Tindall & Shi, unit 2, chs. 5-8, Shi and Tindall chapter 1-15, Tindall and Shi, "The Imperial Perspective" -- Chapter 4, Tindall and Shi, "From Empire to Independence" -- Chapter 5, Shi, Tindall, Chapter 7, Tindall and Shi, "American Revolution" -- C...

Cries of the Texas War of Independence

"Remember the Alamo" and "Remember Goliad"

England's three goals after the 1763 Peace of Paris

(1) increase its control of the colonies, (2) pacify its French and Indian subjects and (3) balance the budget

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

-Addressed preserving the Union

Who was John Brown?

An abolitionist who led a raid on the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia in order to start an armed slave revolt. He was caught and hung. Became a hero in the North.

Who was James Monroe?

5th U.S. President, two terms are known as the "Era of Good Feelings"

Who was Andrew Jackson?

7th U.S. President;Hero of the Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812); Sent the army to remove the Indians (Trail of Tears - 4,000 died); vetoed many laws

tobacco

A "cash crop" grown in the Caribbean as well as the Virginia and Maryland colonies, made increasingly profitable by the rapidly growing popularity of smoking in Europe after the voyages of Columbus.

Battle of Long Island

A 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded, or captured. The Americans were decimated and by sheer luck made it to Manhattan

staple crop, or cash crop

A profitable market crop, such as cotton or tobacco.

staple crop

A profitable market crop, such as cotton, tobacco, or rice, that predominates in a given region.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

A proposal by Congressman David Wilmot that would prohibit any new Mexican territory acquired as a result of the Mexican American War from becoming slave states.

Stamp Act

Raised Revenue for England in the Americas by requiring taxed, stamped paper be used for legal documents, publications and playing cards.

Who was Bernardo de Galvez?

Spanish military leader that aided the colonies during the American Revolution. He led smuggling operations to supply the colonists since many ports were blocked.

Columbian Exchange

The natural exchange of plants, animals, foods, culture, and disease between the Old and New Worlds (Eastern and Western Hemisphere). European diseases killed millions of Native Americans.

Appomattox Court House

Virginia village where Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.

Who was Henry Clay?

War Hawk for War of 1812. Known as the Great Compromiser. Wrote the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

Queen Anne's War

War of Spanish succession.

King George's War

War of the Austrian succession

Alexander Hamiltion

Was America's first Secretary of the Treasury, who also had the responsibility of generating cash for the federal treasury which was virtually empty.

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of biological & social elements, such as plants, animals, people, diseases, & cultural practices, among Europe, the Americas, & Africa in the wake of Christopher Columbus's voyages to the New World

horse

the Spanish introduced horses to the Americas, eventually transforming many Native American cultures

The group that existed during ratification of the Constitution that insisted that the new document would eventually lead to corruption and tyranny was

the anti-Federalists.

A major difference between the governments of Spanish and English colonies was that

the citizens of the English colonies elected their representatives.

1050-1250 C.E.

the city of Cahokia flourishes in North America

As a result of the French and Indian War, England believed ________ should play an increasing part in paying off their national debt.

the colonists

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. The committee which wrote it consisted of Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Robert Livingston, and roger Sherman. The final version was mainly written by Jefferson and entirely inspired by the Virginian Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason

Cahokia

the largest chiefdom & city of the Mississippian Indian culture located in present-day Illinois, & the site of a sophisticated farming settlement that supported 15,000 inhabitants

Parliament

the lawmaking body of British government

Manumission Laws

the right of the states to allow slave owners to release their slaves if they want to. These were relaxed in the post-revolutionary south, as no further measures could be taken without controversy

After the Boston Tea Party, King George III decided

to make Massachusetts an example to those who thwarted his rule.

Lexington

town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought in April of 1775. The patriots lost to superior red coats

Treaty of Paris (1783)

treaty in which British formally recognized the independence of the United States; granted generous boundaries (Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Spanish Florida plus a share in the priceless fisheries on Newfoundland); Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and had to restore their property to them; states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of debt-collecting from British

Eastern Woodlands peoples

various Native American peoples, particularly the Algonquian, Iroquoian & Muskogean regional groups, who once dominated the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to Louisiana

The Battle of Yorktown

was a combined Franco-American victory over the British.

What was the Magna Carta?

An agreement signed by the King of England in 1215 that limited the power of the King. Gave people the idea they had political rights; First example of limited government

Captain John Paul Jones

Best known American Navy hero in revolution. -Known for the statement "I have not yet begun to fight!" Also known as the Father of the U.S. Navy.

Election of 1828

Bitter presidential contest between Democrat Andrew Jackson and National-Republican John Quincy Adams (running for re-election); resulting in Jackson's victory.

Who is Hiram Rhodes Revels?

Black minister and politician that organized two black regiments during the Civil War. Senator from Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Phillis Wheatley

Born around 1753, Wheatley was a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, Wheatley was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. Wheatley died in 1784.First recognized black writer in america

Sojourner Truth

Born to slaves in Dutch farming culture of upstate New York in 1797. She was a slave until freed by a New York law in 1827. A leading abolitionist and captivating orator.

Led a group of Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Basin in 1846

Brigham Young

What was the French and Indian War fought over?

Britain and France fought over the land and natural resources of the Ohio River Valley. Indians fought with the British.

Who was King George III?

British King during the Revolutionary Era that taxed the colonists. He was also singled out in the Declaration of Independence as the cause of the American Revolution.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Convention organized by feminists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to promote women's rights and issue the path breaking Declaration of Sentiments.

How did the English Bill of Rights influence the U.S. government?

Convinced people of the importance of freedom of speech and the right of representative government.

How did the Magna Carta influence the U.S. government?

Convinced the Founding Fathers that government power should be limited ; Idea of the right to a trial by jury

1519

Cortés begins the Spanish conquest of Mexico

cotton kingdom

Cotton producing region, relying predominantly on slave labor, that spanned from North Carolina west to Louisiana and reached as far north as southern Illinois.

What was the effect of the English laws like the Stamp Act, the Navigation Act, and the Tea Act?

Created a distrust of the English government in the colonies because these laws interfered with colonial economy. Each new law pushed the colonists closer to war.

Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Document based on the Declaration of Independence that called for gender equality, written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and signed by Seneca Falls Convention delegates.

2nd Bank of the United States

National bank established in 1816 when the charter for the First Bank of the United States expired.

Bank of the United States (1791)

National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency.

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

President Monroe's foreign policy statement in which he told European nations to stay out of North and South America and America would stay out of European business.

Conquistadores

Spanish term for "conqueror", applied to Spanish and Portuguese soldiers who conquered lands held by indigenous peoples in central and southern America as well as the current states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California.

Formed shortly after the Plymouth Bay Colony

Puritan-Massachusetts Bay Colony

English people who wanted more Reform

Puritans

First religious group to oppose salvery

Quakers

What rights are protected by the 1st amendment?

RAPPS - Freedoms of religion, assembly (to gather to protest), press (newspaper), petition(ask the government to fix things that are wrong), and speech.

The Boston Tea Party

(1773) 16 Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre.

Boston Tea Party

(1773) in protest of the Tea Act, a band of colonists, led by Sam Adams, disguised as Indians, rowed out to the boat and dumped the tea chests into the harbor. Generally approved by colonists

The First Continental Congress

(1774) Delegates form 12 Colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to decide on action, if any, against Britain should be taken. They decided on boycotting all British goods as a reasonable response to the Massachusetts Acts

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

(1774) passed in response to the Boston Tea Party; Port Bill: closed Boston Harbor until the E IND Co was paid for its tea. Mass. Govt Act: annulled the MA charter and prohibited most local town meetings. Adm of Justice Act: allowed trials for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or to ENG. Helped create firm sense of unity among Patriots.

Articles of Confederation

(1781) first American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, whichw as not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes; Articles were replaced by a more efficent Constitution in 1789

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

(1787) created a policy for administering the Northwestern Territories; it included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories

Which amendment ended slavery?

13th amendment

The year Christopher Columbus set sail

1492

Which amendment made former slaves U.S. citizens?

14th amendment Remember, this amendment canceled out the Dred Scott Decision!!!

Which amendment gave former male slaves the right to vote?

15th amendment

Navigation Acts

1651, 1660, 1673

Caused English King William to sign the English Bill of Rights and contributed to the War of League of Augsburg (King William's War)

1688 Glorious Revolution

King William's War

1689-1697, One of the four wars fought between France, Spain, England and France's indian allies for control of North America. No major battles fought but brought terrifying indian raids.

Protestant Reformation

16th century religious movement initiated by Martin Luther, a German monk whose public criticism of corruption in the Roman Catholic Church, & whose teaching that Christians can communicate directly with God, gained a wide following

Protestant Reformation

16th century religious movement initiated by Martin Luther, a German monk whose public criticism of corruption in the Roman Catholic Church, and whose teaching that Christians can communicate directly with God, gained a wide following.

Official end of Revolutionary War

1783, Peace of Paris

First draft of the constitution of the U.S., to replace Articles of Confederation

1787 in Philadelphia

Established the three branches of government

1787/8 Constitution of the U.S

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Marquis de Lafayette

A 21 year old red-haired Frenchman, who was a wealthy idealist excited by the American cause. He offered to serve for no pay in exchange for being named a general. He was a courageous soldier an able diplomat.

Patrick Henry

A 29 year old farmer and storekeeper turned lawyer believed that war was unavoidable and urged Americans to prepare for combat. He declared, "Give me liberty, or give me death!"

Benjamin Franklin

A Boston-born American, who epitomized the Enlightenment for many Americans; Franklin's wide range of interests led him to become a publisher, inventor, and statesman. He contributed to the Declaration of Independence, was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and served as the minister to France during the Revolutionary War.

Gaspee

A British schooner that was set afire and sank in Rhode Island as an act of rebellion of the colonists. Similar acts of rebellion took place on the Delaware River where a British revenue ship was seized by colonists.

Battle of Trenton

A Christmas battle in 1776 during which the Americans surprised the Hessian troops guarding this city by crossing the Delaware River at night and took most of them prisoner; the Americans won utterly.

Who was Daniel Webster?

A Massachusetts Senator who believed that the Union (federal government) must be more powerful than the states and that the Union must be preserved (saved). Opposed South Carolina's attempt to nullify the federal tariff law.

Who was Patrick Henry?

A Patriot in the House of Burgesses who made a speech and declared "Give me Liberty or Give Me Death!"

covenant theory

A Puritan concept that Christians could enter a voluntary union for the common worship of God; applied to civil government, the union could be used for the purposes of establishing governments.

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786)

A Virginia law drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777 and enacted in 1786, that guarantees freedom of, and from, religion.

Aaron Burr

A attorney and senator from New York who ran as president, in 1796, against John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. He later ran for President against Thomas Jefferson and Adams in 1800. He tied with Jefferson for President and the House of Representatives voted to make Thomas Jefferson President. Burr became Vice President. He plotted with others to get the Louisiana Territory to secede from the Union and declare itself an independent republic. His effort became known as the Burr Conspiracy.

John Adams

A delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, he served as diplomat in France and Holland, and negotiated the peace treaty with Great Britain. First vice presiden and second president of the US.

What is the English Bill of Rights?

A document that protected the rights of English citizen

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

A failed proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the French and Indian war, urging the unification of the colonies under one Crown-appointed president.

Panic of 1837

A financial calamity in the United States brought on by a dramatic slowdown in the British economy and failing cotton prices, failed crops, high inflation and reckless state banks.

Panic of 1819

A financial panic that began a three-year economic crisis triggered by reduced demand in Europe for American cotton, declining land values and reckless practices by local and state banks.

What is a primary source?

A first-hand account of an event. An eyewitness account of what happened (diary, journal, original speech)

paternalism

A form of slavey in which owners took personal interest in the lives of their slaves. The term was used by a historian, Eugene Genovese to describe his thoughts on the owner-slave relationship.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

A formal agreement signed by the Separatist colonists aboard the Mayflower to abide by laws made by leaders of their own choosing.

Who was Frederick Douglass?

A former slave who became an abolitionist. Popular Speaker who was out against slavery and eventually fought for women's rights.

Frederick Douglass

A former slave who escaped from Maryland. Through his writings and dazzling speeches, he became the best known black man in America.

George Rogers Clark

A frontiersman conceived the idea of attacking British forts in the Illinois country by suprise. Floated down the Ohio River and captured many forts with just 175 men.

burial mounds

A funereal tradition, practiced in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys by the Adena-Hopewell cultures, of erecting massive mounds of earth over graves, often shaped in the design of serpents and other animals.

Benedict Arnold

A general during the Revolutionary War, who warned George Washington that small pox would "be the entire ruin of the Army". He became a traitor to American to aid Britain.

Samuel Adams

A genius of revolutionary agitation who believed that the British Parliament had no right to legislate for the colonies. He organized the Sons of Liberty as well as protests in Boston against the Britisth (Boston Tea Party).

What is a republic?

A government in which elected representatives make the laws.

What is republicanism?

A government in which people elect representatives to make decisions.

Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy

A group of Native American nations under leadership of Shawnee leader Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa its mission of fighting off American expansion was thwarted in the Battle of Tiippercanoe (1811), when the confederacy fell apart.

Who were the Puritans?

A group of Protestants (Separatists) who were persecuted in England for their religious beliefs and moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to freely practice their religion.

Who were the Quakers?

A group of Protestants that settled in Pennsylvania under the leadership of William Penn; Practiced religious tolerance; Believed in the equality of all people

Committee of Correspondence

A group organized by SAMUEL ADAMS in retaliation for the Gaspee incident to address American grievances, assert American rights and form a network of rebellion.

headright

A land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as 50 more any any accompanying servants. The headright policy was eventually expanded to include any colonist, and was also adopted in other colonies.

encomienda

A land-grant system under which Spanish army officers (conquistadores) were awarded large parcels of land taken from Native Americans.

Embargo Act (1807)

A law promoted by President Thomas Jefferson prohibiting American ships from leaving for foreign ports, in order to safeguard them from British and French attacks. This ban on American exports proved disastrous to the U.S. economy.

What is the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

A law that repealed the Missouri Compromise that said the Kansas and Nebraska territories could use popular sovereignty to decide whether to have slaves or be free territories. Violated the Missouri Compromise and led to a bloody conflict.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved. This included the Massachusetts legislature

Spanish Armada

A massive Spanish fleet of 130 warships that was defeated at Plymouth in 1588 by the English navy during the reign of Queen Elizabeth 1.

California Gold Rush

A massive migration of gold hunters, mostly men, who transformed the economy of California after gold was discovered in Northern California.

What is the Constitutional Convention?

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 where colonial leaders met to revise the Articles of Confederation and replaced it with the Constitution.

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

A monumental three-day battle in southern Pennsylvania widely considered a turning point in the war, in which Union forces successfully countered a second Confederate invasion of the North.

What is the Temperance Movement?

A movement aimed at ending alcohol abuse. Taught that drinking was immoral and causes poverty , job performance, and mental instability. Men would get drunk and abuse women and children.

Aztec Empire

A network of more than 300 city-states and upwards of 30 provinces, established in the 14th century under the imperialistic Mexica, or Aztecs in the valley of Mexica.

triangular trade

A network of trade in which exports from one region were sold to a second region; the second sent its exports to a third region that exported its own goods back to the first country or colony.

Compromise of 1850

A package of five bills presented to the Congress by Henry Clay intended to avoid secession or civil war by reducing tensions between North and South over the status of slavery.

The New Jersey Plan

A pan which sought to keep the existing structure of equal representation of the states in a one-house Congress, but gave Congress the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and the authority to name a chief executive as well as a Supreme Court.

What is Bleeding Kansas?

A period of bloody conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in Kansas and Nebraska.

transcendentalism

A philosophy of New England writers and thinkers who advocated personal spiritual, self-reliance, social reform and harmon with nature.

Free-Soil Party

A political coalition created in 1848 that opposed the expansion of slavery into the new western territories.

Andrew Johnson

A pro-Union Democrat from Tennessee, who was Vice President at the time of Lincoln's assassination.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest of the new tax on tea (Tea Act) led by the Sons of Liberty. They boarded English ships dressed as Mohawk Indians and dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston Harbor. England responded with the Intolerable Acts which restricted the freedom of Boston colonists and cut off trade.

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

A protracted battle in northern Mississippi in which Union forces under Ulysses Grant besieged the last major Confederate fortress on the Mississippi River, forcing the inhabitants into starvation and then submission.

What was the Boston Massacre?

A rebellion by colonists against English soldiers. English soldiers fired into the crowd of colonists and killed 5 including Crispus Attucks. The event was used as propaganda to stir anti-English sentiments.

Thomas Paine

A recent British emigrant to America published the pamphlet COMMON SENSE. He stressed that King George III had caused the rebellion. George Washington stated that the Common Sense was working a powerful change in the minds of men.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

New Mexico

A region in the American Southwest, originally established by the Spanish, who settled there in the 16th century, founded Catholic missions and exploited the region's indigenous peoples.

Enlightenment

A revolution in thought begun in Europe in the 17th century that emphasized reason and science over the authority and myths of traditional religion.

Underground Railroad

A secret system of routes and safe houses through which runaway salves were led to freedom in the North.

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

A series of Native American attacks on British forts and settlements after France ceded to the British its territory east of the Mississippi River, as part of the Treaty of Paris without consulting France's Native American allies.

King Philip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written to convince people that the Constitution was a good document

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

A series of violent conflicts in the Kansas Territory between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions over the status of slavery.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

A slave uprising in South Carolina that was brutally quashed, leading to executions as well as a sever tightening of the slave codes.

What is the Emancipation Proclamation

A speech made by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that freed the slaves.

separation of powers

A system that separated the powers of government into three separate braches to limit arbitrary excesses by the government. It led to the system of checks and balances so that the government would not become centered on one branch.

What is a tariff?

A tax on imports (goods coming into the United States).

What is a protective tariff?

A tax on imports that is designed to encourage people to buy goods produced in the U.S.

Townshend Acts (Including the Revenue Act of 1767)

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea. These Acts also suspended New York's assemblies for there the Quartering Acts had not been enforced. They also established a Board of Customs Commissioners at Boston, but did give in and reorganized the Colonial Vice-Admiralty Courts

Benedict Arnold

A traitorous American commander who planned to sell out the American garrison at West Point to the British, but his plot was discovered before it could be executed and he joined the British army.

Nat Turner

A trusted black overseer, who was also a preacher. He believed God had instructed him to lead a slave rebellion.

William Lloyd Garrison

A vocal abolitionist and an advocate of immediate emancipation.

King Phillip's War (1675-1678)

A war in New England resulting from the escalation of tensions between Native Americans and English settlers, the defeat of the Native Americans led to broaden freedoms for the settlers and their dispossessing the region's Native Americans of most of their land.

John Brown

A white abolitionist, along with three of his sons, and five African Americans took over the federal rifle arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Later, they were all hanged.

temperance

A widespread reform movement led by militant Christians that focused on reducing the use of alcoholic beverages.

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies to help Britain defeat the French in the French & Indian War. "Join or Die!!!"

Who is Henry David Thoreau?

Abolitionist that refused to pay local tax collector due to opposition of Mexican-American war and slavery. Wrote Civil Disobedience.

Election of 1864

Abraham Lincoln's successful re-election campaign, capitalizing on Union military successes in Georgia, to defeat his Democratic opponent, former general George B. McClellan, who ran on a peace platform.

2nd Continental Congress declared the States independent of Britain

July 4, 1776

Stamp Act (1765)

Act of Parliament requiring that all printed materials in the American colonies use paper with an official tax stamp in order to pay for British military protection of the colonies.

Prohibitory Act

Act passed by Parliament in 1775, forbade trade with colonies

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Battle of Saratoga

After Burgoyne had captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 his troops ran into trouble and became exhausted, supplies ran short, etc. He then sent an expedition to Bennington to capture American supplies but a force of New England militia met them and defeated them. his men were surrounded near Saratoga by the Continental Army, he surrendered. This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause.

Treaty of Alliance (1778)

After the Battle of Saratoga, France and America entered into a formal alliance against Britain. The alliance gave the Americans a considerable advantage over the British, as it provided them with additional troops and supplies

Pontiac's Rebellion

After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

When did France join the war between the States and the British?

After the victory at Saratoga

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Agreement between Great Britain and the United States that ended the war of 1812.

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders, agreed upon by France, that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country without Florida or Canada but with lands extending to the Mississippi River

1830 Removal Act

Allowed states to "encourage" tribes to relocate to an area between the Platt River and the Red River. This act set the stage for the Cherokee-Trail of Tears.

How did the English crown deal with religious dissenters?

Allowed them to move to the Americas

Mound Builders settled where?

Along the Mississippi River

infectious diseases

Also called contagious diseases, illnesses that can pass from one person to another by way of invasive biological organisms able to reproduce in the bodily tissues of their hosts. Europeans unwittingly brought many such diseases to the Americas, devastating Native American peoples.

French and Indian War

Also known as the Seven Years' War. Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley. English defeated French in 1763.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution forbidding states to deny any male citizen the right to vote on grounds of "race, color or previous condition of servitude",

Fourteenth Amendment (1866)

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing equal protection under the law to all U.S. citizens, including former slaves.

13th Amendment (1865)

Amendment to the U.S? Constitution that freed all slaves in the United State.

General Benjamin Lincoln

American Commander at the Battle of Charleston; Gave up the advantage of mobility and heeded the pleadings of Charlestonians to hold the city at all cost. Greatest American loss of the war: 5,500 men

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). He was the writer of Common Sense

Who were the Patriots?

American colonists who chose to fight against King George III and England.

Who were the Loyalists?

American colonists who remained loyal to King George III and England.

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

American military encampment near Philadelphia, where more than 3,500 soldiers deserted or died from cold and hunger in the winter.

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

What is the XYZ Affair?

Americans went to France to get France to stop attacking American ships. Three French agents (X, Y, and Z) demanded a bribe from the U.S. (big scandal)

Whigs

Americans who opposed British policies. Whigs was a name earlier applied to British critics of royal power.

Published descriptions of his explorations and established the name "America"

Amerigo Vepucci

English Bill of Rights

An Act of the Parliament of England of 1689 which lays down limits on the powers of the crown and the set out the rights of Parliament -- freedom of speech in Parliament, regular Parliamentary elections, the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution, the right to bear arms for defense, etc.

Robert Morris

An American merchant who financed the American Revolution and signed the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

Horace Mann

An American politician and educational reformer, who argued for universal public education.

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor, a native of Maryland, who was also a Confederate sympathizer...assassinated President Lincoln on April 4, 1865.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose ideas were influential during the Enlightenment. His Second Treatise of Civil Government set forth the right of revolution over tyrants as demonstrated in the Glorious Revolution.

Powhatan Confederacy

An alliance of several powerful Algonquian tribes under the leadership of Chief Powhatan, organized into thirty chiefdoms along much of the Atlantic coast in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Iroquois League

An alliance of the Iroquois Nations, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and towage war across what is today eastern North America.

Dorothea Lynde Dix

An author, teacher and reformer who argued on behalf of the insane. Through lobbying state legislatures and the U.S. Congress created the first generation of American mental asylums.

What is mercantilism?

An economic theory from the 1500-1600s that says a colony's trade should benefit its mother country. The colonies should provide England with raw materials and provide a market for England's finished products.

electoral college

An indirect method of presidential elections that is a compromise between congress and the general population vote

natural rights

An individual's basic rights (life, liberty and happiness) that should not be violated by any government or community.

"hero of the Battle of New Orleans", who helped to re-organize the Democratic Party and was known as the "common man's president".

Andrew Jackson

"Spoils System"

Andrew Jackson rewarded supporters with government positions

Tories

Another name for Americans who supported the king and Parliament. Also known as LOYALISTS.

Whigs

Another name for Patriots

Whigs

Another name for revolutionary Patriots.

Where did the South surrender, ending the Civil War?

Appomattox Court House

Antifederalists

Argued that: -The federal / national government would be too strong and would ignore people's individual rights (just like the King did) -The nation was too large to be controlled by a central government -They wanted a Bill of Rights added to protect people's individual rights -George Mason and Patrick Henry were Anti-Federalists

continental army

Army authorized by the Continental Congress, 1775-1884, to fight the British; commanded by George Washington.

Andrew Jackson

As a major general in the Tennessee militia, he defeated the Creek Indians, invaded the panhandle of Spanish Florida, and won the Battle of New Orleans. As president, he vetoed bills for federal funding of internal improvements and the re-chartering of the Second Bank of United States. When South Carolina nullified the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, he requested Congress pass a "force bill" and made South Carolina back down. Opposition to King Andrew came together to form the Whig party.

Who was Thomas Hooker?

Puritan leader who founded Connecticut and contributed to the development of self-government in the colonies.

General William Howe

As the commander of the British army in the Revolutionary War, he seized New York City from Washington's army, but let them escape. He missed several more opportunities to quickly end the rebellion, and he resigned his command after the British defeat at Saratoga.

Abigail Adams

As the wife of John Adams, she endured long periods of separation from him while he served in many political roles. During these times apart, she wrote often to her husband and their correspondence provides a detailed portrait of life during the Revolutionary War.

Virginia Plan

At the Constitutional Convention it called for a strong central government and a two-house legislature apportioned by population.

New Jersey Plan

At the Constitutional Convention it called for one legislative body with equal representation for each state.

Thomas Jefferson

Author, chief writer of the Declaration of Independence, ambassador to France, leader of the Republican party, secretary of state, and third president of the US.

What was the message of Washington's Farewell Address?

Avoid permanent alliances with other countries, stay out of war, and do not add debt.

Mexica

Aztecs, a Meso-american people of northern Mexico who founded the Aztec empire in the 14th century, later conquered by the Spanish under Herman Cores in 1521.

Battle of Tipper-canoe (1811)

Battle in northern Indiana between U.S. troops and Native American warriors led by prophet Tenskwatawa, the brother of Tecumseh.

Which battle was the turning point of the American Revolution?

Battle of Saratoga - British surrender after stretching their supply lines. After this battle, France agreed to send money, weapons, and soldiers to help the Americans.

Which battle ended the American Revolution?

Battle of Yorktown - the Americans and French cornered the British on a small peninsula and bombarded them with cannon fire until they surrendered.

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War

Battle of Yorktown in 1781

Battle in which Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington

Battle of Yorktown, with the help of a the French army and navy

Camden

Battle which the British won in SC; Cornwallis marched forth from Charleston, later joined by Tarleton; encountered Gate's army and were outnumbered but Amer. troops were too inexperienced and lost and retreated all the way to Hillborough

Brigham Young

Became leader of the Mormons in 1844 after Joseph Smith was killed. Young move his flock of Mormons from western New York to the Great Salt Lake area in Utah. He became wife to dozens of women who bore him 56 children.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. The Navigation Acts would now be enforced

What is Manifest Destiny?

Belief that the U.S.was destined to expand from coast to coast - bringing progress and democracy with them.

mercantile system

Belief that the wealth of the world was static; a zero sum game. Led to the exploitation of colonies and warfare between European powers. Government regulation of all of one nation's commercial interests.

Who was John Locke?

Believed that people have certain unalienable rights - basic human rights that cannot be taken away. He believed it was the job of the government to protect these rights of citizens. His theory of government influenced the Declaration of Independence.

Impressment

British naval personnel forcibly boarded American ships and captured sailors they claimed were British citizens who had deserted the British Navy. Some British sailors had, indeed, left the British navy to work on American ships.

Why is George Washington significant?

British officer during the French and Indian War; Continental Congress appointed him commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution; President of the Constitutional Convention; First President of the U.S. - served two terms

impressment

British practice of taking any sailors (not just British) and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency. Infuriated Jefferson and American merchants

As the United States drifted into war under James Madison's leadership, many contemporary observers were concerned by

British-supported Indian attacks in the Ohio Valley region.

joint stock companies

Businesses owned by investors, who purchase shares of stock and share all the profits and losses

Pennsylvania

By 1817, slavery had been outlawed in all states north and including this one, and the importation of slaves had become illegal by 1790 in all states sparing Georgia and later South Carolina

The Federalists Papers

Collection of eight-five (85) essays published widely in newspapers in 1787 and 1788, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of adopting the proposed U.S. Constitution.

Why was the Compromise of 1850 significant?

California became a free state; A strict Fugitive Slave Law was put into place requiring all states help return runaway slaves to their owners; Abolish slave trade in the District of Columbia

New Jersey Plan

Called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation

Who was John Paul Jones?

Captain and founder of the U.S. Navy with a ship named Bonhomme Richard and as he was urged by the British to surrender, he said "I have not yet begun to fight!"

What products were produced in the Middle Colonies? (NY, NJ, PA, DE)

Cereal Grain (wheat, barley, rye)

"enumerated" goods

Certain specified goods from the Colonies, including tobacco, cotton, sugar, and furs, which were to be shipped only to England or other English colonies.

state constitution

Charters that define the relationship between the state government and local governments and individuals, also protecting their rights from violation by the national government.

What is the significance of Worcester v. Georgia?

Cherokee Native Americans fought in the Supreme Court against the Indian Removal Act. The Supreme Court sided with the Cherokee, but President Jackson ignored the decision.

Who was John Marshall?

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that was appointed by John Adams. Set precedent of judicial review.

Who is Philip Bazaar?

Chilean, who was a Navy seaman and was awarded the highest military decoration for valor in combat during the Civil War. Bazaar bravely entered a fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle.

What are individual rights?

Citizens were worried about unalienable rights being violated. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution protect these rights and freedoms.

What happened from 1861-1865 and why?

Civil War

slave codes

Codes governing the treatment of salves in each state in order to deter runaways and rebellions.

What is civil disobedience?

Disobeying a law believe you believe that it is unjust (unfair). Thoreau did this by refusing to pay taxes.

The Federalist Papers

Collection of eighty-five essays that appeared in New York newspapers in 1787-88 in support of adopting the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, but published under the pseudonym "Publius."

Daughters of Liberty

Colonial women who protested the British government's tax policies by boycotting British products, such as clothing, and who wove their own fabric, or "homespun".

Patriots

Colonist who rebelled against British authority before and during the Revolutionary War.

Loyalists

Colonist who remained loyal to Britain before and during the Revolutionary War.

Patriots

Colonists who rebelled against British authority before and during the Revolutionary War.

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain before and during the Revolutionary War.

1492

Columbus makes his first voyage of discovery in the Americas

General John Burgoyne

Commander of Britain's northern forces. He and most of his troops surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. He was know as "Gentleman Johnny".

General George Washington

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolution and the first President of the United States of America.

federalism

Concept of dividing governmental authority between the national government and the states.

Albany Plan of Union

Concocted by Benjamin Franklin. Could have made an American Evolution.

What is the significance of Thomas "Stonewall " Jackson?

Confederate General during the Civil War. Earned the term "Stonewall" during the Battle of Bull Run. Accidentally shot during a battle and had arm amputated, only to die a few days later of pneumonia.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

Conflict between Andrew Jackson and South Carolina over the protective tariff. South Carolina wanted to nullify the tariff and threatened to secede. Jackson sent the army.

What was Shay's Rebellion?

Conflict between Massachusetts farmers and the government over taxes. Proved that the Articles of Confederation were weak and ineffective and needed to be fixed.

Texas Revolution (1835-1836)

Conflict between Texas colonists and the Mexican government that resulted in the creation of the separate Republic of Texas in 1836.

What were the causes of the War of 1812?

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain: impressments of American sailors; Britain assisting Native American resistance to settlement in the Northwest Territory

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Conflict fought in North America and at sea between Great Britain and the United States over American shipping rights and British-inspired Indian attacks on American settlements. Canadians and Native Americans also fought in the war on each side.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. Happened under Charles I.

Militia Act (1862)

Congressional measure that permitted freed slaves to serve as laborers or soldiers in the United States Army.

internal improvements

Construction of infrastructural projects intended to facilitate the flow of goods and people.

Became a traitor to the Patriots

Continental Officer Benedict Arnold

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Controversial agreement between Britain and the United States, negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay, that settled disputes over trade, prewar debts owned to British merchants, British-occupied forts in American territory, and the seizure of American ships and cargo.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Controversial legislation that created two new territories taken from Native Americans, Kansas and Nebraska, where residents would vote to decide whether slavery would be allowed.

Northwest Ordinance

Created the Northwest Territory (north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania); established conditions for self-government and statehood, including a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

The Great Compromise

Creation of the bicameral legislature, and included 3/5 clause for counting "people in servitude".

alliance with France

Critical diplomatic, military and economic alliance between France and the newly independent United States, codified by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance (1778)

Drew Europeans to the East and Asia

Crusades of the Middle Ages and expanding trade.

What is the Great Compromise?

Deal that resolved the dispute between the large (VA Plan) and small states (NJ Plan) to determine representation in Congress; Created a bicameral (two-house) legislature: -House of Representatives - number of representatives would be based on population -Senate- equal representation (2 per state)

What is the 3/5 Compromise?

Deal that settled the dispute between northern and southern states about whether or not to count slaves as part of the population when determining a states' population (for tax and representative purposes); 3 out of every 5 slaves would count, slave trade to end in 1807

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive defeat of 5,000 British troops under General John Burgoyne in several battles near Saratoga, New York, in October 1777'; the American victory helped convince France to enter the war on the side of the Patriots.

What was Benjamin Franklin's role in the American Revolution?

Delegate to the Continental Congress - influenced others to declare independence from England; Sent to France to get help (money and soldiers); Helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris at the end of the war

Republican Simplicity

Deliberate attitude of humility and frugality, as opposed to monarchical pomp and ceremony, adopted by Thomas Jefferson in his presidency.

Copperhead Democrats

Democrats in northern states who opposed the Civil War and argued for an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates; Republicans labeled them "Copperheads" likening them to poisonous snakes.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Demonstration against the Tea Act of 1773 in which the SONS OF LIBERTY, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of British-owned tea into the Boston Harbor.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Demonstration against the Tea Act of 1773 in which the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of British-owned tea into Boston Harbor.

Lords of Trade

Designed by Charles II, they were privy councilors that made colonies abide by the mercantile system and sought ways to make more profits for England and the crown.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Directed surveying of the Northwest Territory into townships of thirty-six sections each, the sale of sixteenth section of which was to be used to finance public education.

What is the Declaration of Independence?

Document in which the colonies declare themselves to be free from England; Said the purpose of government was to protect people's "unalienable rights"; Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness; All men are created equal; People should overthrow an oppressive government; Listed grievances against King George III;

Jobs of early slaves in the colony

Domestic servants

two-party system

Domination of national politics by two major political parties, such as the Whigs and Democrats during the 1830s and 1840s.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts as they taxed for revenue and put other injustices on the colonies like the Stamp and Sugar Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, he opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

What is the significance of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison?

Due to Adam's "midnight appointments" , established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review - the power of the Supreme Court to review laws passed by Congress to decide whether or not it agrees with the Constitution.

New Jersey

Due to a loophole, this was the only state in the early union to allow women to vote until it was mediated in the 19th century

John Marshall

During his long tenure as chief justice of the supreme court (1801-1835), he established the foundations for American jurisprudence, the authority of the Supreme Court, and the constitutional supremacy of the national government over states.

Francis Scott Key

During the War of 1812 he watched British forces bombard Fort McHenry but fail to take it; these events inspired him to write "The Star Stangled Banner."

What caused the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the United States following the War of 1812?

During the War of 1812, Britain blockaded American ports, cutting the U.S. off from trade with foreign countries. Americans were forced to learn how to make these goods themselves. American manufacturing soon began to grow and immigrants moved to cities to work in the factories that could produce more goods at a lower price. The effect of urbanization is that there was a shift from an agrarian society (agriculture) to an urban society (cities).

New Netherland

Dutch colony conquered by the English in 1667, out of which four new colonies were created - New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware.

What are checks and balances?

Each branch of the government can "check" the powers of the other branches so that no branch is stronger than another. Creates a strong central government while maintaining strong state governments.

mercantilism

Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return.

American system

Economic plan championed by Henry Clay of Kentucky that called for federal tariffs on imports, a strong national bank, and federally-financed internal improvements-roads, bridges canals-all indented to strengthen the national economy and end American dependence on Great Britain.

The American System

Economic plan of Henry Clay and the Whig party which included a protective tariff (to promote American industry), a national bank (to foster commerce), and internal improvements (subsidies for roads, canals, and railroads).

What is a free market economy? What is a free enterprise system?

Economic system in which private businesses are free to compete for profit with little government regulation or interference.

Indentured Servants

Economically disadvantaged immigrants who signed contracts agreeing to exchange their labor to pay for their passage

public schools

Elementary and secondary schools funded by the state and free of tuition.

Consolidation of changes in the Church of England by Elizabeth I

Elizabethan Compromise

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Embodied the transcendentalist gospel which promoted individual freedom and self culture. He led the crusade to end America's dependence on European literary and artistic traditions. After traveling in Eurpoe, where he met England's greatest Romantic writers, he settled in Concord and became an essayist,poet and lecturer.

Great Awakening

Emotional religious revival movement that swept the 13 colonies from the 1720s through the 1740s.

Executive

Enforces the laws (President, Vice President, and Cabinets)

What was the main cause of the American Revolution?

England taxed the colonies to help pay their debt from the French and Indian War. The colonists were angry because they had no representation in Parliament. "No Taxation Without Representation" - elected delegates were not consulted.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

English colony founded by Puritans in 1630 as a haven for persecuted Congregationalists.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Carolina Colonies

English proprietary colonies comprised of North and South Carolina, whose semi-tropical climate made them profitable centers of rice, timber and tar production.

Puritans

English religious dissenters who sought to "purify" the Church of England of its Catholic practices.

Deism

Enlightenment thought applied to religion, emphasizing reason, morality, and natural law rather than scriptural authority or an ever-present God intervening in the daily life of humans.

2nd Bank of the United States

Established in 1816 after the first national bank's charter expired; it stabilized the economy by creating a sound national currency, by making loans to farmers, small manufacturers and entrepreneurs, and by regulating the ability of state banks to issue their own paper.

Virginia Company

Established the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown in 1607

What is the Northwest Ordinance?

Established the process for territories to become states - accelerated westward expansion

Aaron Burr

Even though he was Jefferson's vice president, he lost favor with Jeffersonian Republicans due to his political intrigues. He sought to work with the Federalists and run as their candidate for governor of New York. He challenged and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

Earliest immigrants

Explorers, entrepreneurs, religious dissenters, economically disadvantaged and slaves from Africa

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal Reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care and land ownership.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Federal statute that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges and universities, which were founded to provide technical education in agriculture, mining and industry.

The concept of dividing the authority of a government between two sets of powers (ie the National gov and State gov) that was unique to the United States is called

Federalism

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Final major battle in the War of 1812, in which the Americans under General Andrew Jackson unexpectedly and decisively countered the British attempt to seize the port of New Orleans, Louisiana.

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

First Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law unconstitutional. The law declared unconstitutional was the Judiciary Act of 1789

Marbury v. Madison

First US Supreme Court decision to declar a federal law unconstitutional -- the Judiciary Act of 1801; John Adams's "midnight appointment" of Federalist judges prompted the suit.

Why is the Battle of Lexington and Concord significant?

First battle of the American Revolution and known as "the shot heard 'round the world"

What is the Mayflower Compact?

First example of self-government in the colonies - strengthening the English tradition of representatives; Early example of a social contract

Why is the Battle of Antietam significant?

First major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil (near Maryland). It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.

Sons of Liberty

First organized by SAMUEL ADAMS in the 1770s, groups of colonists dedicated to militant resistance against British control of the colonies.

Sons of Liberty

First organized by Samuel Adams in the 1770s, groups of colonists dedicated to militant resistance against British control of the colonies.

Bill of Rights (1791)

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

Bill of RIghts

First ten amendments to the US Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

What products were produced in the New England Colonies? (NH, CT, RI, MA)

Fish; Lumber; Furs; Shipbuilding

How was the issue of slavery resolved during the Constitutional Convention?

For every five slaves in a state, three were to be counted for representation and taxation purposes.

What does ratification mean?

Formal approval - to pass something and then put it into effect.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Formal statement, principally drafted by THOMAS JEFFERSON and adopted by the SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS on July 4, 1776, that officially announced the 13 colonies break with Great Britain.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Formal statement, principally drafted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, that officially announced the 13 colonies' break with Great Britain.

National Trades' Union

Formed in 1834 to organize all local trade unions into a stronger national association, dissolved amid the economic depression in the late 1830s.

What was Samuel Adam's role in the American Revolution?

Formed the Sons of Liberty; Started Committees of Correspondence to organize protests against British policies and laws; Leader of the Boston Tea Party; Serves in the 1st and 2nd Continental Congress; Signs the Declaration of Independence

Treaty negotiated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1851, in which the U.S. attempted to establish boundaries for the Plains Indians

Fort Laramie Treaty

Where was the 1st battle of the Civil War?

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

General Benedict Arnold

Fought in the Battle of Quebec, later turned traitor; plotted with Britian to sell out the key strong hold of West Point. Was an aid to Cornwallis in the Southern Campaign

Who was William Penn?

Founded Pennsylvania and contributed to the development of self-government in the colonies; Freedom of religion

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). When he was 18 years old, he reported than an angel named Moroni had led him to a hillside where he unearthed golden tablets on which was written a lost "gospel" of the Bible.

Samuel Adams

Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence. He ran every institution he owned into bankruptcy and was only saved by his outstanding political career

Alien and Sedition Acts of 178

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of immigrants.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens.

Coercive Acts (1774)

Four parliamentary measures that required the colonies to pay for the Boston Tea Party's damages' imposed a military government, disallowed colonial trials of British soldiers, and force the quartering of troops in private homes.

Coercive Acts (1774)

Four parliamentary measures that required the colonies to pay for the Boston Tea Party's damages; imposed a military government, disallowed colonial trials of British soldiers, and forced the quartering of troops in private homes.

Thomas Jeremiah

Free Black, who was hung, then burned, because he told other slaves that the British "were come to help the poor Negroes."

New France

French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system.

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763-the end of the Seven Years' War.

XYZ Affair

French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to two years of sea war with France.

Queen Anne's War (the War of Spanish Succession) occurred in 1702-1713

Gained Nova Scotia (formerly French Acadia) for England

What is significant about the legislation under the Radical Reconstruction Congress?

Gained almost complete control over policymaking in Congress after the Civil War and had the power to override any potential vetoes by President Andrew Johnson. Favored harsh treatment of the South and quick incorporation of the freemen into citizens including voting rights for all African Americans.

The Catholic Proprietor of Maryland

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

First President of the U.S., who also established a precedent of retiring after two terms.

George Washington

First leader of the Continental Army

George Washington

The last of the 13 colonies

Georgia

What was discovered in California in 1849 that lured thousands of Americans across the country?

Gold - people that rushed west were called "forty-niners". Over 300,000 people settled California and this resulted in Indians being removed from their lands.

What is limited government?

Government's power is limited by the Constitution and the government only has the power that its citizens give to it.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.

Who was Wentworth Cheswell?

Grandson of a black slave that was the first African American elected to public office. He signed documents pledging to resist the British during the American Revolution, risking his life and his fortune. Helped defeat the British at Saratoga.

What was the Labor Movement?

Grew out of the need to protect workers with better wages, safer conditions, reasonable hours, health benefits, aid to workers who were injured, and to stop child labor.

Committee of Correspondence

Group organized by Samuel adams in retaliation for the Gaspee incident to address American grievances, asset American rights and form a network of rebellion.

Green Mountain Boys

Group who was led by Ethan Allen and captured at Fort Ticonderoga in 1775

cotton gin

Hand-operated machine invented by Eli Whitney that quickly removed seeds from cotton bolls, enabling mass production of cotton in 19th century America.

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe and the book convinced many Americans that slavery was cruel and sparked the abolitionist movement.

Daniel Boone

He found and expanded a trail into Kentucky, which pioneers used to reach and settle the area.

Corps of Discovery

The name of the Expedition led by Lewis and Clark.

George Washington

He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

Patrick Henry

He inspired the Virginia Resolves, which declareed that Englishmen could only be taxed by their elected representatives. In March 1775 he met with other colonial leaders to discuss the goals of the upcoming Continental Congress and famously declared, "give me liberty or give me death." During the ratification process of the US Constitution, he became one of the leading anti-federalists.

Tecumseh

He was a leader of the Shawnee tribe who tried to unite all Indians into a confederation that could defend their hunting grounds. He believed that no land cessions could be made without consent of all the tribes since they held the land in common. He was killed at the Battle of the Thames.

Nathanael Greene

He was appointed by Congress to command the American army fighting in the South during the Revolutionary War. Using his patience and his skills of managing men, saving supplies, and avoiding needless risks, he waged a successful war of attrition against the British.

General John Burgoyne

He was commander of Britain's northern forces during the Revolutionary War. He and most of his troops surrendered to the Americans at the Battle of Saratoga.

Who was William Blackstone?

He wrote Commentaries on the Laws of England which contributed to the development of self-government in the colonies.; Was used by the Supreme Court; due to lack of U.S. legal traditions; Used to write Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and The Federalist Papers Modern system of American law schools are based on his writings.

Standard bearers in Congress who contributed to the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster

Alexander Hamilton

His belief in a strong federal government led him to become a contributor the Federalist Papers, which defended adopting the new Constitutiton. The first secretary of the Treasury, who advocated for a national bank, assumption of state war debt, and support of American manufacturing

John Adams

Husband of Abigail Adams, was a lawyer and a Patriot, but agreed to represent the British soldiers on trial for killing five civilians in the British Massacre. Also represented Massachusetts at the first Continental Congress in 1774.

utopian communities

Ideal communities that offered innovative social and economic relationships to those who were interested in achieving salvation.

What was the impact of the invention of the telegraph machine?

Improved communication (faster, cheaper, easier) to communicate over wires using Morse Code. Linked rural farming areas to urban population centers.

Why did John Quincy Adams feel internal improvements were significant?

Improvements made to roads, canals, and railroads would allow for the transportation of people and goods faster, cheaper, and easier.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor Berkeley questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. It manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

Dominion of New England

In 1686, New England, in conjunction with New York and New Jersey, consolidated under the royal authority -- James II. Charters and self rule were revoked, and the king enforced mercantile laws. The new setup also made for more efficient administration of English Navigation Laws, as well as a better defense system. The Dominion ended in 1688 when James II was removed from the throne.

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, Parliament, in a bloodless coup, took the British throne from King James II and gave it to William of Orange and Mary. Afterwards, Parliament limited the king's power, passing the Bill of Rights and Act of Toleration. These events heavily influenced colonial ideas.

Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations

In 1696, King William III appointed eight paid commissioners to promote trade in the American plantations and elsewhere according to the Navigations Act. This group, appointed in 1696 and commonly known as the Board of Trade, did not constitute a committee of the Privy Council, but were, in fact, members of a separate body. The board carried on this work but also had long periods of inactivity, devolving into chaos after 1761 and abolished in 1782 by an act of Parliament by the Rockingham Whigs.

George Washington

In 1775, the Continental Congress named him commander in chief of the Continental Army. He had previously served as an officer in the French and Indian War, but had never commanded a large unit. Initially, his army was poorly supplied and inexperienced, which led to repeated defeats. He realized that he could only defeat the British through wearing them down, and he implemented a strategy of evasion and selective confrontations. In 1787 he was presiding officer over the Constitutional Convention, and in 1789 he was chosen unanimously as the first nation's first president.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

War Hawks

In 1811, congressional members from the southern and western districts who clamored for a was to seize Canada and Florida were dubbed "war hawks."

General William Howe

In December 1776 lost the chance to end the Revolution when he decided not follow the Americans who were retreating from Long Island and Manhattan. Instead, he chose to wait out the winter months in New York with his married Loyalist mistress.

Thomas Jefferson

In June 1776, 33 year old Jefferson wrote a first draft of a statement of independence that was submitted to Congress. It became the Declaration of Independence.

Boston massacre

In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed.

General Charles Cornwallis

In charge of British troops in the South during the Revolutionary War who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown, ending the war.

What is the Dawes Act?

In order to assimilate Indians into American society by owning land, the President of the U.S. could survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians while at the same time giving them U.S. citizenship. Excess lands could be sold to non-Indians. This law had the opposite effect.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

In the Illinois race between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen A. Douglas for a seat in the U.S? Senate, a series of seven dramatic debates focusing on the issue of slavery in the territories.

planters

In the antebellum South, the owners of large farms worked by twenty or more slaves.

Aztec Empire developed where?

In the center of what would become Mexico.

General Nathanael Greene

In the late 1780s chosen to be the commander of the American Army in the South. He was called "the fighting Quaker" of Rhode Island.

1775

In this year parliament declared Massachusetts in rebellion and made it illegal for Massachusetts to trade outside of the Empire

What was the result of the War of 1812?

Increased feelings of unity and pride in America (nationalism) Increased American manufacturing Weakened Native American resistance

What was the effect of the invention of the cotton gin?

Increased the production of cotton which led to increased need for slave labor.

How was care of the disabled reformed?

Individuals with mental illnesses underwent great suffering and were viewed as demon-possessed and seen as animals. The reform promoted humane treatment of those with mental illness but conditions were still far from ideal.

salutary neglect

Informal British policy during the first half of the 18th century that allowed the American colonies freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.

race-based slavery

Institution that uses racial characteristics and myths to justify enslaving a people by force.

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Insurrection in rural Virginia ld by black overseer Nat Turner, who murdered slave owners and their families. Federal troops retaliated by indiscriminately killing hundreds of slaves in the process of putting down Turner and his rebels.

Judicial

Interprets the laws (Supreme Court, Federal and District judges)

What was the effect of the invention of the railroad?

Introduced at the end of the Industrial Revolution and assisted with trade to and from the interior of the states.

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

Involved in anti-slavery movement and wanted women's right to vote because she felt no one would take women seriously in politics unless they were able to vote.

What is the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?

It doubled the size of the U.S.

As a result of the French and Indian War, France ceded its claim to the area west of the Appalachian Mountains. How would English colonists have seen this new territory?

It provided them more land to settle.

What started the Mexican-American War?

It started as a boundary dispute between Mexico and the U.S. after the annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed the boundary was the Nueces River and the U.S. said that it was the Rio Grande. Beliefs in Manifest Destiny also fueled this war.

What is the significance of the Supreme Court case McCulloch v. Maryland?

It strengthened the power of the federal government. Said that a state could not interfere with a federal institution (bank). States did not have the power to tax the federal government and stressed "implied powers" of Congress.

Why was the Battle of Gettysburg significant?

It was the turning point of the Civil War.

Why is the year 1803 significant?

It was the year President Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.

A major contributor to the Constitution, who was also the 4th President, who previously presided over Madison's War, the War of 1812.

James Madison

What is the significance of 1607?

Jamestown, Virginia was founded - first permanent English settlement in North America. Profitable with slaves and tobacco.

Battle of New Orleans

January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism

Who was president of the Confederacy during the Civil War?

Jefferson Davis

judicial review

Jefferson tried to give the rights to the states in the Kentucky resolutions, but his cousin, John Marshall of the Supreme Court, proposed which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury v. Madison

At the beginning of the French Revolution, ________ supported it and ________ thought it was a hideous event.

Jefferson, Hamilton

Who was Haym Salomon?

Jewish immigrant to America that helped finance the American Revolution and gave interest-free loans to Congress. British believed he was a spy and arrested him, but he escaped several times. He died penniless when he was never repaid for loans.

Led the religious revival, the Great Awakening, in the English Colonies during the latter half of the 18th Century

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Other Founding Fathers of the US

John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine

The only President elected while in the House under the terms of the 12th Amendment and the only former President to be elected to the House after his presidency

John Quincy Adams

Established principle of judicial review, in which executive legislative actions are subject review by the court system

Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison

The combined court of Aragon and Castile functioned under these leaders

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

What is the Proclamation Line of 1763?

King George III declared an imaginary line along the Appalachian Mountains that the American colonists were not supposed to move past in order to not upset the Indians.

Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence laid blame for the issues between England and its American colonies on

King George III.

Glorious Revolution of 1688

King James II's policies, such as converting to catholicism, conducting a series of repressive trials known as the "Bloody Assizes," and maintianing a standing army, so outraged the people of England that Parliament asked him to resign and invited King William of the Netherlands (who became known as William II in England), to take over the throne. King James II left peacefully (after his troops deserted him) and King William II and his wife Queen Mary II took the throne without any war or bloodshed, hence the revolution was termed "glorious."

James II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was overthrown by his son-in-law William of Orange. Basically a dictator who tried to restore Catholicism.

Who was James Madison?

Known as "Father of the Constitution" for writing it. Federalist that supported ratification of the Constitution and wanted a strong federal government; 4th President of the U.S. - during War of 1812

French and Indian War

Known in Europe as the Seven Years' War, it was the last (1755-1763) of four colonial wars fought between Great Britain and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River. Ended with France's defeat and withdrawal from North America.

Jobs of slaves in in the late 17th and early 18th centuries

Labor on rice and tobacco plantations

Northwest Ordinaance (1787)

Land policy for new western territories in the Ohio Valley that established the terms and conditions for self-government and statehood while also banning slaveryfrom the region.

market economy

Large scale manufacturing and commercial agriculture that emerged in America during the first half of the 19th century, displacing much of hte pre-market subsistence and barter-based economy and producing boom and bust cycles while raising the American standard of living.

Yorktown

Last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Cornwallis along with 7,000 British troops surrendered on October 17,1781.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781, and by letter only, not in person.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War; General Cornwallis, along with other 7,000 British troops, surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia on October 17, 1781.

What is the significance of the Gadsden Purchase?

Last territorial acquisition in the continental U.S. that was purchased for a southern railroad. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million and is now present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico.

John Locke

Locke was an English political philosopher whose ideas inspired the American revolution. He wrote that all human beings have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that governments exist to protect those rights. He believed that government was based upon an unwritten "social contract" between the rulers and their people, and if the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had a right to rebel and institute a new government.

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey, put down by a federal army.

Unitarianism

Late eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist church; professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.

Fort Duquesne

Later would become Pittsburgh, French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law permitting the forced relocation of Indians to federal lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for the land they occupied in the East and South.

Distribution Act (1836)

Law requiring distribution of the federal budget surplus to the states, creating chaos among unregulated state banks dependent on such federal funds.

What is the Sedition Act?

Law that said people could be fined and/or jailed for criticizing the government, especially John Adams. He wanted to strengthen the federal government.

What is the Alien Act?

Law that said the President could expel foreigners thought to be dangerous.

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley a swell as Cahokia in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Lewis and Clark

Led a group of men on an expedition of the newly purchased Louisiana territory, which took them from Missouri to Oregon. As they travelled they kept detailed journals and drew maps of the previously unexplored territory. Their reports attracted traders and trappers to the region and gave the US a claim to the Oregon country.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803-1806)

Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, a mission to the Pacific coast commissioned for the purpose of scientific and geographical exploration.

popular sovereignty

Legal concept by which the white male settlers in a new U.S. territory would vote to decide whether or not to permit slavery.

Homestead Act (1862)

Legislation granting homesteads of 160 acres of government owned land to settlers who agree to work the land for at least five years.

The "Force Bill" (1833)

Legislation, sparked by the nullification crisis in South Carolina, that authorized the president's use of the army to compel states to comply with federal law.

Missouri Compromise

Legislative decision to admit Missouri as a salve state while prohibiting slavery in the area west of the Mississippi River and north of the parallel 36 30.

Bicameral Legislature

Legislature in which the states are equally represented the upper house and proportionally represented in the lower house

Parliment

Legislature of Great Britain, composed of the House of Commons, whose members are elected, and the House of Lords, whose members are either hereditary or appointed.

Who was sent to explore the Louisiana Purchase?

Lewis and Clark were sent by President Jefferson and they met Shoshone Indian, Sacagawea along the way. The group claimed the Oregon Territory.

British forces marched on these two cities in 1775

Lexington and Concord

The American Revolution erupted when General Gage and his men marched on

Lexington.

Who were the Pilgrims?

Like the Puritans, considered Separatists, left England to escape discrimination by the king for their religious practices which did not follow the rules of the English church. Starving time led to the Squanto teaching them how to farm.

General Nathanael Greene

Major general of the continental army in the American Rev; was George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer; fought in the South based in Charlotte

Industrial Revolution

Major shift in the 19th century from hand-made manufacturing to mass production in mills and factories using water, coal and steam powered machinery.

What is manufacturing?

Making things in a factory including interchangeable parts that made production of goods cheaper and easier by speeding up the manufacturing process.

Marbury v. Madiso

Marbury v. Madison was one of the landmark cases in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court. President John Adams appointed William Marbury as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia on March 2, 1801. Thomas Jefferson, who became president two days later, ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the appointment papers. Marbury sued for a writ of mandamus to get the papers delivered. Chief Justice John Marshall, who wrote the decision decided against Marbury. However, the important part of Marshall's decision was his statement that the Judiciary Act of 1789 empowering the court to issue a writ of mandamus was contrary to the Constitution and therefore null and void. This was the first time the Supreme Court assumed the power to declare a law unconstitutional. Judicial review was born.

Quartering Act

March 24, 1765 - This act, supported by Grenville, required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

1517

Martin Luther launches the Protestant Reformation

Shays's Rebellion

Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, stormed the federal arsenal at Springfield in the winter of 1787 but were quickly repulsed.

plantation mistress

Matriarch of a planter's household, responsible for supervising the domestic aspects of the estate.

McCormick reaper

Mechanical reaper invented by Cyrus Hall McCormick in 1831 that dramatically increased the production of wheat.

Great Compromise

Mediated the differences between the New Jersey and Virginia plans by providing a bicameral legislature, the upper house with equal representation and the lower house with representation apportioned by population.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15,1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states); threatened New England secession.

Universalists

Members of a New England religious movement who believed in a merciful God and univeral salvation, often from the working class.

Mormons

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which dismissed Christian denominations, emphasizing universal salvation and a modest lifestyle; ofter persecuted for their secrecy and clannishness.

Unitarians

Members of the liberal New England Congregationalist off-shoot, who profess the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man, often well educated and wealthy.

1325

Mexica (Aztec) Empire founded in Central Mexico

Albany Plan of Union

Mid 1754 seven colonies north of VA met in Albany New York to plan joint defense from the French. Created proposal called Albany Plan of Union: Grand Council representing all of the colonial assemblies and with a president appointed by the king of England which would decide on military policies and tax the colonies if needed.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Military order issued by President Lincoln that freed slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy.

Who were the Minutemen?

Militia (Patriots) who were ready to fight at a minute's notice.

mulattoes

Mixed race people who made up most of the South's free black population.

Lowell system

Model New England factory communities that provided employees, mostly young women, with meals, a boarding house, moral discipline and educational opportunities.

mercantilism

Most common economic system at the time of the American Revolution; a nationalistic program that sought to increase a nation's holding of gold bullion through bringing raw materials from its colonies, manufacturing these goods in the mother country, and selling the finished products at a profit.

abolitionism

Movement that called for an immediate ed to slavery throughout the United States.

What is Education Reform?

Movement to give better schools to all children instead of the one room school house that might produce illiterate kids. State schools began and colleges began to train teachers.

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)

Native American attacks on British forts and settlements after France ceded to the British its territory east of the Mississippi River, as part of the Treaty of Paris, without consulting France's Native American allies.

Natvists

Native-born Americans who viewed immigrants as a threat to their job opportunities and way of life.

Know-Nothing party

Nativist, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration.

Attempts were made in the 1600s to make the English colonies more profitable by passing the

Navigation Acts.

What right is protected by the 3rd amendment?

No quartering of soldiers in citizens homes without their consent.

Barbary pirates

North Africans who waged war (1801-1805) on the United States after Jefferson refused to pay tribute (a bribe) to protect American ships.

Established the Township and Section survey method, including setting the 16th Section land set aside for support of public education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Part of Articles of Confederation that would have a lasting effect

Northwest Ordinance of 1787, that set aside the upper Ohio River Valley as a slave free region and specified the steps for statehood.

professions

Occupations requiring specialized knowledge of a particular field; the Industrial Revolution and its new organization of labor created an array of professions in the 19th century.

Battle of King's Mountain (1780)

October 7, 1780, was a decisive Patriot victory in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Frontier militia loyal to the United States overwhelmed the Loyalist American militia led by British Major Patrick Ferguson

General Charles Cornwallis

On behalf of Great Britain, was in the last major battle of the Revolutionary War and surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia on October 17, 1781, after experiencing a great victory in Carolina with the surrender of Charleston.

Sullivans Island

On this Island Patriots attempted to resist Cornwallis and Clinton invasion of Charleston as they gave up on as an expeditionary force to aid the North Carolinian Regulators by building a fort made of Palmetto trees. The fort proved successful and devastated the British Navy

Paul Revere

One of the men who famous for the "midnight ride" to warn rebel leaders that the British were coming after 700 redcoats secretly boarded boats in Boston and crossed the Charles river for a sneak attack on Lexington.

anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution as an infringement on individual and states' rights, whose criticism led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document. Many anti-Federalists later joined Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party.

anti-Federalists

Opposed a strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe

anti-Federalists

Opposed the Constitution as an unnecessary increase in the power of the central government and a limitation on individual and states' rights, which led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document.

slave codes

Ordinances passed by a colony or state to regulate the behavior of slaves, often including severe punishment for infractions.

American Colonization Society

Organized in 1816 whose mission was to return freed slaves to Africa.

Samuel Adams

Organized the Sons of Liberty and the Committee of Correspondence.

planters

Owners of large farms in the South that were worked by twenty or more slaves and supervised by overseers.

Why did the British colonies oppose the Sugar Act of 1764?

Parliament was taxing them to raise revenue.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Parliamentary measures to extract more revenue from the colonies, the Revenue Act of 1767, which taxed tea, paper, and other colonial imports, was one of the most notorious of these policies.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Parliamentary measures to extract more revenue from the colonies; the Revenue Act of 1767, which taxed tea, paper, and other colonial imports, was one of the most notorious of these policies.

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Part of the Compromise of 1850, a provision that authorized federal officials to help capture and then return escaped slaves to their owners without trials.

French & Indian War / Seven Years' War

Part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceeded Florida to Britain, but received Louisana in return.

citizen soldiers

Part-time non-professional soldiers, mostly poor farmers or recent immigrants who had been indentured servants, who playe an important role in the Revolutionary War.

James Madison

Participated in the Constitutional Convention in 1787 . He was a 36 year old attorney from Virginia. Madison was only five feet tall and weight 130 pounds. He was too frail/sick to serve in the Revolutionary army. He helped to organize networks of Republicans across the nation to oppose the administration's policies while George Washington was president.

Democratic Party

Party which formed around Andrew Jackson; it favored the old Jeffersonian principles such as states' rights and strict adherence to the Constitution and opposed the American System.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Passed in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the resolutions advanced the state-compact theory that held states could nullify an act of Congress if they deemed it unconstitutional.

Navigation Acts

Passed under the mercantilist system, the Navigation Acts (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. The acts restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.

Common Sense (1776)

Popular pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking British principles of hereditary rule and monarchial government, and advocating a declaration of American independence.

Europeans responsible for the renewed use of slavery in Southern Europe

Portuguese

Re-discovered the Azores and explored the West African Coastline

Portuguese

What is federalism?

Power is divided between the national and state governments. The national government is supreme.

Louisiana Purchase

President Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the import port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the US at a cost of $15 million.

Minutement

Patriot militia who could assemble at a "minute's notice".

Who was Mercy Otis Warren?

Patriot writer of plays, books, and poetry. Wanted John Adams to include women's rights in Declaration of Independence. Wrote rude things about John Adams ending the friendship with his wife, Abigail Adams.

Forewarned Massachusetts militia about British attack

Paul Revere

Margaret Corbin

Pennsylvanian who accompanied her husband when he joined the Continental Army. After he died in battle, she took his place

What is free enterprise?

People are free to produce what they can and to buy what they can afford.

salutary neglect

Period from the Glorious Revolution till the start of the French and Indian War, when the British were relaxed on their policies like the Navigation Acts and didn't enforce them.

Result of Stamp Act Congress, attended by delegates of 9 colonies

Petition submitted to English Parliament against the Stamp Act.

perculiar institution

Phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word slavery.

The term for Puritan Separatists

Pilgrims

1531

Pizarro subdues the Inca Empire in South America for Spain

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; Jefferson's refusal to pay tribute to protect American ships sparked and undeclared naval war with North African nations,1801-1805.

The second english settlement was organized under the Mayflower Compact of 1620

Plymouth Bay Colony

mercantilism

Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating colonial economies to benefit the mother country.

Republican ideology

Political belief in representative democracy in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on their behalf.

Whig Party

Political party active in the early 19th century, formed in opposition to "King Andrew," and preceeded by the National Republican party. The economic plan of the Whig party was known as the American system. The party was ultimately destroyed in the early 1850s by the question of expansion of slavery into the territories and most elements reformed into the Republican party. 1833-1860

Jeffersonian Republicans

Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition to the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; also known as the Democratic-Republican Party.

Whig Party

Political party founded in 1834 in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats; supported federal funding for internal improvements, a national bank, and high tariffs on imports.

Who is Baron Charles de Montesquieu?

Political philosopher of the Enlightenment. Feels government can be preserved from corruption by separation of powers. Constitution is based on his beliefs.

The Bank War

Political struggle in the early 1830s between President Jackson and financier Nicholas Biddle over the renewing of the Second Bank's charter.

Common Sense (1776)

Popular pamphlet written by THOMAS PAINE attacking British principles of hereditary rule and monarchical government, and advocating a declaration of American Independence.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

President Thomas Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. territory.

election of 1800

Presidential election involving Thomas Jefferson and John Adams; resulted in the first Democratic-Republican victory after the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams.

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea)

Pro-British Mohawk leader that devastated New York and Pennsylvania frontiers in 1778. Led Inidian resistance against white settlement. Was decimated by General John Sullivan as he burned many of the Iroquois Confederacy's settlements as he searched from this man

Royal Proclamation (1763)

Proclamation drawing a boundary along the Appalachian Mountains from Canada to Georgia in order to minimize occurrences of settler-Native American violence' colonists were forbidden to go west of the line.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation drawing a boundary along the Appalachian Mountains from Canada to Georgia in order to minimize occurrences of settler-Native American violence' colonists were forbidden to go west of the line.

Why were the 13 colonies established?

Profit - colonies were expected to send natural resources to England and buy English products; Religious freedom - Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers founded colonies to be able to freely practice their religion; Available land; Better life

What rights are protected by the 8th amendment?

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Requires that the punishment fit the crime.

What rights are protected by the 5th amendment?

Prohibits self-incrimination (don't have to testify against yourself), double jeopardy (can't be tried twice for the same crime), and requires that you be informed of your rights when you are arrested.

What rights are protected by the 4th amendment?

Prohibits unreasonable search and seizure. Requires police to have a warrant for a search.

birth rate

Proportion of birth per 1,000 of the total population.

death rate

Proportion of deaths per 1,000 of the total population' also called mortality rate.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Hamilton, the bank opened in 1791 and operated until 1811 to issue a uniform currency, make business loans, and collect taxes. The seconc BUS was chartered in 1816 but was not renewed by President Jackson twenty years later.

How are amendments added to the Constitution?

Proposed by: -2/3 vote of both the Senate and the House of Representatives OR 2/3 vote of state legislatures Ratified by: -3/4 votes of the state legislatures OR 3/4 of the states

James Madison

Proposed the Virginia Plan at the Constitional Convention, chief architect of the US Constitution, strong supporter and defender of the Constitution (Federalist Papers), Republican party leader, author of the Virginia Resolutions, fourth president of the US.

What is the Morrill Act?

Provided each state with 30,000 acres of Federal land for each member in their Congressional delegation. The land was then sold by the states and the proceeds used to fund public colleges that focused on agriculture and the mechanical arts.

1680

Pueblo Revolt

1584-1587

Raleigh's Roanoke Island venture

What is Prison Reform?

Reformers believed that crime was a result of childhood neglect and trauma. Felt that instead of confining criminals, they must be rehabilitated in order to stop violent and immoral tendencies.

What is the significance of the Second Great Awakening?

Religious experience that caused behavior to change and made people feel that individuals could amend their lives. Prompted many to advocate emancipating slaves and caused the reform movements.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement that arose in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion' spurred the growth of the Baptist and Methodist churches.

frontier revivals

Religious revival movement within the Second Great Awakening, that took place in frontier churches in western territories and states in the early 19th century.

Navigation Acts (1650-1775)

Restrictions passed by the British Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system.

Enlightenment

Revolution in thought begun in the seventeenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

French Revolution

Revolutionary movement beginning in 1789 that overthrew the monarch and transformed France into an unstable republic before Napoleon Bonaparte assumed power in 1799.

Battle of Germantown

Revolutionary war battle during which the Continental Army unsuccessfully attempted to drive the British out of Pennsylvania, October 4, 1777. Washington's attempt failed

Quebec

Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold both invaded and laid siege to this city, yet failed to do smallpox and an hopeless attack spurred by the enormous amount of death do to the small pox

nullification

Right claimed by some states to veto a federal law deemed unconstitutional.

What rights are protected by the 6th amendment?

Right to an attorney, right to a fair and speedy trial, and right to a jury trial.

What right is protected b y the 2nd amendment?

Right to bear arms

What are unalienable rights?

Rights that people are born with and that cannot be taken away by the government without due process of law.

Who was the Commander of the Confederate Army?

Robert E. Lee

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey, 1794.

French explorer who explored the Mississippi River and claimed "Louisiana" for France

Robert de la Salle

Lord Dunmore

Royal Governor of Virginia in 1775, he promised freedom to any enslaved Black in Virginia for joining the British army. His force was defeated later that year and forced into a ship where most of the people died of smallpox

Proclamation of 1763

Royal directive issued after the French and Indian War prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains; although soon over-ridden by treaties, colonists continued to harbor resentment.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Royal directive issued after the French and Indian war prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian Mountains. Although this was soon overridden by treaties, colonists continued to harbor resentment that the British government would make such a proclamation when the colonists had just finished fighting for that land.

contrabands

Runaway slaves who sought refuge in Union military camps or who lived in areas of the Confederacy under union control.

"corrupt bargain"

Scandal in which presidential candidate and Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, secured John Adam Quincy Adam's victory over Andrew Jackson in the 1824 election, supposedly in exchange for naming Clary Secretary of State.

What is a secondary source?

Second-hand information. Something that summarizes what happened.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State under Monroe and author of the Monroe Doctrine. Jackson accused him a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay in the 1824 election. The difference between his vision for an expanded federal government and Jackson's vision, let to a split in the Democrat party.

Who was Alexander Hamilton?

Secretary of Treasury in Washington's cabinet that planned for economic stability including a national bank, whiskey tax, and combining the state and federal debt

John C. Calhoun

Secretary war under James Monroe and Vice President under John Quincy Adams. Initially supported higher tariffs, including a new tariff designed to win Jackson the presidency, which led to South Carolina's nullification controversy, whose views he supported.

Virginia & Kentucky resolutions

Secretly written by Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson and James Madison specifically attacking the Alien and Sedition acts written by the Federalists and their broad interpretation of the constitution, proposing the idea that states can nullify national laws and even supreme court rulings. It argued that the Constitution merely established a compact between the states and that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it under the terms of the compact. The resolutions were sent to other states but produced no real result. However, it did create the theory of state's rights and later influenced the civil war.

Battle of Brandywine Creek

September 11, 1777; Howe vs. Washington; Patriots lost because of miscommunication; Howe allowed colonists to retreat but Howe was able to take Philadelphia

Virginia Declaration of Rights

Served as a model for the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the United States of America that included a section on total religious freedom; written by George Mason.

James Monroe

Served as secretary of state and war under President Madison and was elected the fifth president of the US. He established the Monroe Doctrine.

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

Served in the Virginia House of Burgesses; Member of the Continental Congress; Main author of the Declaration of Independence; Vice President for John Adams; Democratic-Republican; 3rd President - authorized the Louisiana Purchase

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Settlement between Great Britain and France that ended the French and Indian war.

indentured servant

Settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World.

Mary Ludwig Hays

She was also known as Mary Pitcher because she carried water to her husband and other soldiers during the war. She also took her husbands place loading and firing cannons when he got injured

steamboards

Ships and boats powered by wood-fired steam engines that made two-way traffic possible in eastern river systems, creating a transcontinental market and an agricultural empire.

What is bias?

Showing favoritism or showing your opinion about an issue. Sometimes bias is subtle and hard to see and sometimes it is obvious.

What is the Treaty of Paris written in 1763?

Signed by Britain and France ending the French and Indian War; marked the end of French power in North America; Britain gained Canada and land east of the Mississippi River; Spain gains Florida

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Signed by Mexico in 1848, transferring to the United States land that is now California, Nevada, Utah, Texas, parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.

Supported and "backed" the first English attempt to settle at Roanoke

Sir Walter Raleigh

Who was James Armistead?

Slave during the American Revolution that spied on British troops by acting as a runaway slave. His reports helped defeat the British at Yorktown.

Who is William Carney?

Slave that escaped through the Underground Railroad in order to enlist as a soldier during the Civil War. Received the Medal of Honor for saving the American flag after being wounded during a battle.

field hands

Slaves who toiled in the cotton or cane fields in organized work gangs.

What is an abolitionist?

Someone who works to end slavery. The Abolition movement was popular in churches and politics.

Who was John Quincy Adams?

Son of President John Adams. Did not win the popular or electoral college votes in the Election of 1824. Only serves one term. Lowers debt and makes internal improvements.

spirituals

Songs with religious messages sung by slaves to help ease the strain of field labor and to voice their suffering at the hands of their masters and overseers.

Who was John C. Calhoun?

South Carolina Senator who supported states' rights and the southern way of life. Resigned as Jackson's Vice President and started the Nullification Crisis in order to nullify the federal tariff of 1832.

1503

Spaniards bring first enslaved Africans to the Americans

1541

Spaniards build fort at St. Augustine, the first permanent European outpost in the present-day United States

conquistadores

Spanish term for "conquerors," applied to Spanish & Portuguese soldiers who conquered lands held by indigenous peoples in central & southern America as well as the current states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona & California.

minutemen

Special units organized by the militia during the American Revolution to be ready for quick mobilization.

What is the significance of the Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden?

Stated that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce (business that crosses state lines). Made the federal government stronger.

ailroads

Steam-powered vehicles that improved passenger transportation, quickened western settlement and enabled commercial agriculture in the 19th century.

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by Daniel Shays and 1,200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes.

Separation of Powers

Strict division of the powers of government among three separate branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) which, in turn, check and balance each other.

What is sectionalism?

Strong interest in and devotion to a single region rather than the nation as a whole (North, South, or West)

Who is John James Audubon?

Studied birds and learned birds returned to the same nesting site each year. Began conservation which slows down or stops the destruction of bird habitats. This is all related to Manifest Destiny as we are tearing down trees to build canals and railroads.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Successful coup, instigated by a group of English aristocrats, that over threw King James II and instated William of Orange and Mary, his English wife, t the British throne.

The Virginia Plan

Suggested that the delegates scrap their original instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation and instead create an entirely new federal constitution. Called for a new Congress divided into two houses, a lower House of Representatives and upper house, to be called the Senate. States with larger populations, such as Virginia and Pennsylvania, would have more representatives in Congress than the smaller states.

Federalists

Supported the Constitution as a necessary increase the authority of the central government and a limitation on individual and states' rights in certain limited cases.

Federalists

Supported the idea of strong, federal government. John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison were Federalists. Later, this will become a political party.

New Lights

Supporters of the Great Awakening

What is the significance of the Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford?

Supreme Court Chief Justice Taney ruled that slaves were property and were not citizens so the Constitution did not protect them.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case that gave the federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court ruling that declared it unconstitutional for states to tax the Bank of the United States.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court ruling that enlarged the definition of 'contract' to put corporations beyond the reach of the states that chartered them.

Independent Treasury Act (1840)

System created by Van Buren that moved federal funds from favored state banks to the U.S. Treasury, whose financial transactions could only be gold or silver.

telegraph system

System of electronic communication invented by Samuel F.B. Morse that could transmit messages instantaneously across great differences.

Slaves coming through the Middle Passage

Taken to sugar plantations of Caribbean and Brazil.

clipper ships

Tall, slender ships favored over older merchant ships for their speed, ultimately gave way to steamships because clipper ship lacked cargo space.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tax on imported goods, including British cloth and clothing, that strengthened New England textile companies but hurt southern consumers, who experienced a decrease in British demand for raw cotton grown in the South.

Tariff of 1816

Taxes on various imported items, to protect America' emerging iron and textile industries from British competition.

Reacting to land-hungry whites and their constant westward expansion, ____________ a spiritual leader, and ________________ a military leader, demanded change from Native Americans.

Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh

Tories

Term used by Patriots to refer to Loyalists, or colonists who supported the Crown after the Declaration of Independence.

What does the author of the textbook state as the most important principle of the Constitution?

That all power flows from the people

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.

Prompted the English Parliament to pass the Corrosive Acts

The 1773 Boston Tea Party

William Henry Harrison

The 1st Whig Party President, who was the hero of Tippercanoe, and who also served the shortest tenure in office, dying on his 32nd day in office.

Which statement regarding black participation in the American Revolution is most accurate?

The British kept their promises and freed thousands of runaway slaves who fought for them.

colonization

The move to send freed slaves back to Africa.

impressment

The British navy used press-gangs to kidnap men in British and colonial ports who were then forced to serve in the British navy. A major irritant between Britain and America, leading to the War of 1812.

Occurred in 1849

The California Gold Rush

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

The Cherokees' 800 mile journey from the southern Appalachians to Indian Territory. It was a nightmarish forced march from Georgia to Oklahoma.

Roman Catholicism

The Christian faith and religious practices of the Roman Catholic Church, which exerted great political, economic, and social influence on much of Western Europe and, through the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, on the Americas.

Passed after the Boston Tea Party, these laws were aimed at forcing the New England colonies to submit to British rule.

The Coercive Acts

Why is the year 1787 significant?

The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. Abandoned the idea and drafted the Constitution. George Washington was chosen to be President of the Convention and Rhode Island did not send a delegate.

Oregon Country

The Convention of 1818 between Britain and the United States established the Oregon Country as being west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the two countries were jointly to occupy it.

Established New Amsterdam on Long Island

The Dutch

Embargo Act

The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Brittian and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.

School of thought which Influenced the Founding Fathers

The European Enlightment

During the North American French and Indian War two nations gained American territory.

The French gave Canada and the East Mississippi River Valley to England and they gave the West Mississippi River Valley (Louisiana) to Spain.

Hartford Convention

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party.

The term "Indians" was first used by Columbus to describe people who live here.

The Islands of the Caribbean

One achievement that can be attributed to Congress under the Articles of Confederation is

The Land Ordinance of 1785.

Joseph Brant

The Mohawk leader who fought against the Americans in the Revolution.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Mormon Church, started by Joseph Smith, during the time of the Great Awakening.

New Amsterdam was taken over by the English and in 1644 became part of this colony.

The New York Colony.

Which region of the country favored high tariffs?

The North - there were more factories in the North so it was their products that people were being encouraged to buy.

Developed in the early 1840s as the primary overland route for westward movement.

The Oregon Trail

Significant event which took place in Europe's religious history.

The Protestant Reformation

Charles Watson-Wentworth

The Second Marquess of Rockingham was installed was the new first minister by George in 1766. This man, agreeing will William Pitt, believed that for the good of British Merchants the Stamp Act should be repealed

Established Rhode Island

The Separatist (Baptist) Roger Williams

Overlapped the North American French and Indian War

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

horse

The Spanish introduced horses to the Americas, eventually transforming many Native American cultures.

During the War, Francis Scott Key was inspired to write this poem, than later became a noted song.

The Star Spangled Banner

Sherman's "March to the Sea" (1864)

The Union army's devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources of the Confederate army needed to fight.

Plantation Economy

The agricultural economy of the South which relied heavily on slave labor.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

The change brought about by the invention and use of machines to do work formerly done by hand. First began in England in the late 1700s and then spread to America and the rest of Europe in the early 1800s.

Why did the plantation system develop in the Southern Colonies?

The crops grown in the Southern colonies required both large amounts of fertile land and labor. The area also had a warm, moist climate.

Fort Necessity

The crude stockade fort built by Washington and his men, after staging an unsuccessful attack on a nearby French fort. The French countered by trapping Washington and his soldiers in side their own fort, a third of the men died fighting. The start of the French and Indian War.

Federalist Party

The first American political party formed in the early 1790s around Alexander Hamilton's plan for a more powerful national government. 1792-1824

Who was Alexander Hamilton?

The first Secretary of the Treasury and leader of the Federalist Party.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans on March 5th of 1770

What was the Virginia House of Burgesses?

The first colonial representative assembly (legislature).

What were the Articles of Confederation?

The first constitution of the U.S. - created a loose alliance of the 13 states.

Articles of Confederation

The first form of government for the United States, ratified by the original thirteen states in 1781; weak in central authority, it was replaced by the Constitution in 1787.

The Battle of Bunker Hill

The first major battle of the revolution. It showed that the Americans could fight yet the British would be hard to defeat. The saying " don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes!" comes from this battle. It was fought on Breed's Hill, and was reenforced by William Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne. Americans lost 400 men, British 1,045

Henry Clay

The foremost spokesman for the American System, which became the core economic policy of the Whig party; instrumental in many compromises -- notably, the Missouri Compromise, the Nullification Crisis, the Great Compromise. Along with Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun part of the Great Triumvirate of leading senators in the 1810s to 1840s.

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

The government was too weak: Difficult to amend; No power to tax; No Executive branch (no President); No Judicial branch (court system); Could not regulate trade between the states

virtual representation

The idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representation in Parliament, were "virtually" represented by all members of Parliament.

virtual representation

The idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representative in Parliament, were "virtually" represented by all members of Parliament.

virtual representation

The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from

What is popular sovereignty?

The idea that the government gets its power from the people - the people rule or hold final authority. This is exercised by voting.

Cahokia

The largest chiefdom and City of the Mississippian Indian culture located in present-day Illinois, and the site of a sophisticated farming settlement that supported 15,000 inhabitants.

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) (1756-1763)

The last and most important of four colonial wars between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.

Oregon fever

The lure of fertile land and economic opportunities in the Oregon Country that drew thousands of settlers westward, beginning in the late 1830s.

Erie Canal (1817)

The most important and profitable of the many barge canals built in the early 19th century, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and conveying so much cargo that it made New City the nation's largest trading post.

Lord North

The new chief minister appointed by the king in January 1770, who decided to make an example of Boston to the rest of the colonies, in response to the 1773 Boston Tea Party.

St. Augustine

The oldest European settlement in the U.S.

The Federalist Papers

The papers were a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.

National Republican Party

The political party formed from ex-Federalists around supporting John Quincy Adams and opposing Jackson, which supported the American System and eventually became reformed into the Whig party. 1825-1833

Republican Party

The political party organized by Jefferson and Madison in opposition to the Federalist party and Hamilton's plan for a stronger central government. It favored states' rights and the primacy of the yeoman farmers, and was strongest in the South. Also known as the Democratic-Republican or Jeffersonian Republican party. After 1824 it split into two parties -- the Democratic party and the National Republican party. 1791-1825

separation of powers

The powers of government are split between three separate branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) who check and balance each other.

What is separation of power?

The principle of the Constitution that divides power equally between the 3 branches of government:

The Old Southwest

The region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted droves of settlers after the American Revolution

Continental Army

The regular army of the Revolution established by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775. George Washington was the Commander-in-Chief.

Treaty of Ghent

The signing of this treaty in 1814 ended the War of 1812 without solving any of the disputes between Britain and the US.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of biological and social elements, such as plants, animals, people, diseases, and cultural practices, among Europe, the Americas, and Africa in the wake of Christopher Columbus' voyages to the New World.

manifest destiny

The widespread belief that America was destined by God to expand westward across the continent into lands claimed by Native Americans as well as European nations.

Why was the Battle of Vicksburg significant?

The winner of the battle would control the Mississippi River and therefore control the flow of supplies up and down the river. The North won.

Why were colonial cities like Philadelphia, New York City, and Charleston important?

Their location on rivers and near the coast made them popular centers of colonial trade and transportation.

Alien & Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

The Virginia Resolves

These declarations by the Virginia House of Burgesses declared that all colonists had the rights of Englishmen, and Englishmen could only by taxed under their own representation.

The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (Massachusetts Acts)

These five Acts passed by Parliament in 1774 closed Boston Harbor, pohibited town meetings, and revoked the Massachusetts charter, making the Colony completely government by England. They also included a stronger Quartering Act. An unrelated act that is tied to these acts is the Quebec Act, which gave Canadians more rights, more French rights including provisions on Catholicism, as well as giving Quebec more land. These acts enraged Massachusetts, by design, but also enraged the other colonies which surprised the British

Paxton Boys

These men were a group of Scots-Irish living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Whigs (Patriots)

These people tended to be Aristocrats, indebted businessmen, and other revolutionaries

Torries

These people tended to be judges, port citizens, British officials, clergy, backcountry-men, or merchants that benefitted from trade with Britain or planters without British debt. People from all walks of life

Major General William Howe and Admiral Richard Lord Howe

These two men initiated the true british effort to retake America, beginning in NYC with 32,000 men

Sir Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson

These two men were decimated by "Over-mountain Men" at the Battle of Kings Mountain, South Carolina. Due to these men's tendency to slaughter people who surrendered to them, the Over-mountain men slaughtered this Tory force as well

Where did American political parties originate (begin)?

They began in President Washington's cabinet. Hamilton (Federalist - believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution) and Jefferson (Democratic-Republican believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution) disagreed on many issues - mainly on how strong the federal government should be.

Newport

This City in RI was home to 6,000 French troops in 1780, as the force was able to slip into America through the British blockade, but could not leave the port due to the blockade

Admiral Francois-Joseph-Paul de Grease

This Frenchmen led his armada and his 3,000 into the Chesapeake Bay, defeating the British forces attempted to re-enforce Cornwallis, leaving him helpless on his own

Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Steuben

This Prussian's tight and ridged commanding structure worked to produce a European worth (weak but worth) continental army under GW, and became GW chief of staff by the conclusion of the war. His drill instruction would be used by the US army until the initiation of The War of 1812

Vermont

This State finally arose out of the disputed area between New York and New Hampshire as the locals refused to be ruled by bickering states that brought violence into their region

Currency Act of 1764

This act, supported by Grenville prevented colonies from printing money, making colonially printed money (about the only money available in America) worthless

Stamp Act

This act, supported by Grenville, attempted to raise revenue by requiring any printed documents or legal papers to have a seal indicating the tax had been paid

Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764)

This act, supported by Grenville, cut in half the duties on molasses, to encourage the ending of smuggling, but also levied new duties on textiles, wine coffee, indigo, and sugar. This act began the trend for Americans to boycott the British whenever they received a bill that was not in their favoure

Dorchester Heights

This area was controlled by the Americans in Spring of 1776 that forced General Howe to flee Boston for Halifax

Which statement of the following is the most accurate regarding the Battle of New Orleans?

This battle put Jackson in the national spotlight and solidified the peace.

The Battle of Guilford Courthouse

This battle, which was a British Pyrrhus Victory, forced Cornwallis to regroup in Wilmington NC, and eventually he gave up the Carolinas and NC seemed to be Un-winable and Greene had retaken SC in his absence

Second Continental Congress

This body organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

On the Equality of the Sexes

This book written by Judith Sargent Murry in 1790 attempted to prove that women were capable of tasks outside of the household

Seven Years War

This conflict gave many colonists more reason to rebel from Britain as no longer were the French a threat to Colonial territory. Also it showed the true character of punishment given by Red Coat Officers

Peace of Paris

This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.

Gilbert du Motier, the Marquis de Lafayette

This french Aristocrat demanded to be part of the Revolution and became a high ranking general by accepting his post under no pay. This man would later become GW's most trusted aid

William Franklin

This illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin was disinherited for he choose the Loyalist cause

General Johnny Burgoyne

This incompetent British general led the northern British army down the Hudson River Valley, expecting to meet up with Howe who had moved his troops to attack Philadelphia instead, and took Fort Ticonderoga, but was slow in movement allowing Benedict Arnold to reenforce General Gates at Oriskany and later Ticonderoga, where this man surrendered his entire army of over 7000 men

King George III

This man ascended the throne in 1760 after England had acquired a large debt during the French and Indian war, and England was unsure in how to collect money for the debt. This war spurred the American economy to become vastly important to Britain. He removed the coalition of Whigs that had governed the British empire for over a century and replaced it with an unstable coalition of his own. He also suffered from intellectual and psychological limitations.

John Dickinson

This man drafted the Articles of Confederation in 1776, which were agreed upon by all states in 1778 (Maryland in 1781)

General Sir Henry Clinton

This man replaced General Howe in 1778 and believed that a reposition southward could push the war back into the Tories' favoure

Americans

This militia based army preferred ambushes then European style open-field battles

Regulators

This name applies to several groups of insurgents who, in 1764, wanted to protect the rights of their community. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists. This movement climaxed at the battle of Almanac in 1771, where William Tyron defeated them and forced them to sign allegiance to the king

Whig

This political characteristic was true of nearly all people in the 18th century as it indicated the opposition to King James the II (The movement whom deposed him was the Glorious Revolution). King George III took this complacent political group out of government

Cherokee

This powerful native american tribe weaken itself by giving into the demands of weaker northern Indian tribes and attack the American forces, which repelled them easily and burned their tribal settlements

Hesse-Cassel

This region accounted for over half of the German missionaries that fought for the British during the war, and so German missionaries began to be known by this half term

Savannah

This southern American City would serve as the first base for Clinton's march north across the south to gain support not found in the northern colonies in 1778

Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution

This statement made clear that Parliament could only tax and regulate trade and would give each colony all of the duties collected in state, only if the colonies paid for defense of the empire

"peculiar institution"

This term was used to describe slavery in America.

Concord

This town's barracks were the goal of General Gage's raid, but had been depleted by patriots once they arrived

The Treaty of Amity and Commerce

This treaty established America as an independent State from Britain by France and allowed for trade, including extra trade provisions

The Treaty of Alliance

This treaty established that if France was to enter the war, both countries would fight until America was independent and neither country would conclude a truce without the other and France promised to allow America to gain all lands in America

All Male Taxpayers

This voting group was given voting rights in most colonies after the revolution, as well as the backcountry was given a fair representation in State legislatures. Without such measures Americans would be denying rights for which they just fought Britain for

Standing Arm

This was present in America after the Seven Years War and, instead of aiding the king as it characteristically did in the past, it made this authority seem more like a tyrant

Olive Branch Petition

This was written by the Second Continental Congress which pledged loyalty to King George III but to continued to ask Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George III didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

Primary author of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Purchased Louisiana from the French Emperor Napoleon I and sent Lewis and Clark and their Corp of Discovery to explore the Missouri River and the northwest.

Thomas Jefferson

Served as the 1st Secretary of State, the 2nd Vice President and the 3rd President

Thomas Jefferson

The _________ declared that all Virginians were entitled to all the rights of Englishmen and could only be taxed by their elected representatives.

Virginia Resolves

Common Sense

Thomas Paine published the pamphlet Common Sense in 1776, in which argued that the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on Enlightenment ideals - one that would protect man's natural rights. Common Sense became so popular that many historians credit it with dissolving the final barriers to the fight for independence.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamplet that refocused the blame for the colonies' problems on King George III rather than Parliament and advocated a declaration of independence.

Federalists (1787)

Those who supported the new Constitution during its debate.

salutary neglect

Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

What does nullify mean?

To cancel.

What was the goal of the Women's Rights Movement?

To obtain the right to vote for women (suffrage).

What was Lincoln's goal during the Civil War?

To preserve the Union

Christopher Columbus' goal

To sail to China and India

Georgia's original purpose

To serve as a military buffer to Spanish Florida and as an experimental "debtors" work-release colony.

What products were produced in the Southern Colonies? (GA, VA, NC, SC, MD)

Tobacco; Rice; Indigo; Cotton

Colonists who fought as Loyalists against the Patriots

Tories

Monmouth Courthouse

Town in central New Jersey. Site of 1778 Revolutionary War battle initiated by GW but proved to be indecisive. After this battle Clinton retreated into NYC and a stalemate occurred as neither side could advance

Triangular Trade

Trade system with three routes over the Atlantic, connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves were an important commodity in this trade system.

women's works

Traditional term referring to routine tasks in the house, garden, fields performed by women, eventually expanded in the colonies to include medicine, shop-keeping, upholstering and the operation of inns and taverns.

Overland Trails

Trail routes followed by wagon trains bearing settlers and trade goods form Missouri to the Oregon Country, California and New Mexico, beginning in the 1840s.

What was the effect of the invention of the steamboat?

Transportation (movement of goods and people) became faster, cheaper, and easier. Linked rural farming areas to urban population centers.

Transcontinental Treaty (1819)

Treaty between Spain and the United States that clarified the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase and arranged for the transfer of Florida to the United States in exchange for cash.

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in which Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi and use the New Orleans port. Spain also agreed to fix the northern boundary of Florida along the 31st parallel and prevent Indians from launching raids across the border into the U.S.

Ended the 1846-1848 Mexican America War by ceding California to Texas above the Rio Grande to the U.S.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What agreement ended the Mexican-American War?

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo; U.S. would get land from Mexico in exchange for $15 million

Which treaty ended the war between England and America?

Treaty of Paris, 1783; U.S. became an independent country that is "free and sovereign"; Mississippi River would be the western boundary of the U.S.; U.S. gave up claim to Canada

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty with Spain negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in 1795; established US boundaries at the Mississippi River and the 31st parallel and allowed open transportation on the Mississippi.

Battle of Antitetam (1862)

Turning point battle near Sharpsburg, Maryland, leaving over 20,000 soldiers dead or wounded, in which Union forces halted a Confederate invasion of the North. Technically a draw, but the Union failed to pursue rebel troops as they were retreating. Had important results: revived northern morale, made the rebel states have no hope of having alliances with Britain and France, and convinced Lincoln to do Emancipation Proclamation

Mound-Builders (Mississippian peoples and the Aztec Empire)

Two of the tribes that populated the Americas prior to the 15th Century.

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that slaves were not U.S. citizens and therefore could not sue for their freedom and that Congress could not prohibit slaver in the western territories.

Louisiana Purchase

U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. foreign policy that barred future colonization in the Western Hemisphere by European powers and pledged that there would be no American interference with any existing European colonies.

What piece of land did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican-American War?

U.S. got land to the Pacific Ocean and achieved Manifest Destiny - land would eventually become all or parts of CA, UT, WY, NM, AZ, NV, and CO

What is the Homestead Act?

U.S. law enacted after the Civil War during Reconstruction to break a cycle of debt during. Intended to end sharecropping and tenant farming so that blacks and whites could afford to buy land. This law was repealed.

Who was the Commander of the U.S. (Union) Army?

Ulysses S. Grant - later becomes the 18th President.

Anaconda Plan

Union's primary war strategy calling for a naval blockage of major southern seaports and then dividing the Confederacy by gaining control of the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi Rivers.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Unsuccessful revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkley's administration, which Bacon charged, failed to protect settlers from Indian raids.

Salutary Neglect

Unwritten, hands-off policy in which Britain did not intervene in Colonial business. The colonies could trade with other countries, ending mercantilism.

Eastern Woodlands People

Various Native American peoples, particularly the Algonquian, Iroquoian and Muskogean regional groups, who once dominated the Atlantic seaboard from Maine to Louisiana.

Alexander Hamilton's economic reforms

Various measures designed to strengthen the nation's capitalist economy and generate federal revenue through the promotion of new industries, the adoption of new tax policies, the payment of war debts, and the establishment of a national bank.

Boston Massacre (1770)

Violent confrontation between British soldiers and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Was a graduate of New York's Troy Female Seminary. She refused to be merely a "household drudge". She called a convention to discuss "the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women." The Seneca Falls Convention met on July 19, 1848.

Harriet Tubman

Was born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. Escaped slavery, but returned to the South many times to free other slaves. She was the most famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad.

What was the Proclamation of Neutrality?

Washington's statement that the U.S. would remain neutral in a war between France and England. Wanted to keep America out of further wars and hold the new nation together.

Who was Marquis de Lafayette?

Wealthy French nobleman who joins the American cause. Serves under George Washington during the winter at Valley Forge. Helped get French aid to colonies fighting the British.

Portuguese

Were the first European explorers of the Renaissance.

burned over district

Western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place.

What is the "Corrupt Bargain"?

When Jackson accused John Q. Adams and Henry Clay of "cheating" in the Election of 1824 because Clay got the House of Representatives to vote Adams for President and Clay was named Secretary of State.

Indians

Whether these people fought for the British or the Americans, no treaty was recognized after the war for their efforts as their lands were taken

Yeomen

White farmers who had small farms and lived with their families in simple two-room cabins, raised a few hogs and chickens and grew some corm and cotton and traded with neighbors more than they bought from stores.

cotton

White fibers harvested from plants that made comfortable, east to clean products, especially clothing' the most valuable cash crop driving the economy in 19th century United States and Great Britain.

cult of domesticity

Widespread 19th century belief urging women to celebrate their role as manager of the household and nurturer of the children.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams; she was learned, spirited and independent. Abigail wrote her husband to remember women as he helped to make laws.

Who was Abigail Adams?

Wife of Patriot leader John Adams (mother of John Q. Adams). She wrote letters to her husband asking him to "Remember the Ladies" when he was at the Continental Congress and was writing the Declaration of Independence. Wanted women's rights to be included in the new government.

Organized Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers, Germans, Jews and Indians

William Penn

Who is Clara Barton?

Woman that founded the American Red Cross during the Civil War. She it was her duty as a Christian to help the soldiers and is known as the "Angel of the Battlefield".

Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton?

Women's rights leader that helped write the "Declaration of Sentiments" at the Seneca Falls Convention. Demanded equal rights for women.

Legislative

Writes the laws (Congress - Senate and House of Representatives)

The Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay and Madison in support of the Constitution.

Who was Thomas Paine?

Wrote Common Sense - pamphlet designed to encourage Americans to support independence from England, criticizing the British monarch.

plain white folk

Yeoman farmers who live and worked on their own small farms, growing food and cash crops to trade for necessities.

Surrender at Yorktown

Yorktown was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War. British soldiers were led by General Cornwallis. The battle began on September 28, 1781. French troops fought with American troops. Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781.

Who was John Adams?

Younger cousin of Samuel Adams that believed everyone should have a fair trial; Defended the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre; Helped write the Declaration of Independence; Helped write the Treaty of Paris, 1783; Vice President of George Washington; 2nd President of the U.S. and served one term; Founding Father

Declarations of the Rights and Grievances

a document created during the Committees of Correspondence of 1765 that petitioned for the repeal of the Stamp Act, for it went beyond controlling colonial trade which was the accepted role of commerce taxation in the colonies

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

a document prepared by the Second Continental Congress to explain to the world why the British colonies had taken up arms against Great Britain. It is a combination of the work of Thomas Jefferson and Colonel John Dickinson

burial mounds

a funereal tradition, practiced in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys by the Adena-Hopewell cultures, of erecting massive mounds of earth over graves, often shaped in the design of serpents & other animals

encomienda

a land-grant system under which Spanish army officers (conquistadors) were awarded large parcels of land taken from Native Americans

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) "Give me liberty or give me death"

Spanish Armada

a massive Spanish fleet of 130 warships that was defeated at Plymouth in 1588 by the English navy during the reign of Queen Elizabeth 1

Aztec Empire

a network of more than 300 city-states & upwards of 30 provinces, established in the 14th century under the imperialistic Mexica, or Aztecs in the valley of Mexico

Shays's Rebellion

a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

New Mexico

a region in the American Southwest, originally established by the Spanish, who settled there in the 16th century, founded Catholic missions & exploited the region's indigenous peoples

The government of the United States of America established by the revolutionaries is best described as

a representative democracy.

Jay's Treaty

a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians.was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.

According to your textbook, the Battle of King's Mountain was significant because

after this battle, the British found recruiting southern Loyalists almost impossible.

5,000 B.C.E.

agricultural revolution begins in Mexico

infectious diseases

also called contagious diseases, illnesses that can pass from one person to another by way of invasive biological organisms able to reproduce in the bodily tissues of their hosts; Europeans unwittingly brought many such diseases to the Americas, devastating Native American peoples

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British Parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents, infuriated the colonies

As a result of his handling of foreign relations, Thomas Jefferson

angered many segments of American society, particularly New England Federalists.

During the American Revolution, Abigail Adams wrote to her husband John and

asked that women be given greater liberties and protections.

Cowpens

battle in the American Revolution where General Daniel Morgan attempted and succeeded to uproot General Cornwallis from Winnsboro SC

Two Treatises on Government

book publish by John Locke, set forth idea that people have certain rights and the government is formed to protect those rights, life liberty property, he believed people were justified in rebelling if this was violated

Tecumseh

brother of the Prophet, chief of the Shawnees, as the leader of the Indian military efforts, he realized that they could only defeat the whites and take back the Northwest if they united, so he set out down the Mississippi river to visit tribes and persuade them to join him in the Tecumseh confederacy and battle the whites who had wrongly taken their land through treaties.

maize

corn

maize

corn; the primary grain crop in Mesoamerica yielding small kernels often ground into cornmeal

Washington, as the army's leader, believed that

disciplined citizen-soldiers were the key to winning the war.

Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory

doubled the size of the United States and caused a constitutional dilemma.

In the aftermath of the Revolutionary War, Americans

embraced a new, energetic sense of nationality.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Charles Townshend

government official (Chancellor of the Exchequer), close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea,

Daniel Boone

he led a small band of settlers in the Kentucky territory who risked constant attack by Indians and their British and Tory allies. He survived frequent ambushes, 7 skirmishes, and 3 battles. In 1778 he held off an assault by more than 400 Indians at Boonesborough with 30 men and families. He was captured twice and was shot He refused to leave Kentucky. The frontier skirmishes had no real effect on the outcome of the war.

The dividing issue in the Constitutional Convention was

how slaves should be counted

by 12,000 B.C.E.

humans have migrated to the Americas

The British habit of detaining American ships, capturing sailors, and forcing them into the British navy was

impressment.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

issued of October 7, 1763 and was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and started that Americans were not permitted to passed the Appalachian Mountains.

The Battle of Saratoga was particularly significant because

it resulted in an alliance between the Americans and the French.

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established the precedent known as

judicial review.

Richard Henry Lee

leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies to create an American Confederation

The national government, under the Articles of Confederation, could do all of the following except

levy taxes.

In reaction to Congress's declaration of war in 1812,

many on the frontiers and in rural areas, along with the war hawks, supported the war.

Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans

occurred after the treaty had been signed.

Jeffersonian Republicans

one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jeffrson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states's rights.

Mexica

otherwise known as "Aztecs", a Mesoamerican people of northern Mexico who founded the vast Aztec Empire in the 14th century, later conquered by the Spanish under Hernáán Cortés in 1521

General Thomas Gage

replaced Hutchinson as royal governor of Massachusetts, a military governor

Virginia Plan

resolutions proposed by James Madison concerning aspects of the system of government. It proposed a bicameral legislature, in which the house's members would be elected in proportion to state populations. The smaller states opposed the proposal, fearing they would lose influence to the larger states. The plan also supported the Separation of Powers.

When the Confederation Congress called for a new convention in 1787 they did so with the stated purpose of

strengthening the Articles of Confederation.

Washington's Farewell Address

stressed maintaining commercial but not political ties to other nations; stressed not entering permanent alliances; America's uniqueness depended on being independent action on foreign affairs

When Loyalists fled to Canada

the American government confiscated their abandoned property.

Roman Catholicism

the Christian faith and religious practices of the Roman Catholic Church, which exerted great political, economic, & social influence on much of Western Europe & through the Spanish & Portuguese Empires, on the Americas

Replaced the 2nd Continental Congress in 1781

the Congress of the U.S., under the Articles of Confederation

1588

the English navy defeats the Spanish Armada

The XYZ affair

was an attempt by the French government to extort a bribe from the United States.

Following the conclusion of the American Revolution, the economy of the United States

was devastated because of the loss of British markets

The Hartford Convention

was organized by Federalists and threatened secession

Yorktown

when Cornwallis was forced to take a defensive position in Yorktown, American and French forces descended from different directions in a joint operational tactic, and caught Cornwallis between land and sea, where he surrendered his whole army of more than 7, 000 on October 17, 1781.