Topic 3: Moving West (Test #1)
From the beginning of the Civil War to the 1880s, Nevada yielded ____ million dollars in _____.
306 million; gold (Gold Rush)
This reduced the Chinese population by ____%.
40%
Some sort of recession or panic occurred every ___ to ___ years.
5 to 7
___% of the labor force on the _______ ______ _______ was Chinese.
90%; Central Pacific Railroad
The ____________ and personal interest opens opportunities for labor/work out west. _____ were paid the most; _____ were paid the least.
Transatlantic Railroad; Americans; Mexicans
By 1869, the ________ _______ is complete and thousands of Chinese are out of work. Many of them moved to large cities and developed _________.
Transcontinental Railroad; labor unions
What was the political party that developed based on being against the Chinese?
Working Men's Party of California
Settlers were killing buffalo and not utilizing all of their parts. This enraged the natives. The settlers saw this anger as a threat and the ________ came into protect the settlers and this federal investment.
federal government
Railroads received a lot of ________ with ______ from the government.
free land; low taxes
Farmers began to ______ to stay afloat and continue to make money.
unionize
Samuel Morse
-morse code -speeds up communication, business, decision making, politics, military, life in general
Myth About the Wealthy in America
-most wealthy people were self-made -this was not true; in reality, most wealthy people inherited their money
The Western Tribes: Plains Indians (4 facts)
1. largest % of native Americans 2. major dependence on buffalo 3. lived in temporary living spaces 4. some settled but most were nomadic
Labor in the West: Most people worked on... (3)
1. raches 2. gold mines 3. farms
Tatonka
"the medicine man"
Nicholas Otto
-4 stroke engine (internal combustion engine) -driven by gasoline -makes transportation faster and easier -now we could go UP the Mississippi River
What did Carnegie think about this?
-He believed that money should be used for the good of society at large and himself -says that the wealthy should donate money to enterprises that will help the poor (says that they are greedy otherwise)
Dennis Kearny
-Irish leader of aggression against Chinese Americans -leader of the Working Men's Party of California
Where did the Wright Brothers test their airplanes?
-Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
There was a lot of native activity in ______. Settlers wanted to build roads through there. What happened in response?
-Montana -Sioux Indians harassed them
People had a __________ with railroads. (explain)
-love/hate relationship -they needed them, but they knew they were taking advantage of them
Mexican Americans are seen as not central to ________________. They received a lot of ______ and _______.
-making up the new voting base -racism; exclusion
Carnegie and his fellow partners form the ________________. (explain)
-United States Steel Corporation -the merging of these rival companies to combine their money and assets to make themselves more permanent and control and contract investors -minimized the risk of failure and bankruptcy
Dawes Act
-assimilation act -eliminated "tribal" owning of land; broke up the native American tribal structure -attempt to rid the threat of Native Americans
"The Gospel of Wealth"
-book by Carnegie -a handbook for what to do with excess wealth and fortune
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly
-came up with a process that turned iron into steel (known as the Bessemer Process)
Cornelius Vanderbilt
-consolidates under his control 13 separate railroads -destroys them -creates one line
Bureau of Indian Affairs
-corrupt -these are the people that oversaw the reservations -they partnered with agents to take advantage of natives because they were vulnerable
New Rationalism for Capitalism
-could accumulate vast sums of wealth (made acceptable) -BUT are we able to be responsible with it?
George Eastman
-developed motion picture -basically started the entertainment industry in America
Homestead Act of 1862
-encouraged people from the east to move west and settle -permitted settlers to buy or own 160 acres -there was a small fee; and they had to live on it for 5 years or they would have to pay for it -created a citizen base needed to apply for statehood
Myth About Capitalism
-every capitalist and industrialist are for a free market -this was not true
Skilled Artisanal Work
-everyone is very good at their one job (you had everything to do with the final product) -when the assembly line started, the final product isn't yours and you were easily replaceable -industrialization removed some dignity from creation
Herbert Spencer
-friend of Carnegie -agreed with the Dawes Theory -this is applied to economy (you have the strong overpowering the weak) -also applied to foreign policy
The Wright Brothers
-from Ohio -the first airplane
2nd Market Revolution
-goods processed and fabricated through a transformation of labor and how labor is organized to create massive amounts of trade goods for consumption -affects the American marketplace -traditional commerce is made obsolete by new forms of communication and transportation -big cities become centers for production in the north and south -south begins urbanizing for the first time ("The New South")
Why were some people still critical of him?
-he was giving away tons of money but didn't pay his workers -some thought he was a hypocrite
Thomas Edison
-incandescent light bulb -phonograph (early record player)
Jim Crow Segregation
-legalized segregation barring African Americans from public and social interaction with whites
Henry Ford
-produced the first American-made car -model-T -assembly line
Andrew Carnegie
-responsible for great advances in steel production -started out working in a telegraph office and learns the factory system -makes investments in concentrated iron -also worked on the railroad on a telegraph line -he and his partners owned the largest steel mill in Pennsylvania
Jonny Rockefeller
-standard oil company
Alexander Graham Bell
-telegraph/telephone -typewriter -adding machine (cash register)
When Carnegie dies, he is one of ______________. He is also known as one of the greatest _________ of all time.
-the wealthiest men in the country -philanthropists
Utah was denied. Why?
-they had too many mormons
Industrialization/urbanization dramatically changed the American landscape. Patents?
-went from 37,000 patents from 1790-1860 -1 million patents by 1925
1870s - 1880s 6 territories became states
1. Nevada 2. Colorado 3. Montana 4. Wyoming 5. South Dakota 6. Idaho
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) (5 facts)
1. bans Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years 2. bans those who recently invigorated from becoming naturalized citizens 3. allowed 100 Chinese immigrants to come in every year 4. passed it for another 10 years 5. then became permanent
What 2 things caused a reverse migration of people back to the east?
1. climate change in the Great Plains (drought) 2. people couldn't borrow any more credit and couldn't pay back debt
By the 1890s, ____ of all laundry workers in California were Chinese.
2/3
Mexican people in California were called __________. What were they?
Californios; large plantation owners
This led to the first skyscraper. Where was it?
Chicago
___ ______ takes his tribe and attempts to lead them into _____ to evade revenge from the white people.
Chief Joseph; Canada
______ in the marketplace makes things progress and evolve faster and more efficiently. (keeps the economy growing)
Competition
Sioux rise up again under the leadership of ____________. They upset settler activity in _____ as much as they could. ________ chased native warriors into the state and the warriors trapped him.
Crazy horse and Sitting Bull; Montana; General Custard
What was different about the way Henry Ford treated his workers?
He paid them VERY well and they were loyal to him
In _____, ______ Indians were drinking. On their way back to the reservation they killed ________.
Idaho; Nes Pierce Indians; 4 white settlers
Carnegie collaborated with ______ ______ to create the _____________.
J.P. Morgan; US Steel Corporation
_______ led Apache Indians on raids in _____. What happens to him?
Jeronomoe; Arizona; he is eventually caught
Angry Mexicans, led by ________ raid a _____ in _____________. But, they didn't have the power to maintain ____ _______.
Juan Cortina; jail; Brownsville, Texas; mass resistance
People invest in ________.
Monopolies
_____ trade and ______ was huge overseas during this time and eventually made it's way to America with all of this immigration.
Opium trade and prostitution
_______ were extremely important during this time. This industry was given 50 million acres of land to build on by the federal government.
Railroads
The west became ________, which gave way to the first ______ _____.
Romanticized; tourist economy
_____ _____ flooded into towns, and _______ entered the US in vast quantities.
Rural Americans; immigrants
______, ______, and ____ also immigrated to the US.
Scandinavians, Germans, and Irish
Red Cloud
Sioux Indian who attacked soldiers and road workers, preventing them from finishing the road
The ____, ______, and ______ Indians dominated the west/northwest.
Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne
Is is rumored that _______ killed Custard at the battle of _______.
Sitting Bull; Battle of Little Big Horn
There was a lot of _______ influence/culture in the West.
Spanish
There was widespread fear that the ______ and ______ population would take over the New Mexico territory.
Spanish; American
Chinese people began migrating to the US because of the _____________ taking place in China. They were looking for _____ and _____. _______ saw them as competitors in the workforce.
Taiping Rebellion; peace and work; White settlers
_________ rebel against this territorial government and _________. The US establishes another government. In response, Americans and Spanish ________.
Taos Indians; kill the governor; flee north
Cattle Ranching increases greatly in __________.
The Great Plains
What repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act?
The Magnusson Act
What is the one line of railroad that Vanderbilt created?
The New York Central Railroad
What happens to them?
They are caught; many are killed or put in jail.
Nowadays, most everything was consolidated. What did this mean?
This meant that only a few companies owned EVERYTHING.
The idea of a small independent farmer was fading. _______ ______ began to take over.
commercialized agriculture (machines)
This allowed the steel industry to produce _______ which in turn _________.
cheaper steel; increased urbanization
Native Americans were often disregarded. They were not ____________. To keep them quiet, settlers developed the _________________. What did it do?
considered citizens; Indian Peace Commission; rather than move them off their land, settlers created reservations within their states
Basically, this was a time of people __________________.
evading the American government
Companies had to corporatize or they would _____.
fail
By 1880, over ____ of the Chinese women in California were prostitutes.
half
This meant ___ ____ for workers going west. But, there was no ____ _____.
high wages (incentive); job security
By the 1880s, more people lived ______ than _______.
in cities; on farms
Masabee Range
iron ore deposits -owned by Carnegie
What happened in response to this attack?
people started hunting natives ("vigilante justice")
Moral Land Grant Act (1862)
provides more acreage/money to those that planted trees and didn't till up the land
There was an increase in opportunities for Chinese with the advancement of ________.
railroads
The Western Plains Indians were highly susceptible to diseases such as _____ and _____.
smallpox; measles
What did this do?
this becomes a model for a lot of other corporations in America (railroads, telephone companies, sugar, oil, lead, rubber, tobacco, gasoline, automobiles, airplanes etc.)