Third ROK "The Boulder" EXAM

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. Led by Henry Clay

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena. He hoped to use Santo Domingo as a Caribbean naval base from which he could control an American empire but a revolt in Santo Domingo ended his dream. In 1802, he sent troops to regain control but they could not and they captured Toussaint. Without Santo Domingo, Napoleon had little use for Louisiana so he sold to America for $15 million.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for his commission. The Supreme Court did not have original jurisdiction to issue a writ of mandamus ordering for Marbury's commission because Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. This established judicial review and it gave power for the Supreme Court after being seen as the weakest branch of government.

Andrew Jackson

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Chronological Order

1. Constitution was ratified 1789 2. Washington became president April 1789 3. French Revolution Began 1789 4. Judiciary Act passed 1789 5. Hamilton proposed his plan to get the US out of debt 1790 6. Bill of Rights added 1791 7. Tax on whiskey 1791 8. Little Turtle defeats St.Clair's Army 1791 9. Britain and France go to War 1793 10. Edmond Genet is sent to recruit Americans 1793 11. Proclamation of neutrality April 1793 12.Whiskey Rebellion July 1794 13. Battle of Fallen Timbers August 1794 14. Jays Treaty 1794 15. Treaty of Greenville 1795 16. Pinckney's Treaty 1795 17. Washington's Farewell Address 1796 18. Adams is inaugurated 1797 19. XYZ Affair 1797 20. Navy Department Created 1798 21. Alien and Sedition Acts passed 1798 22. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798-1799 23. French Peace Treaty agreed 1800 24. Adams loses election for president 1801

Chronological Order

1. Election of 1800 2. Thomas Jefferson is Inaugurated March 4, 1801 3. Judiciary Act of 1801 passed Spanish changed their policy on trade 1802 4. Napoleon sent troops to regain control of Santo Domingo 1802 5. Marbury v. Madison 1803 America purchased the Louisiana Territory 1803 6. Twelfth Amednment Ratified 1894 7.French were driven out of Santo Domingo and Haiti was given its original name 1804 8. Jefferson becomes President for a 2nd term 1804 9. The Duel 1804 10. Hamilton dies 1804 11. Lewis and Clark began their expedition, Fort Mandan 1804 12. Zebulon Pike expedition 13. Lewis and Clark Fort Clatsop 1805 14. Lewis and Clark returned 1806 15. Zebulon Pike 2nd expedition 1807 16. McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 17. The Sketch Book is created 1820 18. Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 19. Burr dies 1836

Chronological Order

1.Paleo Indians crossed the Berengia Land Bridge 2.Leif Errikson establishes Vinland in 1000 AD present day Newfound England 3.The Magna Carta is signed in 1215 by King John 4.Roanoke colony in Virginia in 1587 5.Jamestown colony in Virginia led by John Smith, export of tobacco started in 1607 6.House of Burgesses, the first representative government is formed in 1619 7.Pilgrims arrive in Plymoth and sign the Mayflower Compact direct democracy in 1620 8. Revolt against the Virginia colony by the Powhattan Confederacy in 1622 makes Virginia lose its charter 9.Puritans create the colony Massachusets led by John Winthrop in 1629 10.Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is formed, first constitution, secret ballots in 1639 11.Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams in 1644 12.Tolerance Act of 1649 is established 13.King Charles issues charters to create Carolina in 1660 14.English Bill of Fights is formed in 1689

Chronologicall Order

1754-French and Indian War begins 1763-British defeats French in F/I War 1763-Proclamation of 1763 1764-Sugar Act 1765-Stamp Act 1766-Declaratory Act 1767-Townshend Act 1770-Boston Massacre 1773-Tea Act 1774-Coercive Act 1775-Battle of Lexington and Concord MAS 1775-Battle of Bunker Hill Charles peninsula 1775-2nd Continental Congress meets 1776-Common Sense is published 1776-D.O.I Signed 1777-Battle of Saratoga NY 1777-Winter at Valley Forge PA 1778-Treaty with France 1779-John Paul Jones 1781-Battle of Yorktown VA 1783-Treaty of Paris

French Revolution

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Wanted strong federal government, was opposed by Democratic Republicans, ruled by the wealthy class, supported Britain, supported national bank and protective tariffs, emphasis on manufacturing, loose interpretation of the Constitution, and received strongest support in the Northeast and wealthy plantation owners in the South.

Chronological Order

1803- Britain and France went to war 1803- Ohio becomes free state 1804- Barbary Pirates seized ship and towed it into Tripoli 1804- Jefferson won reelection 1805- Tripoli agreed to stop tribute but required a $60,000 ransom for soldiers to be freed 1805- Impressment began 1807- Chesapeake and Leopard attack on the seas 1807- Embargo Act 1808- Jefferson ends his presidency 1809- James Madison become president 1809- Non-Intercourse Act 1810- War Hawks are elected to Congress 1811- Battle of Tippecanoe 1812- Madison declares war with Britain 1812- USS Constitution defeats the Java and Guerriére, Earns nickname Old Ironsides July 1812- First Battle in Detroit April 1813- Battle of York September 1813- Battle of Lake Erie October 1813- Battle of Thames March 1814- Battle of Horseshoe Bend August 1814- British Attack Capitol September 1814- Battle of Fort McHenry, Star Spangled Banner Created September 1814- Battle of Lake Champlain December 1814- Hartford Convention December 24, 1814- Treaty of Ghent signed January 1815- Battle of New Orleans 1817- James Monroe elected President, Era of Good Feelings 1817- Rush-Bagot Treaty 1818- Convention of 1818 1818- Jackson invades Florida 1819- Adams Onis Treaty 1820- Missouri Compromise 1821- Mexico wins freedom 1823- Monroe Doctrine

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson and Madison hoped the act would hurt British because they believed the British depended on American agricultural products. Instead, it just hurt Americans and our economy. It was a disaster and was ineffective against Britain. Britain simply traded with other nations such as Latin America for it agricultural goods

Chronological Order

1808 Astor organized the American Fur Company 1819 Adams Onis Treaty 1821 Stephen F. Austin receives a land grant in Texas 1821 Mexico gains independence from Spain 1824 Mexico outlaws slavery 1830 Mexico stops immigration of Americans 1835 Battle of Gonzales 1835 Battle of San Antonio 1836 Battle of the Alamo 1836 Establishment of the Republic of Texas 1836 Battle of Goliad 1836 Battle of San Jacinto 1836 Marcus and Narcissa Whitman went to Oregon and built a mission 1841 John Tyler becomes president 1845 Annexation of Texas 1845 James K. Polk becomes president 1846 Joint occupation of Oregon with Britain 1846 Mexican American war starts 1846 Taylor captured the town of Monterrey 1846 Bear Flag Republic 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed 1848 Gold Rush begins 1848 US acquired the Great Salt Lake area from Mexico. 1853 Gadsden Purchase

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced.

Electoral College

538 electors make it up because 435 members from the House, 100 members from the senate, and 3 members from the District of Columbia. If the candidate wins the majority of the people's votes in a certain state, it wins all the elector votes in that state. To win the election, the President/Vice-President must a majority of the electoral votes which is 270. It was created at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787.

First Continental Congress

56 men who came together from twelve of the colonies in Philadelphia at Carpenters Hall to establish a political body to represent American interests and challenge British control in October 1774. They decided to draft a statement calling for the repeal of 13 acts of Parliament. They also voted to boycott all British goods and trade. Finally, they decided to form militias. Samuel Adams and John Adams were part of it.

William Barret Travis

A 26 year American commander who was determined to keep Alamo. He requested for assistance and concluded that he and his troops were determined to hold the Alamo. For 13 days the defenders of the Alamo kept Santa Anna's army at bay with rifle fire. The Mexicans finally entered the fortress killing William Travis.

Erie Canal

A 363 mile canal with a series of locks(separate compartments where water levels were raised or lowered). After two years, the canal opened on October 26, 1825. It was across New York State, connecting Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. Mules and horses hauled the boats and barges instead of steam boats. The canal lead to an explosion in canal building which lowered the cost of shipping goods. It also helped unite the growing economy.

Samuel Adams

A Massachusetts leader who revived the Boston committee of correspondence in 1772, an organization used in earlier protest. Started the Sons of Liberty and was part of the Continental Congress. Sent circular letters urging boycotts after Townshend Act was passed.

Franklin Pierce

A New Hampshire Democrat who supported the Fugitive Slave Act became president in 1853.

Clara Barton

A Northern nurse who became famous for her work with wounded soldiers. She was a U.S. Patent Office clerk and began providing the Union army with supplies and nursing. She helped at the Battle of Antietam and her nickname was "the angel of the battlefield". She set up an office to assist people with finding missing soldiers and prisoner of war and she created the Red Cross.

The Prophet

A Shawnee Native American leader named Tenskwatawa whose brother was Tecumseh. He urged Native Americans to return to the customs of their ancestors and forget the ones learned from white invaders. He attracted many Native Americans. He founded a village at a site in northern Indiana, near present day Lafayette named Phrophetstown. The town was destroyed in The Battle of Tippecanoe.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. He built a confederacy in the Northwest and believed it could put a halt to white movement onto Native American lands with the backing of the British in Canada. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. He possessed political and military skills. He believed US treaties with other Native Americans were worthless because he didn't think they should give up their land.

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark. She had been kidnapped by the Hidatsa at 12 years old. She married at 16 and has a son who she named Jean Baptiste(Pomp). She was an interpreter for Lewis and Clark where only through her could the expedition leaders communicate with the Native Americans. She helped rescue supplies when there boat was sinking from a storm and met her original family along the way of the expedition. She also helped sick men. She lived to be 100 years old.

William Tecumseh Sherman

A Union general that went to West Point who won an important battle at Chattanooga, Tennessee. He also captured Atlanta, Georgia and he began the "march to sea" to Savannah, Georgia. He captured Savannah and then planned to join Grant in Virginia. His prediction of how long the war would be was right.

Fort Sumter

A United States fort on an island guarding Charleston Harbor. The commander of it was Major Robert Anderson. Anderson warned Lincoln that the fort was low on supplies and that the Confederates demanded its surrender. Lincoln then decided to send supplies to the fort but before they arrived, the Confederates attacked winning the fort. After the capture of the fort, Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 troops and volunteers quickly signed up.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans in January 8, 1815. Due to the foolish frontal attack of shooting behind bales of cotton, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. It was a decisive victory and Andrew Jackson became a hero and his fame helped him win the presidency in 1828.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that was packed with dramatic incidents and vivid characters that showed slavery as a cruel and brutal system. It sold more than 300,000 copies in the first year and was banned in the South.

Davy Crockett

A brave Texan leader who had arrived at the Alamo with a band of sharpshooters from Tennessee. In 1835 he lost his seat in Congress and decided to leave Tennessee to head to southwest Texas. He was killed when the Mexicans entered the fortress at the Alamo.

Declaration of Independence

A document written by Thomas Jefferson based on ideas from the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, and ideas from John Locke. It said why the colonies were founding a new country. It consists of an introduction which says that a country should explain their reasons for founding the new country. The next two sections explains the rights the colonists should have and their complaints against Britain, the final section proclaims the existence of the new nation. Was signed in July 4, 1776 at Independence Hall.

William Lloyd Garrison

A dramatic and spirited abolitionist who strongly fought for the right of African Americans to be free. In 1829 he left Massachusets to work for the country's leading antislavery newspaper in Baltimore. He returned to Boston to write his own newspaper called The Liberator. He was one of the first to call for the immediate and complete emancipation of enslaved people. He attracted enough followers to start the New England Anti-Slavery Society and American Anti-Slavery Society. By 1838, the societies Garrison founded had more than 1000 branches.

protective tariff

A fee paid by merchants who imported goods. It made imports less attractive and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition

John Brown

A fervent abolitionist who believed God had chosen him to end slavery. He became outraged when he heard of the attack on Lawrence and decided to kill five supporters of slavery with men and two of his sons.

Baron Friedrich von Steuben

A former army officer from Germany, turned the ragged Continental Army into a more effective fighting force.

Zachary Taylor

A general ordered by Polk to March his soldiers across the Nueces River into the disputed border area. His soldiers were attacked and Congress declared war against Mexico. In 1846 his forces crossed the Rio Grande and captured Monterrey. He then defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista and the border of Texas was secure.

amnesty

A general pardon for an offense against a government; in general, any act of forgiveness or absolution. Abraham Lincoln offered this to white Southerners who gave loyalty to the Union.

cabinet

A group of presidential advisers not mentioned in the Constitution, although every president has had one. Washington's cabinet composed of Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Edmund Randolph as attorney general.

Boston Tea Party

A group of protestors (Sons of Liberty lead by Sam Adams) dressed up as Native Americans boarded British ships in Boston harbor and dumped cargoes of tea overboard. They did this in anger of the tea act and the threat of putting merchants out of business.

The Monroe Doctrine

A key foreign policy made by President Monroe in 1823 because of the alliance of France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. It declared the Western Hemisphere off limits to new European colonization and any foreign military expeditions would be seen as a threat. In return, the US promised not to meddle in European affairs. It marked the beginning of a long-term American policy of preventing other great powers from interfering in Latin American political affairs. It upheld George Washington's policy of avoiding foreign affairs.

Joseph Smith

A man of New York State had visions that led him to found the Mormon church and build an ideal society. He believed that property should be held in common. He favored polygamy, the idea that a man could have more than one wife. This angered many people so the Mormons gave up this practice. He also formed a community in New York but was forced to move from New York to Ohio to Missouri and then to Illinois. In 1844 a mob in Illinois killed him.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Underground Railroad

A network of free African Americans and whites, helped runaways make their way to freedom.

Whig Party

A new political party that emerged. It included former National Republicans and other anti-Jackson forces. The Whigs candidate was William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. Their campaign symbol was a log cabin. The Whig leaders couldn't agree on policies which is why they lost power.

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

John Wilkes Booth

A pro Confederate actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln in Ford's Theatre by shooting him in the head. He then leaped the stage and escaped from the leader. Booth rode to Virginia on horseback but was later tracked down where he was cornered in a barn by Union troops. Booth refused to give up so they killed him.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation that stated that the colonists could not go west of the Appalachian Mountains. This allowed British officials to control settler movement and any conflicts with the Native Americans. Also, it prevented colonists from moving from the coast where Britain's markets and investments were. 10,000 red coats were placed along the proclamation line, colonists pay the annual cost.

Thaddeus Stevens

A radical republican who was one of the most powerful members of the House of Reps.-wanted to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, and would be educated in schools operated by the federal government.

Jefferson Davis

A senator from Mississippi that became the Confederate's president.

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman chosen by Lewis to be co-leader while exploring the Louisiana Territory. He was 32 years old and a friend of Lewis's from the military. Amateur scientist. After the expedition, he became governor of the Missouri Territory and was a father to ten children.

Gadsden Purchase

A strip of land along the southern edge of present day Arizona and New Mexico that cost the U.S. 10 million dollars that was paid to Mexico.

sharecroppers

A system of working with the land in which the worker was paid with a share.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A tariff, proposed by Henry Clay, that ended the Nullification Crisis dispute between Andrew Jackson and South Carolina. The compromise tariff repealed the Tariff of Abominations and reduced duties on foreign goods gradually over a decade to the levels set by the Tariff of 1816

Panic of 1837

A time when land values dropped sharply, investments declined suddenly, and banks failed.

Jim Bowie

A tough Texan leader who was killed after the Mexicans entered the fortress at the Alamo. His name is known for a knife.

Oregon Trail

A trail across the Great Plains, along the Platte River, and through the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. On the other side, they took the trail north and west along the Snake and Columbian Rivers into the Oreon territory. Tens of thousands made the 2,000 mile journey.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A treaty ending the war with Mexico. It also had Mexico give up all of its claims to Texas and agreed the Rio Grande as the border of Texas and Mexico.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. Could not be found by Lewis and Clark.

loose construction

A way of interpreting the Constitution which holds that the words in the Constitution can be stretched or expanded upon. This method of interpreting the Constitution would usually lead to an expansion of both federal government power and individual rights.

Stephen Douglas

A young senator from Illinois who took charge to resolve the crisis after Zachary Taylor died. He divided Clay's plan into a series of measures that could be voted on separately. Congress finally passed five separate bills that contained the five main points of Clay's plan. He wanted to open a transcontinental railroad from the South to a North and proposed organizing the region west of Missouri and Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska but it reopened the conflict of slavery in the territories. He knew Southerners would object having the new states become free so he proposed abandoning the Missouri compromise to allow the people to vote whether they want slavery or not. Northerners protested against it while Southerners supported it. Won the election for the senate against Lincoln but not for the presidency in 1860.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College and it took 35 ballots for a winner. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. When running for governor of New York, Alexander Hamilton caused him to lose. This lead to a duel where Burr shot Hamilton and killed him.

The Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln ran as a Republican, The Northern Democrats nominated Douglas, the Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell ran for the Constitutional Union Party that consisted of moderates. Lincoln won a majority of electoral votes with 180 out of 303 and won 40 percent of the popular vote. Douglas was second with 30 percent of the vote. Lincoln won every Northern state causing him to win the election because more people lived in the North.

Confederate States of America

After Lincoln won the election, many Southerners did not trust the Republicans. This caused South Carolina to secede in 1860. In 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia had joined South Carolina and also seceded. Delegates from these states met in Montgomery, Alabama to form a new nation and government. They chose Jefferson Davis as their president. Southerners justified secession with the theory of states rights and said that national government had violated the Constitution among the states by not enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act and by denying Southern states equal rights in the territories. The Confederate forces seized US forts including Fort Sumter which triggered the Civil War.

March to the Sea

After leaving Atlanta in ruins, Sherman convinced Grant to let him try a bold plan. Sherman's army began a "March to the Sea" to Savannah, Georgia. As they advanced they lived off the land and used total war.

Reconstruction

After the Civil War. President Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln's plan after his death. Union troops sent to the South to keep the people under control. Former slaves could vote, blacks elected to public office. When the Northern Troops left, the southerners ignored the rights of blacks.

Compromise of 1877

After the disputed Presidential Election of 1876, Congress declared Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, but Republicans promised to withdraw remaining troops from Southern states & no longer attempt to reshape Southern states; marked the end of Reconstruction as Democrats regained control of the South

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreed on July 12 by the convention delegates. Counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a free person for both taxation. and representation. Five enslaved people equalled three free people.

Capital Compromise

Alexander Hamilton proposed this plan to the Southern leaders to move the nation's capital to a district between Maryland and Virginia along the banks of the Potomac River. In return, Hamilton received their votes for his plan to pay off the peoples' war bonds

popular sovereignty

Allowing the people to decide. Douglas proposed abandoning the Missouri Compromise and letting the settlers in each territory vote on whether to allow slavery.

Simon Bolivar

Also known as the Liberator led movements that won freedom for present day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review. He ruled that Marbury should not receive his commission in the Marbury v. Madison, ruled that the federal government could charter a national bank and that the state cannot tax the bank in the McCulloch v. Maryland, and ruled that Gibbons had the right to compete with Ogden in the Gibbons v. Ogden case.

Patriot

Americans who supported independence and believed the British would give up after losing one or two major battles.

Frederick Douglass

An African American who had escaped slavery and was a great orator. For16 years he edited an antislavery newspaper called the North Star. He won admiration as a powerful and influential speaker and writer. He traveled speaking to huge antislavery audiences. He insisted that African Americans receive freedom and equality. In 1847, his friends helped him purchase his freedom from the slaveholder in Maryland he had fled.

Stamp Act

An act passed by Parliament in 1765 that required stamps for newspapers and other printed materials. The stamps indicated that they payed the tax. Passed to pay off the war debt

Quartering Act

An act passed by Parliament that says colonists must let soldiers into their home and care for them to give them a place to stay

The Indian Removal Act

An act passed in 1830 which allowed the federal government to pay Native Americans to move west. Jackson them sent officials to negotiate treaties with the Native Americans of the Southeast.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

An act proposed by Stephen A. Douglas that proposed abandoning the Missouri Compromise and letting the settlers in each territory vote on whether to allow slavery. The House almost split evenly on the vote because the Southerners favored it while the Northerners didn't. It was passed in May 1854.

The American System

An ambitious program prepared by Henry Clay to improve transportation and strengthen the nation's economy. It included building canals and roads to link the South, Northeast, and West together.

pocket veto

An automatic veto of a bill that occurs if the president or governor neither signs nor vetoes a bill within ten days of receiving it

sectionalism

An exaggerated loyalty to a particular region of the country. This was caused by the differences the North and South had on slavery.

strict construction

Anti-Federalist version of interpreting the Constitution, Constitution should be taken word for word.

Battle of Antietam

As Lee's army marched into Maryland in 1862, McClellan and 80,000 Union troops moved slowly after them. McClellan knew exactly what Lee planned to do after finding a copy of Lee's orders in a field near Fredrick, Maryland. Also he found that Lee's army was divided into four parts. McClellan waited four days before he attacked the Confederates which enabled Lee to gather most of his forces near Sharpsburg, Maryland along the Antietam Creek. The armies clashed on September 17 which was the bloodiest day of the entire war. at the end, 6,000 soldiers lay dead or dying and 17,000 were seriously wounded. Neither armies were destroyed but Lee withdrew to Virginia giving the Union the crucial victory. This victory gave the Army of the Potomac confidence and it marked a major change in Northern war aims.

Lexington and Concord

At Lexington the British fired the first shots. Both sides were firing and the red coats defeated the Americans causing them to lose the first battle at Lexington. From Concord to Boston, the Minutemen were prepared hiding behind ready to attack. Once the red coats reached Concord and made it to Boston, 200 red coats were wounded and 73 were dead. 20,000 militiamen now held Boston under siege.

Fort McHenry

Baltimore fort which inspired the Star Spangled Banner

The Battle of Tippecano

Battle in 1811 where General Harrison defeated the Indian warriors Tecumseh and the Prophet. They destroyed Phrophetstown

U.S.S. Constitution

Better known as "Old Ironsides," the Constitution was one of the first six ships commissioned by the U.S. Navy after the American Revolution. The Constitution destroyed two British vessels called Guerriére in August 1812 and the Java four months later. After seeing a shot bounce off the Constitutions hull, a sailor nicknamed it "Old Ironsides".

Harriet Tubman

Born as a slave in Maryland, he worked in plantation fields until she was nearly 30 years old. Then she made her break for freedom, escaping to the North with the help of the Underground Railroad. She settled in Philadelphia where she met many abolitionists who shared her desire of bringing Southern slaves to the North. She made 19 trips back to the South in 1850s to help other slaves escape. She helped free 70 including her parents making her one the most successful conductor on the Underground Railroad. Became known as the "Moses of her people" for leading people to freedom.

Abraham Lincoln

Born in the poor backcountry of Kentucky, he moved to Indiana as a kid and later to Illinois. He was a lawyer. The race for the senate against Douglas began as he challenged him to a series of debates called The Lincoln-Douglas Debates. He lost to Douglas in the race for the senate but won the presidency in the election of 1860 as a Republican. He sent an unarmed expedition with supplies to Fort Sumter but once the fort was attacked, he ordered 75,000 troops to fight and save the Union.

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The convention created a secure and a border without armed forces. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country. This meant that people from both nations could settle there.

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Checks and balances for Legislative Branch

Checks over Executive Branch: Can override presidential vetoes with a two-thirds vote. Can impeach the presdient. Can reject presdiential appointments and refuse to approve treaties. Checks over Judicial Branch: Can impeach judges. Can reject appointment of judges.

Checks and Balances of Executive Branch

Checks over Judicial Branch: Can appoint judges Checks over Legislative Branch: Can veto legislation.

Checks and Balances of Judicial Branch

Checks over Legislative Branch: Can declare laws unconsitutional. Checks over Executive Branch: Can declare acts of the president unconstitutional

Roger Taney

Chief Justice that said Dred Scott was still a slave. As a slave, Scott was not a citizen and had no right to bring a lawsuit. Also he said that Scott's residence on free soil did not make him free. An enslaved person was property and the fifth amendment prohibits Congress from taking away property without "due process of law". Finally, he wrote that Congress had no power prohibit slavery in any territory. Said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and popular sovereignty.

Pocahontas

Chief Powhatan's daughter. She was kidnaped and the she married John Rolfe. They then traveled to England. Three years later she died from disease. She broke John Smith out of jail.

York

Clark's servant, an African American who had great hunting and fishing skills which made him a valuable member of the expedition. He was successful in making friends with the Native Americans they met along the way. After expedition, he asked for his freedom but it took him 10 years to get it. 2 months after he died.

Establishment Clause

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.

Vinland

Colony that was established by Leif Eriksson off the coast of present day Newfoundland, Canada.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who went to West Point Military Academy. He took command of the army opposing McClellan at the Seven Days' Battles and he drove the Yankees back. At the Second Battle of Bull Run his troops merged with Jacksons to defeat the Union again allowing Richmond to be safe. After this battle, Lee's army was only 20 miles from Washington DC. He issued a proclamation urging the people of Maryland to join the Confederacy. His army marched into Maryland meeting with McClellan. His army lost at the Battle of Antietam because of the Union finding a copy of his orders for the battle. He supported allowing African Americans to join the war. He won the Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle at Chancellorsville. Also, he lost at the Battle of Gettysburg and took the blame for Pickett's Charge. His army was drove out of Pennsylvania. He lost the Battle of Petersburg to Grant. He and his troops surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. He is from Virginia.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Congress established the federal court system which was the district courts and courts of appeal and the Supreme Court.

Senate

Consists of 100 senators, two from each state. Must be at least 30 years old to serve six year terms. One third of the Senates seats become available every two years. It is the upper house of the legislative branch. The two Califonia senators are Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer.

Republic of Texas

Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845.

"natural rights"

Created by John Locke. Rights people were born with:life, liberty, property, people formed governments to protect these rights. This was used in the Declaration of Independence.

Articles of Confederation

Created in 1777 by Congress. It was a plan for new government and it was the first constitution of the U.S. It set up a one-house legislature. It stated that Congress had no power to tax which made them rely on the states to collect and forward taxes which the states were not willing to do so they were always short on money. It also said that Congress had no power to enforce its laws which made Congress depend on the states to enforce its laws which they barely did. There also was no executive branch which made coordinating the work of the national government almost impossible. Nine states had to approve any law before it could be passed which made it hard to get new laws passed. Also, Congress couldn't force the states to meet military quotas which didn't allow Congress to draft soldiers to form an army

Henry Clay

Created the American System. Ran for president from Kentucky in the 1824 election. Ran for president three times and lost each time. He was Secretary of State for John Quincy Adams after helping JQA. Known as the Great Compromiser. He supported the bank. Part of the Democratic-Republican party in the 1824 election.

legislative branch

Described in Article I. It is the lawmaking branch. Congress is compromised of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Powers of Congress include collecting taxes, coining money, regulating trade, declare war, raise and support armies, and makes all laws needed to fulfill the functions given to it as stated in the Constitution. The two main functions are to make nations laws and control government spending.

executive branch

Described in Article II. Headed by the president to carry out the nations laws. Serves as commander in chief of the armed forces and conducts relations with other countries.

judicial branch

Described in Article III. The court system of the U.S. The nations judicial powers resides in one Supreme Court and any other lower federal courts that Congress might establish. The Supreme Courts and federal courts hear cases involving the constitution, laws passed by Congress, and disputes between states.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, protective tariffs, and a tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government to pay off the war bonds at original value.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Due to the threats of war against France, some Americans questioned if immigrants(aliens) would stay loyal to America. The Federalists responded with strict laws to protect the nation's security. The act criminalized speech that was derisive to the government. The Federalists lost much support to the Republicans because it offended immigrants.

Democratic Party

Formed by Andrew Jackson. The symbol is the donkey because Jackson was nicknamed the "Jackass".

Fort Mandan

Fort set up by the Corps of Discovery for the winter. It was near the villages of the Mandans and Hidatsas. It would become known as North Dakota. Where the Corps of Discovery met Sacagawea.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

General that led The First Battle of Bull Run for the Confederates. The Confederates were inspired by reinforcements under him. He fought the enemy heroically "like a stone wall". From this he became known as "Stonewall" Jackson. He also fought at the Second Battle of Bull Run and at Chancellorsville, Virginia where his arm had to be amputated and he died.

John Adams

He defeated Jefferson in the election by three electoral votes. He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. He urged Congress to prepare for war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition made the Federalist's lose a lot of support to the Republicans. In 1800, he did not rush war but instead restored peace with France by France Agreeing to a treaty. This hurt Adam's chance for reelection but it was the right choice for America.

Samuel Morse

He developed an electric telegraph which allowed information to be transferred from one place to another by means of a strung wire using a dot-slash code. This was an early form of quick communication that helped tie people together regardless of distance.

Christopher Columbus

He sailed to the Bahamas in the Caribbean (never touched USA soil) in 1492. Sailed because of God,glory, and gold. We know this from journal entries.

Alexander Hamilton

He urged a federalist not to vote for Burr for president which resulted in him losing to Jefferson. When Burr was running for New York governor, Hamilton called him "a dangerous man". When Burr lost he blamed Hamilton and challenged him to a duel. All along, Hamilton never trusted Aaron Burr. In July 1804 at Weehawken, NewYork Burr shot Hamilton and killed him.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a strong believer of the common man and felt that the power of the government must rest with the people. Jefferson believed in giving more power to the state governments instead of the federal government. He also believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the rights of the states. Jefferson felt that the common man should be at the center of the U.S. economy and he wanted an agricultural life for America. He supported the Bill of Rights and lost to John Adams in the presidential election. He also was the Secretary of State during Washington's presidency. He was the leader of the Democratic-Republicans. The man who wrote the Declaration of Independence using ideas from the Magna Carta, Bill of Rughts, and ideas from John Locke. He was part of the Second Continental Congress. Father of the D.O.I.. Defeated Burr for president after 35 ballots. The republican president was inaugurated on March 4, 1801. He believed in reducing the power and size of the federal government because he favored the states. He believed that the U.S. should conduct foreign affairs and limit its domestic actions. His Secretary of State was James Madison and his secretary of the treasury was Albert Gallatin. He lowered the national debt by cutting spending on the military. Jefferson ordered Madison not to deliver the rest of the commission Adams wrote. After purchasing the Louisiana Territory for 15million, Jefferson sent His private secretary Meriwether Lewis to head the expedition to explore the new land. In 1804, he was nominated for a second term and won.

Meriwether Lewis

He was private secretary to President Jefferson and at 28 years old was chosen to head the expedition of exploring the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis was well qualified as he had joined the militia during the Whiskey Rebellion and had been in the army since that time. Amateur scientist. After the expedition, he was named governor of the Louisiana Territory but three years later killed himself due to depression.

The Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay proposed that California would be admitted as a free state, the New Mexico Territory would have no restrictions on slavery, the New Mexico-Texas border would be settled in favor of New Mexico, the slave trade(not slavery itself) would be abolished in the District of Columbia, and a stronger fugitive slave law. His proposal led to a debate that lasted 7 months. Calhoun opposed his plan because of California joining as a free state but Webster supported it. Clay's proposal did not pass as a complete package because too many members of Congress objected to one part of it or another.

Battle of San Jacinto

Houston gathered an army of about 900 at San Jacinto near the site of present day Houston. Santa Anna had an army of more than 1,300. On April 21 the Texans launched a surprise attack on the Mexican camp. They killed 600 and captured 700 including Santa Anna who signed a treaty recognizing the independence of Texas. Led the battle of San Jacinto.

French and Indian War

In 1754, the British-French rivalry led to this war. Colonial leaders met in Albany, New York, to find a way for the colonies to defend themselves against the French. The leaders adopted the Albany Plan of government calling for one general government for the 11 colonies but the plan was not approved. Britain won the war in 1763 which gave them most of the French a Territory in America.

The Whiskey Rebellion

In 1791, the rebellion that many people took part in to refuse to give the government taxes for Whiskey. For many western farmers, it was much too expensive to have a tax on Whiskey. In 1794, large mobs of farmers attacked tax collectors and burned buildings. Eventually, Washington led 15,000 militia across the Appalachian Mountains to silence the rebels.

XYZ Affair

In 1797, Adams sent a delegation to Paris to try to resolve a dispute but the minister Charles de Talleyrand refused to meet with the Americans. Instead, he sent three agents who demanded a bribe and loan for France from the Americans. The three agents were referred to as X, Y, and Z. Adams urged Congress to prepare for war against France

Dolley Madison

In 1814, she gathered important papers and fled the White House. She also saved the portrait of Washington from the White House. She was born in North Carolina and grew up in Virginia. She married James Madison and served as an unofficial First Lady for the widower, Thomas Jefferson. She became the first official First Lady when Madison was president.

Tariff of Abominations

In 1828 Congress passed a law that placed a very high tariff on European goods. The Northeast welcomed the tariff but the South despised it. There were fewer manufacturers in the South so they didn't benefit from increased sales. They called it the Tariff of Abominations.

The Trail of Tears

In 1838 federal troops under General Winfield Scott came to remove the Cherokee from their homes and lead them west. Brutal weather along the way claimed thousands of Cherokee lives.

Bear Flag Republic

In 1846, a small group of Americans had seized the town of Sonoma north of San Francisco and proclaimed the independent Republic of California. They called the new country Bear Flag Republic because their flag showed a bear and star on a white background.

Republican Party

In 1854, antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined forces with Free-Soilers to form the Republican Party. They challenged proslavery Whigs and Democrats. The party's main message was to ban slavery from new territories. Abraham Lincoln and John C. Frémont both ran under this party.

Gettysburg Address

In 1863, at a ceremony dedicating a cemetery at Gettysburg, Lincoln expressed what the war has come to mean and emphasized Americans' shared ideals.

Treaty of Ghent

In December 24, 1814 in Ghent Belgium, American and British representatives signed a peace agreement. It didn't change any existing borders and nothing was mentioned about impressment but with Napoleons defeat, neutral rights were no longer a problem.

Siege of Vicksburg

In Vicksburg, Mississippi, the North wanted to capture Vicksburg so they can gain control of the Mississippi River. For several weeks, Union forces under Grant had laid siege on the town. On July 4, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered. This gave them control of the whole Mississippi River. This was a turning point in the war.

cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. A compact machine that removed seeds from cotton fibers much more quickly than could be done by hand.

Sequoyah

Invented the Cherokee alphabet which enabled many of the Cherokee to read and write in their own language.

Washington's Farewell Address

It included an explanation of why he is not seeking a third term, warned Americans not to get involved in foreign affairs, and not to form political parties.

"The duel"

It was between Hamilton and Burr where Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel after blaming Hamilton to the lost of the election for governor of New York. It was said that Hamilton said he wouldn't shoot at Burr but it was also said he aimed at Burr but missed. Burr shot at Hamilton and mortally wounded him. It took place in Weehawken, New Jersey in 1804.

House of Burgesses

It was patterned after the English parliament and voted on laws for the Virginia Colony. It is the 1st house of burgesses and they met in 1619. They set an example for representative government. It was established to attract more settlers.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

It was the final settlement signed in 1783 ending the revolutionary war and giving America its freedom. Americas territory was from Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.

the "corrupt bargain"

Jackson's followers accused Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams of stealing the election by Clay helping Adams win the presidency and Adams naming Clay the Secretary of State in return. This cast a shadow over Adams presidency.

nominating conventions

Jackson's supporters wanted to make the political system more democratic so they abandoned the caucus system and replaced it with nominating conventions in which delegates from the states selected the party's candidate. The first national party convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland in 1832. Jackson won the nomination by gathering two-thirds vote. This system allowed many people to participate in the selection of political candidates.

Pottawatomie Massacre

John Brown and his followers banged on the door of James Doyles cabin and killed the Doyle's including James. They also went to other cabins killing more proslavery people.

Harpers Ferry, Virginia

John Brown led 18 men both white and African Americans on a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His target was a storage place for weapons and ammunition because he wanted to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. His raid was financed by abolitionists. Brown and his men were defeated by local citizens and federal troops. Brown was convicted of treason and was hanged.

judicial review

Judicial review is to say what the law is and the courts decide if the law conflicts with the Constitution. It is important because it is a check and balance on the legislative branch so it will not have too much power. It was mainly first used by John Marshall in the Marbury v. Madison case. The three principles of it Marshall set out were that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, when a conflict arises between the Constitution and any other law, the Constitution must be followed, and the judicial branch has a duty to uphold the Constitution. Confirms the Framers' intention to create three separate independent branches of government. Allows the court to interpret the Constitution.

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

King George III

King of Britain from 1760-1820

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown who was a soldier and an explorer. Helped get his people through the tough times in Virginia when it was cold and food was hard to find. He forced the settlers to farm and get corn from the Native Americans instead of searching for gold.

Democratic-Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, wanted to limit government, feared that a strong government would endanger people's liberties, supported the French, rule by people, strong state governments, emphasis on agriculture strict interpretation of the constitution, free trade, state banks, and appealed to small farmers and urban workers mainly in Middle Atlantic and the South.

Appomattox Court House

Lee moved his army west of Richmond hoping to link up with a small Confederate force that was trying to stop Sherman's advance. The Union army blocked his escape route leaving Lee to surrender to Grant in a small Virginian village.

Missouri River

Lewis and Clark started on this river from St.Louis where they used the Missouri River as their highway through the unknown lands.

states' rights

Limiting the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden them.

Ten percent plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Adams-Onis Treaty

Luis de Onis, the Spanish minister demanded punishment of Jackson. Agreement in which Spain gave up East Florida to the U.S. and abandoned all claims to West Florida. The two countries also agreed on a border between the U.S. and Spanish possessions in the West. The U.S. gave up its claims to Spanish Texas and payed $5 million dollars for the damages the American citizens had done. It also extended the border northwest from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then west to the Pacific. This made America a transcontinental power.

John Rolfe

Married Pocahontas, stopped Virginia from collapsing by finding out that Virginias soil could grow tobacco. Tobacco became a cash crop in Virginia.

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina. Rich soil, mild winters, long growing seasons, abundant rainfall. Agricultural Colonies. Settlers settled on land inland that belonged to Native Americans. It became a royal colony after it lost its charter with a governor and council appointed.

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maine(mass.), Connecticut. Harsh winters, Rocky soil, short growing season, subsistense farming, cold waters, and good harbor. Industry colonies. Owned by England. Shipbuilding is an imoortant industry. Center of shipping trade

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence. Most Federalists wanted to remain within the Union and they drew up amendments to the Constitution. The Federalists grievances toward Jacksons victory seemed unpatriotic which caused them to lose respect in the eyes of the public. Met in Hartford Conneticut.

Mormons

Members of the Chuch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They had come to Utah to fulfill their vision of the godly life. They finally settled in Utah where they almost fought the U.S. army.

abolitionist

Members of the growing band of reformers who worked to abolish, or end, slavery. These people included Fredrick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison.

Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He led a rebellion against the Spanish government of Mexico. He called for redial equality and redistribution of the land. The Spanish defeated the revolutionary forces. He was captured and executed in 1811. Mexico gained its independence in 1821. His parish was Dolores.

temperance

Movement to decrease the amount of alcohol consumed

Middle Colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey. Fertile soil, moderate winters, rich mineral deposits, rolling hills. Industry and Agricultural Colonies. Owned by Dutch at first but then by England.

Fourteenth Amendment

No state is allowed to enforce any law which would abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens. Due process of law. All citizens have the right to equal protection of the law in all states. Naturalization.

James Buchanan

Nominated by the Democratic Party to run for president. An experienced diplomat and former member of Congress from Pennsylvania. The party endorsed popular sovereignty. He won winning all the Southern states except Maryland and received 174 electoral votes,

Manifest Destiny

O'Sullivan meant that the United States was clearly destined to extend its boundaries all the way to the Pacific.

Corps of Discovery

Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members which included over 45. They covered more than 7,700 miles.

Boston Massacre

On March 5, 1770 at King and State St., colonists were insulting the red coats and throwing stones and snowballs at them. Colonel Thomas Prescott is in charge of the red coats. When one of the soldiers was knocked down by a snowball, he fired. Seven shots rang out killing five colonists. This led to many more strong boycotts against British goods. Paul Revere illustrated this scene and titled it the Bloody Massacre.

total war

On its way to Savannah Georgia, the Union troops used a method of waging war by tearing up railroad lines and fields in an effort to destroy anything useful in the south.

Declaratory Act

On the same day after the Stamp Act was repealed in 1765, parliament passed an act that stated that Parliament had the right to tax and make decisions for the British colonies "in all cases".

Bleeding Kansas

One night, John Brown led his four sons and two other men along the Pottawatomie Creek where they seized and killed five supporters of slavery. More violence continued from armed band and newspapers began referring to all the violence as "Bloody Kansas."

54th Massachusetts Infantry

One of the most famous African American regiments led by white abolitionists. In 1863, the 54th attacked a Confederate fortification named Fort Wagner near Charkeston, South Carolina. They battled to the top of the fort but the Confederates drove them back. Nearly half of the 54th were killed, captured, or wounded. This won respect for African American troops. It was led by a white man named Robert Gould Shaw.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

popular sovereignty

People are the source of the governments power.

California Gold Rush

People from all over the world came to California in search of gold. By the end of 1848 6 million dollars in gold was found. Many came to California by sea and overland traveling on the Oregon and Santa Fe Trail. Men from China, Mexico, Europe, South America, US, and Australia came.

forty-niners

People who arrived in California to look for gold in 1849 were called forty-niners.

Mathew Brady

Photographer who recorded camps, lives, and deaths of soldiers in more than 10,000 photos.

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa. President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations. They demanded tribute, from European governments to let their ships pass safely. In 1804, the pirates seized the US warship Philadelphia and towed it to Tripoli Harbor. The crew and captain went to jail. In June 1805, Tripoli agreed to stop tribute but the US had to pay for a ransom of $60,000 for the release of the American prisoners.

implied power

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Reserved Powers

Powers that are for the state such as regulating trade within the state, establishing local government systems, conducting elections, and establishing public school systems

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. This would be a way to deposit money from taxes. It would also provide loans to government and to businesses. Jefferson opposed the bank because he thought it was un-constitutional since it was not stated in the constitution and because it would give the wealthy too much power over national finances.

Fourth Amendment

Protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures.

New York Draft Riots

Protests against the draft erupted in New York City in July 1863. Angry mobs who opposed the draft and the fight to free African Americans went on a rampage of burning, looting, and killing. After four days, 100 people were dead.

Roger Williams

Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island. He believed people should be able to follow whatever religion they choose and that religion and government should be separate. He was banished by Massachusetts leaders because he felt it was wrong to steal land from the Native Americans. He then set up Rhode Island in 1644 where it became the first place in America to have religious tolerance and acceptance for dissenters

John Quincy Adams

Ran as a democratic-republican in the election of 1824. Was part of the "corrupt bargain" which cast a shadow over his presidency. He favored a stronger navy and federal government. Congress turned down many of his proposals. He ran for president in the election of 1828 but lost to Andrew Jackson. Was from Massachusetts and first son of a president to be president.

The Great Awakening

Religious and social movement beginning in the 1730s. Brings awareness of the importance of religion in peoples's lives grows. Belief grows that all people are equal before god. Spread religious and political freedom in the colonies. Colonists now believed they can choose their own faith. It united all the colonies which will open up lones of communication to later spread the Revolutionary Fervor.

Wilmot Proviso

Representative of Pennsylvania introduced a proposal in Congress. It specified that slavery should be prohibited in any lands that might be acquired from Mexico. This made Southerners furious and John C. Calhoun countered his proposal with one that said Congress nor territorial government could ban slavery. Both proposals didn't pass.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions written by the Virginia and Kentucky leaders saying the Alien and Sedation acts were unconstitutional. Kentucky Resolution further suggested that states might nullify the act.

The Great Compromise

Roger Sherman proposed a two-house legislature where in the lower house was the House of Representatives where the number of seats for each state varies in its population. In the upper house was the senate where each state would have two members.

Goliad

Sam Houston ordered the troops at the city to abandon their position,nas they retreated they came face to face with Mexican troops. After a fierce fight several hundred Texans surrendered. On Santa Anna's orders, the Texans were executed a few days later.

Speaker of the House

Second in the Line of Succession. The current one is John Boehner.

James Madison

Secretary of State to Jefferson. Became the fourth president. Created the non-intercourse act. Was pushed by the war hawks to declare war. The president to declare war after starting the War of 1812. Father of the Constitution. Served two terms. Wrote the constitution with Governeur Morris. From Virginia

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Harriet Beecher Stowe

She wrote the popular book called Uncle Tom's Cabin that added fuel to antislavery feelings with its description of slavery as a cruel and inhuman system. It sold more than 300,000 copies in the first year and it was banned in the South.

Mayflower Compact

Signed by the pilgrims to set up a civil government. Important step for a democratic government in America.

Leif Eriksson

Son of Erik the Red. Established the colony of Vinland (Wineland) in about 1000AD off the coast of present-day Newfoundland, Canada. He sailed there in search of better land exploration using advanced shipbuilding skills to travel long distances.

Stephen F. Austin

Son of Moses Austin who set up the colony of Texas. After he died the land passed to Stephen F. Austin. He recruited 300 American families to settle the fertile lands along the Brazos and Colorado Rivers of Texas. His success made him a leader among the American settlers in Texas. He began making plans for independence but was arrested by the Mexian government.

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House and then senator that proposed the Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820) and the Compromise of 1850.

Supreme Court

Stands at the top of the American legal system. It is one of the three coequal branch with Congress and the President. Congress sets the number associate justices to nine in 1869 but can change it any time. No requirements or duties are stated in the Constitution to became an associate justice. The main duty of the justices is to hear and rule on cases. They decide on which cases to hear from among thousands and determining an explanation for the decision which is called the courts opinion.

Jim Crow law

State and local laws passed from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the mid-1950s by which white southerners reasserted their dominance by denying African Americans basic social, economic, and civil rights, such as the right to vote.

Emancipation Proclamation

States that all enslaved people in the states controlled by the Confederacy were free. It also states the war was being fought to not only preserve the Union but to end slavery. With the news, thousands of enslaved people fled to freedom and about 200,000 served in the Union army. Lincoln waited for the right moment for it to be passed so that it wouldn't appear to be acting in desperation when losing the war.

border states

States that were located between the North and the South. These were the states John Brown won the votes of in the 1860 election.

Jacksonian democracy

Symbol is the donkey which originated from Andrew Jackson's nickname the "Jackass". Formed by President Jackson. The Democrats carried the spirit of democracy into government. Their goal was to shake up the federal bureaucracy (a system in which no elected officials carry out the law). They favored the spoils system. A policy of spreading more political power to more people.

Townshend Act

Taxes on imports that could not be produced in the colonies like tea, lead, glass, and paper. The taxes were paid at the port of entry. Had non-specific search warrants (Writs of Assistance). Passed to raise regenue for the king.

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the USA. He kept the border states in the Union by not upsetting the people there. He suspended some constitutional rights such as Habeas Corpus and arrested anyone that supported secession. His wife was Mary Todd Lincoln. His early terms for enlistment asked governors to supply soldiers for 90 days. After the loss at the First Battle of Bull Run, he signed two bills that requested a total of 1 million troops that would serve for 3 years. He then appointed George B. McClellan to head the Army of the Potomac. He ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports before the battle of bull run. In the Seven Days' Battles he told McClellan that "You must act". After the loss, Lincoln ordered him to move his army back to northern Virginia to join General Pope for the Second Battle of Bull Run which the Union loss. In the Battle of Antietam, he told McClellan to destroy the Confederate army. When he didn't, he removed McClellan and put Ambrose Burnside in command. He used this battle to take action against slavery. Lincoln considered slavery immoral from the start but showed reluctance to move against slavery because of the border states. He believed it was important for the president rather than Congress to end slavery so he passed the Emancipation Proclamation. Also he passed it because it would make Britain and France less likely to aide the South and there was a shift in public opinion about slavery in that it helped the South continue fighting so it must be stopped. Also he allowed African Americans to join the Union army in the Emancipation Proclamation. He suspended Habeas Corpus for people that discouraged enlistment in the army. He replaced General Hooker with George Meade after he didn't attack Lee's army. He gave the Gettysburg Address which expressed what the war had come to be. He was impressed by General Grant and named him commander of all the Union armies. He supported Grant at the three battles near Richmond, Virginia. In the Election of 1864, he won taking 55% of the popular vote. He didn't live to see the end of the war and was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth five days after Lee's surrender. His Vice President Andrew Johnson became President.

Sugar Act

The British Parliament passed this act to lower tax of molasses that had been imported by the colonists in 1764. The act was passed to try to convince the colonists to pay the tax instead of smuggling. Need to pay for French and Indian War. People continue to smuggle.

Worcester v. Georgia

The Cherokee sued Georgia after they refused to recognize Cherokee's laws. The case went to the Supreme Court where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee. He also said that the Native Americans were protected by the federal government and constitution. Jackson ignored the Supreme Court's ruling.

Jefferson Davis

The Confederate president who was a West Point graduate and experienced soldier. He ordered Lee to launch an offensive into Maryland as he hoped another victory would win aid from Great Britain and France. He also proclaimed military law and suspended Habeas Corpus when people opposed the draft. He was captured in Georgia on May 10th.

Copperheads

The Democrats split into to two groups. One that supported Lincoln's wartime policies and the other called the "Peace Democrats" favored negotiating with the Confederacy. Republicans called the Peace Democrats copperheads after a poisonous snake without warning. When the Union lost battles, the Copperheads' support rose. Lincoln then ordered the arrest of anyone who discourages men from enlisting in the army.

Anaconda Plan

The North's plans to blockade Southern ports and supply lines to isolate Confederate troops. Also to control the Mississippi River to divide the confederacy in two and finally to capture Richmond, Virginia.

Sam Houston

The Texas government named Sam Houston as commander in chief of the Texas forces. He had come to Texas in 1833. He was raised among the Cherokee people and became a soldier that fought with Andrew Jackson in the Creek war. He served in Congress and as governor of Tennessee. He wanted to prevent areas from being overrun by the Mexican troops. He ordered the troops at Goliad to abandon their position. He led the battle of San Jacinto and won. He then became president of Texas in 1836. He sent a delegation to Washington DC asking the US to annex Texas but Jackson refused because it would upset the balance of state and slave states so Texas remained independent.

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because of the rebellion against the French in Haiti which had ruined his plan to control an American empire by setting up a naval base in Haiti. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. Also, he borrowed the money from the National Bank even though he was before against it.

War Hawks

The War Hawks were a group of Republican Congressmen who, at the end of the first decade of the 1800s, demanded that the United States declare war against Great Britain, invade British Canada, and expel the Spanish from Florida. These include John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay.

Fugitive Slave Act

The act in 1850 required all citizens to help catch runaways. Anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned. People in the south believed the law would force Northerners to recognize the rights of Southerners. Instead, it led to anger in the North, convincing more people of the evils of slavery.

impressment

The act or policy of seizing people or property for public service of use.

commerce clause

The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. The Gibbons v. Ogden case strengthened it.

limited government

The constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have.

Election Day

The day when people elect delegates into office. It is the Tuesday following the first Monday of November.

Era of the Common Man

The era of when Jackson was president and promised equal protection and benefits for all white Americans.

James Monroe

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas. He toured the nations for the first time since Washington and he symbolized good feeling creating the Era of Good Feelings.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement which was established in 1607 by the Virginia Company. Named after King James I. First town of the new colony Virginia.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

The first written constitution that described the organization of representative government in detail. Adopted in 1639 by settlers led by Thomas Hooker.

Robert Fulton

The inventor of the Clermont. Hired by Robert Livingston to create a steamboat with a powerful engine.

Eli Whitney

The inventor of the cotton gin.

"midnight judges"

The judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801. They were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Fort Clatsop

The last fort built by Lewis and Clark, in Oregon which was completed by Christmas. The Indians near by are friendly and it was a real military post. A part was held after the fort was finished.

Roanoke

The lost colony, when John Smith returned from resupply ing everyone was gone. Main theories are they were killed by Native Americans, they tried sailing back but their ship was destroyed and they assimilated the ways of the Native American tribes.

House of Representatives

The lower house of Congress with 435 members. The members are higher in more populated states(proportional representation). California has 53 members. To run you must be 25 years old to serve two years. Henry Waxman represents the South Bay and soon will be Ted Lieu. The Chief Administration Officer is Ed Cassidy who is the chief officer of it.

Bull Run

The major battle of the Civil War was fought here in Northern Virginia, about five miles from a town called Manassas Junction near Bull Run, a small River area. It began when 30,000 inexperienced Union troops attacked a smaller equally experienced Confederate force. The Yankees drove the Confederate's back at first but then the Rebels rallied, inspired by reinforcements under General Thomas Jackson. The Confederates surged forward with their Rebel yell and the Northern soldiers dropped their guns and fled to Washington D.C. The Second Battle of Bull Run was when Jacksons troops joined Lee's army to attack Pope's supply base at Manassas. Pope attacked the approaching Confederates and started the battle. The battle ended in a Confederate victory and Richmond was no longer threatened.

The Star Spangled Banner

The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry

McCulloch v. Maryland

The national bank caused financial problems to arise in America. Because of this, Maryland attempts to restrict the power of the national bank by passing a law that requires a stamp tax on all notes issued by the bank not chartered by the bank. This is also done because many people went to the national bank since the interest rates were lower and Maryland still wanted to receive a profit. Two constitutional issues arose which was if the second national bank was constitutional and if a state has the power to tax a national bank. In the end, Marshall ruled that Congress had the power to create a national bank but the state was not allowed to tax the bank because it could lead to taxing of other governmental organizations. This shows that Marshall favors the national government over the state. Allows Congress to create laws necessary and proper for the operation of the country. Congress has implied powers to implement enumerated powers.

Amerigo Vespucci

The person honored of the New World by Martin Waldseemuller because his name went on the first world map. Wrote about America and many Europeans read his work.

Independence Hall

The place where the Declaration of I dependence and the Constitution was drafted. Also the place where the Philadelphia convention met. Located in Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

The president of Mexico who agreed to let American settlers come to Texas. He became a dictator and overthrew Mexico's constitution. His army killed the defenders at the Alamo and raided the fortress. His army was attacked by the Texans on April 21 and he was captured. He then signed a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas.

Eminent Domain

The right of government to take private property for public use. Part of the fifth amendment.

charter

The right to organize a settlement

Jean Baptiste (Pomp)

The son of Sacagawea who was born in February 1805. Was given a French name but became known as Pomp which means "first born". Went on the Lewis and Clark expedition as a young child. He was later adopted by Clark and became a fur trader.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The supreme court supported Jim Crow laws in this court decision. The court said the fourteenth amendment allowed seperate facilities for different races as long as thise facilities were equal. This decision was used to justify segregation for the next 50 years.

Battle of Gettysburg

The two armies met in 1863 near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle was three days and it began when Union cavalry surprised Rebel infantry. Outnumbered, the Union fought desperately before retreating to Cemetery Ridge, a line of hills south of Gettysburg. Next day, the Rebels attacked but a Union counterattack saved their position. On the final day, Pickett's Charge caused the Confederacy to lose the battle as they were easy targets to the Union.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

The two met seven times in 1858 in towns throughout Illinois. The main topic was slavery and thousands came to watch. During a debate at Freeport, Lincoln questioned Douglas about popular sovereignty and if a territory could legally exclude slavery before statehood. Douglas' response led to the Freeport Doctrine. Douglas claimed Lincoln wanted African Americans wanted to be fully equal with whites but Lincoln denied this. Douglas won the election but the debates gave Lincoln a national reputation.

Twelfth Amendment

This amendment provides outlined procedures for electing the President and Vice-President by seperating the ballots for Vice President and President.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York being given a federal license to operate a ferry on the Hudson River. Ogden had the states permission while Gibbons had the national government's permission. Ogden believed Gibbons couldn't compete since he was there first. Judge Marshall, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce across state lines. Marshall's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights(federal supremacy). (1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies. This allowed Gibbons was allowed to compete with Ogden in the ferry boat business when at first Ogden said his monopoly rights were being infringed.

secede

To break away from the United States and form their own government.

blockade

To close. The North wanted to close Southern ports to prevent supplies from reaching the South and to prevent the South from earning money by exporting cotton.

nullification

To legally overturn federal laws that are considered unconstitutional.

annex

To take control of. Houston sent a delegation to Washington DC asking the US to annex Texas.

Brigham Young

Took over as Mormon leader after Joseph Smith died. He decided that the Mormons should move near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Two years later Congress set up the Utah Territory and he became its governor.

Seneca Falls

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Francis Scott Key

United States attorney and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. Seeing the American flag still over the fort gave him a patriotic feeling. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner and was declared the national anthem.

Millard Fillmore

Vice President to Zachary Taylor who became president when Taylor died. He supported some parts of the Compromise of 1820 and persuaded several Whig members to not cast votes on measures they opposed. After the Compromise of 1850 was passed as five separate bills, he believed the conflict between the North and South was over.

ironclads

Warships that were covered in metal. These included the Confederate ship the Merrimack (Virginia) which was the first ironclad and the Monitor, a Union ship that had a turret. These two ships fought off the coast of Virginia resulting in a draw.

Dred Scott

Was an enslaved African American who was bought by an army doctor in Missouri. In the 1830's, the doctor moved his household to Illinois, a free state and the to the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was banned. Later the family returned back to Missouri where the doctor died. In 1846 Scott sued for his freedom with the help of antislavery lawyers. He claimed he should be free because he had once lived on free soil. After eleven years, the case reached the Supreme Court where Chief Justice Taney said he was still a slave.

Toussaint-Louverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle against the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and plantation owners and freed coloreds and secured native control over the colony. He was caught by the French when troops were sent to Santo Domingo to regain control

William Henry Harrison

Was known for the victory in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Was a Whig candidate and was portrayed as the man of the people. Four weeks after his inauguration in 1841, Harrison died of pneumonia. From OH

James K. Polk

Was nominated by the Democratic Party instead of Martin Van Buren for the presidency in 1844. He was a former Congressman and governor of Tennessee. He supported American claims for sole ownership of Oregon. He defeated Clay, a Whig, in the presidency. He was determined to make Oregon part of the U.S. and he supported the annexation of Texas although Mexico believed it was illegal. He was also determined to get California and New Mexico territories but Mexico wouldn't sell it. He wanted to fulfill the Manifest Destiny. He sent John Slidell to Mexico to offer $30 million for CA and New Mexico in return for the acceptance of the Rio Grande as the Texas boundary but Mexico refused to meet with him. Instead, Mexico planned to reclaim Texas which caused Polk to send Zachary Taylor and his troops across the Nueces River into the disputed border area of Texas and build a fort. When Taylor was attacked war was declared with Mexico. Polk and the democrats backed the war while the Whigs didn't. He planned for American forces to drive Mexico out of the disputed border region of Texas.

Martin Van Buren

Was one of Jackson's friends and became Vice President in the election of 1832. The Democrats selected him of New York as their candidate. Jackson's great popularity helped Van Buren defeat the Whig candidates. He was inaugurated in 1837. During his presidency, America went into a severe economic depression. He believed in the principle of laissez-faire. He asked Congress to pass an independent federal treasury in 1840. He received criticism of the act from the Democrats and Whigs. From NY and first born American president.

John Hancock

Was one of the signers for the Delcaration of Independence. He signed his name the biggest which made his signature very famous. He was a smuggler and very rich.

Benjamin Franklin

Was part of the Second Continental Congress and helped draft up the Declaration of Independence. Was an asset to the United States and helped it gain independence and he was a patriot. Also was part of the Constitutional Convention who helped draft the constitution.

John Tyler

Was the Vice President of William Henry Harrison. He became president when Harrison died. Tyler had once been a democrat and he backed states' rights and vetoed several Whig-sponsored bills. This angered the Whigs causing most of the cabinet to resign and Whig leaders in Congress expelling Tyler from the party. From VA

George Washington

Was the first president of America and served two terms. He rarely proposed laws and almost always approved bills. Washington created a cabinet of prominent political figures of the day. He nominated John Jay to lead the Supreme Court. Washington sent an army to defeat the Native Americans and an army to silence mobs that protested against the whiskey tax. He also decided to stay neutral in the war against France and Britain by issuing the Proclamation of Neutrality. After that did not work, he sent John Jay to come up with a peaceful solution. He also sent Thomas Pinckney to try to settle the differences between Spain and America. By doing all of this he kept America prosperous and at peace. After serving two terms he published Washingon's Farewell which said why he was not serving a third term and to not create political parties and to not encourage foreign affairs.

John C. Calhoun

When Congress passed the Tariff of 1828, he from South Carolina argued that it was unconstitutional. He based his argument on ideas that Jefferson and Madison used in defending the Virginia Kentucky Resolutions. In 1830, his doctrine of nullification came before the U.S. Senate during a debate over land policy. He countered the Wilmot Proviso by saying that Congress didn't have the authority to ban slavery or regulate it. He opposed the Compromise of 1850 and threatened secession if it was passed.

Columbian Exchange

When Europeans traveled to America bringing animals and crops from the Old World. Animals and crops from America also went to Europe. Many Native Americans were killed by the Europeans and by new diseases brought by Europeans.

National Road

When Ohio joined the union in 1803, they asked the federal government to build a road to connect it with the east. The first section was from Maryland to western Virginia. In later years, the road reached Ohio and continued on to Vandalia, Illinois. Congress viewed it as a military necessity. EAST TO WEST

Alamo

When Santa Anna's army reached San Antonio they found a small Texan force barricaded inside a nearby mission called the Alamo. The Alamo's walls were smashed on March 6, 1836 when the Mexicans began firing. Many of the Alamo's defenders were killed and the Mexicans entered the fortress in the mission. The battle took 90 minutes and 189 defenders died and 600 others.

Pickett's Charge

When about 14,000 Confederate soldiers advanced across about one-half mile of open ground toward the Union lines. This attack was led by General George Pickett. His army made easy targets for Union fire as they marched and barely half of the Rebels returned from the charge.

Ford's Theatre

Where Abraham Lincoln was watching a play in Washington D.C. until he was assassinated by Booth in his private box in the balcony.

Valley Forge

Where George Washington set up camp, 20 miles west of the British. There, his troops faced a terrible winter with bad conditions. Washingtons greatest challenge was keeping the Continental Army together and they survived through the winter.

Battle of Bunker Hill

With about 1,200 militiamen led by Colonel William Prescott, on June 16, 1775, they set up fort. They were ordered to only shoot when they saw the white of their eyes because they were low on gunpowder. The next day the red coats were coming near fort. The Americans opened fire causing them to retreat but they charged two more times. In the end, the Americans ran out of gunpowder causing them to lose the battle.

secession

Withdrawal from the union. Southern states debated whether or not they should do this.

Thomas Paine

Wrote the pamphlet common sense in January 1776. He used strong language to condemn the kind and called for complete separation from Britain. He to,d the colonists that their cause was not to squabble over taxes but a struggle for freedom.

Neutrality Proclamation

a 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not take sides in the conflict between France and Britain.

Jonathan Edwards

a Yale minister and famous preacher who refused to covert to the Church of England. People were beginning to feel John Calvin's beliefs were wrong. He reacted to this and spoke angrily to the people. People started to listen to him which started the Great Awakening. He said "Sinners in the hand of an angry God."

John Paul Jones

a daring American naval officer who raided British ports. In September 1779, his ship fought the British warship Serapis. When his ship was so badly damaged he still managed to defeat the British warship making him a naval hero to American patriots. His ship was the Bonhomme Richard. "I have not yet begun to fight."

Search Warrant

a detailed warrant issued by a judge listing what the police can search.

Declaration of Setiments

a formal statement of injustices suffered by women, written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Setiments means "beliefs" or convictions

militia

a group of citizen soldiers

The Marquis de Lafayette

a hardy soldier at Valley Forge who was a French nobleman. He was dedicated to the ideas of the Declaration of Independence and was a trusted aide to Washington.

precedent

a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

tyranny

a nation under cruel and obsessive government. Abuse of power.

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in January 1776 that circulated widely and helped convince thousands of American colonists that it was "time to part".

Sons of Liberty

a patriot group started in 1767 by Samuel Adams. Broke into stamp masters home and tarred and feathered the stamp master.

delegate

a person sent or authorized to represent others

New Jersey Plan

a plan written up by William Patterson on June 15 which kept the Confederations one house legistlature with on vote for each state.

Gouverneur Morris

a powerful speaker and writer who wrote the final draft of the constitution(only wrote it but all of the ideas were from James Madison). He wrote the preamble himself.

bill

a proposed law that is introduced first in the Senate or House. Then it is referred to the Senate or House Committee. The Senate or House debates and passes its form of Bill. If necessary, the Senate and House can reach a compromise on a single bill which is then approved by the House and Senate. Finally the President sign the bill into law or vetoes it.

republic

a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Northwest Territory

a territory created by the Northwest Ordinance out of the lands north of Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. The lands were to be divided into not fewer than three nor more than five small territories.

William Penn

a wealthy English Quaker. Quakers were a Protestant group persecuted by the English. He received land from King Charles repaying his debt he owned his father. This land became Pennsylvania. He believed this can be land for the Quakers ideas for toleration and equality. He believed that the land belonged to the Native Americans so settlers had to pay for it. He advertised his colony and by 1683, more than 3,000 people settled in Pennsylvania. He granted the colonists rights to elect representatives to the legislative assembly.

President Pro Tempore

acts as the president of the senate when the vice president isn't there. Patrick Leahy occupies this position.

Tea Act

allowed the British East India Company to ship tea to the colonies without paying the taxes and became Americas only supplier. This allowed the company to sell its tea cheaply and threatened to drive the colonial tea merchants out of business. Was accepted in 1773. Had prices low so colonists woukd start buying British tea instead of smuggling Dutch tea.

Thirteenth Amendment

amendment that abolished slavery in America.

Intolerable Acts

an act passed by Parliament in 1774 to punish the colonists. The act closed down Boston Harbor until city paid for tea and put the government of Massachusetts under military rule by General Thomas Gage. British officials were allowed to be tried in England if charged with crimes while enforcing British laws. Issued a quartering act that said that British troops should be given a place to live in colonists' homes. Colonists called these the Intolerable Acts because they are required.

compromise

an agreement between two or more sides in which each side gives up some of what it wants

Continental Army

an army created by the Second Continental Congress to fight against Britain in a more organized way that the colonial militias could. George Washington was the commander of the army.

William Marbury

appointed by Adams as one of the midnight judges. Then, the Secretary of State under Jefferson, Madison, did not send his letter. Marbury sued to get it, claiming he was legally owed his commission. The case went to the Supreme Court, where Marshall denied it, on the grounds that the Judiciary Act, on which Marbury based his case, was unconstitutional. This then gave the Supreme Court a final say over wheater a law is constitutional or not, which had not been established up to that point.

Fifth Amendment

assures the right not to be deprived of life,liberty, and property without due process of law. Protects the rights of anyone accused of a crime. People cannot be forced to testify against themselves(self-incrimination). People have the right to remain silent. Citizens must be payed when government takes over their property for public use. No double jeopardy.

Seventh Amendment

assures the right to a jury trial in cases involving common law(the law established by previous court decisions).

census

calls for a counting of the people every ten years

impeach

charge (the holder of a public office) with misconduct. Andrew Johnson, our 17th president, and this man, our 42nd president William Jefferson Clinton.

Plymoth

city where people governed themselves for 70 years with no outside help. In 1691 It became a part of Massachusetts(a Puritan colony). Pilgrims arrived here.

minutemen

companies that boasted that they would be ready to fight on a minutes notice.

cash crops

crops that are sold in large portions for profit

Magna Carta

document that King John was forced to sign in 1215. It established the principle of limited government in which power of the ruler was limited, not absolute. Protected nobles privileges and gave certain people rights.

checks and balances

each branch of government holds some control over other two branches

separation of powers

each of the three branches of government has its own responsibilities

supremacy clause

establishes that the Constitution, laws passed by congress, and treaties of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land. It also recognized the Constitution and federal laws as supreme when in conflict with those states.

State of the Union Address

every year the President gives a report to Congress on the condition of the country.

pardon

forgiving offenses against the United States

necessary and proper clause

gives Congress the right to make all laws to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article One. It lets Congress stretch its powers to meet situations the Founders could never have anticipated. Also known as the elastic clause.

Representative Government

government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government. The English Parliament was a this type of government with the power to make laws

Toleration Act of 1649

granted religious freedom to all who believed in the Trinity and that Jesus was the son of God. Was passed by Maryland to ensure religious liberty of Maryland's Catholics since puritans and Protestants outnumbered them. Step towards the later acceptance of religious diversity

Nineteenth Amendment

guaranteed women the right to vote in all states and national elections on a constitutional basis. Also know as the Susan B. Anthony amendment.

Habeus Corpus

guarantees accused individuals the right to hearing before being jailed. It can be suspended in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety it may require. It has been suspended by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.

First Amendment

guarantees freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and press, and the right to petition the government.

Sixth Amendment

guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury. The jury can't be biased or prejudice against accused individuals.The accused person is allowed to know why he is guilty.The accused person can have anyone come to court if they feel it would help them with their case. Has the right to an attorney. No facts about the trial shall be reexamined according to common law.

John Locke

he wrote that people were born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. His ideas were based upon for the Declaration of Independence.

President

head of the executive branch of the national government. His diplomatic powers are making treaties and appoint ambassadors to foreign countries. His legislative powers are signing and vetoing bills and carrying out the laws of the U.S. His judicial powers are granting pardons and reprieves for federal crimes and making appointments for the federal courts. His executive powers are making appointments for the executive branch and calling Congress together for special law-making sessions. Must be a born American citizen and at least 35 years old. Someone also must have to live in the U.S. for 14 years. Barack Obama is current President. He makes $400,000 a year with a $50,000 non taxable expense account per year

Shays's Rebellion

in January 1787, Daniel Shay, a formal Continental Army officer led 1,000 farmers toward the federal arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts to seize arms and ammunition. They did this because they believed the government was another form of tyranny and they petitioned the new taxes. The rebels kept advancing and the militia killed four rebels stopping the rebellion. This rebellion frightened many national leaders worrying that they could not control violence.

Olive Branch Petition

it assured the king of colonists' desire for peace. It asked the king to protect the colonists' rights. King George III refused and hired 30,000 German troops to be sent to the colonies.

indentured servant

laborers who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time to pay for their passage to America. Usually uneducated people.

states' rights

limiting the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden in it

Second Continental Congress

met in Philadelphia in May 1775 as fighting raged in the Boston area. Some of its delegates were John and Samuel Adams, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. They governed the colonies and created the Continental Army. Also created the Olive Branch Petition. All thirteen colonies represented it with a unicameral legislature. First national government.

Red Coats

nickname for English soldiers. Also called lobster backs.

Yorktown

on the coast of Virginia. The place where the final war took place. The French navy blocked the British escaping by sea and the Americans and French surrounded and trapped the British inside Yorktown. The British surrendered knowing they could not win.

Paul Revere

on the night of April 18,1775, he rode to Lexington to warn that the British soldiers were coming. He also made an engraving called the Bloody Massacre which was of the Boston Massacre.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

passed by congress that created the Northwest Territory. Provided a democratic model for national expansion. If a territory's population passed 60,000, they can apply to congress for statehood and the state would earn the same rights and privileges as the other thirteen states. It guaranteed certain rights to people living in the territory like freedom of religion, property rights, right to trial by jury, and No Slavery(marked the first attempt to stop slavery.) A section of land was 640 acres and 1 mile by 1 mile. Each acre would sell for one dollar. One section was set aside for education and four for federal government in a township.

popular sovereignty

people are the source of the government's power

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the ratification of the Constitution and who wanted a Bill of Rights.

Loyalist

people who remained loyal to Great Britain

federalism

power is divided between national and state government

concurrent powers

powers shared by the state and federal governments. Examples are the right to raise taxes, borrow money, and provide public welfare. Part of the federal system, third set of powers

enumerated powers

powers that only belong to the federal government. Examples include coining money, regulate interstate and foreign trade, maintain armed forces, and creating federal courts. Part of the federal system.

ratification

process by which an amendment is approved

Eighteenth Amendment

prohibited the production, sale, or transportation of alcohol in America. It was difficult to enforce so was repealed. 1919-1933

Fifteenth Amendment

prohibits the government from denying a persons right to vote on the basis of race.

Eighth Amendment

protects against excessive bail, or cruel and unusual punishment.

Second Amendment

protects the rights of the states to maintain a militia or army and citizens to bear arms.

Ninth Amendment

provides that people's rights are not restricted to those specified in the first eight amendments. It is used many times in court to enforce rights that are not in the contitution.

Tenth Amendment

restates that the Constitution's principle of federalism by providing the powers not granted to the national government nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states and the people. State governments can use it as a way to try not to follow federal law.

Third Amendment

restricts quartering of troops in private homes without the consent of the owner.

natural rights

rights that were created by God that are protected by government. Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

"shot heard 'round the world'"

said by the poet Ralph Waldo, the Americans at Lexington and Concord led by John Parker started the battle for America's independence from Great Britain had begun. April 1775 Lexington MA.

Vice-President

serves as the President of the Senate and only votes when there is a tie. The name of this person is Joe Biden. He is the first in line for the presidential line of succession.

pilgrims

someone who travels to a sacred place for religious reasons. They were a group of separatists who traveled to America to practice their religion freely. They received land from the Virginia Company. Sailed on the Mayflower and winds blew them off track to Plymoth.

Due Process

stated in the fifth amendment which says that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law. It means that government must follow certain procedures that have been established by law. People must be treated according to these principles.

Federalists

supporters of the constitution.

sovereignty

supreme power. Example include state sovereignty and popukar sovereignty.

guerrilla warfare

technique of warfare where small forces of Patriots attacked the British and then disappeared.

Framers

the 55 delegates that were part of the Philadelphia Convention. They shaped the Constitution and America.

Commander-in-Chief

the President's military power of the armed forces

Queen Elizabeth I

the Queen of England from 1533 to 1603. Called the virgin queen, granted a charter to establish a colony in America.

constitution

the document that describes the United States' government. Written by James Madison and Governeur Morris. It's ideas also came from the Bill of Rights, Britain's parliamentary system, the Magna Carta, and John Locke. It created a federal system of government that divided powers between the national government and the states. The federal government could tax, regulate trade, control the currency, raise an army, declare war, and pass laws. The states had the power to pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within its borders. Also, they could establish local governments, schools, and other institutions. No laws made could go against the document. The first three articles describes the branches of government and made it so not one branch is more powerful than the others. The major principles are popular sovereignty, republicanism, limited government, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights

Saratoga

the first major American victory in October 17, 1777. General Burgoyne was surrounded by a larger American army under general Horatio Gates. Burgoyne surrendered letting America capture its victory. Boosted American spirits and was a turning point. Leads to the siding with France.

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments of the Constitution that protected the people's rights. It became part of the Constitution in 1791. These amendments limit the power of government.

inauguration

the formal admission of someone to office. Example, the presidential inauguration is when the president takes office on January 20.

Preamble

the introduction to the constitution written by Governeur Morris starts off with "We the People". If reflects the basic principles of the new American government, the right of the people to govern themselves. It also lists six goals which are to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and posterity.

Chief Justice

the person in charge of the Supreme Court. John Jay was the first in 1789. The current one is John Glover Roberts Jr.

naturalization

the process to become a U.S. Citizen. To qualify someone be lawfully a permanent resident in the US, live there for five years,they must possess good moral character and accept the principles of the Constitution, must understand English and demonstrate an understanding of US history and government, and be willing to give up and foreign allegiance and must promise to obey the constitution.

proportional representation

the representatives for each state would correspond with the population of the state.

suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

states' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Triangular Trade

the slave trade between Africa and the Americas because it was split up into three separate stages

Inward Passage

the third passage in which sugar, rum, tobacco, molasses, and other produce bought with the proceeds of slave sales. From the Americas to Europe

Outward Passage

this is the first passage where guns, alcohol, and iron bars were taken by ship from European ports to the African coast. Also the molasses was made into rum which went on this path.

Middle Passage

this is the second passage where enslaved Africans were exchanged for European goods. The Africans were shipped from Africa to the Americas and sold to planters.

ratification

to give official approval to something such as an amendment

boycott

to refuse to buy something

veto

to reject a decision or proposal made by the legislative branch

interstate commerce

trade within the states which is regulated by the federal government

Berengia Land Bridge

used by the Paleo Indians(1st Americans) to travel from Asia across a land bridge into present day Alaska. Eventually migrating south into present day North and South America. They traveled there in search of food. Carbon Dating helped us know this.

treason

violation of the allegiance owed by a person to his or her own country, for example aiding an enemy. Only crime mentioned in the constitution.

Virginia Plan

was largely the work of James Madison which called for a two house legislature and a count system. The members of the legislature would be elected by the people and the members of the lower house would choose the members of the upper house. In both houses the number of representatives would be proportional.

Virginia Plan

was largely the work of James Madison which called for a two-house legislature and a court system. The members of the legislature would be elected by the people and the members of the lower house would choose the members of the upper house. In both houses the number of representatives would be proportional.

Philadelphia Convention

when 55 delegates met together in May 1787 and throughout the summer to discuss trade issues and consider possible changes to the Articles of Confederation. It was proposed by Alexander Hamilton in September 1786.

equal representation

when each state has two members in the senate. All states have equal representatives. Originated in the New Jersey Plan

override

when the two chambers of congress votes on a bill after the president has vetoed it. To override the veto, Congress needs two-thirds votes from each chamber which is hard to do.

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

written in 1777 by Thomas Jefferson which was a resolution on religious freedom that was adopted by the Virginia state legislatures in 1786. A few years after this resolution was adopted, America became an independent country with freedom of religion. This was Jeffersons proudest accomplishment.