Tissue Q's

3 general characteristics of connective tissues?

1. With a few exceptions, connective tissues have a rich supply of blood vessels. 2. Connective tissues are composed of many types of cells. 3. There is a great deal of noncellular, nonliving material (matrix) between the cells of connective tissues.

List five major functions of epithelium in the body, and give examples of each.

1. protection; epithelium covering body surface protects against bacterial invasion and chemical damage. 2. absorption; epithelium specialized to absorb substances lines the stomach and small intestines. 3. filtration; in kidney tubules, epithelium filters (and absorbs and secretes) 4. excretion; Sweat is excreted from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat glands 5. secretion; In glands, epithelial tissue is specialized to secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids

How many basic types of muscle tissue are there?

3 Skeletal, cardiac and smooth tissue.

How many primary tissue types ar found the the human body?

4 Epithelium, connective, nervous and muscle tissue.

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function are called?

A group of cells that performs a similar function is known as a tissue.

Acts as a storage depot for fat?

Adipose

Insulates against heat loss

Adipose connective tissues

Define tissue

An aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellular organism.

Composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix?

Areolar

On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?

Arrangement or relative number of layers and cell shape?

Where is ciliated epithelium found? What role does it play?

Can be found in the lining of the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. There role is to keep mucus and any other debris from entering the lower reaches of the lung tissue by moving in a upward direction.

Muscle tissue: changes the internal volume of an organ as it contacts

Cardiac

Muscle tissue: has intercalated discs

Cardiac

Muscle tissue: tissue of the heart

Cardiac

Muscle tissue: has a single nucleus in each cell

Cardiac, smooth

Muscle tissue: involuntarily controlled

Cardiac, smooth

What are the important characteristics of epithelium?

Cellularity Polarity Attachment Avascularity Regeneration

Abundant nonliving extracellular matrix

Connective

Anchors, packages, and supports body organs?

Connective

Most durable type of tissue?

Connective

Most widespread tissue in the body

Connective

The dermis of the skin

Dense

Attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones?

Dense connective tissue

Walls of large arteries

Elastic

Provides a flexible framework for the external ear

Elastic cartilage

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Endocrine glands are ductless, and there function is to release all hormones into the extracellular fluid where they enter blood stream and lymphatic vessels. But Exocrine glands have ducts, and they secrete through the ducts to an epithelial surface.

Cells may absorb, secrete and filter, synthesizes hormones?

Epithelium

Lines body cavities and covers the bodys external surface?

Epithelium

All muscle tissue is under our voluntary control. True / False

False

Epithelia tissues are innervated and usually vascularized. True / False

False

The serous membranes are composed of a superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium and a deep layer of areolar connective tissue. True / False

False A serous membrane, which lines the ventral body cavity walls and viscera, consists of a simple squamous epithelium lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

Endocrine glands secrete their products on body surfaces or into body cavities. True / False

False Endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream rather than on an epithelial surface.

Most of the body's glands are formed by connective tissues. True / False

False Epithelial tissue forms most of the body's glands.

Epithelial tissue is highly vascularized. True / False

False Epithelium is avascular (lacking blood vessels) and receives nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissues.

Fibrosis involves replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue. True / False

False Fibrosis involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

Inflammation is a pathological condition with no benefit to the body after an injury. True / False

False Inflammation acts to rid the body of the harmful agent, prevent further injury, and restore the tissue to a healthy condition.

Inflammation destroys specific infectious microorganisms and foreign molecules at the site of infection and throughout the body. True / False

False Inflammation is a nonspecific, local response that limits damage to the injury site while the immune response destroys particular infectious microorganisms and foreign molecules at the site of infection and throughout the body.

Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells that function in the movement of materials across the surface of a cell. True / False

False Microvilli maximize the surface area across which small molecules enter or leave cells and are NOT involved in the movement of materials across the surface of a cell.

Mucosa lines the closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. True / False

False Mucosa lines the inside of hollow internal organs that open to the outside of the body. Mesothelium lines closed cavities .

Regeneration involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue. True / False

False Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue.

Makes up the intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage

Firm structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth

Hyaline cartilage

Forms the larynx the costal cartilages of the ribs and the embryonic skeleton?

Hyaline cartilage

Transitional epithelium is actually stratified squamous epithelium with special characteristics. How does it differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelia? How does the structural difference support its function?

Its structure is different in that it is rounded, or "plump" cells. Its structural difference supports in function in that it has the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched.

Avascular

Lack blood vessels

Glandular epithelium

Most or all of the epithelial cells produce sectrions which either discharge onto the surface of the epithelium or into the surrounding interstitial fluid and blood

Major function is to contract?

Muscle

Pumps blood, flushes urine out of body, and allows one to swing a bat?

Muscular

Transmits electrochemical impulses?

Nerve

Forms nerves from brain?

Nervous

Most involved in regulating and controlling body functions?

Nervous

Synthesises hormones?

Nervous

Forms the hip bone

Osseous

Matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on

Osseous

Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Polarity, Cellularity, Supported by Connective tissue, Avascularity and Regeneration

What are the four essential functions of epithelium?

Provide physical protection Control permeability Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions

Lining of stomach?

Simple columnar

Tubules of the kidneys?

Simple cuboidal

How does the function of stratified epithelia differ from the function of simple epithelia?

Simple means that there is only one layer of these cells, not as much protection as stratified which indicates several layers of cells. Stratified epithelia are named according to the cells at the apical surface of the epithelial membrane, not those resting on a basement membrane like the simple epithelia.

Alveolar sac in lungs?

Simple squamous

Forms the thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells?

Simple squamous

Muscle tissue: concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole

Skeletal

Muscle tissue: voluntarily controlled

Skeletal

Tissue: has several nuclei per cell

Skeletal

tissue: allows you to direct your eyeballs

Skeletal

tissue: contains branching cylindrical cells

Skeletal

tissue: contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells

Skeletal

tissue: found attached to bone

Skeletal

Muscle tissue: striated

Skeletal, cardiac

Muscle tissue: found in the walls of the stomach, uterus and arteries

Smooth

Tissue: contains spindle-shaped cells

Smooth

Epidermis of the skin?

Stratified squamous

Lining of the esophagus?

Stratified squamous

Glands

Structures that produce fluid secretions. They are attached to or derived from epitherlia

How many primary tissue types are found in the human body?

The human body is composed of four basic types of tissues; epithelium, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues. These tissues vary in their composition and their function.

How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?

There is a wide variety in the structures of connective tissue. This is reflected in the wide variety of functions they perform. Also, the large amount of nonliving matrix seen provides the strength needed to protect the body and carry out the normal functions of the body

Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single jewel?

They contain a large fat-filled vacuole occupying most of the cell volume. The nucleus is pushed to the periphery, giving the cell a "signet ring" appearance.

Lining of bladder; peculiar cells that have the ability to slide over each other?

Transitional

All connective tissues arise from a common embryonic tissue. True / False

True

Blood is a type of connective tissue. True / False

True

Edocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes True / False

True

Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes? True/False?

True

Polarity is a property of all normal epithelial tissues. True / False

True

Adhesions are areas where new scar tissue grows and connects adjacent organs after surgery. True / False

True Adhesions often cause problems after surgery by preventing normal functioning of internal organs.

An epithelium is found on a body surface or lining a body cavity. True / False

True An epithelium is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

With increasing age, epithelia become thinner and more easily damaged. True / False

True As we age, metabolism and tissue regeneration slows.

The basic functional unit of bone tissue is the osteon. True / False

True Bone is made of many osteons.

Brown adipose tissue occurs only in babies and functions in producing heat to warm the infant. True / False

True Brown adipose tissue, found only in babies, contains many lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria that use lipid fuel to heat the bloodstream and warm the infant.

The event that sets the stage for tissue repair is inflammation. True / False

True Inflammation is the first reaction to trauma that allows later events of repair to occur.

Epithelial tissue secretes the basal lamina region of the basement membrane. True / False

True The basal lamina region of the basement membrane is a thin, non-cellular sheet, consisting of proteins secreted by epithelial tissue cells.

As we age the amount of collagen in the body declines, making tissue repair less efficient. True / False

True The body produces less collagen as we age, adversely affecting tissue repair.

Which of the following exocrine glands stores its secretion until the gland ruptures? a) A holocrine gland b) An apocrine gland c) An endocrine gland d) A merocrine gland

a) A holocrine gland A holocrine gland stores its secretion until the gland ruptures.

You observe a muscle that has intercalated discs, and contracts under involuntary conditions. What type of muscle must this be? a) Cardiac muscle b) Skeletal muscle c) Smooth muscle d) Uterine muscle

a) Cardiac muscle

Chondrocyte a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

a) Cartilage-producing cell

Neuron a) Conducts signals b) Non-conducting cells

a) Conducts signals

Nervous tissue a) Ectoderm b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm c) Mesoderm

a) Ectoderm

The basement membrane is located between which of the following tissue types? a) Epithelial and connective b) Connective and muscle c) Muscle and nervous d) Nervous and connective e) Epithelial and muscle

a) Epithelial and connective Epithelial tissue secretes the superficial basal lamina region of the basement membrane, whereas connective tissue produces the deeper reticular layer of the basement membrane.

Simple squamous a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

a) Filtration Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sties where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessals, and lymphatic vessals; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Hyaline cartilage a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones

Dense regular connective tissue a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses

Blood a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix

Smooth muscle tissue a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells

Macrophages a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter

Nervous a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia

Fibroblast a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper

Mucous a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body

Cardiac muscle a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels

Sebaceous glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

a) Simple branched alveolar

Pseudostratified columnar a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia

Attached to bones a) Skeletal muscle tissue b) Smooth muscle tissue c) Cardiac muscle tissue

a) Skeletal muscle tissue

Connective tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

a) Support

Elastic fibers a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length

Polarity a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

a) Tissue with a free apical surface

Which of the following is a role of connective tissue? a) Transportation of bodily substances b) Hormone production c) Sensory detection d) Energy production

a) Transportation of bodily substances

Epithelial tissue, bone, loose connective tissue, and blood a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

a) Very good at regenerating

Simple squamous a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels

Microvilli are found on the ________ of the cell. a) apical surface b) basal surface c) lateral surface d) medial surface

a) apical surface Microvilli are present on the free surface of the cell, which is its the apical.

Osteoblasts a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

a) bone formation

Of the Two major cell populations in nervous tissue, ___ are highly specialized to receive stimuli and conduct waves of excitation to all parts of the body. a) neurons b) neuroglial cells

a) neurons

Skeletal muscle a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones

Epithelium a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated

Reticular connective tissue a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes

Osteoblast a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

b) Bone-producing cell

Salivary glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

b) Compound tubuloalveolar

Epethelial tissue a) Ectoderm b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm c) Mesoderm

b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

This type of epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels. a) Mesothelium b) Endothelium c) Simple cuboidal d) Stratified squamous e) Transitional

b) Endothelium A simple squamous epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels.

Chondroblasts a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

b) Formation of cartilage

Where is brown fat found? a) It is found in teenage females. b) It is found in young infants. c) It is found in any child under the age of six. d) It is found in elderly females.

b) It is found in young infants. Brown fat is found in young infants, who lack the ability to produce body heat by shivering.

Mucous membrane (mucosa) a) Lines the ventral body cavity walls and covers the ventral body cavity viscera b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior c) Covers the outer surface of the body

b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior

Serous membrane (serosae) a) Lines the ventral body cavity walls and covers the ventral body cavity viscera b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior c) Covers the outer surface of the body

b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior

Connective tissue proper a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic)

Connective tissue arises from which of the following embryonic tissue? a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Epiderm

b) Mesoderm Mesoderm gives rise to connective tissue.

Which of the following is NOT a function of areolar connective tissue? a) Storing nutrients as fat b) Movement of body parts c) Support and binding of other tissues d) Holding body fluids e) Defending the body against infection

b) Movement of body parts While areolar connective tissue holds body fluids, stores nutrients, supports and binds other tissues, and defends the body against infection, movement of body parts is a task performed by the three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Which of the following tissue types controls most other tissues? a) Muscle tissue b) Nervous tissue c) Blood d) Cartilage e) Epithelial tissue

b) Nervous tissue Nervous tissue sends electrical signals to control the body.

Avascular but not innervated a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings

Nervous tissue and cardiac muscle a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

b) No useful regeneration

Supporting neuroglial cells a) Conducts signals b) Non-conducting cells

b) Non-conducting cells

Osteoblast a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone

Serous a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities

Nervous tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

b) Regulation/control

Mast cells a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

b) Secrete histamine

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes? a) Stratified squamous b) Simple squamous c) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar d) Stratified cuboidal e) Transitional

b) Simple squamous Simple squamous epithelial tissue, composed of a single layer of flattened cells, occurs wherever small molecules must pass through a membrane quickly.

Simple Squamous a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells

Bone a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

b) Skeletal system

Keratinized stratified squamous a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

b) Skin

Walls of hollow organs a) Skeletal muscle tissue b) Smooth muscle tissue c) Cardiac muscle tissue

b) Smooth muscle tissue

Transitional a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

b) Stretching Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch. Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.

Cardiac muscle tissue a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells

Reticular fibers a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give

Which of the following indicates the proper sequence of tissue repair? a) Organization, fibrosis and regeneration, scab formation, blood clotting, tissue damage b) Tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis, regeneration c) Fibrosis and regeneration, blood clotting, scab formation, tissue damage, organization d) Tissue damage, organization, fibrosis and regeneration, blood clotting, scab formation e) Blood clotting, tissue damage, scab formation, fibrosis and regeneration, organization

b) Tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis, regeneration After tissue damage, a blood clot forms, which dries and forms a scab that will be replaced, via the process of organization, with granulation tissue, which, in turn, gives rise to regenerated tissue and fibrous scar tissue through the processes of regeneration and fibrosis.

A flat sheath-like tendon that connects muscle to bone is known as: a) a ligament. b) an aponeurosis. c) a tendon. d) elastic connective tissue.

b) an aponeurosis. A tendon is a cord of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.

The first step in tissue repair is: a) fever. b) inflammation. c) organization. d) regeneration.

b) inflammation.

The stroma of most solid organs is composed of: a) areolar connective tissue. b) reticular connective tissue. c) dense connective tissue. d) fibrocartilage.

b) reticular connective tissue. Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs.

This type of epithelium lines the digestive tract from stomach to anus. a) simple cuboidal b) simple columnar c) stratified squamous d) transitional

b) simple columnar

Mucous that protects your stomach lining is secreted by a specialized type of: a) transitional epithelial cell. b) simple columnar epithelial cell. c) stratified squamous epithelial cell. d) simple squamous epithelial cell. e) pseudostratified columnar epithelial cell. f) simple cuboidal epithelial cell.

b) simple columnar epithelial cell. Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells.

The presence of keratin provides a tough protective characteristic to: a) transitional epithelium. b) stratified sqamous epithelium. c) stratified cuboidal epithelia. d) adipose tissue.

b) stratified sqamous epithelium. The stratified sqamous epithelium, which forms the epidermis, contains keratin that allows it to be a tough protective cover for the body.

Which of the following best describes a squamous-shaped cell? a) A cell that possesses the ability to change its shape b) A spherical-shaped cell c) A flattened, scale-like cell d) A cell that is taller than it is wide e) A cell that is as wide as it is tall

c) A flattened, scale-like cell Squamous cells are flattened and scale-like.

Smooth muscle a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

Walls of the heart a) Skeletal muscle tissue b) Smooth muscle tissue c) Cardiac muscle tissue

c) Cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the following apical epithelial cell structures functions in the movement of materials across the surface of the cell? a) Microvilli b) Keratin c) Cilia d) Flagellum e) Basal body

c) Cilia The cilia on an epithelium bend and move in coordinated waves, pushing mucus and other substances over the epithelial surface.

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues? a) Filtration b) Protection c) Control d) Secretion e) Ion transport

c) Control Epithelial tissue functions in protection, secretion, ion transport, and filtration, but control is the primary responsibility of nervous tissue.

Epithelium tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

c) Covering/lining

Cutaneous membrane a) Lines the ventral body cavity walls and covers the ventral body cavity viscera b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior c) Covers the outer surface of the body

c) Covers the outer surface of the body

Fibroblasts a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

c) Formation of fibers

This unicellular gland is associated with mucus production. a) Macrophage b) Fibroblast c) Goblet cell d) Chondrocyte e) Plasma cell

c) Goblet cell Goblet cells, located between columnar epithelial cells, function in producing the protein mucin, which, when combined with water, forms mucus.

_______________ are important and common unicellular exocrine glands. a) Alveolar exocrine glands b) Apocrine glands c) Goblet cells d) Tubular exocrine glands e) Holocrine glands

c) Goblet cells

Muscular a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations

Adipose a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs

Plasma a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

c) Liquid portion of blood

Blood a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

c) Located within the cardiovascular system

Connective tissue and muscle tissue a) Ectoderm b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm c) Mesoderm

c) Mesoderm

Smooth muscle and dense connective tissue a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

c) Moderate regenerating capacity

Transitional a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape

Hematopoietic stem cell a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

c) Produces blood cells

Cutaneous a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

Regeneration a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division

Simple cuboidal a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

c) Secretion and absorption Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Secretion and absorption. Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

Which of the following tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract? a) Simple squamous b) Stratified cuboidal c) Simple columnar d) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar e) Transitional

c) Simple columnar Simple columnar epithelial tissue lines most of the digestive tract, from the stomach to the anus.

Intestinal glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

c) Simple tubular

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ___ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened. a) Columnar b) Cuboidal c) Squamous d) Transitional

c) Squamous

Adiopocytes a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

c) Store fat molecules

Skeletal muscle tissue a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

Bone tissue a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells

Collagen fibers a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue? a) Hyaline cartilage b) Areolar c) Transitional d) Compact bone e) Blood

c) Transitional Characteristic of epithelial tissues, transitional epithelium is a lining tissue found lining the inside of the hollow urinary organs.

Simple cuboidal a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules

Macrophages: a) are cells that cannot wander through the body; they must remain fixed in a given tissue. b) release antibodies during inflammation. c) are phagocytic cells. d) are the same as mast cells.

c) are phagocytic cells.

Blood is considered a connective tissue because: a) it connects all parts of the body together. b) it provides support. c) it arises from mesenchymal tissue. d) the plasma contains fibers in the form of soluble protein molecules.

c) it arises from mesenchymal tissue. Blood is considered a connective tissue because it arises from mesenchymal tissue.

All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as: a) artilage b) ground substance c) mesenchyme d) reticular

c) mesenchyme

All the following are examples of connective tissue except: a) bones b) ligaments c) neurons d) tendons

c) neurons

Neurons are cells that are involved in: a) structural support. b) insulating the body. c) responding to stimuli. d) forming muscle tissue.

c) responding to stimuli.

This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is: a) cardiac muscle b) skeletal muscle c) smooth muscle

c) smooth muscle

Epithelial cells have all of the following properties except: a) specialized contacts. b) polarity. c) support by adipose tissues. d) the ability to rapidly divide and replace dead cells.

c) support by adipose tissues. Epithelial cells are supported by connective tissue, not adipose tissue.

Artifacts are: a) the appearance cells take on when they are stained with acidic dyes. b) the appearance cells take on when they are stained with base dyes. c) the minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures. d) the appearance cells take on when they are stained with heavy metal dyes.

c) the minor distortions seen in cells from staining Artifacts are the minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures.

Why are histological sections stained? a) to avoid microscopy artifacts b) to preserve the specimen c) to enhance contrast d) to make the specimen thin enough to transmit light or electrons

c) to enhance contrast

Hematopoietic stem cells a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

d) Blood cell formation

White blood cells a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

d) Blood cell formation

Mammary glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

d) Compound alveolar

Specialized contacts a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

d) Desmosomes; tight junctions

All of the body's organs are derived from three primary germ layers. Which of the primary germ layers can produce epithelial tissues? a) Endoderm only. b) Ectoderm only. c) Mesoderm only. d) Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues.

d) Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues.

During the process of tissue repair, which of the following processes produces scar tissue? a) Regeneration b) Stasis c) Secretion d) Fibrosis e) Inflammation

d) Fibrosis During the process of tissue repair, fibrosis involves the proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

Which of the following is true of mucin? a) It is a hormone found in mucus. b) It is a water-soluble salt secreted by goblet cells. c) It is an enzyme secreted by mucous cells. d) It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus.

d) It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus.

Connective a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

Transitional a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

d) Lines the urinary bladder

Muscle tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

d) Movement

Stratified squamous a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? a) Bone tissue b) Cartilage c) Blood d) Nervous tissue

d) Nervous tissue

Extracellular matrix a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue

Skeletal muscle and cartilage a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

d) Poor regenerating capacity

Dense irregular connective tissue a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

d) Primary tissue of the dermis

Fibroblasts a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

Chondroblast a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

Stratified squamous a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

d) Protection from wear and tear Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinzed type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superfical layers. Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. Nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized varety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

You observe a tissue that has cells of varying heights. At first glance, it appeas that the tissue has multiple cell layers, but upon closer investigation you see that all of the cells attach to the same basement membrane. What classification would you give to this epithelial tissue? a) Transitional epithelium b) Stratified columnar epithelium c) Simple cuboidal epithelium d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium e) Stratified squamous epithelium

d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia. Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Which of the following are functional characteristics of epithelial tissue? a) Supported by connective tissue b) Cells closely bound by specialized contacts c) Apical surface d) Secretion, protection, absorption, filtration e) Closely packed cells without much extracellular material

d) Secretion, protection, absorption, filtration All of these are functional characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Cartilage a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

Which of the following is found on the surface of the skin? a) Stratified cuboidal epithelium b) Simple columnar epithelium c) Blood d) Stratified squamous epithelium e) Areolar connective tissue

d) Stratified squamous The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium.

Which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the greatest amount of protection? a) Stratified columnar b) Simple squamous c) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar d) Stratified squamous e) Transitional

d) Stratified squamous Stratified squamous is the thickest form of epithelial tissue and is composed of multiple layers of flat cells.

Elastic cartilage a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

d) Supports external ear, epiglottis

The best classification of adipose tissue is: a) a dense connective tissue. b) an osseous connective tissue. c) a fibrous connective tissue. d) a loose connective tissue.

d) a loose connective tissue.

The skin is a ____________ membrane. a) synovial b) serous c) mucous d) cutaneous

d) cutaneous

A sebaceous (oil) gland of the skin must completely rupture to release its secretory products. Thus, this type of gland is considered to be a: a) merocrine gland. b) alveolar exocrine gland. c) apocrine gland. d) holocrine gland.

d) holocrine gland.

Groups of cells that a similar in structure and function are called: a) organ systems b) organisms c) organs d) tissues

d) tissues

What type of tissue forms tendons? a) Areolar b) Elastic cartilage c) Adipose d) Dense irregular e) Dense regular connective tissue

e) Dense regular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue forms tendons.

Embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types? a) Connective and muscle tissue b) Nervous tissue and muscle tissue c) Muscle tissue and epithelial tissue d) Connective and epithelial tissue e) Epithelial tissue and nervous tissue

e) Epithelial tissue and nervous tissue Nervous tissue develops solely from embryonic ectoderm, while epithelial tissues develop from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm embryonic tissue.

Fibrocartilage a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

Dense regular connective tissue a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

Plasma cells a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

e) Produce antibodies

Simple columnar a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

Supported by connective tissue a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

Reticular cell a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

e) Type of fibroblast

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

e) Upper respiratory tract

Collagen is: a) a substance that forms delicate networks around blood vessels. b) a fibrous elastic material that allows certain connective tissues to resume their original length and shape upon being stretched. c) a protein designed to help tissues retain fluids for tissue cushioning. d) a gel-like substance that is found in the extracellular matrix of certain connective tissues. e) a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to certain connective tissues.

e) a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to certain connective tissues.

The role of microvilli is to: a) serve as a tissue boundary. b) strengthen the tissue. c) move substances along the tissue surface. d) protect the tissue. e) increase surface area.

e) increase surface area.

A type of connective tissue that provides primary support and protection for body structures is: a) muscle tissue. b) reticular connective tissue. c) nervous tissue. d) cartilage. e) osseous tissue. f) blood.

e) osseous tissue. Reticular connective tissue is found in soft tissues and does not provide primary support.

What two physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons, nerve cells?

irritablility and conductivity

Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body?

neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances in the body. This is facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions.

What functions are performed by connective tissue?

protection, support, and bind together tissues of the body.

How are neurons and other cells different?

their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes.

In what ways are neurons similar to other cells?

they constain a nucleus and the usual organelles.