virus shown in the diagram possesses a genome that can be immediately translated into protein following infection of the Escherichia coli cell. Therefore, this virus must have a single-stranded RNA genome, which can be detected with northern blot analysis
hydroxide ion
OH-
To determine the effectiveness of brainstorming, a researcher designs a study in which participants are asked to produce alternatives to an existing marketing strategy on their own or with a group. Which pattern of results is most likely based on research on group processes? A. Groups arrive at the improved alternatives more often than individuals. B. Groups are more likely to critically evaluate alternatives than individuals. C. On average, participants generate more alternatives alone than in a group. D. On average, participants produce more alternatives in a group than alone.
On average, participants generate more alternatives alone than in a group. Social loafing refers to the fact that people are more productive alone than in a group. Research also suggests that individuals are less critical and less creative in groups.
flashbulb memory
Once thought to be extremely accurate snapshots (hence the term "flashbulb") of emotionally arousing events, studies suggest that flashbulb memories may be less accurate/consistent than individuals believe. People tend to be extremely confident of their recollections, even though their flashbulb memories are not 100% accurate or consistent over time. Flashbulb memories are defined by the following characteristics: Individuals feel extremely confident about the memory, even after a long time has elapsed (Choice A). Individuals are able to vividly recall specific details surrounding the event, including ones of seeming insignificance, such as what one was wearing or doing at the time of the event (Choice C). Individuals are able to vividly recall their emotional state at the time of the event (Choice D).
It was hypothesized that the decrease in blood flow to the skin resulted from a change in the activity of the sympathetic nerves to the skin. Which of the following observations would support this hypothesis? A change in the norepinephrine content of blood draining from the skin In vitro contraction of the smooth muscle in skin blood vessels in response to acetylcholine A lack of epinephrine receptors in skin blood vessels In vivo dilation of the skin blood vessels
One hypothesis suggests that the decrease in blood flow to the skin results from a change in the activity in the sympathetic nerves to the skin. This hypothesis would be supported if researchers observed a change in the norepinephrine content of blood draining from the skin.
Oogenesis
Oogenesis or female gamete (ovum) production occurs in the ovaries as follows: In utero, oogonia (ovarian stem cells) of the female embryo rapidly multiply via mitosis to generate primary oocytes, which are surrounded by specialized cells that form a saclike structure known as a follicle. Female gametes must undergo meiosis to mature. Primary oocytes begin the first meiotic division but become arrested at prophase I until puberty. At puberty, hormonal changes during each menstrual cycle result in a single follicle being selected to continue meiosis I. Completion of meiosis I produces one haploid secondary oocyte and one small polar body that ultimately degenerates. The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division but is arrested at metaphase II. In the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle, the follicle ruptures and the secondary oocyte is released into the abdominal cavity. The secondary oocyte enters the fallopian tubes, where it can be fertilized by a sperm cell. If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte will complete meiosis II to form one large ovum (fully mature) and a second polar body that degenerates.
Utilitarian organizations
Organization where members get paid for their efforts (ex. businesses) (diploma)
important physics equations
P=IV P=I^2R P=V^2/R
non-conservative forces like wind resistance do what to energy of potential and kinetic
PE > KE wind resistance reduce KE
Neural crest cells form
PNS
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT
neutralizing Polyprotic acids
Polyprotic acids are acids that have more than one acidic proton (H+ ion) that can dissociate in water. Each acidic proton dissociates in a stepwise progression that generates a new conjugate base with one less H+ until all of the acidic protons have dissociated. When a polyprotic acid is titrated with a strong base, the titration curve will show one equivalence point for each acidic proton. The equivalence point is the stoichiometric amount of titrant needed to neutralize all of a particular species in the solution (where [OH−] equals the concentration of the given species). The plateau between two equivalence points has a minimal slope with little change in pH because it effectively acts as a buffer region of an acid and its conjugate base. When enough NaOH is added to consume all of a given acidic species, the pH increases rapidly and the curve shows a very steep slope. If H2PO4− is fully neutralized, two acidic protons must be neutralized and an equivalence point would be seen in the titration curve for each of the protons. This indicates that a total of two equivalents of NaOH would be required to fully neutralize the H2PO4− (one OH− from NaOH for each H+).
Punishment discourages a behavior from happening again.
Positive punishment occurs when an undesirable stimulus is applied, and negative punishment occurs when a desirable stimulus is removed
negative reinforcement involves the withdrawal of an undesirable stimulus.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a desirable stimulus is applied, which encourages a behavior to happen again.
mead stages
Preparatory (or imitation): Babies/toddlers imitate others (eg, a parent's hand gesture) and begin using symbols and language (eg, repeating a phrase used by a parent) without meaning comprehension. At this stage, children have no sense of "self" as separate from the world around them. Play: Through play (eg, pretending to be a doctor), preschool-age children begin role-taking (ie, understanding the perspectives of others). When children understand themselves as individuals separate from others, the "I" component of the self has developed. Children then begin to imagine how others perceive them, which is the beginning of the development of the "me." Game: School-age children become aware of their position/role in relation to others. They begin to see themselves from the perspective of the more abstract generalized other, further developing the "me" to incorporate the values and rules of the society in which they live
what happens during oogenesis
Primary oocytes are present in female embryos and remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis from birth to puberty. During puberty, normal menstrual cycle hormones stimulate some primary oocytes to resume differentiating into a secondary oocyte. However, prior to fertilization, secondary oocytes are arrested in metaphase II of meiosis.
Chemiosmosis
Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP. -nothing to do with nicotinamide (NADH)
Are Archea bacteria Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic
Components of attraction
Proximity, similarity, open, emotionally and financially stable, reciprocity
Erikson theory of psychosocial development
Psychoanalytic theory that described development as a series of conflicts to be resolved
resistance equation
R= resistivity x Length / area
Ribozymes are
RNA catalysts contain phosphodiester bonds
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another and changes speed.
Religious affiliation vs religiosity
Religious affiliation describes an individual identifying with a specific religious group, whereas religiosity (or religiousness) is the degree to which an individual internalizes and incorporates that religion into their lives, as demonstrated by the individual's behaviors and beliefs.
schizophrenia and parkinsons how are they associated with a neurotransmitter?
Schizophrenia is associated with high levels of dopamine, or high sensitivity to dopamine. Parkinson's disease is associated with destruction of the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia.
Myelin is formed by __________ in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Schwann cells
The PNS contains satellite cells (support) and
Schwann cells (myelination).
single crossover
Sharing of DNA between homologs at one location
Morphogens
Signaling molecules that stimulate cell differentiation and development.
Sleep spindles
Small and rapid oscillations in voltage readings
_______ is only one that bypasses the thalamus-goes to areas closer to amygdala
Smell
Sponification
Soap created from fat- sebum to soap
Social facilitation
Social facilitation describes how individuals perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others; this question does not concern performance
According to the passage, one of the reasons Black men have medical mistrust is because seeking help violates their: gender schema. gender script. gender conditioning. gender adaptation.
Solution: The correct answer is A. A is correct. According to the passage, seeking help is viewed as incompatible with the male identity. The cognitions regarding what constitutes the male identity are an example of schemas. This is incorrect because a script is organized information regarding the order of actions that are appropriate to a familiar situation.
If blood pressure doubled and the resistance to blood flow increased by 50%, the amount of blood pumped by the heart would have: increased by 1/3. increased by 1/2. decreased by 1/3. decreased by 1/2.
Solution: The correct answer is A. The passage states that P = CO × VR. Solving the equation for cardiac output (CO) and letting the original CO equal PVRPVR the new CO would then equal 2P(3/2)VR2P(3/2)VR. Reducing this equation shows that the new CO is 4/3 the old CO, or an increase of 1/3 Thus, A is the best answer.
Within the intestines, unabsorbed fats are broken down into fatty acids by intestinal bacteria. Given this, excess unabsorbed fats most likely have which of the following effects within the intestines? A. They increase the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to diarrhea. B. They decrease the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to diarrhea. C. They increase the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to constipation. D. They decrease the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to constipation.
Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems." The answer to this question is A because an excess of unabsorbed fats in the intestines inhibits normal water and electrolyte absorption, resulting in increased osmotic pressure and diarrhea. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because it requires establishing causal relationships between variables.
What is the best experimental method to analyze the effect of tdh2 gene deletion on the rate of histone acetylation? Comparing histone acetylation in wild-type and Δtdh2 cells by: A. Western blot B. Southern blot C. Northern blot D. RT-PCR
Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is A because posttranslational modification of proteins such as histone acetylation is analyzed by Western blotting. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you must reason about the appropriateness of tools that are used to assess posttranslational modification of proteins
In a species of beetle, red body color is dominant to brown. Two red beetles are crossed and produce 31 red and 9 brown offspring (F1 generation). If two red F1 beetles are crossed, what is the probability that both red and brown beetles will appear in the F2generation? (Note: Assume Mendelian inheritance patterns.) 4/9 1/2 2/3 3/4
Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic diversity." The answer to this question is A because given Mendelian inheritance patterns, a 3:1 ratio of F1 offspring means that the original crossed beetles are both heterozygotes, and the F1 offspring are 25% red (homozygous dominant), 50% red (heterozygous), and 25% brown (homozygous recessive). If two red F1 beetles are crossed and both red and brown beetles appear in the F2 generation, the F1 red beetles that were crossed must both be heterozygotes. The probability that, of the red F1beetles, both were heterozygous is 2/3 × 2/3, or 4/9 (only red beetles were selected from and 2/3 of the red F1 beetles were heterozygous). It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to apply your knowledge of Mendelian genetics to solve a problem.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the distinction between the exocrine and endocrine portions of the testis? The exocrine portion secretes only peptides; the endocrine portion secretes only steroids. The exocrine portion releases its products into ducts; the endocrine portion releases its products into the blood. The exocrine portion secretes only cellular elements; the endocrine portion secretes only chemical substances. The exocrine portion is the target tissue for the products of the endocrine portion.
Solution: The correct answer is B. Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts; endocrine glands release their products into the bloodstream. Thus, B is the best answer.
In which situation is neurotransmitter release from a presynaptic cell most likely to stimulate an action potential in a postsynaptic cell? In any excitable cell, if neurotransmitter binding opens ligand-gated channels at the synapse In a postsynaptic neuron where a depolarizing change in membrane potential exceeds threshold In a postsynaptic neuron that expresses a high density of neurotransmitter receptors In any excitable cell, if the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft is acetylcholine
Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Individual influences on behavior." The answer to this question is B because action potentials are only generated in postsynaptic neurons when the depolarization stimulus exceeds threshold. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it asks assumed knowledge of how action potentials are generated
What experimental set-up is most likely to result in a person with a severed corpus callosum saying "ball" after a researcher asks, "What do you see?" The letter b is projected to the left visual field, followed almost immediately by "all," at the same location. The word "ball" is projected to the right visual field, while "room" is presented to the left visual field. The word "base" is projected to the right visual field, while "ball" is projected to the left visual field. The word "basketball" is projected to the left visual field.
Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Psychology question that falls under the content category "Individual influences on behavior." The answer to this question is B because images projected to a visual field are represented in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. If "ball" is projected to the right visual field, the word will be represented in the left hemisphere where it could be verbalized by left-sided language centers. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you must use knowledge of brain anatomy and function to determine the appropriate scenario
Which enzyme is used both in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis? Phosphoglucomutase Glucose 6-phosphatase Hexokinase Glucokinase
Solution: The correct answer is B. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this question is B because glucose 6-phosphatase catalyzes the final step of both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recall the enzymes that participate in each pathway
Based on the information in the passage, which protein domain of STAT3 is NOT predicted to play a role in its signaling? Nuclear localization domain Signal sequence domain DNA binding domain Protein binding domain
Solution: The correct answer is B. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is B because based on the passage, STAT3 is a nuclear protein, which means that it requires a nuclear localization domain for nuclear translocation and a DNA binding domain for binding to regulatory regions of targeted genes. The passage also states that in addition to forming a homodimer, STAT3 associates with LEPRb/JAK2 complex which infers the presence of a protein binding domain within the STAT3 sequence. In contrast, signal sequence domains are protein domains required for proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways.
Which methods separate proteins based on their charge? SDS-PAGE Isoelectric focusing Ion-exchange chromatography Affinity chromatography I and II only II and III only I, II, and III only II, III, and IV only
Solution: The correct answer is B. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is B because isoelectric focusing separates proteins based on their isoelectric point (the pH at which the net charge of the protein is zero) and ion exchange chromatography separates proteins based on their net charge. In contrast SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on their mass and affinity chromatography separates proteins based on their interactions with specific ligands. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you must determine the appropriate methods to separates proteins based on their charge
Which amino acids are most likely present at the dimerization interface of STAT3 proteins? Polar amino acids Hydrophobic amino acids Positively charged amino acids Negatively charged amino acids
Solution: The correct answer is B. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is B because the polar and charged amino acids most likely interact with water molecules in cytosol and would not be involved in protein-protein interactions. In contrast the side chains of hydrophobic amino acids are free and most likely participate in dimerization of STAT3.
If an artery that supplies blood to a lung lobe was blocked but ventilation to the lobe was unaffected, how would alveolar gas partial pressures change? Both PO2 and PCO2 would increase. Both PO2 and PCO2 would decrease. PO2 would increase and PCO2 would decrease. PO2 would decrease and PCO2 would increase.
Solution: The correct answer is C. If the blood flow to an alveolus were blocked there would be no flow of hemoglobin-rich red blood cells to take away O2 and no influx of CO2 from the blood. As a result the air in the alveolus would become more like that of the atmosphere. It would acquire a higher PO2and a lower PCO2. The correct answer is choice C and the other answers are incorrect because they contradict C.
Which action requires a larger absolute value of work: lifting the weight from A to B with constant speed, or lowering the weight from B to A with the same constant speed? Lifting from A to B Lowering from B to A Equal absolute value of work in both actions No work is required using a pulley.
Solution: The correct answer is C. The absolute value of the work done is mgΔh where Δh is positively defined, and because none of these values changes in magnitude when the mass goes up or down, these actions involve the same amount of work. Thus, C, is the best answer
Which circuit elements store energy? Capacitors Resistors Batteries I only I and II only I and III only II and III only
Solution: The correct answer is C. The capacitor charges up and stores energy in the electric field between the places. The energy stored is ½CVc2, where Vc is the voltage across the capacitor. The battery is the source of energy for the circuit and thus is a store of energy. The resistor is not a storage device for energy and answer C is the correct answer.
A person looking at the night sky notices she no longer sees a dim star when her gaze remains fixated on it, but the dim star reappears when she shifts her gaze to one side of the star. What is the most likely cause of the reappearance of the dim star in her vision? -Shifting her gaze moved the image of the dim star: away from the blind spot where no photoreceptors are present. -to a region of the retina where photoreceptors have a higher threshold for light detection. -away from the fovea toward the periphery of the retina. -to a region of the eye where photoreceptors contain more than one type of retinal pigment.
Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Sensing the environment." The answer to this question is C because the fovea is the part of the retina that contains a high density of cones for daytime vision, whereas, the periphery of the retina contains a high density of rods which are more photosensitive and can detect dim light. cones- day vision (fovea) rods- periphery= night vision
The left cerebral hemisphere in humans is most often linked with which cognitive function? A. Visuospatial skills B. Music perception C. Vocabulary skills D. Emotion processing
Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Psychology question that falls under the content category "Individual influences on behavior." The answer to this question is C. Vocabulary skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere, whereas visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion processing tend to be lateralized to the right hemisphere.
At pH 7, which of the following peptides will bind to an anion-exchange column and require the lowest concentration of NaCl for elution? AVDEKMSTRGHKNPG YPGRSMHEWDIKAQP HIPAGEATEKALRGD EAPDTSEGDLIPEVS
Solution: The correct answer is C. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Separation and purification methods." The answer is C because the anionic peptides bind to anion-exchange columns. The strength of the binding depends on the overall charge of the peptide. Of the options given, only C and D have a net negative charge. The net charge of peptide C is -1, whereas the net charge of peptide D is -5. Peptide C would elute at a lower salt concentration than Peptide D. This is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you must understand the design of an anion-exchange experiment and the role of elution in that design to determine the appropriateness of a technique.
All the participants in the study are given information regarding the benefits of a healthy diet. According to the cognitive dissonance theory, which hypothetical finding is most likely? Obese participants will change their unhealthy eating behaviors. Non-obese participants will change their unhealthy eating behaviors. Obese participants will question the validity of the information provided. Non-obese participants will overemphasize the importance of the information provided.
Solution: The correct answer is C. This is incorrect because it is not the most likely outcome. It suggests that obese participants will change their behavior to align with their attitudes when there is a discrepancy between their attitudes and behaviors. This is incorrect because non-obese participants are less likely than obese participants to experience cognitive dissonance and change their behavior due to cognitive dissonance. C is correct. According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when an individual's attitudes are incongruent with his or her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance. To eliminate cognitive dissonance, the individual can either change his or her attitudes or his or her behavior. The theory posits that individuals are more likely to adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior than the other way around. Therefore, obese participants are likely to question the importance of the information provided. This is incorrect because non-obese participants are less likely than obese participants to experience cognitive dissonance and change their attitudes due to cognitive dissonance.
What is ΔG° for glycolysis? -207.0 kJ/mol -176.5 kJ/mol -85.0 kJ/mol -54.5 kJ/mol
Solution: The correct answer is C. This is the result if you subtract 2 × ΔG° for Reaction 2 instead of adding it. This is the result if you subtract ΔG° for Reaction 2 from ΔG° for Reaction 1. Glycolysis is the net sum of Reaction 1 and two rounds of Reaction 2. The overall free energy change can therefore be calculated as (-146 kJ/mol) + 2(30.5 kJ/mol) = -85 kJ/mol. This is the result if you add 3 × ΔG° for Reaction 2 to ΔG° for Reaction 1.
Compound 1 remains mainly confined to the central phase during the experiments because it is: hydrophilic with only polar groups. hydrophilic with both polar and nonpolar groups. lipophilic with only nonpolar groups. lipophilic with both polar and nonpolar groups.
Solution: The correct answer is D. The central phase is organic and separate from the aqueous phases on either side. This implies that solutes confined to it are lipophilic (hydrophobic). The central phase is organic and separate from the aqueous phases on either side. This implies that solutes confined to it are lipophilic (hydrophobic). Compound 1 must contain both polar and non-polar groups in order to function as an ion transporter in a hydrophobic phase. Compound 1 mimics a membrane symport. Thus, it is lipophilic. The structure has both polar (X: carboxyl group) and nonpolar (18-crown-6 itself and Y: amide and ether) groups.
Normally the immune system avoids attacking the tissues of its own body because: -a special intracellular process recognizes only foreign antigens. -the body does not make any antigens that the immune system could recognize. -it changes its antibodies to be specific only to foreign antigens. -it suppresses cells specific to the body's own antigens.
Solution: The correct answer is D. The immune system is designed to attack foreign material in the body. It avoids attacking tissues of its own body because it suppresses cells that are specific to its own body's antigens (surface molecules that would otherwise initiate an immune response).
The cell type in the male reproductive system that is most analogous to the female ovum is the: spermatogonium. primary spermatocyte. spermatid. spermatozoon.
Solution: The correct answer is D. The mature ovum is the female gamete that has completed meiosis and contains the haploid number of maternally derived chromosomes. This makes it most analogous to spermatozoa, the mature male gametes that contain the haploid number of paternally derived chromosomes. Thus, D is the best answer.
The pancreas produces which of the following substances for the digestive system? Bile salts Emulsifier Gastric juices Proteolytic enzymes
Solution: The correct answer is D. The pancreas produces several proteolytic enzymes, which are released into the small intestine where they are converted to their active forms of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase. Thus, D is the best answer.
The sled and rider start from a location on the hill that is 10 m lower than Point A. How does the speed of the sled and rider at Point B, starting from this location, compare to the speed of the sled and rider at Point B when starting from the top of the hill? It is slower by a factor of 4. It is slower by a factor of 2 (2^1/2) It is slower by a factor of 2 It is slower by a factor of 2^1/2
Solution: The correct answer is D. The sled and rider are free of friction sliding down the hill. Equating the loss of potential energy (mgh) to the gain of kinetic energy (mv2/2), the ratio of speeds at the bottom of the hill when starting at h = 10 m and at h = 20 m is: v210/v220 = 10/20. Taking the square root gives: v10/v20 = (1/2)1/2 or v10 is slower than v20 by a factor of 21/2. The correct answer is D.
ne potential complication of celiac disease is osteoporosis, which can occur as the body utilizes bone tissue to maintain adequate levels of calcium in the blood. The most effective way for the body to utilize bone tissue to increase blood calcium levels would be to simultaneously: A. increase osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast activity. B. increase osteoblast activity and increase osteoclast activity. C. decrease osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast activity. D. decrease osteoblast activity and increase osteoclast activity.
Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems." The answer to this question is D because while osteoblasts function to build and repair bone, osteoclasts break down bone. Therefore, to increase calcium levels in the blood, osteoblast activity should be decreased and osteoclast activity should be increased to release stored calcium from the bone to the bloodstream. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because it requires the identification of the correct design strategy to alleviate abnormalities that result from a disease state.
What kind of image is formed by the lenses of the glasses worn by a 68-year-old male who sees an object 2 m away? A. Real and enlarged B. Real and reduced C. Virtual and enlarged D. Virtual and reduced
Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category "How light and sound interact with matter." The answer to this question is D because the lenses have a negative focal length which means they are diverging lenses. Such lenses form virtual and reduced images of objects situated at distances larger than the focal length. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because the question requires identifying the relationships among closely related concepts.
Which of the following compounds is NOT a gluconeogenic precursor or substrate? Lactate Glycerol Oxaloacetate Phosphogluconate
Solution: The correct answer is D. This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this question is D because while lactate, oxaloacetate and glycerol are gluconeogenic precursors, phosphogluconate is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway and is not a precursor or substrate in gluconeogenesis. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recognize the enzymes that participate in metabolic pathway.
According to the passage, platelets are LEAST likely to contain: transmembrane serotonin transporters. ribosomes. serotonin. Ki67.
Solution: The correct answer is D. This is incorrect. The passage states that platelets are carrying serotonin that has been synthesized outside the platelets; therefore, there must be a mechanism for transporting serotonin into platelets. Serotonin would be transported into platelets by transmembrane transporters. This option is very likely to be true; therefore, it is not the correct answer. This is incorrect. Platelets are formed from large cells called megakaryocytes. Platelets consist of plasma membrane-encased megakaryocyte cytoplasm, which contains ribosomes. This option is very likely to be true; therefore, it is not the correct answer. This is incorrect. A major point of the passage is that platelets carry serotonin. This option is very likely to be true; therefore, it is not the correct answer. Platelets are cell fragments without nuclei and therefore would not be expected to contain a protein like Ki67 that is detected exclusively in the nuclei of proliferating whole cells. Because this option presents a situation that is unlikely to be true, it is the correct answer to the question.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon
Kohlberg theory of moral development
Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment The earliest stage of moral development is especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment. Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange At this stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. In the Heinz dilemma, children argued that the best course of action was the choice that best-served Heinz's needs. Reciprocity is possible at this point in moral development, but only if it serves one's own interests. Level 2. Conventional Morality Stage 3 - Interpersonal Relationships Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence relationships. Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority. Level 3. Postconventional Morality Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Stage 6 - Universal Principles Kolhberg's final level of moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.
demographic transition model
Stage 1: In pre-industrial societies, birth and death rates are both high and population growth is slow. Stage 2: As society industrializes, death rates drop as food/medicine availability and sanitation increase. Stage 3: As society urbanizes, birth rates decline as access to contraception increases. Stage 4: In developed societies, birth and death rates are both low and population growth is slow. Stage 5: Hypothetically, for developed societies with very low birth rates, population may decline.
A conflict theorist is most likely to reference which concept in order to explain the causes of access disparities for SUD treatment? A. Stratification B. Racialization C. Socialization D. Gentrification
Stratification -social stratification social stratification is the concept that a conflict theorist would suggest is most relevant to explaining the access disparities from the passage
shadowing
Technique where a participant is asked to repeat a word or phrase immediately after its heard
the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction can be influenced by what
Temp, pH, and salinity
Me (Mead)
The "Me" is what is learned in interaction with others and (more generally) with the environment: other people's attitudes, once internalized in the self, constitute the Me.[2] This includes both knowledge about that environment (including society), but also about who the person is: their sense of self. " socialized and conforming At the same time, 'the "Me" disciplines the "I" by holding it back from breaking the law of the community'. ex. individual studying for an exam instead of going to a party
Kinsey scale
The Kinsey scale scores a 6 as exclusively homo-sexual. A score of 3 would equate to bisexuality. 0 heterosexual
Which event is LEAST likely to occur during apoptosis? Cytochrome c release from the mitochondria Cell shrinkage and blebbing Caspase activation Damage to nearby cells caused by lysis
The answer is D because damage to nearby cells caused by lysis is a characteristic of necrosis, not apoptosis
A single point mutation in a gene results in a nonfunctional protein. Individuals heterozygous for this mutation were identified using a Southern blot. Which pair of wild-type (WT) and mutant alleles most likely contains the mutation?
The answer to this question is A because a Southern blot uses a restriction digest to differentiate between mutant and wild-type alleles. In order for a Southern blot to be useful, the mutation should either create or eliminate a restriction site, most of which are palindromes and 4 to 6 base pairs long. The mutation shown in this option is the only one that disrupts a palindromic sequence, AAGCTT. This sequence is the recognition sequence for HindIII.
Normally, a hypothalamic factor stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. In a patient with Addison's disease, the secretion of the hypothalamic factor will: A. be lower than normal. B. be higher than normal. C. be unchanged. D. increase before disease onset and decrease thereafter.
The answer to this question is B because ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids. According to the passage, Addison's disease occurs when cells of the adrenal cortex are destroyed, rendering them unable to secrete glucocorticoids. As part of a hormone cascade pathway, ACTH secretion is expected to be higher than normal in a patient with Addison's disease to attempt to stimulate the adrenal cortex.
A researcher compares the brain sizes of two groups of rats. Group 1 has been raised in impoverished cages with minimal access to socialization and exercise. Group 2 has been raised in enriched cages with regular access to socialization and exercise. This is best described as a study of: long-term potentiation. neural plasticity. hemispheric lateralization. synaptic reuptake.
The answer to this question is B because changes in brain size as a function of environmental influences is an example of neural plasticity.
If a patient with Addison's disease is given too high a replacement dose of glucocorticoids, the effect over time will be an increase in: A. muscle mass. B. muscle weakness. C. red blood cell count. D. heart rate.
The answer to this question is B because glucocorticoids act on skeletal muscle causing the breakdown of muscle proteins. Therefore, if a patient is given too high a replacement dose of glucocorticoids, this will result in muscle weakness.
One consequence of advanced malnutrition is reduced amounts of plasma proteins in the blood. This condition would most likely cause the osmotic pressure of the blood to: A. decrease, resulting in a decrease of fluid in the body tissues. B. increase, resulting in a decrease of fluid in the body tissues. C. decrease, resulting in an increase of fluid in the body tissues. D. increase, resulting in an increase of fluid in the body tissues.
The answer to this question is C because large plasma proteins, such as albumin, in the blood increase the osmotic pressure of the blood, which in turn, increases the return of fluid to the circulatory system from the body tissues. Therefore, with malnutrition, the osmotic pressure of the blood would decrease resulting in an increase of fluid in the body tissues. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it involves prediction of the outcome of a scientific scenario.
Which of the following best describes the bond that would form between the following two nucleotides if they were located adjacent to each other as shown in a single strand of DNA? A bond between the phosphate of the thymine and the phosphate of the adenine B. A bond between an oxygen in the thymine base and a nitrogen in the adenine base C. A bond between the phosphate of the thymine and the sugar of the adenine D. A bond between the phosphate of the adenine and the sugar of the thymine
The answer to this question is D because nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide in a way that the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group.
Archenteron
The archenteron develops into the gut.
Hydrolyisis
The breakage of molecules through the addition of water
An object that is totally immersed in benzene (specific gravity = 0.7) is subject to a buoyancy force of 5 N. When the same object is totally immersed in an unknown liquid, the buoyancy force is 12 N. What is the approximate specific gravity of the unknown liquid? 0.3 0.9 1.7 2.3
The buoyant force on an immersed object is the product of: (density of the liquid) × (volume of the object) × (acceleration of gravity). Forming the ratio of buoyant forces in the two cases gives: 12/5 = (density of the unknown liquid)/(density of benzene, 0.7). Solving for the specific gravity of the unknown liquid, which is the ratio of its density to that of water, gives (12/5) × 0.7 = 1.7.
-Central Route of Persuasion:
The degree of attitude change depends on quality of the arguments by the persuader. How much we are persuaded depends on quality of persuasion. ARGUMENT/Words are central
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
The elaboration likelihood model defines two routes of persuasion: The central route (focusing on the logical content of the message) is most effective when the audience is motivated by the message, whereas the peripheral route (focusing on superficial characteristics of the message) is more effective when people are not motivated by the message.
reproduction cycle
The follicular phase begins when the menstrual flow, which sheds the uterine lining of the previous cycle, begins. GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus increases in response to the decreased concentrations of estrogen and progesterone, which fall off toward the end of each cycle. The higher concentrations of GnRH cause increased secretions of both FSH and LH. These two hormones work in concert to develop several ovarian follicles. The follicles begin to produce estrogen, which has negative feedback effects and causes the GnRH, LH, and FSH concentrations to level off. Estrogen works to regrow the endometrial lining, stimulating vascularization and glandularization of the decidua (B). Estrogen is interesting in that it can have both negative and positive feedback effects. Late in the follicular phase, the developing follicles secrete higher and higher concentrations of estrogen. Eventually, estrogen concentrations reach a threshold that paradoxically results in positive feedback, and GnRH, LH, and FSH levels spike. The surge in LH is important; it induces ovulation, the release of the ovum from the ovary into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. After ovulation, LH causes the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. Remember that estrogen helps regenerate the uterine lining, but it is progesterone that maintains it for implantation. Progesterone levels begin to rise, while estrogen levels remain high. The high levels of progesterone again cause negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH, preventing the ovulation of multiple eggs. Assuming that implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum loses its stimulation from LH, progesterone levels decline, and the uterine lining is sloughed off. The loss of high levels of estrogen and progesterone removes the block on GnRH so that the next cycle can begin.
Humanistic Perspective
The humanistic perspective would look at the person as a whole and would analyze the person in accordance with his or her overall needs and goals.
Social identity refers to how individuals see themselves relative to others and is based on membership in socially defined groups.
The major social identities are sex/gender, sexuality, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, family status, and occupation.s
The mass equal to the nuclear binding energy of a nucleus.
The mass defect is a result of matter that has been converted to energy. The relationship between the two is shown in the equation E=mc2E=mc2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light. This energy, called binding energy, is what allows the protons and neutrons to bind together in the nucleus
medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata is a lower brain structure that is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
what parts of the ear are middle ear
The middle ear consists of three bones: the hammer (malleus), the anvil (incus) and the stirrup (stapes), the oval window, the round window and the Eustrachian tube.
cultural capital
The non-financial social aspects that promote social mobility (e.g. *education*, intellect, appearance).
The figure below shows Zn2+ in place of Fe2+ to form ZPP, which cannot bind to His F8 or O2. Based on the structure of ZPP, which of the following is the coordination number for Zn2+?
The number of coordinate bonds to the central atom is known as the coordination number. The four nitrogen atoms within the cavity of the PPIX ring form coordinate covalent bonds with the central atom. In ZPP, the central atom is Zn2+ and it forms four coordinate covalent bonds, making its coordination number 4
What is the sum of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in strontium-90? 90 126 128 218
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is given by the atomic number. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. The atomic number of strontium (Sr) is 38; so the number of neutrons is 90 - 38 = 52. The sum of protons, neutrons, and electrons in strontium is 38 + 38 + 52 = 128.
Vestibular input: The vestibular organ within the inner ear provides information about motion, equilibrium, and spatial orientation.
The organ is composed of three perpendicular semicircular canals and the otolith organs (utricle and saccule). The semicircular canals detect angular acceleration, whereas the otoliths detect linear acceleration (Choices B and C).
What is the oxidation number of aluminum in Na[Al(OH)4](aq)? +1 +2 +3 +4
The oxidation number of Na is +1, and the charge on a hydroxide ion is -1. For the compound to be neutral, aluminum would have to have an oxidation number of +3. Thus, C is the best answer.
Penetrance
The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually displays the phenotype associated with the genotype.
A new treatment for the common cold is released and 2,400 people take the drug in the first few days. Of those, 360 people complain of visual hallucinations. If a primary care physician has two patients who have taken the antiviral therapy, what is the probability that both patients will experience hallucinations?
The probability of hallucinating as a result of the treatment is 360/2400 or 0.15 (15%). The probability of two events occurring is the product of their individual probabilities: (0.15)(0.15) = 0.0225.
Transesterification
The process that transforms one ester to another when an alcohol acts as a nucleophile and displaces the alkoxy group on an ester. -methanol present
Cannon-Bard Theory
The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously and are INDEPENDENT of each other
quantum numbers
The quantum state of all electrons around an atom can be described using four quantum numbers (n, ℓ, mℓ, ms): -The principal quantum number n describes the main energy level (shell) of the electron and its most probable distance from the nucleus (n = 1, 2, 3, 4...). -The orbital angular momentum quantum number ℓ corresponds to the subshell type (s, p, d, f) and the corresponding shape of the orbital occupied by the electron, where ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., (n − 1). -The magnetic quantum number mℓ determines the number of orbitals of a given type and their orientations within a sublevel. For a given orbital, the values of mℓ include all integers ranging from −ℓ to +ℓ. -The electron spin quantum number ms describes the angular momentum of an electron, which is a vector quantity with a magnitude of ½ and a direction that is either spin up (positive) or spin down (negative).
Which of the following tissues have cells that are in direct contact with the external environment or elements of the external environment? The lining of the reproductive tract The lining of the respiratory tract The lining of the gastrointestinal tract I and II only I and III only II and III only I, II, and III
The question asks the examinee to identify those tissues that are in direct contact with the external environment or elements of the external environment. Tissues that are exposed to the external environment have mucosal membranes. All of the tissues listed contain an element of mucosa (e.g., the nasal cavity, vagina and anus). Thus, D is the best answer.
case-control study.
The question shows an example of a case-control study, where subjects with a certain outcome are assessed for previous risk factors.
how to tell thermodynamic stability
The question stem is asking about thermodynamic stability, or chemical energy. This has to do with how stable the bonds are IN the molecule. Boiling point only tells you how tightly the molecule "holds onto" other molecules of its kind. It is a physical, not a chemical, property. Boiling point is INTERmolecular, thermodynamic stability is INTRAmolecular. The question is asking about the quality of the compounds themselves, so you shouldn't be thinking about a property that requires more than one molecule (like boiling point).
specific heat of water
The specific heat of water is 4190 J/kg∙K. C = 4.186 joule/gram °C
functions of skin
The subcutaneous layer is composed of adipose cells that insulate the body, epidermal melanocytes prevent UV radiation from damaging the DNA of cells, hair is a keratinized derivative of skin that helps protect the body from external injury, and dermal sweat glands secrete sweat onto the skin surface to regulate body temperature.
In a large study of smokers it is found that 40% had fathers who were smokers and 6% had mothers who were smokers. Furthermore, 4% had both parents who were smokers. Based on these data, is having a father who smokes independent of having a mother who smokes?
The two events are not independent of each other If the two events were independent, the probability of having both events happen would be 0.4 × 0.06 = 0.024, or 2.4%, not 4%.
When switch S is closed to the left, charge begins to accumulate on the capacitor. Charge cannot accumulate indefinitely because: the variable resistor inhibits the current flow. the battery continually loses charge. successive charges brought to the plates are repelled by charges accumulated earlier. the fixed resistor loses energy to heat
The two plates of the capacitor collect charges of opposite sign. As more charge arrives it is harder and harder to fill the plates until finally an equilibrium occurs, thus C is correct.
Why is the α-anomer of d-glucose less likely to form than the β-anomer? The β-anomer is preferred for metabolism. The β-anomer undergoes less electron repulsion. The α-anomer is the more stable anomer. The α-anomer forms more in L-glucose.
The β-anomer undergoes less electron repulsion. The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of the β-anomer is equatorial, thereby creating less steric hindrance than the α-anomer, which has the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon in axial position.
theory of mind
Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand the thinking patterns of others. -ability to reason about what other people know or believe
histones are made of what amino acids?
These histone proteins have a net positive charge at physiological pH because they are rich in arginine and lysine (positively charged, basic amino acids). This net positive charge facilitates histone binding to negatively charged DNA.
Do viruses have DNA or RNA?
They can have either but are obligate parasites
UMN starts in cerebral cortex, axon travels down through brainstem, and where it meets ---> spinal cord most of these axons cross and travel down other side until they reach LMN.
This collection of axons is called the corticospinal tract. If it goes to brainstem, called corticobulbar tract
An inflatable cuff was used to temporarily stop blood flow in an upper arm artery. While releasing the pressure to deflate the cuff, a stethoscope was used to listen to blood flow in the forearm. The blood pressure reading was 130/85. Given this information, which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be true? A. 85 mmHg was the diastolic pressure. B. Blood flow was heard when the pressure of the cuff was greater than 130 mmHg. C. 130 mmHg was the systolic pressure. D. Blood flow was heard when the pressure of the cuff was 90 mmHg.
This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Importance of fluids for the circulation of blood, gas movement, and gas exchange." The answer to this question is B because the question indicates that the cuff was inflated to temporarily stop blood flow in the artery. The systolic pressure is determined from the first sound of blood flow that can be heard once the pressure exerted by the inflatable cuff falls below the pressure in the artery. The blood pressure reading was 130/85, which indicates that blood flow started again when the pressure was 130 mmHg. Therefore, blood flow was not heard when the pressure of the cuff was greater than 130 mmHg. A is not the correct response because the lower number of the blood pressure reading represents the diastolic pressure. C is not the correct response because the higher number of the blood pressure reading represents the systolic pressure. D is not the correct response because blood flow would be heard when the pressure of the cuff is 90 mmHg, as this pressure is higher than the diastolic pressure. It is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it requires you to make a scientific prediction using assumed knowledge about blood pressure.
#58 aamc 1. Assume that K and M are two unlinked genes that affect hearing. The dominant K allele is necessary for hearing, and the dominant Mallele causes deafness regardless of the other genes present. Given this, what fraction of the offspring of parents with the genotypes KkMmand Kkmm will most likely be deaf? A. 1/4 B. 3/8 C. 1/2 D. 5/8
This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic diversity." The answer to this question is D, because among the offspring of KkMm and Kkmm parents, the ones who lack a dominant K allele (necessary for hearing), or carry a dominant M allele (causes deafness) are deaf. Based on the Punnett square analysis, 10 out of 16 or 5/8 of all offspring are likely to be deaf. This is Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it requires you to calculate the number of offspring with a particular phenotype from a parental cross.
In general, catalysts lower the activation energy of the slowest step in a reaction.
Thus, they increase the rate of the reaction without increasing the number of collisions, the kinetic energy of the reactants, or the Keq of a reversible reaction.
Biochemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons produce an electromotive force. Given the following standard reduction potentials: Zn+2 + 2 e- -> Zn Ered=-0.763 Ag+ + e- --> Ered=+0.337 What is the standard electromotive force of the following reaction? Zn+2 + 2 Ag --> 2 Ag+ + Zn
To determine the standard electromotive force of a cell, simply subtract the standard reduction potentials of the two electrodes. In this case, the cathode is zinc because it is being reduced; the anode is silver because it is being oxidized. Thus, E°cell = E°red,cathode - E°red,anode = -0.763 - 0.337 = -1.10 V. While we must multiply the silver half-reaction by two to balance electrons, the actual value for the reduction potential does not change. Remember that the standard reduction potential is determined by the identity of the electrode, not the amount of it present.
features of transcription factors
Transcription factors are translated in the cytoplasm but act in the nucleus to control gene expression. They contain a nuclear localization sequence that allows nuclear import proteins to direct them back to the nucleus to alter gene transcription.
translation
Translation, the energy-requiring process by which ribosomes (with E, P, and A sites) make proteins from mRNA, occurs in eukaryotes in the following stages: Initiation: The small 40S ribosomal subunit complexes with initiation factors and binds the mRNA 5′ cap to scan the mRNA for the start codon (5'-AUG-3'), which codes for the amino acid methionine. An initiator transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule "charged" with methionine contains a complementary anticodon (3'-UAC-5') that base pairs with the AUG codon on mRNA (Number II). Subsequently, the 60S subunit is recruited and binds the initiator tRNA at the P site, marking the formation of the translation complex. Elongation: The ribosome continues to elongate the polypeptide chain by reading each mRNA codon in a 5′ to 3′ direction (Number III). During this step, a new charged tRNA with a complementary anticodon enters the A site. The enzyme peptidyl transferase then transfers the growing polypeptide chain from the tRNA at the P site to the new tRNA at the A site by catalyzing the peptide bond between adjacent amino acids on these tRNAs (Number I). The ribosome moves one codon forward, allowing the uncharged tRNA at the P site to translocate to the E site, where it is ejected. Another charged tRNA enters the A site, and this process is repeated until the ribosome encounters a stop codon. Termination: The polypeptide is released from ribosomes when a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is detected in the mRNA at the A site, indicating the end of translation. Release factors induce peptidyl transferase to cleave the ester (not peptide) bond between the polypeptide and the final tRNA, causing disassociation of the translation complex.
Serotonin derived from
Tryptophan -amino acid
degradation is controlled by targeting secretory proteins to the lysosome and cytosolic proteins to the proteasome.
Ubiquitin tags mark cytosolic proteins for proteasomal destruction.
multiple units for power
W J/s ft * lb/s kg *m^2/s^3
work done against gravity
W=mgh work= Jules unit mass= kg
comparative pessimism
When someone believes he or she is worse off or has higher risk than others
increase in pressure, the equilibrium will shift towards the side of the reaction with fewer moles of gas. vs
When there is a decrease in pressure, the equilibrium will shift towards the side of the reaction with more moles of gas
K is greater than 1
Which of the following is correct about the equilibrium constant K if ΔG < 0? = spontaneous K is zero K is less than 1 K is equal to 1 K is greater than 1
For brain, different. White on ______ and grey on ______. Axons go down tracts of white matter.
White on inside and grey on outside
Sound of a known frequency, wavelength, intensity, and speed travels through air and bounces off an imperfect reflector which is moving toward the source. Which of the following properties of the sound remains the same before and after reflection? Speed Intensity Frequency Wavelength
Within still air, the speed of sound remains constant. /v = λf. Since the "source" is moving toward the observer, frequency increases or, equivalently, wavelength decreases. The sound is still traveling in air, though, so v is constant.
calculating work on pully
Work is the product of force and distance. The easiest way to calculate the work in this pulley problem is to multiply the net force on the weight mg by the distance it is raised: 4 kg × 10 m/s2 × 5 m = 200 J. Therefore, answer choice D is the best answer.
Cu electron configuration ***exception
[Ar] 4s1 3d10
Cr electron configuration ***exception
[Ar] 4s1 3d5
arcuate fasciculus
a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia
resolving agent
a chiral compound used for separating enantiomers. -makes diastereomers
The donor cell contains the F (fertility) factor plasmid,
a circular piece of DNA containing genes that direct the formation of the sex pilus.
dysthymia
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression -is only depressed mood for less than 2 years
ethnographic research
a form of observational research that involves sending trained observers to watch and interact with consumers in their "natural environments"
Glycosidic bond formation requires a sugar with
a free anomeric carbon, called a reducing sugar. All free monosaccharides are reducing sugars whereas disaccharides are reducing only if one anomeric carbon does not participate in a glycosidic bond. Sucrose is the most common nonreducing sugar.
secondary group
a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity -employers, works, customers
gaba
a major *inhibitory*neurotransmitter
NADH can reduce
a mole of disulfide bonds. Since the protein has four disulfide bonds, four moles of NADH are needed
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal -big role in autonomic functions, and controlling things like respiration, digestion, and lower/higher functions
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness
A disproportionation reaction
a reaction in which an element in one oxidation state is both oxidized and reduced -to form two products
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. -sends visual information to occipital lobe of brain
Sensitization
a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus
zero sum game
a situation in which one person's gain is another's loss
primary group
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships -family and friends
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) = negative if negative correlation, higher number stronger correlation
amphoteric
a substance that can act as both an acid and a base
Meissner corpuscle
a tactile nerve ending receptor in the dermal papillae that is sensitive to touch (PNS)
dichotic listening
a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
reduction potential of a redox pair is the difference in standard reduction potentials of the oxidizing and reducing agents. This value indicates how likely a particular compound is to gain or lose electrons. More positive values indicate
a tendency to accept electrons, and more negative values indicate a tendency to lose electrons.
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
signal detection theory meaning
a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness. -hit, false alarm
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher -told behavior correct or incorrect
Mediating Variable:
a variable that helps explain the relationship between two other variables A mediating variable specifies a given cause (original predictor variable, independent variable) that works indirectly through a more direct cause (mediator variable) to a final effect (outcome variable, dependent variable). The mediator adds to the overall variance accounted for in the data and can explain how the dependent and independent variables are related. A mediating variable is one which explains the relationship between two other variables. "RELATIONSHIP between two variables" EXPLAINS WHY OR HOW the relationship o Explains the relationship between IV and DV o IV accounts for variations in DV o IV variations account for variations in mediator o Mediator variation account for variations in DV o When mediator is added to the mode, the relationship between the IV and DV decreases
PET scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task -measure activation of brain in particular areas
Inversion (gene mutation)
abc --> acb
Dissociative Disorders
abnormalities of identity/memory. Multiple personalities, or lost memories for part of their lives
analytical inteligence
abstract reasoning, evaluation, judgement -assesed by IQ tests and related to school
Validity
accuracy of measurement
achived status
acquired via direct effort
Paracrine signals
act on cells in the local area
Autocrine signals
act on the same cell that secreted the signal in the first place.
microfilaments are composed of ______
actin
Cofactors and coenzymes are small molecules that aid the catalysis, often by binding to the enzyme's ______________
active site
at low temperatures membrane fluidity can be increased by increasing
adding cholesterol -at cold temp -increase cis unsaturated fatty acids
kinase
adds a phosphate -an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
On the other hand, cortisol is a steroid hormone produced in the _____
adrenal cortex. It is also related to the sleep-wake cycle. Its levels slowly increase during early morning because increasing light causes the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus. CRF causes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the *anterior pituitary* which stimulates cortisol release. Cortisol contributes to wakefulness.
According to the provided information, the primitive bacteria were
aerobic and heterotrophic, whereas the primitive eukaryotes were anaerobic. If the primitive eukaryotes were anaerobic they could not exist in an oxygen-containing environment nor engage in metabolic processes requiring oxygen. Thus, the bacteria were likely to be able to carry out the oxygen-requiring reactions of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain while the primitive eukaryotes were not.
Affinity chromatography
affinity chromatography separates proteins based on their interactions with specific ligands NOT CHARGE
nmr values
aldehyde = 9.5 carboxy =12 ch3 = 1-3 aromatic =7
dimagnetic
all electrons are paired -repelled from magnet
energy is removed from the body by all of the follow heat transfer excepts A. conduction B. convection C. radiation all of above are ways heat leaves body through skin and sweat
all of above are ways heat leaves body through skin and sweat
bonding in secondary structure
alpha and beta sheets, bonding of peptide backbone
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
also known as linguistic relativity, posits that language influences our perception and cognition. For example, if a person's native language does not have separate names for the colors blue and indigo (instead referring to both as "blue"), that person may have difficulty discriminating blue from indigo in isolation but could learn to differentiate them with practice.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
amount of plasma filtered through the glomeruli per unit of time GFR= glomerular capillary BP - (plasma osmotic pressure + bowman capsule hydrostatic pressure)
limbic system components
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, -basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus
ping pong mechanism
an enzyme mechanism where a substrate binds to the enzyme and releases a product before the second substrate binds to the enzyme
negative priming
an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus
Visual agnosia
an inability to recognize objects in ventral pathway
Anodes attract
anions
Electrons flow from ____ to ____
anode to cathode
for galvanic cells, the anode is ___ charged and the cathode is ____ charged
anode=negatively charged cathode=positively charged
for electrolytic cells, the anode is ___ charged and the cathode is ____ charged
anode=positive cathode=negative
holoenzyme
apoenzyme + cofactor FAD is utilized in this catalysis as a cofactor, and thus succinate dehydrogenase is holoenzyme
drive-reduction theory
approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
Acetone (protic or aprotic)
aprotic
Gap junctions
are cell-cell junctions that mediate communication between cells. Protein channels (connexons) in one cell align with complementary channels in another cell to form pores that facilitate the passive and bidirectional exchange of ions and small solutes. Gap junctions are found in cell populations that depend on coordinated activity, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or neural tissue.
Buffer systems
are comprised of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid (often in equal concentrations). In either type of buffer, the mixture provides both acidic and basic species to counteract H+ or OH− ions from any strong acid or strong base that is added to the solution. This results in a much smaller change in pH than would have otherwise occurred without the buffer. The buffer species must be in much higher concentration than the amount of strong acid or strong base that is added to the system. If too much of a strong acid or base is added, too much of the weak acid or its conjugate base are consumed, and the buffer no longer resists changes to pH.
Surface traits
are evident from a person's behavior, while source traits are factors underlying human personality(fewer and more abstract
Coordinate covalent bonds
are formed between two atoms when one atom donates both shared electrons. Such bonds are often formed between electron-poor metal ions and electron-rich atoms in ligands in a complex, and the coordination number of the complex refers to the number of coordinate bonds formed with the metal ion.
Viroids
are not viruses; instead, they are pathogenic, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules lacking protein coats and primarily affect plants. They typically silence the expression of specific genes and inhibit protein synthesis by binding RNA sequences. Viroids enter cells by hiding inside viruses or through damaged tissue; they do not use the mechanisms described in the question.
Conformational isomers
are structures that have the same connectivity and can be interconverted by the rotation of σ bonds. Because conformational isomers are identical except for bond rotations, they are the same compound.
Teratogens
are substances that interfere with development, causing defects or even death of the developing embryo
nuclear factors
are the only elements that vary in different cells and therefore can confer both temporal and spatial regulation of their target genes.
Bacteriophages
are viruses that exclusively infect bacteria but do not enter host cells to replicate their genetic material. Instead, they use their tail sheath, a structure that injects the phage genome into a bacterium. The remaining viral structures of the phage, such as the tail fibers, the capsid, and the tail sheath, are left outside the bacterium.
premotor cortex
area of the frontal cortex, active during the planning of a movement, and mediating movement
The linguistic relativity hypothesis (Whorfian) .
asserts that cognition and perception are determined by language one speaks
psychophysical testing
assesses our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties -over/under estimation
densities of water with different units
ater has a density of 1000 kg/m3 = 1000 g/L = 1 kg/dm3 = 1 kg/L = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL.
anthropomorphism
attributing human characteristics to non-human animals, ex.pet sleeping with you at nigh
what type of disorder is this pedigree
auto dominant
Avesive Conditioning
avoidant and escape
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
avolition, disturbance of effect (laugh when supposed to cry)
LDL good or bad
bad -brings cholesterol to arteries
subjective
based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions
in type 1 diabetes what cells are destroyed
beta cells in islet of Langerhans in the pancreas
ligament
bone to bone connection
lyase
break bond and form double bond in process (or aromatic ring with double bonds)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
can detect and quantify proteins. Initially, a primary antibody (linked to a "reporter" enzyme) is added, which binds the antigen (protein). The samples are washed to remove unbound proteins, and the reporter enzyme substrate is added. The enzyme-substrate reaction creates a product that results in a quantifiable/detectable signal.
Cells that are overexposed to insulin
can develop resistance and take up less glucose than they normally would in the presence of insulin.
Cells of the innate immune system
can rapidly and nonspecifically recognize and destroy foreign antigens. In contrast, the adaptive immune system, subdivided into cell-mediated and humoral immunity, comprises cells that recognize specific antigens and mount more specialized immune responses against invading pathogens.
blood pressure lowest in the
capillaries and even less in the veins The highest pressure of circulating blood is found in arteries, and gradually drops as the blood flows through the arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins (where it is the lowest). The greatest drop in blood pressure occurs at the transition from arteries to arterioles.
what makes a lactone ring
carboxylic acid and alcohol
lymphatic system
carries excess fluid and proteins from interstitial space back to circualtion, absorbs fats and nutrients from GI tract by laceteals, and carries lymph through lymph nodes, where it is filtered and macrophages present in lymph nodes engulf bacteria and other foreign particles
RNA viruses replicate themselves by
carrying code for transcriptase that copies viral rna , need reverse transcriptase to replicate themselves
•Floppase protein
catalyzes the movement of a phospholipid from inner leaflet to outer leaflet, using ATP
constructionist understanding of gender
categories of gender are fluid and subject to processes of meaning making and collective definition building.
Current flows from ___ to ___
cathode to anode
cathode attracts
cations
gray matter
cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers (soma)
what does the heavy chain of the constant region of antibody do
cell recognition
Tight junctions are
cell-cell junctions that prevent water and solutes from diffusing between cells and across the epithelial cell layer. These junctions form a watertight seal that fully encircles the apical end of every cell in the basal epithelial sheet. Tight junctions serve as a barrier and separate tissue space; they are found in a number of tissues, including skin, gastrointestinal tract, and testis.
interact muscle movement is controlled by
cerebellum -indv muscle movement
cognitive dissonance people tend to
change their attitudes to match their behavior NOT change their behavior
racemic mixture requires
chiral center made Ch3MgBr = adds ch3
what do peroxisomes synthesize?
cholesterol and absorb nutrients that the cell has acquired. They are very well known for digesting fatty acids.
mitocondrial dna
circular loop of double stranded dna and no nuclear structure and no histones
what type of fatty acids are present in cell membrane?
cis fatty acids, in even numbers (unsaturated) and saturated
Please, Can I Keep Selling Seashells For Money, Officer?
citric acid cycle
mL=
cm^3
Elements in the same _____ have similar chemical properties
column (group)
conflict theory
competition between groups, over allocation of resources, assumes that power is unequally distributed across society
divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time -mult tasks at same time
Compact bone is organized into
concentric rings of bone matrix called lamellae. The entire unit of concentrically arranged lamellae surrounding a central haversian canal is known as an osteon, or a haversian system. Within each osteon, lacunae (spaces containing osteocytes) connect to one another via microscopic channels called canaliculi, which allow osteocyte waste exchange and nutrient delivery.
resistivity is the inverse of
conductivity
Reliable: Reliability is one of the most important elements of test quality. It has to do with the
consistency, or reproducibility, or an examinee's performance on the test.
reliable
consistent results
during exercise the blood vessels _____ except in
constrict, except in active muscles = dilate
Haversian canal
contain capillaries and nerves and osteocytes form concentric circles around them
peroxisomes
contain various oxidoreductase enzymes and function to help maintain the proper oxidation state within cells. Proteins in the peroxisomal lumen were translated entirely in the cytosol and imported.
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
contracts
superior colliculus
controls saccadic eye movement
cerebellum
coordination and regulation of voluntary muscles
endonuclease
correct mismatch nucleotides WITH IN dna strand (ex: mismatch repair enzymes)
By convention, levorotatory molecules rotate light
counterclockwise. Similarly, by convention, counterclockwise rotation is denoted as negative degrees.
Aromatic
cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) structures with a ring of resonance bonds that gives increased stability
For example, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway occur in the
cytosol
exchange theory
decision making via cost-benefit analysis
urbanization leads to ______ birth rate
declining
positron emission and electron capture both
decrease the atomic number by one.
water melts and _____ volume
decreases volume -freezing = increases volume
sublimation
defense mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
The process of β-oxidation involves the
degradation of fatty acids to produce NADH and FADH2, which enter the electron transport chain (ETC). Acetyl-CoA is also produced and can enter the citric acid cycle to yield additional NADH and FADH2. In the ETC, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are ultimately transferred to oxygen, which is reduced to water in the process.
sexual dimorphism
degree to which male and female resemble each other -low sexual dimorphism = similar characteristics btw male and female
filtration column what will come out first denatured or non-denatured ?
denatured = smaller components separated = denatured , stick in beads non-denatured = bigger = first through column
specific gravity formula
density of substance/density of water
gas to solid
deposition
dysthymia
depressive mood in general (at least 2 years)
Ph > pka
deprotonated
steroid hormones structure
derived from cholesterol
Venturi effect
describes the decrease in pressure observed concurrent to an increase in fluid velocity. The Venturi effect is modeled by Bernoulli's equation, which describes the conservation of energy in fluids.
Reliability
describes the degree to which a measure is consistent (eg, a similar score for a person who takes the same assessment twice). Reliability also describes the extent to which an experiment is replicable or reproducible (ie, repeating the experiment produces similar results).
Relative deprivation
describes the discontent people experience when they believe they are entitled to something yet are being deprived of it.
Cultural transmission
describes the passing of cultural elements (material, nonmaterial, or both) from one generation to the next. Immigrant children who learn how to cook native foods from their parents are illustrating the transmission (not diffusion) of material culture.
Social desirability bias
describes the tendency of research participants to overemphasize positive behaviors (eg, studying) while downplaying or underreporting undesirable behaviors (eg, consuming alcohol). This bias fails to explain why the comparison between American and foreign students is inappropriate.
dissociation coping
detach from situations that cause stress
elements in the same row have ____ chemical properties
different, different number of valence e- (period)
somatoform disorders
disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings -no remembering trauma
dissociatve disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings, awareness broken down
enzyme do not change what
do NOT CHANGE potential energy, initial state, and final state -ONLY CHANGE ACTIVATION ENERGY -answer line 3
Juxtacrine signals
do not usually involve diffusion, but rather feature a cell directly stimulating receptors of the adjacent cell.
paternalistic pattern
doctor knows best expresses an attitude of superiority
setting up Ksp
dont use solids dont use liquids products/reactants -use mols for ^x
Catacholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Acusition
during acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are repeatedly paired to create an association. Multiple pairings are required, but the number of trials needed can vary depending on what is being learned.
what layer is eye derived from?
ectoderm
endo, meso, ectoderm
ectoderm = skin, hair, nervous system and eyes / endoderm= epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid and bladder mesoderm = musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue
pathway of communication btw neurons
electric signal in the pre-synaptic neuron travels down a thin nerve fiber called an axon which conducts the signal to the axon terminals. From there, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft (synapse), the region between the axon terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron, altering the electric potential of the cell. Lastly, the change in electric potential spreads to the cell body (soma). B.Axon, synapse, dendrite, soma
Pluralism
encourages racial and ethnic variation
reduce chromosome number, keep genetic info same
end-to-end (telomere-to-telomere) fusion of two chromosomes and inactivation of one of the centromeres. This fusion would initially generate a larger chromosome with two centromeres, and inactivation of one of these centromeres would produce a single new chromosome, reducing the chromosome number in the cell by one (Number I). breakage of a chromosome at the centromere and fusion of each chromosomal portion to the ends of other chromosomes. This initial breakage would result in two individual chromosomal portions. Fusion of these portions to other chromosomes would cause the original chromosome to be lost, also reducing the overall chromosome number in the cell by one (Number II). As both chromosomal events involve the transfer of intact genetic material to different chromosomes, neither would lead to a loss of coding information. In addition, because telomeres and centromeres are noncoding sequences, changes to these sequences due to chromosomal fusion or breakage would not likely affect protein-coding information.
developing long bones vs adult bones. Long bones grow via ________ ossification, which requires *cartilaginous* growth plates at the ends of long bones, that thicken as cartilage and later become ossified
endochondral
where are lipids synthesized?
endoplasmic reticulum
apoenzyme
enzyme if it was without a cofactor,
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay -isolate specific proteins among hundreds
he normal path of sperm movement from the male testis to the point of fertilization in the female is: epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube. epididymis, vas deferens, ureter, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube. epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, uterus, ovary. interstitial cells, epididymis, vas deferens, vagina, uterus, ovary.
epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube.
Catecholmines
epinephrine and norepinephrine -can be apart of inflammatory response but part of endocrine system = act on cells far away from their origin
residential history since birth (asked of participants in Study 2), requires retrieval of ________ information from memory.
episodic
endoderm becomes
epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems; associated glands
A researcher is interested in how anxiety disorders affect escape learning. Which procedure is most appropriate for assessing the dependent variable in this study? A. Having the participants fill out a validated questionnaire that screens for anxiety disorders B. Having a trained practitioner assess the participants for anxiety disorders C. Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to avoid a response that results in an electric shock when the electric shock is signaled with a tone D. Monitoring how many trials it takes for participants to be conditioned to perform a response that results in the termination of an electric shock
escape vs avoidance The purpose of the study was to determine how anxiety disorders affect escape learning, and this option is the only one that refers to an empirical observation of escape behavior. *escape learning, a behavior terminates an (aversive) stimulus. In avoidance learning, behavior is maintained that prevents a stimulus.*
Genes that are actively transcribed are found on unwound stretches of chromatin called
euchromatin, which transcription machinery can easily access.
A medical student is feeling a high level of stress due to upcoming exams and pressure from his family to engage in activities at home. He chooses to go the gym for a workout to help himself relax. This workout is which type of stress?
eustress
Iron rule of oligarchy
even most democratic of organizations become more bureaucratic over time until they're governed by select few. Why? Conflict theory explains it. Once person gains leadership role in organization they might be hesitant to give it up. (those with power have vested interest in keeping it) Also those who achieve power might have skills that make them valuable. -Oligarchy: a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
feature detection
exclusively vision
Formation of bonds between two molecules is _____
exothermic process, thus, ΔH is less than zero.
imprinted gene
expressed in a parent specific manner
superior colliculi
eye movement when tracking a moving object (midbrain)
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
fasten cells together into strong sheets -intracellular domain coordinates with cells cytoskeleton and extracellular domain coordinates with neighboring cells extracellular domain
growth hormone
fatty acid break down and inhibit liver glucose uptake
In human females, mitotic divisions of oogonia that lead to formation of presumptive egg cells (primary oocytes) occur between: fertilization and birth only. fertilization and puberty only. birth and puberty only. puberty and menopause only.
fertilization and birth only. -fertilization --> birth --> puberty --> menopause.
Order of cell development
fertilization, ovum completes meiosis II, blastula formed, gasturation, neutralization
Self-concept aka Self Identity - is how someone thinks-about/perceives/evaluates themselves, aka self-awareness. o Derived from self-esteem and self-efficacy (talked about in next video)o Development of self-concept has 2 parts:
first, an existential self and then a categorical self.
Furanose is the
five membered ring with the 1-4 carbons serving as the ether bonds.
emotional arousal
focus a persons attention to central features of an event
selective attention
focusing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring other stimuli
mesoderm
form inner layers of skin, muscles, bones, cardiac muscles, kidneys, and bladder, ovaries/testes, cardiovascular system
stabilizing selection
form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end -maintaining of phenotype -one phenotype
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
glycogenesis
formation of glycogen from glucose
ionic bond is
formed between elements of high and low electronegativity -left and then right on periodic table
5 Factor Model (Big 5)
found in all people of all populations.−Openness(independent vs. conforming, imagining vs. practical), −Conscientiousness(careful vs. careless, disciplined vs. impulse, organized or not), −Extroversion, −Agreeableness(kind vs. cold, appreciative vs. unfriendly), −Neuroticism. -Use acronym OCEAN Cattell, Eysenck, and Big 5 all use factor analysis-a statistical method that categorizes and determines major categories of traits. Allport's theory did not, he used different methods.
what stays the same when wave goes through medium
frequency stays same, When waves travel from one medium to another the frequency never changes.
microtubules are cellular structures that originate from ____
from centrosomes
Alveolar cells are epithelial lung cells, and islet beta cells are pancreatic insulin-secreting cells. Both are derived ___
from the endoderm
Protein catabolism refers to the breakdown of polypeptide chains and proteins into individual amino acids to produce ATP, glucose, or new proteins. Transamination reactions
generate α-keto acids from amino acids by transferring the NH3 group to α-ketoglutarate, which is converted to glutamate.
vertical gene transfer
genes passed by reproduction
meiosis occurs in ____ cells
germ (gametocytes)
cost signaling
giving signals to others that person who's giving has resources. People have increased trust in those they know have helped others in the past. Signals that the person is open to cooperation.
g protein signaling steps
glucagon bind to receptor --> activation coupled G protein --> activates adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A and increases cAMP levels
during starvation
glucagon secretion, gluconeogensis, hydrolysis of triglycerol
NMDA receptors are a subtype of
glutamate receptor. Higher expression of NDMA receptors in the hippocampus than the cortex would render the hippocampus more vulnerable to the excess release of extracellular glutamate
glucagon signals
glycogenolysis (make glucose from glycogen)
HDL cholesterol
good cholesterol -brings cholesterol to liver to be broken down
long-term potentiation
gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation -In neuroscience, long-term potentiation is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons
In spinal cord, grey is on _____ and white matter on ______
grey=inside white=outside
Paraphilic Disorders
having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli
The phase transition from a solid to a liquid requires
heat (energy) to break the bonds between molecules; this energy is the latent heat of fusion. When heat is added to a mixture of ice and water at 0°C, the heat will first go toward melting the ice before raising the temperature of the water.
what regions of the antibody bind to antigen
heavy and light variable regions
Push and pull factors
help explain human migration patterns. Push factors (eg, unemployment, war) describe why people move away from their native country, and pull factors (eg, education, opportunities for girls) describe why people move to a new country
both telomeres and centromeres are composed of
heterochromatin Because of its structurally restrictive form, heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive, meaning that proteins responsible for regulating gene expression cannot access the tightly packed DNA. As a result, hetechromatic regions are often gene-poor and contain repetitive DNA. -Telomeres contain repeats of only TTAGGG, a single DNA sequence of six nucleotides that is added by the enzyme telomerase.
Inactive genes are usually in highly condensed DNA known as
heterochromatin, which is much less accessible.
striate cortex (primary visual cortex)
higher order processing of visual input
Lower Rf _____ interaction with silica (higher or lower) and the compound is _______ (more or less) polar
higher, more polar
In prophase I of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes recognize each other and line up side by side during synapsis. Because each homologous chromosome consists of two identical (sister) chromatids, this adjacent chromosomal alignment forms a tetrad (four chromatids total). Tetrads arise when a synaptonemal complex (protein structure) forms between homologous chromosomes and holds them together tightly. The tetrad structure allows physical contact between the paternal and maternal chromosomes at the chiasma, a point where a chromosome segment can break off and rejoin with the opposite homologous chromosome. This exchange of DNA is the hallmark feature of the process called crossing over.
antidiuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland which aids in water reabsorption by the kidney
galvanic (voltatic) cells
house spontaneous reactions (ΔG <0) with a positive electromotive force
protic solvent
hydrogen attached to F, O, N ex: ethanol
protease is what type of enzyme
hydrolase
social selection
idea that an individual's health can influence their social mobility. Also that social conditions can affect reproductive rates of individuals in a population
Internalization
idea/belief/behaviour has been integrated into our own values. We conform to the belief privately. Stronger than other types of conformity. -Ex: start going to gym to comply with friends, but then might internalize that exercise is good for you and continue the behavior
Autoimmunity disorders occur due to the immune system's failure to
identify and destroy immune cells that recognize self-antigens. Self-reactive B cells and T cells are normally eliminated in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively
Strain Theory
if person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may turn to deviance. -Pushed to attain certain goals, but may not have legitimate ways to achieve success
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
in biology, a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of protein
place theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
Binocular depth cues
include retinal disparity and convergence: Retinal disparity, or distance between the two eyes, results in slightly different images projected onto the respective retinas. The closer an object or scene is to the two eyes, the more dramatic the disparity. Higher-order processing in the brain compares the difference between the two-dimensional retinal images to help give rise to the perception of three-dimensional depth. Convergence occurs because of the angular positioning of the eyes: The closer an object is to the observer, the more the eyes turn inward (or converge) to focus on that object. The brain interprets the angle of convergence as an indication of distance from the observer.
exercise leads to body temp
increase One major function of the skin is thermoregulation. Body temperature can be increased by vasoconstriction of skin arterioles, shivering, and (in hairier animals) piloerection. Body temperature can be decreased by vasodilation of skin arterioles and sweating
optimum pH varies from one enzyme to another, but
increase in temp always increases rate of reaction because most enzymes optimum temperature is 37 degrees C
According to the item, she also noticed that she produced more urine than usual. The increased urine production can be explained by an
increased blood pressure caused by adrenaline, released in response to excitement or anxiety—the fight or flight response.
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels
Electron emission
increases the atomic number by one
Unlinked genes assort
independently
Ego-systonic
individual perceives his or her behavior as correct, normal or in harmony with their goals. -all personality disorders
signal cascade in development that changes the structures or function of developing tissues through chemical mediators is
induction
Sphingolipids
influence structure/fluidity of membrane long fatty acid chain polar head group backbone=amino alcohol (not glycerol) -one fatty acid after hydrolysis
GABA(brain) andGlycine(spinal cord) are the most common
inhibitory NT
calcitonin
inhibits osteoporosis, it must function to take calcium out of the blood and into the bone while preventing the loss of calcium from bone into the blood. -mnemonic students use to remember which hormone puts calcium into bone and which gets rid of it is: Calcitonin-in, parathroid-rid.
limbic system
instinct and mood. -it controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).
Bacteriophages use the host cell's machinery and resources to replicate their genome and synthesize viral proteins to form new virions. Phages with a lytic life cycle replicate rapidly and release progeny via lysis of the host cell. In contrast, phages with a lysogenic life cycle
integrate their genome with the host genome and replicate as the cell divides.
diathesis-stress model
integrates the influence of biological predispositions and the environment.
transformation
introduce a foreign plasmid into bacteria, the bacteria then amplifies the plasmid, making large quantities of it -not from another bacteria, DNA IS from exterior environment
How is reactivity related to ionization energy?
inversely The reactivity of the metal inversely correlates to its first ionization energy. That means that if a metal has a very low ionization energy then it is very reactive. and the highest ionization energy has the lowest reactivity
endocrine signals
involve secreted hormones that travel through the bloodstream to a distant target tissue.
Heterogeneous catalysts
involve the adsorption of reactants onto the surface of the catalyst and provide higher reaction rates with increased surface area.
inferior colliculus
involved with processing auditory input
Transduction
involves DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another by a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria). During assembly of bacteriophages inside an infected cell, bacterial DNA can become trapped within the capsid of newly created bacteriophages. Subsequent infection of other cells with these new bacteriophages results in the transfer of bacterial DNA into a new host. Neither of the experimental E. coli cultures was exposed to bacteriophages.
Adaptive radiation
involves the divergence of one species into multiple species over time, which can occur when subgroups of the original species are separated or isolated in different environments so that these subgroups evolve independently of one another.
smell acception how is it interoperated by brain
ipsilateral same side
The McGurk effect
is a categorical change in auditory perception that occurs whenever the auditory stimulus does not match the visual stimulus during speech perception. -see over ride hear
aggregate
is a collection of individuals who share a common location but do not identify as a group (eg, all the people at a given store at 11:00 AM).
recognition-primed decision model
is a decision-making model in which experience and recognition of similar situations one has already experienced play a large role in decision-making and actions. It is also one of the explanations for the experience of intuition
Conversion disorder
is a mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation.
prion
is a misfolded protein that acts as an infectious agent by inducing other normal proteins to change their secondary structure and become misfolded. These less soluble misfolded proteins aggregate and can cause disease. Prions do not contain genetic material and cannot transform bacteria.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
is a model of the body's stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. An individual enters the stage of exhaustion only after that individual has encountered the stressor for a prolonged period of time.
Multiple sclerosis
is a neurodegenerative disease in which immune cells attack the myelin sheaths surrounding axons in the CNS.
Alzheimer's disease
is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disease characterized by the presence of plaques composed of beta amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau proteins.
A ternary complex
is a protein complex containing three different molecules that are bound together.
The Implicit Association Test (IAT)
is a psychometric technique designed to measure unconscious attitudes, including prejudice (negative feelings and beliefs).
dependency ratio
is a ratio of the number of economically dependent members of the population to the number of economically productive members. The economically dependent are those considered too young or too old to work, whereas the economically productive are the working-age population (approximately between the ages of 18 and 65). It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it requires identifying the concept that is most relevant to demographic trends.
The serial positioning effect
is a retrieval cue that appears while learning lists. When researchers give participants a list of items to memorize, the participants have much higher recall for both the first few and last few items on the list. The tendency to remember early and late items is known as the primacy and recency effect, respectively. The question stem did not state that the student remembered certain information about sea turtles better than others or imply that the student used lists to learn this information.
The endomembrane system
is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. In your cells, the endomembrane system is made up of both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. -where secreted proteins are cleaved into mature form
Reconstructive bias
is a type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress.
Compliance
is a type of conformity whereby an individual publicly goes along with the group but privately maintains his or her own stance. Without information regarding the private stance of the subjects, it is not possible to determine if compliance is occurring.
Eustress
is a type of stress that arises from positive life events such as having an article accepted for publication in a journal.
Visible light travels more slowly through an optically dense medium than through a vacuum. A possible explanation for this could be that the light: is absorbed and re-emitted by the atomic structure of the optically dense medium. is absorbed and re-emitted by the nucleus of the material in the optically dense medium. bounces around randomly inside of the optically dense medium before emerging. loses amplitude as it passes through the optically dense medium.
is absorbed and re-emitted by the atomic structure of the optically dense medium.
Class consciousness
is an awareness of one's social status in society (which is necessary for social classes to unite in revolution), and false consciousness refers to an inaccurate assessment of one's own status. Neither concept explains the success of immigrant youths.
The Flynn effect
is an observation regarding the growth of IQ from one generation to next
The molecular weight of dNMPs in decreasing order
is deoxyguanosine (dGMP), deoxyadenosine (dAMP), deoxythymidine (dTMP), and deoxycytidine (dCMP).
Partial reinforcement, unlike continuous reinforcement,
is only reinforced at certain intervals or ratio of time, instead of reinforcing the behavior every single time.
social dysfunction
is process that has undesirable consequences and may reduce the stability of society
Transformation
is the cellular uptake of foreign DNA from the environment. This process is enhanced with increased cell membrane permeability (competence) that occurs in response to physical manipulation. The question does not state that E. coli K-12 was made competent by experimental techniques.
During β-oxidation, long-chain fatty acids are activated with coenzyme A and shuttled by enzymes from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix. The rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation
is the conversion of fatty acyl-CoA molecules into fatty acylcarnitine by carnitine acyltransferase I.
bottleneck effect
is the drastic reduction in population size that occurs in response to some sudden and uncontrollable disaster (eg, flood, famine, human-induced catastrophe). In a bottleneck event, no genotype or phenotype is protective, and members of the population are eliminated randomly. This substantially alters the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of the population in a way that doesn't necessarily follow the principles of natural selection (where organisms with beneficial alleles are more likely to survive). -decrease genetic diversity
Haptic perception
is the exploration of objects through touch, most often by the hand or fingers.
External validity, also known as generalizability,
is the extent to which study results can be applied outside the laboratory to real-life situations. Experiments where all of the variables are tightly controlled may have a high degree of reliability and internal validity but not be very generalizable to the real world.
Genetic drift
is the fluctuation of allele frequencies within a population due to chance events. This can lead to random loss of alleles within a population. In general, low-frequency alleles have an increased probability of being eliminated by random events than do high-frequency alleles. Because alleles on the Y chromosome exist at the lowest frequencies, they are most susceptible to loss by random chance alone.
fecundity
is the potential reproductive capacity of a female
Transfection
is the process by which genetic material, usually in the form of a plasmid, is introduced into eukaryotic cells. E. coli K-12 is a prokaryotic cell, meaning that transfection does not apply to this scenario.
The dependency ratio
is the ratio of the number of dependents (people age 0-14 and 65+) to the number of productive members in a society, given as a rough estimate. The higher the dependency ratio, the more pressure there is on working-age members of society to support dependents.
instinctual drift,
is the tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with learned behaviour from operant conditioning.
Role strain
is the tension that results from competing demands within the context of a single role. As applied to the question, the tension that the cultural liaison experiences is between different responsibilities within the same occupational role.
However Bomb calorimeter is an ______ system which works at constant volume
isolated
The correct order of synthesis for the precursors of steroid hormones is
isoprene → monoterpene → squalene → cholesterol.
Condensation reactions
join two molecules together, and release one or more water molecules in the process.
Arrhenius equation
k=Ae^(-Ea/RT)
Catalytic turnover is represented by
kcat and is proportional to the maximum reaction velocity, which is obtained at high substrate concentrations.
Catalytic efficiency is represented by
kcat/Km and reflects the ability of the enzyme to work at low substrate concentrations.
what unit is mass in potential energy formula
kg
Crystalized intelligence (gc)
knowledge and skills gained through experience and education and the ability to access that knowledge; intelligence that tends to increase over the life span
avolition
lack of action and lack of emotion
psychological adaptations
lack of attention to a stimulus, can be reversed by being reminded that stimulation exists
starting materials for gluconeogenesis
lactate, oxalolacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate
longest bond has
largest atomic radius The length of a sigma bond can be estimated as the sum of the atomic radii of the bonded atoms. Atomic radii tend to decrease across a row and increase down a column on the periodic table.
Meritocracy society
leaders and status in life depend primarily on individual talents, abilities, and effort. It is a social system in which people advance on the basis of their merits. -not elected or born into it
Single Slit Diffraction
leads to pattern of dark and bright bands
vicarious learning
learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Contralateral control:
left brain controls right body and right brain controls left body. Basically true for all of your senses. [This doesn't apply to smell: which is ipsilateral (same side)
dominant hemisphere
left hemisphere
hunger and full hormones
leptin is released by white adipocytes to trigger appetite suppression via the hypothalamus. In contrast, in an energy-poor state, ghrelin is released by stomach gastric cells to trigger hunger and food-seeking behavior via the hypothalamus.
Continuity
lines are seen as following the smoothest path. Ex: You group the line together! (dots that make up a line)
−C. Robert Cloninger
linked personality to brain systems in reward/motivation/punishment, such as low dopamine correlating with higher impulsivity
carotenoids
lipid derivatives
Insulin stimulates
lipid synthesis by activating the major enzymes involved in fatty acid production: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. PDH converts pyruvate produced from glucose into acetyl-CoA, which is transported to the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis.
lipids, carbs, proteins, ethanol yield how many kcal per gram
lipids = 9 kcal/g carbs and proteins= 4 kcal/g ethanol = 7 kcal/g
smooth er makes
lipids and carbohydrates -no ribosomes
Bile salts are produced in the ________
liver, secreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder, and sent from there to the small intestine by way of the common bile duct. In the intestine, bile salts make it easier for your body to absorb and digest the fats and fat-soluble vitamins that you've eaten.
Prosody
located on right hemisphere. Concerned with larger units of speech like syllables, contributes to linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. -Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or by choice of vocabulary
organ of Corti is
located within the cochlea of the inner ear. Unlike the vestibular organs, the cochlea is not directly involved in processing spatial information. Instead, the main role of the cochlea is sound processing and transmission of auditory information to the temporal lobe of the brain
cutaneous pain is _______ specific
location
-Peripheral Route of Persuasion:
looks at superficial/expertise/non-verbal persuasion cues, such as attractiveness/status of persuader. The doctor himself is peripheral (he is the one delivering the words!)
anhedonia
loss of interest in formally enjoyable activities = don't find satisfaction out of anything anymore
Vision: Optic Chiasm
loss of vision due to broken optic chiasm = temporal vision loss
deviations from ideal gas behavior
low temp high pressure high volume
that women have ______ bone density than men.
lower
high pH means _____ conductivity
lower -less H+ ions
enzyme concentration should be ____ than substrate concentration
lower E < S
most vigorous reaction will occur with the ________ reduction potential
lowest most negative
ksp relationship with solubility
lowest Ksp, lowest solubility, less ions in solution, safer to accidentally swallow with water
empirical formal
lowest whole number ratio of moles of each element -found by taking grams used and divide by molar mass
the coding strand is identical to ______
mRNA -which is complementary to template strand
template vs coding strand vs mRNA
mRNA read 5-->3
The lung cells of heavy smokers would be expected to have greatly increased concentrations of cP-450 and: A. DNA sequences that code for cP-450. B. mRNA sequences that code for cP-450. C. rRNA that process cP-450. D. tRNA that are specific for cysteine
mRNA sequences that code for cP-450. The answer to this question is B, because protein levels relate most directly to mRNA levels.
Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid)
major *excitatory* neurotransmitter
Which statement is the most reasonable explanation for the observation of intrusion errors in Study 2? A. False information was encoded. B. Memory is prospective. C. Memory is reconstructive. D. Repressed information was retrieved.
make false memory = memory reconstructive -reconstructing memory
consensus cues
matches others' behaviors--> dispositional if differs from socially expected behavior
sperm, produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, completes
maturation and becomes motile in the epididymis
Overlapping confidence intervals indicate that the difference between groups
may or may not be statistically significant.
Hematocrit.
measured as a percentage of the total blood volume, indicates the number of red blood cells in a blood sample. Hemolysis induced by oxidative stress can reduce hematocrit
Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way? A. Chemically B. Mechanically C. Electrically D. Synaptically
mechanically -mechanoreceptors (touch and sound)
heat of fusion means
melting -solid to liquid
Korsakoff's syndrome
memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain -alcohol abuse
Somatic Symptom Disorder:
mental disorders manifesting in physical (somatic) symptoms. o Can be any symptom. Wrist pain or general feeling of fatigue o May or may not be able to explain what we see (the physical condition). May or may not be related to a physical condition o Must cause functional impairments. Stops them from going to school or enjoying life. These individuals have excessive levels of all of the following symptoms: worried (excessively), have extreme levels of anxiety, and spend lots of time and energy worrying/stressing about these symptoms, etc.
what makes something optically inactive
meso = plane of symmetry
notocord is what origin
mesoderm
Covalent post-translational modifications such as
methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation alter the association of histones with DNA.
alpa-tubulin is part of
microtubules = found in cilia and flagella
XXX genotype effects are
mild, all excess x are inactivated
Absolute threshold of sensation
minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur in the
mitochondria
erythrocytes lack ____ so they undergo ______ respiration
mitochondria -anaerobic -pyruvate ---> lactate
skeletal myocytes are incapable of ..
mitosis/dividing
1 mole of any substance _____ in grams
molar mass
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
molecules are short, double-stranded RNA sequences that decrease the translation of target proteins. siRNAs contain complementary sequences that bind to the mRNA of the target protein and signal for its degradation.
As an object approaches the eye, ciliary muscles alter the shape of the lens. This is referred to as accommodation and is processed by the brain as a depth perception cue. However, accommodation is a
monocular cue because it can be performed by only one eye and therefore does not contribute to stereopsis.
nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH)
more or less replaced Ni-Cd batteries because they have higher energy density and are more cost effective, and are less toxic
the descending loop of nephron is the _____ permeable to water
most
Glutamate
most common excitatory neurotransmitter. -Reticular activating system(required for consciousness) has diffuse projection of glutamate to the cerebral cortex
ring strain in cycloalkanes
most ring strain, most unstable, to least ring strain most stable
Color and form are processed by the parvo pathway;
motion and depth are processed by the magno pathway. Parallel processing is the cognitive ability to process color, form, motion, and depth simultaneously
incentive theory
motivation is the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments, from outside indiv. ex: community, values, culture
gross movement is controlled by
motor cortex in cerebrum
vasodilation
moves heat to surface of body, release heat, not evenly
Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical, _____nuclidated, striated, and under voluntary control.
multinucleated
Each oligodendrocyte myelinates segments of
multiple adjacent axons in the CNS
Systematic review
multiple studies all analyzing one thing, massive analysis based on results of combined studies
mmHg to kPa
multiply by 101.325/760 101.3 kPa = 760 mmHg
tendon
muscle to bone connection, flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
white matter
myelinated axons
what quantum number is size
n
formula for number of peptides that contain one each of n amino acids is
n! (n factorial). For n = 3 (a tripeptide), n! = 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 = Answer C. Alternatively, for a tripeptide ABC, the following combinations are possible: ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA, or six = Answer C.
The major difference between native PAGE and SDS PAGE is that
native PAGE the proteins migrate by charge to mass ratio SDS PAGE the proteins migrate exclusively because of the mass This is because SDS being an anionic detergent, will impart a series of negative charge in the protein molecule making them linear negatively charged molecules. The charge being all the same, i.e., negative, the proteins then migrate due to their mass.
aldol condensation
need heat -after aldol addition -form double bond -release water (to make double bond) = dehydration rxn
Left side needed for language, right side _____ of brain
needed for action/perception/attention
When Keq <1, then E cell is
negative (non-spontaneous)
medication used to treat schizophrenia
neuroleptic -treat positive symptoms -increase negative symptoms
byproduct of amino acid and protein metabolism
nitrogen
isobaric
no change in pressure
isothermic
no change in temperature
isovolumentric/isochoric
no change in volume
adiabatic
no heat in or out of system
Prostaglandins are
nonhydrolyzable, 20-carbon (eicosanoid) lipids involved in autocrine and paracrine signaling. They are derived from arachidonic acid and often help mediate localized inflammatory responses.
Bipolar disorders have been shown to be highly heritable and are associated with increased levels of what neurotransmitters
norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain.
How will W change if the initial speed of the box at Point A is increased by a factor of 2? W will decrease by 50%. W will not change. W will increase by 50%. W will increase by 100%.
not change -The examinee must determine the effect that doubling the initial speed of the mass at the top of the ramp has on the work done by friction, W, as the mass slides down the ramp. The definition of the work of a force is W = Fdcos θ, where F is the magnitude of the force, d is the distance traveled, and θ is the angle between the force and the displacement. Kinetic friction F acts up the ramp and d is down the ramp, so θ = 180°, hence W = -Fd. The kinetic friction force F is the product of the normal force between the ramp exerts on the mass and the coefficient of kinetic friction, and the normal force is independent of speed. Note that speed appears in none of these relationships. Doubling the speed changes none of these quantities. Therefore, doubling the speed has no effect on the total work done by friction on the ramp.
Catalysts, and therefore enzymes, do not change
not change the constants in a reaction, like free energy or equilibrium values (Keq)
DNA winds tightly around proteins referred to as histones to form structural units known as
nucleosomes. Gene expression depends partially on the association of histones with DNA.
where are transcription factors found
nucleus -need nuclear localization sequence to get into nucleus
process of Benzodiazepines addiction. This can be explained by interactions with each of the following parts of the brain EXCEPT the nucleus accumbens.This answer is incorrect The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives the dopamine signals from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the mesolimbic reward pathway. medial forebrain bundle.This answer is incorrect The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) connects the VTA to the NAc in the mesolimbic reward pathway. ventral tegmental area.Incorrect Answer ImageYour answer is incorrect The VTA is a midbrain structure that initiates the dopamine signals of the mesolimbic reward pathway.
nucleus accumbens. (3) The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives the dopamine signals from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the mesolimbic reward pathway. medial forebrain bundle. (2) The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) connects the VTA to the NAc in the mesolimbic reward pathway. ventral tegmental area. (1) The VTA is a midbrain structure that initiates the dopamine signals of the mesolimbic reward pathway.
Conversion Disorder
o Must look like Neurological symptoms only - like problems with speech, swallowing, seizures, paralysis o Neurological symptoms that we see are incompatible with any known neurological or mental condition. We cannot explain these symptoms based on test or clinical exam.
Closure
objects grouped together are seen as a whole. Mind fills in missing information. Ex. You fill in the triangle even though there is none.
specific rotation equation
observed rotation / [solution] x tube length (dm)
Spherical aberration
occurs when lenses with perfectly rounded surfaces focus light at multiple focal points. Spherical aberration is most pronounced among light rays entering and exiting the periphery of converging lenses.
Attrition bias
occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.
informational social influence
occurs when people assume others have more information and know what to do
AlF63- geometry
octahedral
The incentive theory
of motivation calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior
Malthusian theory explained
of population growth asserts that when the population grows faster than the resources necessary to sustain that population, preventative checks (reducing the birthrate) or positive checks (increasing the death rate) can slow down growth. A Malthusian catastrophe is a large-scale positive check that slows or stops population growth.
Malthusian theory
of population growth suggests that human populations increase exponentially but the resources needed to sustain those populations (eg, food) increase much more slowly, resulting in preventive checks that voluntarily decrease the birth rate and positive checks that involuntarily increase the death rate in society
myelinate axons in the central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
The CNS contains
oligodendrocytes (myelination), astrocytes (support, blood-brain barrier, interstitial space), microglia (macrophages), and ependymal cells (CSF, compartments).
isoelectric focusing separates proteins based
on their isoelectric point (the pH at which the net charge of the protein is zero)
cardiac muscle have how many nuclei
one (sometimes two)
meiosis consists of _____ round(s) of _____ followed by _____ round(s) of _______
one round of replication followed by 2 rounds of division -meiosis I = homologous chromosomes being separated into haploid daughter cells , *reduction division* -meiosis II = similar to mitosis, separation of sister chromatids without change in ploidy- *equational division*
ordered catalyst mechanism
ordered reactions one substrate must bind the enzyme before the second substrate is able to bind
Coercive organizations
organization in which members do not have a choice in joining have forced membership (eg, prisons)
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
ectoderm
outer layer of skin, sweat glands, hair skin, nervous system
the anode is the site of _____ in an electrochemical cell
oxidation (AN OX)
the reducing agent is _____
oxidized
NAD+ is the ___form
oxidized -oxidizing agent
aquisition
pairing btw unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus
restriction sites
palindromes 4-6bp can be two in one site
trypsinogen is the highest in the
pancreas
The initial filtration step in the glomerulus of the mammalian kidney occurs primarily by
passive flow due to a pressure difference. -bp forces fluid from glomerulus into bomans capsule
NADP+ stimulates the
pentose phosphate pathway
game theory
people are rational and act according to self interest
In normative organizations
people voluntarily unite based on shared values and/or goals (eg, church congregations, sororities).
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
people's response to various stressors is similar
self-serving bias is defined as
people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
insulin and glucagon are ____ hormones
peptide
insulin is a ____ hormones
peptide
A magnetic force acts on a moving charge in a direction that is ________ to both the velocity of the charge and the direction of the magnetic field.
perpendicular
Trait persepctive
personality broken down into countless stable traits and are seen across all humans and cultures
phosphatides
phospholipid with something else attached to opposite side of the phosphate
Cones protein is called ______
photopsin
electrophilic addition
pi bond broken --> cation formed ---> two sigmal bonds formed
melatonin is secreted by the _____ gland
pineal gland and *not* the pituitary gland.
hypothalmus controls
pituitary gland ---> signals stress response
polar or nonpolar? Where are the serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B most likely to be located in hepatocytes? In the nucleus In the cytosol Embedded in the mitochondrial membrane Embedded in the cell membrane
polar The hydroxyl group and amine group of serotonin makes the molecule polar and thus, it does not readily cross the phospholipid bilayer that is the cell membrane. It is most likely that the serotonin receptors on hepatocytes are embedded within the cell membrane to facilitate serotonin transport.
When Keq >1, then E cell is
positive (spontaneous)
eustress
positive stress -working out
Glycosylation
post translational modification along with phosphorylation Addition of a carbohydrate group to a molecule.
what is function of nucleolus?
pre-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene into a single template that is subsequently processed into mature rRNA. As such, the function of RNA polymerase I is restricted to the nucleolus. -ribosomes primary site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription by RNA polymerase I. Ribosomal proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm are transported into the nucleolus, where they combine with rRNA to form 40S and 60S ribosomal subunit precursors.
triaglycerides
primarily responsible for energy storage -by hydrolysis and beta oxidation
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes subunit
pro 70 (30 50) euk 80 (40 60)
social movement
proactive or reactive whether it promotes or resists change
implicit memory
procedural (skills and tasks) emotions/reflexes
transcription factors bind to
promoter regions on DNA
g protein activation
promotes dissociation of GDP bound to exchange for GTP alpha-subunits
Crossing over and exchange of genetic information occurs in ______ of meiosis.
prophase I
Hans Eysenck
proposed extroversion level is based on differences in the reticular formation-introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require less.
−Jeffrey Alan Gray
proposed personality is governed by 3 brain systems, such as the fight-or-flight system.
Signal sequence domain
protein domains required for proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways
Integrase
protein then comes along and clips off each of the 3'ends of the viral DNA, forming sticking ends. It then carries the viral DNA into the nucleus and integrates it into the host RNA, similar to the lysogenic pathway. (This is theprovirus stage)
SDS-PAGE is used to separate
proteins by molecular weight. During the procedure, SDS coats proteins with a negative charge. An electric current is then applied, and smaller proteins travel through a polyacrylamide gel and toward the positive anode faster than larger ones, creating lanes of size-separated protein bands.
Bronsted base
proton acceptor
bronsted acid
proton donor
pH < pka
protonated
smallest ionic radius will have the most number of
protons
Desmosomes
provide tensile strength to epithelial cell sheets by anchoring the cytoskeletons, specifically the intermediate filaments, of two cells together.
Stranger anxiety,
psychological distress caused by contact with unfamiliar individuals, peaks around age 1 year and declines as a child matures. Stranger anxiety is a normal developmental milestone for infants
random catalytic mechanism
random reactions the order in which the substrates bind does not matter.
behind lens = real or virtual
real
if focal length 2.4 cm and object distance is 100 m, object distance is infinity, so image is
real and same as focal length i=f real = behind lens
Concave (converging) mirrors create
real images when the object is placed outside the mirror's focal length, whereas convex (diverging) mirrors always create virtual images. For spherical mirrors, the radius of curvature is twice the focal length: f=R2f=R2
Pragnanz
reality is reduced to the simplest form possible (eg Olympic rings)
class consciousness
realize they have solidarity with one another and struggle to overcome this oppression and exploitation. ●Involves seizing and obtaining means and redistributing the means of production among the workers.
Semantic memory is recall of general facts, while episodic memory is
recall of personal facts. Remembering the capital of France and the rules for playing football uses semantic memory.
physiological adaptations =
receptors stop firing in response to prolonged stimulus,
red hair caused by
red hair results from a polygenic inheritance at a second gene locus where the indv is homozygous for blonde hair
oxidizing agent is _____
reduced
galvanic cell the species with the more positive reduction potential would be
reduced -opposite for electrolytic cell
NADH is the ___form
reduced -reducing agent
the cathode is the site of _____ in an electrochemical cell
reduction (RED CAT)
Secularization
refers to the diminishing social/political influence of religion in society. A reaction to secularization, fundamentalism refers to renewed adherence to strict, traditional religious beliefs/practices by some individuals.
Dispersion
refers to the phenomenon in which various wavelengths of light separate from each other. A prism is able to split light into its component colors due to dispersion.
somatosensory cortex
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations (receiving sensory information)
during eating a meal
release of insulin, glycolysis, glycogen synthesis,
When blood glucose is high, pancreatic beta cells
release the hormone insulin to promote cells to take up glucose, which is then either metabolized for energy or stored as glycogen in muscle and liver cells. When blood glucose is low, pancreatic alpha cells release the hormone glucagon to promote the production of glucose (via gluconeogenesis) and the release of glucose from glycogen stores. Removal of the spleen does not affect pancreatic function.
phosphatase
removes phosphate -with h20 hydrolase
mitosis consists of one round of _____ and ______
replication and division
mixed methods study
research study that includes elements of both quantitative (stats/numbers) and qualitative (observations/analysis of cases) research
An inactive tetramer of IN is expected to have approximately what molecular weight? 16 kDa 32 kDa 64 kDa 128 kDa info: 288 residue protein
residue= amino acid 110 da = 1 amino acid
neuropathic receptors
results from nerve damage -not somatic injury
duplicity theory
retina contain two types of photoreceptors (rods and cones)
The mesolimbic pathway is associated with
reward, motivation, and many of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
sanction
rewards or punishments
Heterocyclic
ring shaped carbon chain which has to have at least one atom that isn't carbon in the ring -C and N both in ring
alpha helix and beta sheets are part of what level of structure
secondary
denaturing protein effects what structures of the protein
secondary and tertiary -high temp -random coil
blood types and antigens present
see pic
donors and acceptors on nucleotides
see pic
SEVE(N) UP:
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens (also called the ductus deferens), ejaculatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis. -Pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system can be remembered using the mnemonic
Proprioceptors
sensation of body position
utricle and saccule
sense horizontal and vertical accelerations and head tilts,
semi-circular canals
sense rotational movement
Atoms with small atomic radii can form what type of bonds? short or long?
short, strong bonds whereas atoms with larger radii form longer, weaker bonds
Dividing bone cells and haversion canals can be present in fully ossified adult bones. Some adults who are short in stature may have fully ossified long bones that are ______ than those of a developing child
shorter
Morphogens are
signaling molecules that influence cell differentiation in the embryo. They are released by signaling cells and diffuse outward to alter gene expression in competent cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
parallel processing
simultaneously analyze and combine information about objects/environment -looking at multiple features of an object at once
each Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath for a
single neuron in the PNS
compliance
situations where we do behavior to get a reward or avoid punishment. Tendency to go along with behavior without questioning why. Compliance goes away once rewards/punishments removed. "Compliance refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline) ex: paying taxes (I will get punished if I don't pay my taxes). TSA screenings (nobody likes them, but you won't be allowed on the plane if you don't)
Pyranose is the
six membered ring with the 1-5 carbons serving as the ether
flat bones=
skull and ribs, have red bone marrow, high blood cell production vertebrae= irregular bones long bones= hands, feet, arm and legs, contain yellow bone marrow, low blood cell production
how to find average rate on graph
slope y2-y1/x2-x1
slope of lineweaver-burk plot
slope = Km/Vmax
lacuanae
small empty spaces found in mature bone as a result of cell death in cavities that lack blood and nerves
Splicing is driven by spliceosomes, complexes composed of specific proteins and
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) containing small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
Social constructionism argues that people actively shape their reality through
social interactions-it's something constructed, not inherent. Things are social products made of the values of the society that created it
meritocracy society
society which leaders are most skilled and have proven achievements, NOT given title with birth, election, or appointment
mitosis occurs in _____ cells
somatic
parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex (touch/pressure/pain), spatial manipulation (orient in 3D)
What hybridization does the Oxygen atom in water have?
sp3
I (Mead)
spontaneous and less socialized response of the individual to the attitude of the community'.[7] The "I" acts creatively, though within the context of the me. They do not blindly follow rules. They construct a response on the basis of what they have learned, the "me". "It is only after we have acted that we know what we have done...what we have said. ex. an individual skipping work because they want to go to a concert
Cultural diffusion involves the
spread of culture (material, nonmaterial, or both) from one group of people to another. Immigrant children who begin to dress more like their classmates than like their parents are illustrating the diffusion of material culture.
Opponent-process theory
states that color vision occurs because of the opposing responses of three sensory receptor complexes (red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white).
Theory of Differential Association
states that deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others that violate norms and laws-learn from observation of others.Rejects norms/values and believes new behavior as norm.
The free ligand approximation
states that substrate concentration [S] is constant during the reaction. This approximation is only true during the initial phase of the reaction, before a significant amount of substrate is converted to product. Substrate can also be depleted when it binds the enzyme to form the enzyme-substrate complex (ES). To ensure that ES formation does not significantly impact [S], the total concentration of enzyme in solution should be much smaller than any substrate concentration tested (Number III). The steady state assumption states that the concentration of ES remains constant over the course of the reaction, allowing the rate of product formation to remain constant. Once [S] becomes significantly depleted, ES levels decrease and the reaction slows. The irreversibility assumption states that the reaction proceeds only in the forward direction, and product does not get converted back to substrate. Once enough product accumulates, the reverse reaction occurs at non-negligible levels and further slows the net rate of product formation.
cholesterol makes
steroid hormones 4 rings 3 6 membered rings 1 5 membered ring
aldosterone function
steroid, triggered by low blood volume, increases Na+ K+ pump, *elevates blood volume* increases blood pressure (made in adrenal cortex)
proximal stimulus
stimulus registered by sensory receptors
Myoglobin (Mb)
stores oxygen in muscle cells -subunit of hemoglobin -all myocytes contain hemoglobin
Hawk-Dove game
struggle between two parties for a shared food resource
Symbolic interactionism is most directly related to
studying social practices and rituals.
solid to gas
sublimation
in doppler effect, when the source or observer is moving away from the other, the distance between _______ increases and the perceived waveform velocity decreased
successive waveforms
Labeling theory
suggests that when individuals are assigned a "deviant" label by others in society, they are more likely to behave in deviant ways, therefore justifying the label.
Labeling theory
suggests that when someone is labeled as deviant, the act of being labeled produces further deviance. The initial act is called primary deviance and, if labeled, results in social stigma such as disapproval by others. Internalization of the deviant label leads to further acts of deviance, called secondary deviance.
how to tell if a compound is paramagnetic or diamagnetic
sum of valence e- odd= paramagnetic sum of valence e- even=diamagnetic
Normative social influence
takes place when people attempt to fit in
Intellectualization
taking intellectual aspects and detaching to the emotional aspects of the situation. Separating emotion from ideas
Ubiquitination
targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome
only ____ affects Ksp
temperature
Traditionalism
tendency to follow authority also shown to be common in twins
misfolded proteins must have a defect in the ______ structure
tertiary
exonuclease activity
that allows them to remove and replace incorrect nucleotides at either end of a DNA strand. However, the passage states that the Klenow fragment (KF) enzyme described in the experiment does not have 5′-3′ exonuclease activity. KF can only proofread DNA in the 3′-5′ direction on the template strand, so only errors at the 3′ end of the growing strand can be repaired.
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Covalent is stronger because
the 2 atoms involve share 2 or more outer shell electrons. Covalent bonds hold all of your biomolecules together. Ionic bonds are formed when a valence outer shell electron is transferred from one atom to another - a much weaker interaction. Salt is an ionic bonded compound
neural plasticity
the ability of the brain to change in response to experience
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions -help in delayed gratification
The volumetric flow rate of blood throughout the systemic circulatory system is equal to
the cardiac output of the heart (stroke volume × heart rate)
vasoconstriction
the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, trap heat
expressivity
the degree to which a trait is expressed
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
social stratification
the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
The coefficient of static friction is the ratio of
the force along the board to the normal force (which also changes because of the angle). -The mass of the block cancels in the ratio. Only the angle of tilt determines the static friction result.
relationship between molar mass and moles and volume
the higher the molar mass, less amount of moles, and lower amount of volume taken up
Prosopagnosia
the inability to recognize faces due to damage of several brain areas
threshold of neuron
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse -55mV
Symmetry:
the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point.
group think
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives -desire for conformity
motor endplate refers to
the muscle fiber component of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The NMJ facilitates signal transmission between, but not within, cells
cultural capital is
the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility -knowledge, skills, education that differentiate status
prevalance rate
the number of people in a population who have a disease at a given time; the numerator is the number of existing cases of disease at a specified time and the denominator is the total population
In pregnancy, the zygote will develop into a blastocyst that will implant in the uterine lining and secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone is an analog of LH, meaning that it looks very similar chemically and can stimulate LH receptors. This maintains the corpus luteum. hCG is critical during first trimester development because it is the estrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum that keep the uterine lining in place. By the second trimester, hCG levels decline because
the placenta has grown to a sufficient size to secrete progesterone and estrogen by itself (C). The high levels of estrogen and progesterone continue to serve as negative feedback mechanisms, preventing further GnRH secretion.
chorionic villi develop into
the placenta, they support maternal-fetal gas exchange, making (B) correct. The embryo is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord, which consists of two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous substance. The vein carries freshly oxygenated blood rich with nutrients from the placenta to the embryo. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste to the placenta for exchange. Until the placenta is functional, the embryo is supported by the yolk sac. The yolk sac is also the site of early blood cell development. There are two other extraembryonic membranes that require discussion: the allantois and the amnion. The allantois is involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac. Ultimately, the umbilical cord is formed from remnants of the yolk sac and the allantois. The allantois is surrounded by the amnion, which is a thin, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid. This fluid serves as a shock absorber during pregnancy, lessening the impact of maternal motion on the developing embryo. In addition to forming the placenta, the chorion also forms an outer membrane around the amnion, adding an additional level of protection.
Webbers law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage -threshold a stimulus detected
Discrimination in classical conditioning is
the process by which two similar but distinct conditioned stimuli produce different responses. This is what the question stem describes and therefore is the best answer to the question.
Identifcation
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos --when people act/dress a certain way to be like someone they respect. Will do this as long as they maintain respect for that individual. -Ex: football player people admired and bought his jersey, but then he engaged in domestic violence and once it was made public the identification of this player by people dropped significantly.
deamination
the removal of an amino group from an amino acid in form of (NH3+)
what does the inducer bind to
the repressor -change its shape to prevent the repressor from binding to DNA -allow RNA polyermase to bind and transcribe
In a disproportionation reaction
the same element (at a given oxidation state) undergoes both oxidation and reduction, with some of the atoms being oxidized and other atoms of the same element being reduced. Comparing the oxidation number for each element in the reactants with the oxidation number for the same element in the products enables the identification of a disproportionation.
primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement, produce movement
cognative dissonance
the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change. -balance contradictory beliefs
The correlation coefficient r measures
the strength of a linear relationship between two variables. Correlations can be positive or negative, and the strength of a correlation increases as the absolute value of r approaches 1. Correlation does not imply causation.
social epidemiology
the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
Antigens are carried on
the surface of cells, not on the chromosomes, DNA segments, or RNA
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Modernization,
the transition of a society due to industrialization, results in religion losing importance in society.
muscular pain tends
to be poorly localized, subject to referral to other areas of the body
The crude birth rate refers
to the number of live births per year for every 1,000 people in a population; the general fertility rate refers to the total number of live births per year for every 1,000 women of childbearing age; the total fertility rate refers to the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime. (around 2) The age-specific fertility rate refers to the number of live births per year for every 1,000 women of a certain age group.
incidence rate
total number of new cases divided by the population at risk at the beginning of the observation period.
Social potency
trait-the degree to which a person assumes leadership roles in social situations.
steroid hormones regulate
transcription of rna -steriod hormones diffuse into the nucleus and bind to receptors and complex binds to DNA and regulates RNA transcription
Acetylation of histones involves the
transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl coenzyme A to positively charged amino groups on lysine or arginine residues. This modification disrupts salt bridges by reducing the positive charge on histones, which allows DNA to unwind and become more accessible to transcription machinery. As a result, the acetylation of histones causes nucleosomes to relax and increases gene expression.
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of genes from one organism to another other than reproduction
Transport across a membrane down a molecule's concentration gradient is referred to as passive transport and requires no energy input. In contrast,
transport against a molecule's gradient requires energy input and is called active transport.
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
triggers ovulation
k2 is the ___and should be measured at
turnover number saturating [S] plateau
Glycerophospholipids
two hydrolyzable fatty acids
double crossover
two recombination events net result= middle portion of each chromosome exchanged --> ends remain the same
transmission of sound
tympanic membrane --> ossicles --> cochlea --> cranial nerve
internalization
type of conformity in which an individual changes her outward opinion to match the group and also personally agrees with those ideas.
coefficient of friction
ukN=f -uk = no unit N= normal force (weight x g) f= frictional force
the capacity for retrieving general information (i.e., semantic memory, crystallized intelligence) is _______ by aging.
unaffected
A confounding variable is an
uncontrolled variable that has an impact on the independent and/or dependent variable.
controlled (effortful) processing
undivided attention -new or complex tasks
How many nuclei does smooth muscle have?
uninucleate
paramagnetic
unpaired electrons, attracted to magnetic field
convex mirrors are always
upright and virtual
buoyancy force
upward force, Fb=ρ(liquid)V(liquid)g
glycogenolysis
use glycogen phospholyase
Implicit memory
uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them.
distinctiveness cues
uses similar behavior in similar situations ~ ---> person varies behavior in different scenarios --> situational attribution how much does that person engage in similar behavior across a series of scenarios?
ADH another name
vasopressin
The highest frequency of visible light is
violet, lowest wavelength
right hemisphere of brain functions
visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion processing
200 m^3 is what
volume
social idenity theory
was created to understand discrimination within *groups*. People sort themselves into groups on the basis of similar characteristics. This theory contains in-group and out-group. Self-categorization in this theory states that people are categorized into groups as a result of birth characteristics, however some group memberships are choosen
power is
watts work/time j/sec
NaBH4, is a relatively
weak reducing agent. Therefore, it will reduce aldehyde and ketone groups to alcohols, but will be unable to reduce carboxylic acid groups or esters at all since the hydride is not sufficiently nucleophilic and will instead react with the acidic proton first.
nickel-cadmium battery (ni-cd)
when discharging, consist of Cd andoe and NiO(OH) cathode in a concentrated KOH solution. -when charging, Ni(OH)2 and Cd(OH)2 plated electrodes are dissociated to restore the original Cd and NiO(OH) electrodes and concentrate the electrolyte -cells have higher energy density than lead-acid batteries -will stop accepting electrons from an outside source when electrodes are recharged -can discharge through circuit when fully charged
Bipolar I disorder
when hypomania becomes manic w/ or w/o major depressive disorder
Bipolar II disorder
when it remains hypomania + one major depressive
Peter Principle,
where every employee in hierarchy keeps getting promoted until they reach level of incompetence (they remain at a position because they are not good enough at the job to get promoted any further).
where is c 1 on nucleotide?
where sugar binds
Mirror neurons
which fire both during observation and performance of a behavior, are believed to play a role in the experience of vicarious emotions. Vicarious emotions involve the ability to intuit how someone else feels and are thought to encourage prosocial behaviors through shared emotional expression.
X-rays diffract
within molecules because the space between atoms is comparable to the wavelength of x-rays. X-ray diffraction through a sample of a purified and crystallized material can be used to determine its three-dimensional molecular structure and packing.
Molar Solubility shortcut: MX, MX2, MX3
x^2, 4x^3, 27x^4
Flippase protein
—catalyzes the movement of a phospholipid from outer leaflet to thei nner, using ATP. Fast compared to transbilayer diffusion
Internal energy equation
∆U = Q - W Q= heat energy transferred to system. W= work done by system (transferred from system)
Prototype Willingness Model
−Behavior is a function of 6 things: past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, our intentions, our willingness to engage in a specific type of behavior, prototypes/models-a lot of our behavior is carried out from prototyping/modeling
