Traditions and Encounters Exam: EVERYTHING

Solon (p. 205)

Athenian aristocrat of the 6th century B.C.E., a democratic reformer who eased class tension by compromise. His reforms forbade enslavement for debt and opened the councils of the poleis to any citizen wealthy enough to devote time to public affairs.

Socrates (p. 217)

Athenian philosopher who lived from 470 to 399 B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; encouraged rational reflection on moral and ethical issues; sought to reason through means of skeptical questioning of traditional ethical teachings. A jury of Athenian citizens condemned him to death for corrupting the minds of Athenian youths.

Pericles

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece

SEATO

Asian NATO. US view that N Korean offense is part of larger comm. conspiracy. Offers mil. protection and econ aid to noncomm. countries in Asia. Eisenhower's "domino theory" of comm.

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

Mexica

What the Aztecs called themselves, they migrated from the north, reaching the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s AD.

Prince Ivan III

a Russian prince who tripled Muscovy and conquered Novgorod. Built a strong and centralized state modeled after the Byzantines, proclaimed self tsar (caesar).

Fraternal Cooperation

between China and SU. common enemy: US. China recognizes Moscow's auth. in comm. in exchange for mil. and econ. aid. Cracks: SU strings-attached-aid. China v. India, loans in Korean War, influence in Africa/Asia.

self-determination

idea that same ethnicity/ideology gives a group the right to form a separate state. Leads to Belgians, Greece, and Serbs breaking free and Italy and Germany consolidating states. Part of the tensions that led to war.

Mandate system

impose by League on new states. trusteeship: 3 classes.

St. Augustine

leader of the Christian church in Alexandria

Maximilien Robespierre

leader of the Jacobins. Leads committee of Public Safety. Leads through terror. Replaces Christianity with cult of reason.

Treaty of Waitangi

pushes Maori out of New Z so Brits can take over

Little Big Horn

site of the battle between the Sioux and General Custer. The Sioux, with their firearms and equestrian skills, annihilated Custer's army.

Wounded Knee Creek

site where "a people's dream died." The Sioux with their Ghost Dance (to make whites disappear)--1 man fires a shot. 200 men, women, children slaughtered.

Herbert Spencer

social darwinist. uses Darwin to explain race dif.

Japan: entry to the war

goal: "secure peace in E Asia." demanded that Germany hand over NE China and withdraw all warships. When Germany refused, they went to war. With the aid of Australia and NZ, Japan conquered the Marshall Islands.

Ming

goal: a return to the Chinese tradition. Reinstated the Confucian exam and became more tightly centralized than ever. Abolished the minister position; relied on mandarins and eunuchs. Restored irrigation.

Congo Free State

goes from free trade zone to personal colony with forced labor for the rubber plants. Taken over by belgian govt and made belgian congo

Congo Free State (Belgian Congo)

goes from free trade zone to personal colony with forced labor for the rubber plants. Taken over by belgian govt and made belgian congo

Guillame Boucher

goldsmith captured by Mongols and taken to the capital, Karakorum, where he created a gold fountain and became a respected craftsman.

Bridge

group of German artists inspired by indigenous art.

Young Ottomans

group opposed to Tanzimat. prized individual freedom, autonomy, decentralization, and a constitutional government.

St. Thomas Aquinas

harmonized Greek reason with Christianity. Believed it possible to prove God exists.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

head of the Muslim League. Idea that a unified India is a threat to the Muslims. Advocates two states with the muslims in pakistan, "land of the pure."

Eleanor of Aquitane

heavily supports troubadors

St. Louis

helps consolidate Capetian hold on French monarchy.

Moscow's Legacies

higher esteem from the war. enlightened communist rule (idea fails during interventions [Kolakowski says it "hangs on the necks of rulers like a tumor"]).

Liberalism

idea of change as normal and welcome. they don't "justify the status quo" but champion freedom and equality. favor a republic system of government.

Conservatism

idea of society as a slow-changing organism

Charles Richet

idea that if women were pulled from the workforce, it would solve male unemployment and the low birth rate.

Berdiaev

idea that man is a steady failure, and always will fail. Idea that society is not, after all, following the high and mighty path of god.

Malaya

provides ports, tin, and rubber

Harkhuf

-Egyptian explorer, made four trips to Nubia -brought back various items, including a dancing dwarf -stimulated Egyptian desire for trade with southern lands

Byzantion

A modest market town turned military and economic center of the Byzantine empire significance: led to the name "Byzantium"

pater familias (pp. 239-40)

"Father of the family," who by Roman law had the authority to arrange marriages for his children, determine the work or duties of all family members, and punish them for offenses as he saw fit. He also had the right to sell family members into slavery and even to execute them.

Taiping Program

"Great Peace." led by Hong Xuiquan. attempt at reform in China. no private property, communal wealth, no concubines, free edu, gender equality. conquer Nanjing and make it capital.defeated when emperor uses regional CHINESE (not manchu) armies commanded by scholars with modern weapons--100K slaughtered. Overall, the program cost 20 mil. lives and had peasants eating grass, leather, and flesh..gross!

Han Wudi (141-87 B.C.E.) (p. 167)

"Martial Emperor," greatest and most energetic emperor of the Han dynasty. During his rule, the centralization of imperial rule was strengthened and the territory of China extended to Vietnam, Korea, and central Asia.

pax romana (p. 236)

"Roman peace," an era of peace inaugurated by Augustus's rule that persisted for two and a half centuries.

Bhagavad Gita (p. 194)

"Song of the Lord," a short poetic work of India, also an episode of the Mahabharata. The work contained a dialogue between a warrior and the god Vishnu, which clearly illustrated both the expectations and promise of Hinduism for its believers.

boddhisatva (p. 192)

"The enlightened being," a Buddhist concept referring to individuals who had reached spiritual perfection and merited the reward of nirvana but who intentionally delayed their entry into nirvana in order to help others who were still struggling; a notion articulated by Mahayana Buddhist theologians between the 3rd and 1st century C.E.

Buddha (p. 189)

"The enlightened one," a title referring to Siddhartha Gautama, the creator of Buddhism.

Ahura Mazda (p. 145)

"The wise lord," the supreme deity worshipped by Zoroastrians. In the compositions of Zarathustra, the founder of the Zoroastrian religion, Ahura Mazda engaged in a cosmic conflict with an independent adversary, an evil and malign spirit known as Angra Mainyu, a struggle that would continue for twelve thousand years.

Prebisch

"dependency theory" of LA: must diversify trade

Ram Mohan Roy

"father of modern India." founds a society of modern eur. science and hinduism.

Ataturk

"father of turks." Kemal. policy of modernization. secularism, women's rights, support for bus., european clothing and law.

Emilio Aguinaldo

"new George Washington." rebels against US in Phil.

Tanzimat

"reorganization." era of Ottoman legal and educational reform. French law is the guide with inspiration from Enlightenment. Codes are established and rights of subjects. Universities and free primary edu.

Golondrinas

"swallows." name for the Italian coffee-growers in the plantations. They moved between American and Europe depending on season.

Golondrinas

"swallows." name for the Italian coffee-growers in the plantations. They moved between American and Europe depending on season. show effect of industrialization on migrants.

The Franks helped to promote Christianity by

-destroying the Lombards who threatened Rome -accepting recognition and backing from the popes -inviting Christian scholars to the court -military force

Battle of Manzikert

(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.

Written Cultural Traditions

-earliest known writing from Mesopotamia: Sumerians had system of writing to keep track of commercial transactions and tax collections, used pictures and then graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas -used reed stylus on wet clay--cuneiform ("wedge-shaped")

Significance of Clovis's conversion

-ruler of the Franks -converted b/c of his wife -made alliance with western church; made them very powerful

Council of Nicaea

(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time such as the issue of the Trinity

Mencius

(371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. He wrote the Analects

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

Mukden Incident

(Prior knowledge: Japan has taken over Manchuria in essence, and has built the Manchurian Railroad.) During this incident, the Japanese blew up a section of their own rails and blamed China, instigating a war. Manchuria became Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state. Jieshi appealed to the League of Nations on behalf of China, and in response to the League's mandate to withdraw, Japan left their ranks.

Vargas

(Prior knowledge: during the depression, Brazilians were extremely desperate. they burned their coffee beans to raise the price--this plan failed) Brazilian dictator who advocated new state. Heavy industrialization in iron and steel with military backing. Advocate protectionism and welfare.

Harsha

(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.

What was the life like in Western Europe after the collapse of the western Roman empire, politically, socially, and economically

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Tamerlane

A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India. Samarkland was the capital of his empire

Political achievements of Europe during the early middle ages

-Carolingian Empire by Charlemagne -feudalism -counts -missi dominici

The Carolingian empire dissolved because

-Charlemagne's descendants were politically weak and disunited -Vikings began raiding northern France -Charlemagne's grandsons divided the empire into three parts -Magyars raided France from the east

Charlemagne

-"Charles the Great" -ruled from 768-814 -known for reestablishing centralized imperial rule in a chaotic society -building the Carolingian Empire (France) -counts and missi dominici

missi dominici

-"envoys of the lord ruler" -imperial officials in Charlemagne's form of administration. -kept the counts (aristocratic deputies sometimes with their own ways of ruling) in line with the central govt -traveled to all local jurisdictions every year

The Hyksos

-"foreign rulers," a Semitic people from SW Asia -horse-riding nomads, had a significant military advantage over Egyptian forces (horses and bronze weaponry) -captured Memphis, levied tribute throughout Egypt -Egyptian nobles revolted, gradually pushed the Hyksos out and founded the New Kingdom

Hammurabi of Babylon

-"king of the four quarters of the world" -improved on Sargon's administrative techniques: centralized bureaucratic rule and regular taxation, ruled from Babylon with deputies in various territories -Hammurabi's Laws: high standards of behavior and stern punishments, lex talionis ("law of retaliation," offenders suffered punishments resembling their violations, but took into account social standing); established degree of cultural unity to empire -wealth attracted invaders, the Hittites, collapsed 1595 BCE -period after fall of Babylon was of turmoil

The Bantu

-"persons" or "people" -lived along banks of rivers, used canoes, cultivated yams and oil palms -clan-based villages -traded regularly with hunting and gathering peoples of the forest migrations: south and west, south to Congo River and east to Great Lakes region, driven by population pressures -languages differentiated into over 500 distinct but related tongues -probably clashed with forest peoples over land resources -iron => increased pace of migrations, more land able to be cleared for agriculture, iron weapons -establishment of agricultural societies, cultivation of yams and grains spread -age sets/age grades, underwent initiation rites into adult society -distinct cultural and religious traditions: some monotheists, divine force responsible for rewards/punishments; Niger-Congo recognized single god called Nyamba -also borrowed elements from other communities -prayed to ancestors and local gods for intervention

Gilgamesh

-5th king of city of Uruk, ruled 2750 BCE -Epic of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh = greatest hero figure of ancient Mesopotamia, had superhuman strength and courage; adventures of Gilgamesh and friend Enkidu, performed many heroic deeds -themes of friendship, loyalty, ambition, fear of death, longing for immortality--reflected interest and concerns of society in Mesopotamia

Amon and Re

-Amon originally a Theben deity associated with the sun and others -Re, a sun god worshiped at Heliopolis -combined cult of Amon-Re

Relations Between Egypt and Nubia

-Egyptians were wary of strong Nubian kingdoms, but also desired gold, ivory, ebony, and precious stones available only in southern lands -Nubia wanted to protect their independence from Egypt, also wanted to control trade down the Nile -frequent violence -diplomats from Egypt to Nubia, Nubians sought improved fortunes in Egypt

Israelites

-Hebrews who had migrated to Egypt, then to Palestine under the leadership of Moses, organized into federation of twelve tribes -abandoned inherited tribal structure for Mesopotamian-style monarchy, brought twelve tribes under unified rule, Jerusalem = capital -King David and King Solomon, dominated Syria to the Sinai peninsula, built capital city at Jerusalem, relations with Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Arabians -Moses: monotheism, the one god = Yahweh, creator and sustainer of the world; all other gods were impostors; Ten Commandments, high moral and ethical standards; compiled teachings into the Torah ("doctrine") -increasing devotion to Yahweh: community split into kingdom of Israel and kingdom of Judah in Judea, Israel had to pay tribute to Assyrians, assimilated into other communities

Hittites

-Indo-Europeans who migrated to Anatolia -powerful kingdom, close relations with Mesopotamians -toppled Babylonian empire, became dominant power in SW Asia -dissolved under attacks by invaders -war chariots and iron metallurgy--had improved on both

New Babylonians (Chaldeans)

-King Nebuchadnezzar, wealth in capital Babylon -hanging garders for wife = city's luxuriousness and wealth

Indo-European Origins

-Linguists had noticed similarities in languages. -from steppes of central Asia, a pastoral community -domesticated horses, originally as source of food but them as transport--ways to hitch horses to carts, wagons, and chariots -able to explore farther, developed transportation technologies, military advantage over other peoples -"aryo" = "nobleman," "lord;" considered themselves superior to others -population explosion, migrated to other areas

Cult of Osiris

-Osiris was murdered, wife Isis gave him a proper burial, Osiris was given a life as the god of the underworld -associated with the Nile and immortality -determined who deserved immortality and who didn't; souls had their hearts weighed against a feather

Isabel of Castile

-Queen of Spain at the completion of the Reconquista (Aragon and Castile defeated the last Muslims in Granada) -married Ferdinand of Aragon which joined Aragon and Castile

Nubia

-Ta-Seti felt to Egyptian pharaonic forces, Nubian leaders concentrated efforts to the south in Upper Nubia -kingdom of Kush (capital Kerma), a formidable and wealthy state, destroyed by Egypt during the New Kingdom but revived after Egypt declined -new capital at Napata -soon powerful enough to invade Egypt; King Kashta conquered Thebes, founded Kushite dynasty that ruled Egypt for a century -were driven out of Egypt of the Assyrians

Social Classes

-agriculture and specialization of labor => accumulation of wealth => distinctions between more and less wealthy -ruling classes: kings and nobles, became hereditary, offspring of the gods -priests and priestesses: younger relatives of the rulers, intervened with goods to ensure good fortune for their communities, lived in temple communities (comfortable livings for inhabitants, served needs of larger community) -free commoners: peasant cultivators in the countryside, workers in the cities, paid taxes dependent clients: fewer options than free commoners--no personal property, worked as agricultural laborers for others, paid taxes -slaves: POWs, convicted criminals, indebted individuals, most were domestic servants in wealthy households

Aten

-associated with sun -Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, changed name to Akhenaten to honor Aten -considered the "sole god" -one of world's expressions of monotheism -new capital city of Akhetaten "Horizon of Aten" -Akhenaten sent agents to encourage the worship of Aten and to chisel out the names of other gods on temples and public buildings -pharaoh died, traditional priests brought back Amon-Re

Economic Specialization and Trade

-bronze metallurgy: became widespread only after the Hyksos -iron metallurgy: bronze even less prominent in Nubia (region poor in copper and tin), produced iron from Great Lakes region and Sudan, quickly spread, Meroe in particular became a site of large-scale iron production -transportation: traveled up and down the Nile, used sailboats, carts, and donkey caravans (Nubians relied more on overland transport) -trade networks: specialized labor, long-distance trade, exchanges between Egypt and Nubia; Aswan "trade" and Elephantine (from large quantities of elephant ivory); other exotic African goods, traded for wood with the north, traded with Punt

Economic Specialization and Trade

-bronze: copper + tin, impacted military and later, agriculture -iron: spread from Hittites, cheaper and more widely available, weapons and tools -the wheel: facilitated long-distance trade, helped transport and trade -shipbuilding: facilitated long-distance trade, trade in all directions, develops trade network

Nubian Social Classes

-complex, hierarchical society -government officials, priests, craftsmen, merchants, laborers, and slaves -cemeteries reveal social and economic distinctions

Queen Hatshepsut

-coruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III

Sargon of Akkad

-creator of empire in Mesopotamia -originally minister to the king of Kish, 2334 BCE coup against king, recruited army and conquered the Sumerian city-states -empire = historical experiment, relied on personal presence to maintain stability throughout realm -cities began to resent Sargon's visits, frequent local rebellions -seized control of trade routes and supplies of natural resources -decline: rebellion in city-states, invasions by outside peoples, collapsed 2150 BCE

Early Writing

-early Egyptian writing was pictographic, soon supplemented with symbols representing sounds and ideas, called hieroglyphs "holy inscriptions," used for formal writing -papyrus texts -everyday writing, used the hieratic "priestly" script, disappeared after appearance of alphabetic scripts, the demotic "popular" and Coptic "Egyptian" scripts -Nubians devised an alphabetic script for the Meroitic language after Egyptian influence declined, used Egyptian hieroglyphs to represent sounds

Hebrews

-early Hebrews = pastoral nomads -some settled in cities -Hebrew scriptures (Old Testament of the Christian Bible): Abraham led group to Palestine 1850 BCE -borrowed lex talionis and flood story from Mesopotamia

Indo-European Migrations

-east into central Asia -west: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, British Isles, Baltic region, Iberian peninsula -pastoral and agricultural community -three social classes: military ruling elite, priests, commoners south: Iran and India, pastoral and agricultural, three social classes; Medes, Persians, and Aryans built powerful states

Patriarchal Society

-elite women: oversaw domestic work of household servants, lower classes of women performed domestic work -elite men: comfortable positions as scribes or government officials, lower classes worked as agricultural laborers, potters, carpenters, craftsmen, or fishermen -both men and women able to accumulate property -men alone were governors of households and larger society as a whole -women had more influence than in Mesopotamia: acted as regents, could also influence policy -women pharaohs more prominent in Nubia: some ruled in their own right, some jointly with male kings, and some governed as a regent, the "kandake" -women as priestesses, a few as scribes

The Nile River Valley

-flood plains leave layer of rich, fertile soil, supported productive agricultural economy -migrants introduced different crops to Egypt and Nubia; also Coptic (language) -Egypt, because of the larger floodplain, had less agricultural work than Nubia, which relied more on prepared fields and irrigation -agriculture => increase in population => more intense and sophisticated methods of agriculture -also led to formal organization of public affairs; created states and recognized official authorities, small kingdoms appeared

Assyrians

-flourishing cities at Assur and Nineveh -powerful army: standardized units under command of professional officers appointed by merit, skill, and bravery; had cavalry and horse-drawn chariots (from Hittites) -used iron weapons -King Assurbanipal, high point of Assyrian domination, "king of the universe" -administrative techniques of Babylonian predecessors, followed laws similar to Hammurabi's -huge libraries with Mesopotamian literature -rebellion by subjects, that plus external pressure led to collapse in 612 BCE

Jews

-from kingdom of Judah, conquered by the New Babylonians but Israelites maintained religious identity -believed they had a special relationship with Yahweh, devoted to Yahweh's teachings expressedi n the Torah, believed in justice and righteousness

Which social services was provided by monasteries?

-inns -refuges -orphanages -schools, libraries, scriptoria -medical care

Nubian Deities

-lion-god Apedemak, war god for the kingdom of Kush -Sebiumeker, creator god and divine guardian of his human devotees -Egyptian religious cults prominent in Nubia -didn't mummify the dead but built pyramids -Amon, Osiris

feudalism

-medieval European political and social order -consisted of a hierarchy of lords and vassals

Patriarchal Society

-men = head of household and public life -Hammurabi's laws leaned towards men as superior -increasingly tightened control over women: virginity of brides, veils

Tuthmosis III

-most vigorous of the New Kingdom pharaohs -led 17 campaigns into Palestine and Syria

Education

-mostly vocational instruction for specific trades and crafts -formal schools: learned cuneiform writing, students became scribes or government officials, could become priests, physicians, or professionals -literacy => expansion of knowledge, study of astronomy and mathematics (important for agricultural societies) -Epic of Gilgamesh, principal vehicles for Mesopotamian reflections on moral issues

Cities of Egypt and Nubia

-not as prominent as they were in Mesopotamia -Egypt: Memphis, head of the Nile delta and capital; Thebes, administrative center of Upper Egypt; Heliopolis "City of the Sun", center of sun cult near Memphis, principal cultural center; Tanis, important sea port on the Mediterranean -Nubia: Kerma, early capital and dominated trade routes; Napata, new capital and most prosperous after Nubian conquest of Egypt; Meroe, capital after Napata

Sudan

-people domesticated cattle, became nomadic herders but still collected wild grains; then established permanent settlements and cultivated sorghum, yams (W Sudan) -agriculture became increasingly diverse -organized small-scale states, small monarchies ruled by divine/semi-divine kings -recognized single divine force, the source of good and evil, associated with rain -climate change, became hotter and drier, moved to remaining bodies of water (Lake Chad), south into N Uganda, or the Nile River Valley

Egyptian Social Classes

-pharaoh: supreme central ruler, made no room for a noble class -professional military forces and bureaucracy of administrators and tax collectors = central government -peasants and slaves: supplied labor for agricultural society -individuals of common birth could attain high positions through government service

The Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 BCE)

-pharaohs returned, not as powerful -stabilized Egypt and supervised relations with other lands

The Archaic Period and Old Kingdom (3100-2160 BCE)

-power of the pharaohs was greatest -constructed massive pyramids--pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)

Education

-privileged life of a scribe -"The Satire of the Trades," details miseries of the professions except for the scribe

The New Kingdom (1550-1070)

-prosperous and productive society -army and elaborate bureaucracy, responsibilities divided among different offices -didn't build pyramids but built temples, palaces, and monumental statues -worked to extend Egyptian authority: seized control of regions that might threaten Egypt, restored Egyptian dominance in Nubia -destroyed Kerma and a series of small Nubian states

serfs

-semifree people -usually peasants who pledged their obedience, labor, and part of their harvest to the lords in return for protection and land to cultivate -rarely able to move around; if they did, it was only with the permission of their lord -once a serf, they typically had to stay a serf, but they were often allowed to pass their land down to their heirs -they were treated as a valued part of society, so long as they remained obedient to their lord

Economy of Europe during the early middle ages

-small, rural civilizations -heavy, iron-tipped plows -water mills -communities were able to support political elites -rarely enough agricultural surplus to allow for many artisans, crafts workers, merchants, or professionals -small scale trade -maritime trade by Norse merchant mariners

Women's Roles

-sometimes advised kings and governments -high priestesses -scribes -midwives, shopkeepers, brewers, bakers, tavern keepers, textile manufacturers

Sumer

-southern half of Mesopotamia -attracted migrants because of agricultural potential -constructed elaborate irrigation networks => abundant agricultural harvests -Sumerians = dominant people of Mesopotamia -most of new arrivals to Sumer were Semitic peoples (spoke Semitic family languages), nomadic herders, assimilated to Sumerian ways -4000 BCE built the world's first cities, centers of political and military authority, economic centers, cultural centers -cities eventually became city-states (formal governmental institutions that wielded authority throughout their territories); needed to maintain order, ensure cooperation on community projects, prevent conflicts -built palaces, temples, irrigation systems, defensive walls (defense against external threats--Sumer's wealth attracted outside peoples), military forces -assemblies of prominent men as government => individuals with full authority in times of emergency, soon established as monarchs

Phoenicians

-spoke a Semitic language, referred to themselves as Canaanites and land as Canaan -first organized series of independent city-states ruled by local kings -more interested in commercial opportunities than state building or military expansion -influenced societies with maritime trade and communication networks--were excellent sailors, built the best ships of their times -established commercial colonies, quest for raw materials brought them beyond the MEditerranean -adapted Mesopotamian cultural traditions to their own needs -experimented with alternatives to cuneiform: early alphabetic script, more people able to become literate, spread widely

Ta-Seti

-strong Nubian realm 3400-3200 BCE -an expansive kingdom that had overcome its neighbors -declined, local kingdoms of S Egypt able to increase power

retainers

-the lords private military -exchanged their loyalty, obedience, and military services to the lord, in return for grants in terms of land and rights

How did the medieval political system make it difficult but not impossible to build powerful states in Europe?

-the lords sometimes had a hard time maintaning control over the retainers -if the retainers and lords could build powerful loyal relationships, it would've been possible to build a powerful state in Europe

lords

-took care of political and military affairs within their manors -land grants to retainers

Egypt

-unified by Menes 3100 BCE, founded his capital city of Memphis -centralized state ruled by the divine pharaoh (associated early pharaohs with Horus, the sky god; later with Amon, a sun god) -tensions between Egypt and Nubia => frequent violence, destroyed Ta-Seti -high agricultural productivity => prosperous and powerful regions of Egypt, able to ignore the pharaohs--central state declined, long season of political upheaval and social unrest 2160-2040 BCE (after Archaic Period and Old Kingdom) -after the New Kingdom, entered a long period of political and military decline -subjects resisted and drove Egyptian forces out of Nubia and SW Asia, invaded by Kushite and Assyrian armies

Mummification

-yearning for immortality -first only mummified the pharaohs, later mummified everyone else as eternal life came to be thought of as for everyone, not only the ruling class

Jan Pieters Zoon Coen.

/founds Batavia and establishes a spice monopoly for the Dutch.

Swahili

A Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast

Belisarius

A Byzantine general under Justinian. He recovered former Roman territories in Northern Africa and fought against the Persians.

Japan's War in China

1. Marco Polo bridge: Japan's first move in the war. Invaded China and won this battle. Promptly take Beijing, Shanghai, and Nanjing. 2. Rape of Nanjing: war passion and a feeling of "superiority" led to the Japanese soldiers murdering hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians, burning homes to the ground, and raping 7,000 Chinese women. This was an example of war atrocities. The Japanese also used the Chinese for bayonet practice. 3. Chinese resistance: the nationalists and communists united against the Japanese, but still clashed, making their resistance less effective. The communists gained power and popularity with their guerilla tactics and policy of land reform. 4. Pacts: the tripartite pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy, along with the neutrality pact with the SU, meant that Japan cleared the way for expansion.

Neighborly Cultural Exchanges

1. Mexican migration to the US 2. influences such as Carmen Miranda, "down argentine way", and her Chiquita Banana by United Fruit Co.

Economic Issues

1. the whole thing was a circle. The US lent money to Germany, Germany gave the money in rep. to Britain, Britain gave it to the US to pay their debt, etc. It was completely interdependent. 2. Industrialization. This meant less demand for raw materials such as coal, cotton, rubber, and nitrogen. Exporters of these products suffered. 3. Surplus agriculture. While Europe slacked in farmers during the war, other countries picked up that slack. Europe was now back to farming. This was another circle. Farmers lost money, stopped buying goods. Businesses lost money, fired workers. Workers lost money, stopped buying both crops and goods.

the French in Africa

1960 was the "year in Africa," ironically since 30 colonies were freed while the French fought to keep Algeria. At Setif, the French fired on peaceful demonstrators. Algerian Front de Liberation National (FLN) continued guerrilla operations, killing dozens at Constantine. In response the French sent in half a million soldiers.

Organization of African Unity

30 states. Pan-Africanism. A fail.

Pasion (pp. 216-7)

A Greek slave of the late 5th and early 4th centuries B.C.E.; worked first as a porter and then a bank clerk. With his owners' trust and rewards, Pasion gained his freedom and became the owner of the bank. He outfitted five warships from his own pocket, and won a grant of Athenian citizenship.

Inca

A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. They ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century.

Sufi

A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with God through mystical means

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

The Etruscans (p. 227)

A band of Indo-European people who migrated to the Italian peninsula probably from Anatolia; established a powerful kingdom that dominated much of Italy from the 8th to the 6th centuries B.C.E.

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.

Carthage (p. 230)

A city-state originally established as a Phoenician colony in north Africa, located near modern Tunis; became the dominant political and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Fought the Punic War with Rome for hegemony over the western Mediterranean regions.

Han dynasty

A great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity

Ming dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Patricians

A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Senate (p. 228)

A political body of Roman aristocrats; the members included Rome's most prominent political and military leaders; advised the consuls and ratified all major decisions. Together with the consuls, the Senate largely controlled public affairs in early years of Roman republic.

The Gauls (pp. 229, 233)

A powerful Celtic people who lived in Gaul (modern France); invaded Italy on several occasions during the 5th century B.C.E. In the 50s of the first century B.C.E., Caesar conquered Gaul and brought it into the Roman empire.

Trojan War

A war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia

Iconoclasm

A religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration

Royal Road

A road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Gimillu (p. 143)

A slave of the Achaemenid empire, lived in mid- to late 6th century B.C.E. and served the temple community of Eanna in Uruk. Became known because records of his various misadventures survive in archives. By the records, he habitually defrauded his masters, pocketed bribes, and embezzled temple funds. With his personal talent and protection of some powerful individuals, however, he always managed to escape serious punishment.

Solomonic dynasty

A string of Ethiopian rulers who claimed descent from David in an attempt to add biblical authority to their rule.

Investiture contest

A struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over who nominates clergymen. The Pope eventually won this struggle.

"Turning of the Wheel of the Law" (p. 190)

A term used by early Buddhists to refer to the first sermon by the Buddha at the Deer Park of Sarnath about 528 B.C.E., so called because the sermon represented the beginning of the Buddha's quest to promulgate the law of righteousness.

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

Frederick Barbarossa

Absorbed Lombardy in Italy.

satrapies (pp. 135-36)

Administrative and taxation districts of the Achaemenid empire, governed by satraps, or appointed governors who served as agents of the central government. The vast empire was divided into twenty-three satrapies during Darius's reign.

Kautalya (p. 179)

Advisor or minister of Chandragupta's government who devised administrative procedures and diplomatic strategies for the Mauryan empire. Some of his advice and ideas survived in the political handbook known as the Arthashastra.

War: Japan

After China, Japan turned to the East Indies and Malaya. They conquered the Philipines, Guam, Wak Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Burma as well. It conquered French Indochina with the Vichy gov blessing. In response, the US froze Jap assets and put an embargo on oil. At this point, Tojo Hideki became prime minister. He saw going to war with the US as the lesser of two evils and planned for attack, with the goal of thwarting the Allies' ability to attack the homeland. After the atomic bomb and the SU declaring war, they surrendered.

Vietnam

After Ho Chi Minh ousted the Japanese came the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence. The French moved to recapture the country, bombing Hanoi and Haiphong in North Vietnam to beat the Viet Minh. Ho Chi and Nguyen Giap responded by leading a guerrilla war, aided by China. They defeated the French at Dienbienphu. At the Geneva conference, Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel and promised elections. The US violated these terms and helped S. Vietnam avoid the elections and build an anti-communist gov led by Ngo Dinh Diem. This led to discontent and more guerrilla fighting, as the National Liberation Front formed in support of the North, which in turn was supported by SU and China

War: US

After Pearl Harbor, the US Pacific fleet was decimated. Hitler and Mussolini promptly declared war on the US. The US then joined Britain and SU, and Churchhill commented, "so we had won after all." The key to victory was personal reserves and industry, which the US had plenty of, along with the SU. In the end, the US produced more "liberty ships" than Germ could sink. The US joined Brit in attacking Germany in North Africa and Italy. On D-Day they landed at Normandy and overwhelmed the Germans by bombing german industry while Brit bombed cities (Dresden: citizens cooked in shelters). This, combined by the SU street-by-street fight in Berlin, led to Germany's surrender. They turned to Japan. At Iwo Jima and Okinawa, the Japs introduced kamikaze. These two fell along with Saipan, however, allowing access to Japan. Even after night runs involving napalm bombs, though (Tokyo was 25% destroyed and 100k died), Japs refused to ever surrender, and the US began to wonder if there was hope of capitulation. It was this that led to the atomic bomb against Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 200k. Then the SU declared war on Jap, and Japan surrendered.

American Revolution

After the Seven Years' Wars, Britain was low on money, and upped taxes on the colonies. The high taxes and new acts led to resentment, so Britain tightened control. Eventually the Continental Congress was formed to coordinate resistance. The declaration of independence was formed and then there was some fighting.

Mexican/Latin American Independence

After the republic deposed Hurbide, South Mexico was split into the American Federation and then into the Latin American countries (Venezuela, Columbia, etc.) Then Bolivar led the creoles and founded Gran Columbia--which eventually disintegrated.

Equal-field system

Agricultural reform favoring the peasants under the Tang dynasty in China, inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government.

Delian League (p. 209)

Alliance formed by several Greek poleis after the Persian war; Athens became the leader of the alliance, and other poleis contributed financial support, which went largely to the Athenian treasury.

Chinggis Khan

Also known as Genghis Khan and Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history. He was.responsible for the conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions;

Reasons for Abolishing Slavery

America: ended with the slave trade Haiti: ended with the revolution South America: ended with independence Mexico: employed to stop US plantation owners coming to plant cotton with their slaves

Uighur Turks

Among the most important of Mongol allies; lived mostly in oasis cities along the silk road; were literate and often highly educated and worked as officials in the Mongol empires and boosted the Mongol army

Delian League

An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

Knossos (p. 200)

An important site of ancient Crete society, where an enormous complex of lavish palaces were built decorated with vivid frescos depicting Minoans at work and play.

Epictetus (p. 241)

Anatolian slave who became a prominent Stoic philosopher. Lectured to large audiences that included high Roman officials and perhaps even emperors; 1st century C.E.

Charvaka (p. 187)

Anti-religious sect of classical India which believed in atheistic materialism: The gods were figments of the imagination, brahmins were charlatans who enriched themselves by hoodwinking others, and human beings came from dust and returned to dust like any other animal in the natural world. This sect did not achieve long-lasting popularity.

Homo Erectus

Appeared in East Africa. Had a large brain, sophisticated tools, and control over fire. Used language to coordinate hunts. Migrated to Asia and Europe.

Umayyad

Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.

Juan Peron

Argentinian president, leader of struggle against US. Appeals to downtrodden, calls for nationalism, independence, and an economy free of foreign influence. Helped by wife, Eva (Evita), who tended the descamisados (shirtless ones) and created the Eva Peron Foundation.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As Japan conquered Singapore, which stood as a symbol of European power in Asia, they rallied under "Asia for Asians." From this, they appealed to the Asian states for collaboration, an image that came crashing down under the realities of Japanese occupation.

Collaboration: why?

Asia: to most states here, there was little change from one conqueror to another. Europe: as a means to gain political power, keep natives in power, bring prosperity to a business, get revenge on a neighbor, or act on anti-communist philosophies (this led the Belgians, French, Danish, Dutch, and Norwegians to join the Waffen SS).

dharma (p. 190)

Basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects, including the teachings of the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.

chinese nationalism

Began to grow after the Paris Peace Conference allowed Japan greater sway over china's affairs. This led to the May 4th Movement: all the classes joining together to protest foreign interference. Led mainly by students, like Shanfei.

Etruscans

Beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization

Paris Settlement

Big 3: Clemenceau, George, and Wilson. No CP present, no Russ. Threat of war if conditions not accepted.

Black Natl.ism

Bob Marley (Get Up Stand Up), Garvey (inspires Nkrumah to lead Ghana to independence), MLK, Gandhi. civil rights: Brown vs. Board, Rosa Parks, bus boycott.

Palestine

Both Arabs and Jews were promised the land. In the Balfour Decl., Britain promised to support Jews, but it also limited their migration and promised to protect Arab rights. Only Brit military stopped violence. Jewish kibbutzim (communal farms) only added to ARab feeling that Jews were aliens. During WWII more Jews migrated, protected by Zionists, leading to more feuds and blood. Pan-Arabism sprung up.The issue was given to the UN, which split Palestine into Israel and Jordan. The ARabs went to war with Jews, backed by Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq. But Arabs were unorganized, so Israelis gained a lot until truce was declared.

Homo Sapiens

Brain developed for reflective thought. Used knives, spears, bows and pressured other populations. Created venus figures and cave paintings. Flexibility of languages allows transmission of knowledge.

Colonial Disputes

Brit vs. Russia in Persia Brit. vs. France in Siam and Nile Valley Brit vs. Germ. in E, SW Africa Germ. v. France in W. Africa Germ. v. France in Morocco (this almost leads to war. resolved at Algeciras conference)

War in Africa: why and how?

Britain wanted naval supremacy, thus wanted to destroy the harbors/ports of Germany. France wanted Cameroon, which it had lost to Germany earlier. Though they had an infinitely larger number of troops, Germany actually held them off for quite some time using guerilla warfare. the africans became soldiers or carriers (human mules) and rallied under "kill the white man."

Battle of Omdurman

British vs. Sudanese. Brits win after killing 20k, open way for rule in Sudan.

Persian Royal Road (p. 136)

Built during Darius's reign, stretched some 2,575 kilometers (1,600 miles) from the Aegean port of Ephesus to Sardis in Anatolia, through Mesopotamia along the Tigris River, to Susa in Iran, with an extension to Pasargadae and Persepolis.

Detente

Era of cooperation between US and SU after cold war. Strategic Arms Limitation Talk. Demise: relations of US and China, SU armed in Afghanistan.

Bureaucracy of Merit

Bureaucracy chosen by civil service examinations based on Confucian education - no longer decided by family lineage

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Theme

Byzantine province under the control of generals.Citizen farmers were given land to work in return for military service when required. The system was hereditary, so the citizens actually owned the land; however, the obligation for military service was also hereditary, but this meant that the empire had a constant supply of manpower for the military from generation to generation.

Greek fire

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople

Mithraism (p. 243)

Cult dedicated to Mithras; originally a Zoroastrian god closely identified with the sun and light. Roman soldiers serving in the Hellenistic world adapted it and associated Mithras with military values such as strength, courage, and discipline.

Ctesiphon (p. 139)

Capital city of the Parthian, Sasanid, and Seleucid empires, located on the Euphrates River near modern Baghdad.

Pataliputra (pp. 177, 180-81)

Capital for both Mauryan and Gupta empires, the fortified city near modern Patina.

Persepolis (p. 135)

Capital of the Achaemenid empire, near Pasargadae. Structures at Persepolis included vast reception halls, lavish royal residences, and a well-protected treasury. Burned by Alexander of Macedon during the 4th century B.C.E.

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Alexandria, Egypt (p. 213)

Capital of the Ptolemaic empire, founded by Alexander at the mouth of the Nile as one of many cities named to honor him; a commercial and cultural center, especially known for the sites of the famous Alexandrian Museum and Alexandria Library.

Mexico

Cardenas was the first pres. to apply the Const. of 1917, with land reform and oil nationalization (PEMEX). This contributed to the El Milagro Mexicano, or the economic miracle. Later came PRI, with their harsh econ experiments. The Chiapas peasants protested, and Cuauhtemoc Cardenas took over, allowing the Democratic Revolutionary Party and the National Action Party

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Cambyses (p. 134)

Cyrus's son, succeeded the throne of his father and expanded the Achaemenid empire by conquering Egypt in 525 B.C.E. Reigned from 530 to 522 B.C.E.

dao (pp. 158-59)

Central concept of Daoism, meaning "the way," "the way of nature," or "the way of the cosmos." To be more specific, it figured as the original force of the cosmos, an eternal and unchanging principle that governs all the workings of the world. In Daoist writings, it appears as a supremely passive force which does nothing but accomplishes everything.

Ashoka Maurya (p. 180)

Chandragupta's grandson, best known emperor of Mauryan dynasty, reigned 268-232 B.C.E.; conquered the kingdom of Kalinga through a bloody campaign in 260 B.C.E. Converted to Buddhism and sponsored the new religion throughout his empire. His rule represented the highest point of the Mauryan empire in terms of territory and central administration.

Jesus of Nazareth (pp. 244-45)

Charismatic Jewish teacher, founder of Christianity; taught devotion to God and love for fellow human beings; viewed as a threat by Roman authorities and was executed in the early 30s C.E. After death, his followers called him "Christ," meaning "the anointed one," the savior who would bring individuals into the kingdom of God.

Shang Yang (ca. 390-338 B.C.E.) (pp. 160-61)

Chief minister of the Qin state; one of the foremost exponents of Legalist doctrine, whose implementation of Legalist policies made the Qin a strong state.

wuwei (p. 159)

Chief moral virtue of Daoism, which can be understood as disengagement from the affairs of the world, such as advanced education or personal striving. Wuwei calls for individuals to live simple and unpretentious lives and keep in harmony with nature. By this moral virtue, Daoism encouraged less government, small and simple community life, and individual freedom from humanly-constructed standards of behavior.

Zarathustra

Chief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief

Faxian (p. 183)

Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled widely in India searching for texts of the Buddhist scriptures during the reign of Chandra Gupta II (reigned 375-415 C.E.). His accounts left valuable records for the reconstruction of Indian history.

Laozi

Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

Zhuangzi (369-286 B.C.E.) (p. 158)

Chinese philosopher, the second founder of Daoism, whose work, the Zhuangzi, provided a well-reasoned compendium of Daoist views.

Confucius

Chinese philosphere and teacher; his belifs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life

Opium War

Chinese restriction on trade leads to cohongs, Chinese firms licensed to trade with europe. to escape this, the east india co began using opium as payment rather than money. the chinese government did little to stop this at first, which is why it was too late when they did. after lin zexu, britain retaliates. uses nemesis to capture the grand canal. china sues for peace.

War Atrocities

Czechs kill Heydrich, leader of SS. The Nazis murdered all of Lidice (children were sent to be raised as Germans). 800 Chinese escaped a labor camp. They were tortured to death or beaten as they hung by their thumbs.

Hulegu

Chinggis's brother. Establishes the ilkhanate in Persia. Captures Baghdad.

Khubilai Khan

Chinggis's grandson. Consolidates rule in China and establishes Yuan dynasty.

polis (p. 203)

City-states of classical Greece. The term polis originally referred to a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of war or other emergencies. By about 800 B.C.E. these sites developed into urban centers and extended their authority over surrounding regions. Poleis (the plural of polis) functioned as the principal centers of Greek society between 800 and 338 B.C.E.

Peloponnesian War (p. 209)

Civil war of the Greek world, fought between 431 and 404 B.C.E. Poleis were divided into two armed camps under the leadership of Athens and Sparta. Resulted in Athens' unconditional surrender to Sparta, but the latter failed to achieve political unification of Greece.

plebeians (p. 228)

Common people or ordinary citizens of Rome, whose tribunes gained political power in struggle against the patricians.

Marae

Communal or sacred place which serves religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies

Marx and Engels

Communists. Described capitalism as "2 classes" and abused the government and art. Wrote the communist manifesto. Idea of no private property.

Marx and Engels

Communists. Described capitalism as "2 classes" and abused the government and art. Wrote the communist manifesto. Idea of no private property. religion is "opiate of masses" and things will end with "dictatorship of the proletariat."

kapu

Complex set of social regulations in Hawaii which forbade certain activities and regulated social discourse

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)

Directory

Conservative French people. Seize power after the Convention kills off the Jacobins. Attempt to walk the line fails when Napoleon takes over.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla (p. 232)

Conservative Roman general during the last century B.C.E.; imposed an extremely conservative legislative program that undid the influence of Marius and strengthened the hand of the wealthy in Roman politics.

Tang Dynasty

Considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia

Declaration of War

Contrary to popular belief, war didn't start immediately after Ferdinand's death. The Austrians imposed an ultimatum on the Serbs: an Austrian official would be part of any investigation of Ferdinand's murder. Serbs refused, so A-H declared war. Russia then mobilized its forces to help the Serbs. Germany issued an ultimatum for Russia and France to stop mobilizing. Neither did. So Germany mobilized and under the S plan moved into Belgium. Belgium was neutral, and Britain defended them, leading to entering the war.

Francis Younghusband

Cristianity makes eur. "morally superior"

Spanish-Cuban-American War

Cuba and Puerto Rico. US Maine explodes, US war on Spain. Destroy span. fleet at Manila, gain Guam and Phil.

Russell and Fournier

Declare that Britain and France want war. "War is fine, and just, and great."

Minamoto

Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan

Ilkhanate of Persia

Established by Hulegu after topping the Abbasid empire; Baghdad was sacked in 1258 and Hulegu's troops killed more than 200,000 residents; troops moved into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

Cold War Counterculture

Dr. Strangelove: US and USSR as insane. Free speech movement at UC. Rock and Roll (Beatles and Rolling Stones are "brit invasion") and Watergate (starts when bombing of Cambodia during Viet war is exposed)

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Abbasid

Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished

Nestorians

Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ.

Arianism

Early teaching of the church that was heretical by saying that Jesus was not God but created by God

Nasser

Egyptian committed to opposing Israel and no imperialism (aids Algeria against the French, abolishes British rights to the Suez Canal). Takes control in bloodless coup. Advocates neutralism (believes, like Indian Nehru, that the cold war is imperialism); condemns alliances like the Baghdad pact between Turkey, Iraq and Iran, but extracts pledges of support. He nationalized the Suez, using the money to build a Nile River dam at Aswan, but was defeated by the British, French, and Israelis, angering the US.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Guilds

Established in the Middle Ages, a group of merchants or artisans in one trade or craft, organized to maintain standards of work and to protect the interests of members. Each _________ represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.

Free South African States

Ethipia: defeats Italians at battle of Adwa. Liberia: full of freed slaves. does become part of US.

Nalanda (p. 193)

Famous Buddhist monastery, founded during the Gupta dynasty in the Ganges River valley near Pataliputra. The monastery was an educational center which attracted many pilgrims and students from foreign lands to study with the most renowned masters of Buddhist doctrine.

Aristophanes (p. 221)

Famous comic dramatist of classical Greece.

Sappho (p. 216)

Female poet of Greece, active during the years around 600 B.C.E. Taught young women music and literature and was charged with homosexual activity.

The Mauryan empire (pp. 178-82)

First Indian empire, representing a temporary unification of India, lasting from 321 to 185 B.C.E.; unified almost the entire Indian subcontinent except the southernmost region.

Achaemenid empire (pp. 132-38)

First Persian empire, founded by Cyrus and Darius in southwestern Asia. By the late 6th century B.C.E., it was the largest empire the world had yet seen, with boundaries extending from the Indus River in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west, and from the Armenian hills in the north to the first cataract of the Nile in the south. Lasted from 558 to 330 B.C.E.

Daodejing (p. 158)

First and most influential Daoist work, allegedly written by Laozi, but actually completed by many hands over several subsequent centuries.

Australopithecus

First appeared in East Africa. Walked on two legs, had "well-developed" hands, and could make stone tools. Eventually discovered fire.

paper (p. 171)

First invented during the Han dynasty, probably before 100 C.E. Chinese craftsmen began to fashion hemp, bark, and textile fibers into sheets of paper, which was less expensive than silk and easier to write on than bamboo.

Chinampas

Floating islands of land anchored to a lake bottom used for agriculture. This technique was used by the Aztecs.

National Assembly

Formed when the third estate secedes from the Estates. Swore to make a new constitution. Form the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen after citizens stormed Bastille. Goals: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. Abolish "old order" and fees on peasants. Seized churches and abolished fees on peasants. Took away legislative authority of king.

Persian War (500-479 B.C.E.) (p. 208)

Fought between the Persian empire and Greek city-states. The Greeks successfully resisted the military assaults of Persian armies and maintained their independence from Persian control.

Kingdom of Axum

Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, adopted Christianity, built an empire that included most of Ethiopia as well as Yemen in southern Arabia.

Siddhartha Gautama (p. 189)

Founder of Buddhism; born to a kshatriya family about 563 B.C.E.; sought enlightenment through intense meditation and extreme asceticism, and received enlightenment under a bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things.

Laozi (p. 158)

Founder of Daoism; lived during the sixth century B.C.E. He was believed to be the author of the first Daoist work, the Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue), but the book was certainly a contribution of many hands over several centuries after him.

Zarathustra (pp. 145-46)

Founder of Zoroastrianism. Born into an aristocratic family probably during late seventh or early sixth century B.C.E. After about ten years of travel and meditation, he experienced a series of visions and became convinced that the supreme god, Ahura Mazda ("the wise lord"), had chosen him to serve as his prophet and spread his message.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland

Cyrus (pp. 131, 133-34)

Founder of the Achaemenid empire, extended it from India to the borders of Egypt through military conquests. Reigned 558-530 B.C.E.

Chandra Gupta (p. 182)

Founder of the Gupta empire who rose to power in Magadha about 320 C.E. (Note: He was not related to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of Mauryan empire)

Liu Bang (p. 166)

Founder of the Han dynasty, overthrew the Qin dynasty and proclaimed himself the emperor of China in 206 B.C.E.

Sasanid empire (pp. 140-41)

Fourth Persian empire. Toppled the Parthians in 224 C.E., and ruled until the year 651. The empire covered the lands from India to Mesopotamia, recreating much of the splendor of the Achaemenid empire.

Bernardino de Shagun.

Franciscan missionary. Converted mesoamericans and assembled info on the mexica.

Charlemagne

Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800

Canadian Independence

French canadians: Roman catholic, French law, rule by council of elite British canadians: Protestant, British law, elected representatives. Both unite during the war of 1812, but afterward there was a majority of British Canadians. Tension with the French led to self-governed provinces. Fear of US expansion prompts independence. After the Brit NA Act the dominion was formed.

Louis XI

French king with a 15,000 person standing army

First Republic

French republic springing from Jacobin party and the Convention. more rights to women than ever before (does execute Olympe Gouges).

Haitian Revolution

French vs. gens de couleur (free blacks) vs. slaves/maroons. Slaves win when Napoleon's forces contract yellow fever. Name Haiti, land of mountains.

French plan XVII

French war plans. ATTACK!!

Voltaire

French writer/satirist. Motto: "crush the damned thing."

Mali Empire

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

The kingdom of Macedon (pp. 209-10)

Frontier state north of peninsular Greece which rose to prominence after the 4th century B.C.E. Population consisted partly of cultivators and partly of sheep herders. The state was loosely organized, with the king and semiautonomous clans controlling political affairs; became centralized under Philip II and served as the basis for unification of Greece and the later Macedonian empire.

Columbus

Genoese explorer who decided to sail west to reach India.

Schlieffen plan

German war plans. Knockout French, then Russia.

Otto I

Germanic king proclaimed emperor by Pope John XII; birth of Holy Roman Empire.

War: Germany

Germans were the first to use the blitzkrieg, a new form of war that used stealth, speed, and surprise. They used dive bombers and Panzer "armored" columns to take Poland within days. Here began a battle between the unterseeboote (subs) and British convoys. Germany also occupied Denmark and Norway, after which they took over Belgium, the Netherlands, and France (Hitler bragged this was the "most famous victory in history" and Rommel, a German marshall, joked that it was a "lighting Tour de France!"). The British tried to rescue some of the French at Dunkirk, but failed. Germany turned instead to the SU, thinking it was a land from which they could kick Jews, Slavs, and Bolsheviks to create lebensraum (Hitler said they would only have to "kick the door down" and the bankrupt SU would die). They deployed the SS Einsatzgruppen ("action squads") to kill Jews and gypsies. They were pushed out by the SU eventually, and attacked by Brit/US, so surrendered.

War: SU

Germany invaded suddenly under Operation Barbarossa with the largest force in history. They were joined by Hungary, Finland, and Romania. Stalin had the foresight to order industry away from the front. He began massing divisions. The germs advanced and reached Moscow, and held Leningrad under siege. But Stalin, receiving equipment from the Allies, put up fierce resistance. On top of this, winter was severe that year, something the germs were unprepared for. The advance was halted. The following spring the germs entered a race to stalingrad. It was here stalin ordered, "not a step back." Eventually the Red Army pushed Germany out. They moved into Romania, Hungary, and Poland, then reached Berlin.It was a street-by-street fight, but Germany surrendered. Then they declared war on Japan.

Bezant

Gold coin, standard currency of the Byzantine empire

Guatemala

Guzman. seizes land of United Fruit Co with $ concessions. US sends arms to Nic. and Honduras, and CIA trains non communists under Castillo Armas. Overthrow Guzman, give back land to UFC, suppress opponents

Octavian (pp. 233-34)

Grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar; defeated his principle rival, Mark Antony (who had joined forces with Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt) in 31 B.C.E.; the Senate bestowed upon him the title Augustus in 27 B.C.E.; became the first Roman emperor and ruled Rome for 45 years.

Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides (p. 221)

Great tragedians of classical Greece, lived in the 5th century B.C.E.

Megasthenes (p. 177)

Greek ambassador who lived in India during late 4th and early 3rd centuries B.C.E. Wrote a book, Indika, which portrayed India as a wealthy land that supported a distinctive society with well-established cultural traditions.

Sparta

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.

Plato (p. 218)

Greek philosopher, great pupil of Socrates; lived from 430 to 347 B.C.E.; believed that human reason or knowledge could arrive at an understanding of what he called Forms or Ideas-the ultimate perfect reality he thought underlay nature; suggested the ideal form of government ruled by a philosopher-king.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.

Aristotle (p. 220)

Greek philosopher; Plato's pupil and teacher of Alexander of Macedon; believed that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world and then depend on reason to sort out its mysteries; devised rigorous rules of logic as means of constructing compelling arguments.

Socrates

Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

Epicureans (p. 222)

Greek philosophical school of the Hellenistic era, founded by Epicurus (341-270 B.C.E.); identified pleasure as the greatest good, which meant a state of quiet satisfaction or freedom from emotional turmoil and pressure of the Hellenistic world.

skeptics (p. 222)

Greek philosophical school of the Hellenistic era; doubted the possibility of certain knowledge, and sought equanimity.

polis

Greek word for city-state

Kilwa

Grew from fishermen to the busiest city state. Located in East Africa.

Franks

Group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis. They converted to Christianity

stoics (p. 222)

Group of Greek philosophers of the Hellenistic era; emphasized inner moral independence and tranquillity cultivated by strict discipline of the body and mind.

haoma (p. 145)

Hallucinogenic agent used by early Persian priests during the performance of their rituals, probably the same substance used by the early Aryan priests which they called soma.

St Thomas Aquinas

He believed that it was possible to prove rationally that God exists

Chandragupta Maurya

He founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.

Pope Gregory I

He protected the city of Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papal supremacy and increased the role and importance of the church in people's lives

patricians (p. 228)

Hereditary aristocrats and wealthy classes of the Roman republic who dominated Roman political and economic life, electing an assembly who selected two consuls and serving as members of the Senate, an advisory body to the consuls.

Ferdinand of Aragon

His marriage to Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; created a united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Sima Qian (p. 153)

Historian of the Han dynasty, known as the father of Chinese historians; suffered from punitive castration when his evaluation of a dishonored general contradicted the emperor's judgment.

Hellenistic Era (p. 212)

Historians refer to the age of Alexander and his successors as the Hellenistic era-an age when Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond Greece itself (Hellas) to a much larger world.

Avesta (p. 146)

Holy scriptures of Zoroastrianism, compiled during the Sasanid empire.

Yongle

Hongwu's successor in the Ming dynasty. Wrote an encyclopedia. Launched naval expeditions.

Paleolithic Era

Hunters and gatherers. Lived in small, equal bands of people: no private property. Hunt big game. Some settler societies: Natufian, Chinook, Jomon.

Modern Imperialism and Colonialism

Imperialism: domination of europeans over subject lands, through force or business. Colonialism: structures that allow imperialists to dominate.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Viracocha

Incan creator god

Inti

Incan sun god

Silla

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.

Kalinga (p. 180)

Indian kingdom located in the east-central part of the subcontinent (modern Orissa). Maintained hostility toward the Mauryan empire while controlling several principal trade routes of India. Lost its independence to emperor Ashoka Maurya after a bloody war in 260 B.C.E.

ahimsa (p. 188)

Jainist principle, meaning nonviolence toward other living things or their souls. To observe this principle, devout Jainist monks went to extremes to avoid harming the millions of souls they encountered each day.

Sino-Jap War

Jap forces unequal treaties on Korea. Korean rebellion stabilized by China.. war! Jap wins, gets Taiwan.

Mycenaean society

Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus c. 2200 B.C.E.; influenced by Minoan society; had a major settlement in Mycenae; used a syllabic alphabet called Linear B (evolved form of Linear A); inhabited Greece, Crete, Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy; c. 1200 B.C.E., engaged in conflicts with Troy

Xunzi (298-238 B.C.E.) (pp. 157-58)

Influential Confucian scholar, with a tendency toward Legalism in his ideas; believed that human nature was basically bad and selfish, so that strong social discipline was necessary to bring order to society; advocated clear, well-publicized standards of conduct; shared Confucian views of social optimism, political activism, and moral education.

Minoan society

Inhabited the island of Crete (major city: Knossos); around 2200 B.C.E. they acted as the center of maritime trade in the Mediterranean; used Linear A, an undecipherable syllabic alphabet; through a series of both natural disasters (1700 B.C.E.) and foreign invaders, were conquered by 1100 B.C.E.

Eyes and Ears of the King

Inspectors who made unannounced visits to provinces in Persia and reported back to the king to check up on the local government

Great Easter Rebellion

Irish rebel against British rule

Qudi

Islamic Judges

Mahmud of Ghazni

Islamic leader who raided throughout northern India, destroying Hindu and Buddhist temples. His many motive was money.

Madrasas

Islamic schools

Edict of Milan

Issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

Germany and appeasement

Japan and Italy may have been the first to conquest land, but Germany undid the Treaty of Versailles, which Hitler dubbed the "November Crime." Blaming Jews, communists, liberals, and neighboring states, Hitler came up with a solution: remilitarize and destroy the Treaty. Germany entered the Rhineland. They honed their battle skills in the Spanish Civil War (also supporting Franco) and then expanded. They entered into anschluss (union) with Austria and invaded Sudeten land under the pretense of rescuing persecuted ethnic Germans and creating one homeland. Germany was able to occupy Czechoslovakia and threaten Poland; here the appeasement ended.

Nara Japan

Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence.

Paul of Tarsus (p. 245)

Jew from Anatolia who zealously preached Christianity throughout the Roman empire; called for individuals to observe high moral standards and to place their faith ahead of personal and family interests; promised a glorious future existence for those who conscientiously observed the faith. He was executed by Roman authorities.

Mexican Reformation

Juarez suspends loans, enticing intervention from the US, France, Britain, etc. Napoleon III intervened and recreated the monarchy. He was defeated at Puebla and Napoleon's emperor, Maxmillion, was executed. The middle class joined the peasants and overthrew Porfirio Diaz, the dictator. the US intervened and regained control. The Constitution of 1857 prevailed, but independence was "the only blessing" (Simon Bolivar).

Persian War

King Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece.

Persian

Of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture

Chandragupta Maurya (p. 179)

King of the state of Magadha and founder of the Mauryan empire. Rose to power in north India after Alexander's army withdrew from the region. Tradition holds that he abdicated his throne for an existence so ascetic that he starved himself to death.

Kingdom of Kongo

Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century when Portuguese slave traders destroyed the kingdom.

Chola kingdom

Kingdom situated in the deep south. At its high point, Chola forces conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, funded by the profits of trade, dominated the sea, did not build a tightly centralized state.

Quipu

Knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

Osman

Known as the most successful warrior (ghazi), built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326. Founder of the Ottoman Empire

Chandra Gupta

Laid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age

Latifundia

Large farming estates owned by wealthy families in Ancient Rome

latifundia (p.231)

Large plantations owned by the wealthy elite and operated by slave labor in Rome.

Yellow Turban Uprising

Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294). Ruled the Mongol Empire from China and was the founder of the Yuan Empire in China after finishing off the Song Dynasty.

Sasanids

Last powerful Persian dynasty of the classical period that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Islamic/Arabic expansion.

Louverture

Leads Haitian slaves to victory

The Book of Lord Shang (p. 161)

Legalist work, contributed by Shang Yang and other Qin ministers; contained Legalist ideas and policies of the Qin state.

Trojan war (p. 202)

Legendary war between the Mycenaeans and the city of Troy in Anatolia about 1200 B.C.E.

New Economic Policy

Lenin's attempt to reform. restored some market econ and some small private business. peasants could sell surplus crops. Established tech schools. Unfortunately, three strokes, and Lenin was out.

Qin Shihuangdi (reigned 221-210 B.C.E.) (pp. 163-66)

Literally, "the First Emperor of Qin," a title that the king of Qin granted to himself after he unified China in 221 B.C.E. Under his rule, the Qin dynasty established a tradition of centralized imperial rule that would continue throughout the history of imperial China. Because of his massive public works and cruel punishments, however, he has been viewed as the most infamous tyrant in Chinese history.

Saljuq Turks

Lived on borders of the Abbassids; turn caliphs into figureheads. Defeat Byzantines at Manzikert and capture the emperor. Imposed taxes on the church, with peasant support.

Gao

Located in West Africa. Provides caravan route across Sahara, with access to Niger River.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

terra cotta army (p. 165)

More than 15 thousand life-sized pottery figures buried in the tomb of the First Emperor to guard him in death. The terra cotta soldiers, horses, and weapons were made individually, with great details. The tomb has been under excavation since 1974.

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Ahura Mazda

Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu.

New Z Wars

Maori King Movement (Kingitanga): forward unity/sovereignty

The Great Wall (p. 163)

Massive defensive barriers built to protect China proper from raids of nomadic peoples from the northwest. The Qin dynasty enrolled a huge amount of human labor to link existing sections of barriers into an enormous wall, which was further extended and strengthened by later dynasties.

Frederick D. Lugard

Member of East Africa Co. Secure Brit rule in Uganda and consolidate Nigeria with indirect rule. Spoke for imperialism. Wrote Dual Mandate.

Plebeians

Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders

Huitzilopachti.

Mexica war god. Requires human sacrifice.

Villa

Mexican revolutionary. killed US officials.

Zapata

Mexican revolutionary. redistributed land.

John of Montecorvino

Missionary in China, Italian Franciscan, became the first archbishop, translated the New Testament and book of Psalms into Turkish - language commonly used at Mongol court, built several churches in China, baptized Mongol and Chinese boys

Khanate of Chaghatai

Mongol empire in Central Asia.

Ilkhans

Mongol empire in Persia. Use local rulers. Originally religiously tolerant until Ilkhan Ghazan. Fall to factions and increasing spending.

Golden Horde

Mongol empire in Russia. Extract tribute from the cities.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Han Feizi (ca. 280-233) (p. 161)

Most influential spokesman for Legalism who synthesized Legalist ideas in a collection of powerful and well argued essays on statecraft.

Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) (pp. 154-55)

Most influential thinker of classical China, honored as a sage by later generations. The founder of Confucianism.

Hinduism (pp. 194-96)

Most popular religion of salvation in India, drawing inspiration from the Vedas and Upanishads. Basic teachings included the four principal aims of human life: obedience to religious and moral laws (dharma); the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity (artha); the enjoyment of social, physical, and sexual pleasure (kama); and the salvation of the soul (moksha).

Maodun (reigned 210-174 B.C.E.) (p. 169)

Most successful ruler of the Xiongnu; ruled a vast federation of nomadic peoples that stretched from the Aral Sea to the Yellow Sea. The well-disciplined army of Maodun was a serious threat to the Han empire.

Allah

Muslim name for the one and only God

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.

Magyars

Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary

Italy: fascism and state

Mussolini seizes power as Il Duce (the leader). eliminates all political parties, freedom of press and speech. Special Tribunal for Defense of States silences dissenters. Crushes labor unions and strikes. Policy of corporatism: under state control. The National Council of Corporations settles labor disputes. Anti-semitic laws and a pact of steel with germany.

Nuclear Arms Race

NATO and the Warsaw Pact lead to an "essential equivalence" in weapons (Nixon). Only threat of MAD (mutually assured destruction) keeps both in check

India Post-Partition

Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi took over, led "green revolution." Rebellion --> natl emergency. Uses wartime powers for forceful birth control and sterilization. The Sikhs wanted autonomy in Punjab, so Indira ordered an attack on their Golden Temple in Amristar. Her Sikh bodyguards killed her. Her son Rajiv took over, reconciled with the Sikhs.

Julius Caesar (p. 233)

Nephew of the general Marius, and himself a reform-minded general of Rome, responsible for conquest of Gaul in the 50s of the 1st century B.C.E.; brought his army back to Rome and overthrew the republic in 49 B.C.E.; claimed himself a life-time dictator in 46 B.C.E., but was assassinated by the wealthy elite class in 44 B.C.E.

Chabi

Nestorian Christian and wife of Khubilai Khan.

Uighurs

Nomadic Turkish people who were hired by the Tang to defeat the rebellion of An Lushan, later sacked Chang'an and Luoyang.

White Huns

Nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration

White Huns (p. 183)

Nomadic people from central Asia, a branch of the Xiongnu; occupied Bactria during the fourth century C.E. and crossed the Hindu Kush mountains into India. Their invasions of India seriously weakened the Gupta empire.

Parthians (pp. 138-39)

Nomadic people who migrated from the steppes of central Asia to eastern Iran around Khurasan from Achaemenid times, famous for their heavy cavalry. Revolted against their Seleucid overlord in 238 B.C.E., and extended their state to a mighty empire covering Iran and Mesopotamia.

Khitan

Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century

Crash of 1929

Now-rich Americans used their wealth in the stock markets. But the stocks were overvalued; they pulled out suddenly on Black Thursday, selling for extremely low prices and losing their life savings. 11 people killed themselves.

tribunes (p. 228)

Official representatives of plebeians in the Roman government; had the power to intervene in all political matters and possessed the right to veto measures that they judged unfair.

Alexander of Macedon (p. 138)

Often called Alexander the Great. Alexander invaded Persia in 334 B.C.E., decisively defeating a much larger Persian force with his Macedonian army. He proclaimed himself heir to the Achaemedids, and captured (and perhaps also purposely burned) their capital at Persepolis.

Seleucus (p. 138) (reigned 305-281 B.C.E.)

One of Alexander of Macedon's military commanders who took the choicest part of Alexander's realm upon his death in 323 B.C.E.; this included most of the former Achaemenid empire.

Deer Park of Sarnath (p. 191)

One of the Buddhist holy sites where Buddha preached his first sermon in 528 B.C.E.

Bodh Gaya (p. 191)

One of the holy sites of Buddhism, a place where Gautama received enlightenment under a bo tree.

The Battle of Salamis (p. 208)

One of the important battles of the Persian war. The battle took place in the narrow strait between Athens and the island of Salamis and resulted in the Persian navy being shattered by the Greek fleet.

Athens (p. 205)

One of the most important poleis (city-states) of classical Greece, known for its democratic politics, commercial agriculture, and skills of foreign trade.

Sparta (p. 204)

One of the most important poleis in classical Greece, located in the fertile southeastern region of the Peloponnesus; known for its oligarchic regime, austere lifestyle, and commitment to military values.

Jainism (pp. 187-88)

One of the most influential Indian religions; became popular beginning in the late 5th century B.C. Taught that everything possessed a soul and the practice of nonviolence toward other living things or their souls. Represented an alternative to the traditional cults of brahmins.

Seleucids

One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Mesopotamia

Ptolemaic empire (pp. 212-13)

One of the three Hellenistic empires, founded in Egypt, which the Ptolemaic dynasty ruled until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 B.C.E.

Antigonid empire (pp. 212-13)

One of the three Hellenistic empires, founded in Greece and Macedon; lasted until the Romans established their authority in the eastern Mediterranean during the 2nd century B.C.E.

Seleucid empire (pp. 212-13)

One of the three Hellenistic empires, founded in the former Achaemenid empire, which was displaced by the Parthians during the 2nd century B.C.E. In this empire, Greek influence reached its greatest extent over a wide-ranging territory stretching from the eastern Mediterranean region of Anatolia to the region of Bactria in central Asia.

The Battle of Marathon (p. 208)

One of the two important battles of the Persian war fought between Persians and Athenians at Marathon in 490 B.C.E. The Athenians succeeded in defending themselves and defeating the Persian army and fleet.

Qin (pp. 162-66)

One of the warring states located in west China; conquered other states and unified China in 221 B.C.E. The Qin empire was short-lived but its centralized imperial rule left a permanent mark on the history of imperial China thereafter.

Buddhism (p. 190)

One of the world religions originating in India during the 6th century B.C.E.; founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. Its fundamental doctrine was based on the Four Noble Truths taught by the Buddha. The religious goal was to achieve personal salvation called nirvana, a state of perfect spiritual independence. To achieve this goal, Buddhism stressed reducing desires for material goods and other worldly attractions.

Abdul Hamid II

Ottoman emperor. Forced by Young Turks to install constitution with representative government. Later suspends and dissolves. Distrusts European powers and establishes autocratic rule. Employs police force and takes away sultan's power. (does build railroads)

Sultan Mehmed II

Ottoman ruler who sacked Constantinople, effectively ending the Byzantine empire. Renamed it Istanbul and then absorbed the lands of Byzantium.

Afghanistan

PDPA is rad reform group. SU installs Karmal as pres, later Najibullah. Mujahideen (Islam warriors) rise up, helped by CIA with Stinger missiles and mules, SU w/draws. Taliban emerges, establishes Islamic State of Afghan.

Iran: Revolution and War

Pahlavi was placed in power by the US. He received weapons and money for industrialization by the US to stay anti-communist. In revolution, he fled and took refuge in the US. Khomeini took over, and the Shias captured 69 US hostages in Tehran. They confiscated US econ ventures and shut down the mil. bases. Sensing weakness, Hussein led Iraq to invade Iran (he also invaded Kuwait in the Gulf War, and orchestrated 9/11)

Mithradates I (p. 139)

Parthians' greatest conqueror; came to the throne about 171 B.C.E. Under his rule, the Parthian state extended into a mighty empire covering Iran and Mesopotamia.

The Yellow Turban Uprising (p. 173)

Peasant revolt against the Han dynasty during the 2nd century C.E. So called because the rebels wore yellow turbans on their heads. The uprising was put down, but it severely undermined the imperial rule of Han.

Hinayana (p. 193)

Pejorative term for Theravada Buddhism; literally meant "the lesser vehicle," so called because of its strict adherence to the original Buddha's teachings and monastic life, which, by the later Mahayana standard, could only carry a few monks to salvation. In later centuries, Theravada Buddhism became popular in Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, and other parts of southeast Asia.

Achaemenids

Persian dynasty which traced its lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes; founded by Cyrus

Parthians

Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration.

Ilkhan Ghazan

Persian ilkhan. Converts to Islam; sparks religious massacres.

Zoroastrianism (pp. 146-49)

Persian religion that honored Ahura Mazda and six lesser deities; Zoroastrians believed in the cosmic conflict between Ahura Mazda and the Angra Mainyu ("the destructive spirit" or "the hostile spirit"). Zoroastrianism developed the concepts of future judgment and of heavenly paradise and hell as reward and punishment. It allowed followers to enjoy the world and its fruits, so long as individuals abided by the moral teachings of "good words, good thoughts, good deeds." Zoroastrian teachings had a substantial influence on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Darius

Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.

eunuchs (pp. 153, 173)

Personal servants of imperial households. Men went through voluntary castration in order to work in the harem of the emperor or king. Sometimes they seized enormous power because of their close relationships with the rulers or various factions at court.

Jose Carlos Mariategui

Peruvian with extreme concern for the poor and for Indians. founded the Socialist Party of Peru and the Peruvian Communist Party. example of rad political party/protest.

Revolutions in E. Eur.

Poland: solidarity of trade union and natl.ist movement, multi-party elections (Walesa becomes pres.) Bulgaria: unrest --> Zhiukov resigns Czechoslovakia: "velvet revolution" --> "velvet divorce" into Czech Republic and Slovakia Romania: Securitate suppresses all dissent, so revolution is bloody and dictator is killed. Germany: Berlin wall falls!

Arthashastra (p. 179)

Political handbook containing Kautalya's and others' advice to the Gupta dynasty regarding principles of government. It outlined methods of administering the empire, overseeing trade and agriculture, collecting taxes, maintaining order, conducting foreign relations, waging war, and obtaining information through spies.

Pope Urban II

Pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims

Henry (Henrique)

Portuguese seafarer. conquers Ceuta and sponsors voyages to Africa. Establishes trading post at Sao Jorge

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age

Toltecs

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Constantinople

Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.

Vladimir of Kiev

Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity around 989. He ordered that his subjects convert, affirming the influence that Byzantine had on Russia.

Jupiter (p. 242)

Principal god of Rome, believed to be lord of the heavens.

Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.) (pp. 156-57)

Principal spokesman for the Confucian school; firmly believed in the goodness of human nature and advocated government by benevolence and humanity. His ideas deeply influenced the Confucian tradition.

Ghana

Principal state of Africa, located in West Africa between the Senegal and Niger Rivers. Controls the gold trade. Large army. Capital: Khoumbi-Saleh. Supports Muslims. Falls to raiders.

Gaius Marius (p. 232)

Prominent Roman general at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C.E.; introduced the concept of a private army recruited from paid volunteers, mostly landless rural residents and urban workers, rather than citizen conscripts from among the small farmers; the innovation created a military force with personal loyalties to the military commander instead of to civilian authorities.

Freud

Psychoanalysis. Conflict between concious and subconcious. Mind has a repressive mechanism shown in dreams, whose common theme is sexuality and fantasies. Oedipus complex: males love mother, hate father.

Ali ibn Muhammad

Rebel slave that organized 15,000 Zanj slaves in 869 to revolt from Abbasid; Zanj Revolt was crushed in 883

Garibaldi

Reconquers South Italy

Magadha (pp. 178-79)

Regional kingdom of India, located in the central portion of the Ganges plain. It developed into the Mauryan empire in 321 B.C.E.

Caesaropapism

Religious and political power concentrated in the hands of the emperor

nirvana (p. 190)

Religious goal of Buddhism, a state of perfect spiritual independence, an escape from the cycle of incarnation.

Marcus Tullius Cicero (p. 242)

Roman philosopher, who helped to establish Stoicism as the most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome.

Spartacus (p. 241)

Roman slave, escaped and assembled an army of seventy thousand rebellious slaves in 73 B.C.E.

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers

Missi dominici

Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws

Philip II (p. 210)

Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; built a powerful military machine and gained centralized control over clans in Macedon. Later he entered into Greece, and by 338 B.C.E. he had overcome all organized resistance and brought Greece under his control. He was assassinated in 336 B.C.E.

Kushan Empire

Ruled central Asia to Northern India, important in spreading Buddhism to Chinese, took control of the Silk Road route.

Qin Shihuangdi

Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.

Shapur I (p. 140)

Ruler of the Sasanid empire, reigned 239-272 C.E. His rule stabilized the western frontier by creating a series of buffer states between the Sasanids and the Roman empire. Shapur even defeated several Roman armies and settled the prisoners in Iran, where they devoted their famous engineering skills to the construction of roads and dams.

Croesus (p. 131)

Ruler of the powerful and wealthy kingdom of Lydia in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). Launched an invasion in Persia in 546 B.C.E., but was badly defeated by the Persian armies led by Cyrus. Croesus was taken captive and afterward became an advisor to Cyrus.

Great Game

Russia vs. Brit imperialism in a war for India

Stroganous

Russian king who pushes into Siberia

Novgorod

Russian trading city and hub of fur-trade. Also a member of Hansa. Retains ties to Poland and Lithuania.

Neolithic Era

The "new stone age:" refined tools and agriculture. Men herd animals, women cultivate plants. Used slash-and-burn agriculture, requiring migration. Population explodes and specialization and wealth appear (Catal Huyuk: displays prehistoric crafts). Jericho is first known village.

Tughril Beg

Saljuq recognized as sultan by the Abbasids.

Tughril Beg

Saljuq sultan who took control of the Abbasid empire in 1055. Recognized by the caliphs as the ruler. Established Turkish rule in the Muslim realm.

Daoism (pp. 158-60)

School of thought during the Warring States period, appearing as a critique to Confucian activism; represented an effort to understand the fundamental character of nature in order to learn how to live in harmony with it. By encouraging the development of a reflective and introspective consciousness, Daoism served as a counterbalance to the activism and extroversion of the Confucian tradition.

Confucianism (pp. 154-57)

School of thought founded by Confucius; advocated political activism and moral education as the way to save China from the chaos of the Warring States period. Politically, it was a doctrine of elitism which emphasized enlightened leadership of junzi ("superior individuals").

Legalism (pp. 161-62)

School of thought in classical China that promoted a practical and ruthlessly efficient approach to statecraft. Legalists believed that a strong and well-regulated government was of foremost importance to bring peace and order to society, and the foundations of a state's strength were agriculture and armed forces. They advocated clear and strict laws of rewards and punishments to harness selfish desire and energy of individuals for the interests of the state.

Vikings

Seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.

Seleucid empire (p. 138) (323-83 B.C.E.)

Second Persian empire, founded by Seleucus (see above, in Significant Individuals section). The Seleucids continued Achaemenid systems of administration, taxation, and transport; they also founded new cities to attract Greek colonists. Seleucid rule was often opposed by native Persians, and the empire lost its power finally to Roman conquerors in 83 B.C.E.

The Essenes (p. 244)

Sect of Judaism; observed a strict moral code and participated in rituals designed to reinforce a sense of community; shared many concerns with early Christianity, especially the notion that a savior would deliver them from Roman rule.

Democratic Republic of Congo

Seko killed Lumumba with US support, amasses treasure a "vampire elite." Killed by Kabila who calls Zaire a "fabrication." Kabila renames to DRC but is killed by rebels. Son Joseph introduces democratic elections and a new const.

helots (p. 204)

Servants of the Spartan state; served as agricultural labor to keep Sparta supplied with food. By the 6th century B.C.E., the helots probably outnumbered the Spartan citizens by more than ten to one. The helots were not slaves, but they could not leave the land.

stupas (p. 191)

Shrines housing relics of the Buddha and his first disciples; became the objects of pilgrim worship of Buddhists.

Yakuts

Siberians who staged a revolt against the Russians.

Manzikert

Site in Anatolia where the Byzantines were devastated by Saljuq Turks. After this crippling blow, Byzantium never controlled Anatolia again.

Zanj revolt

Slave revolt in Mesopotamia during the tenth century. They were black slaves from the Swahili coast, and organized by Ali Bin Muhammad. It demonstrated the influence of slaves

Nicaragua

Somoza Garcia, a US ally, outlawed communism. He was brutal and corrupt; the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional was created to honor Sandino and overthrow the Somozas. Carter helped against Somoza in a US bout of human rights which also led to the Panama Canal Treaty; Reagan halted that aid, boycotted the country, and helped the Contras overthrow the Sandinistas. In response Congress banned aid to the Contras, so Reagan aided them illegally with money from sending Iran weapons. Sanchez of Costa Rica helped end the Contra war.

Chucuito

South American kingdom on Lake Titicaca. dominated the highlands and harvested potatoes on terraced fields.

Vietnam

Southeastern Asian country, called Nam Viet, successfully rebelled from China in 939. fell into chaos, stabilized after a series of long dynasties

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Kin-based society

Stateless, segmented societies. no elaborate hierarchies. This type of society was prominent in sub-Saharan Africa.

Pericles (ca. 443-429 B.C.E.) (p. 205)

Statesman of Athens, popular democratic leader. Under his leadership, Athens became the most sophisticated and democratic of the Greek poleis.

Plato

Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society

Xerxes (p. 137)

Successor of Darius, reigned 486-465 B.C.E. Sought to impose his own values on conquered lands, retreated from Darius's policy of cultural toleration, and caused ill will and rebellions of the peoples under the rule of the Achaemenid empire.

Alexander of Macedon (pp. 210-11)

Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Egypt, Persia, and north India; died in 323 B.C.E. at age of thirty-three.

Alexander the Great

Successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement

Mansa Musa

Sundiata's grand nephew. Rules during the high point of Mali. Builds mosques and schools. Makes a pilgrimages to Mecca. Falls to faction wars and the Songhay empire.

Ghaznavids

Take over North India with an elephant army and found a sultanate. Raid monasteries but unable to expand.

magi (p. 146)

Term for Zoroastrian priests.

Mexican-American War

Texas declared itself independent of Mexico due to all the US migrants. The US accepted Texas as a state, leading to war. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US took 1/2 of Mexico for 15 mil.

Basil II

The Byzantine ruler who led a resurgence of power in the eleventh century by crushing the Bulgars; established the theme system in the empire

Axum

The Christian state in northern Ethiopia that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.

Muslim Revival

The Cold War and religions (sunni vs. shia) were divisions. In the Arab-Israeli and Yom Kippur War: Israel defeated Egypt and Syria. Sadat, Nasser's replacement in Egypt, who also ran Yom Kippur, made peace and was then killed by the Arabs. The Palestinian Liberation Org (PLO), created by Yasser Arafat, isolated Egypt, but signed peace with Israeli Yitzhak Rabin, noting Palestinian right to self-rule in Israel. Jews killed Arafat. The Hezbollah in Lebanon went to war with Israel, and Islamism (Islam in politics) was formed.

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

British India

The East India Company first took over, enforcing with a small British army but mostly with sepoys. The sepoys, due to a religious concern over the fat encasing the cartridge, revolted. The Brit govt stepped in, leading to direct rule. Employ S.O.S., viceroy, and elite civil service. Cleared forests to built cash crop plants (tea, opium). Also built railroads, telegraphs, harbors and canals. Establish English schools for elite and eliminated sati.

Ptolemaic Empire

The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.

Homer (p. 199)

The Iliad and the Odyssey are ascribed to him. Scholars now know that the two epic poems had been recited for generations before Homer lived. Some experts believe that Homer was not a real man so much as a convenient name for several otherwise anonymous scribes who committed the two epics to writing. Others believe that a man named Homer had a part in preparing a written version of the two epics, but that others also contributed significantly to his work.

Mycenaean society (pp. 201-202)

The ancient society of the Greek peninsula, established by Indo-European immigrants; lasted from 1600 to 1100 B.C.E. Named after Mycenae, one of the most important settlements. Learned about writing and large-scale construction from the Cretans.

Mithradates I

The Parthians greatest conqueror; he had consolidated his hold on Iran and had also extended Parthian rule to Mesopotamia.

Reconquista

The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state.

Olympic games (p. 215)

The best known of the panhellenic festivals, held once every four years beginning in 776 B.C.E. The games were observed by all Greek city-states and involved athletic contests. Winners of events received olive wreaths and became celebrated heroes in their home poleis.

Shia

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century killing vast numbers of people.

Qin Dynasty

The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.

Iliad and Odyssey (p. 199)

The great epic poems of ancient Greece, attributed to Homer; possibly the work of many authors. The Iliad offered a Greek perspective on a war waged by a band of Greek warriors against the city of Troy in Anatolia during the 12th century B.C.E. The Odyssey recounted the experiences of the Greek hero Odysseus as he sailed home after the Trojan war.

Antigonid Empire

The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire.

Seleucid Empire

The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.

Heian period

The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time. Moved away from Chinese culture

panhellenic festivals (p. 215)

The festivals of the Greek world. Greeks from all parts gathered periodically to participate in the festivals that featured athletic, literary, and musical contests in which individuals sought to win glory for their poleis.

Augustus Caesar

The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)

Dionysus (p. 221)

The god of wine in popular religion of classical Greece, also known as Bacchus. Religious ritual in honor of Dionysus was celebrated primarily by women during the spring of the year.

Ashoka

The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.

Zeus (p. 220)

The grandson of the earth and sky gods and the paramount ruler of the divine realm in the popular religion of classical Greece. Zeus's heavenly court included scores of subordinate deities who had various responsibilities.

Vardhamana Mahavira (p. 187)

The great teacher of Jainism, born in northern India about 540 B.C.E. to a prominent kshatriya family; taught an ascetic doctrine of detachment from the world and formed a monastic order to perpetuate and spread his message. His disciples referred to him as Jina, "the conqueror," and referred to themselves as Jains.

Saladin

The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187.

Han Wudi

The most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads

Bhagavad Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.

Minoan society (pp. 200-201)

The sophisticated society of ancient Crete, lasting from 2200 to 1100 B.C.E.; received early influences from Phoenicia and Egypt and built lavish palaces at Knossos; also devised a script known as Linear A.

Peloponnesus (p. 202)

The southern part of the Greek peninsula where massive stone fortresses and palaces were built to offer protection for small agricultural communities. Sparta became one of the most powerful poleis in the Peloponnesus.

Avesta

The sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material.

Linear A (p. 200)

The script of Minoan society which used written symbols to stand for syllables rather than words, ideas, vowels, or consonants. So far linguists have not yet been able to decipher this script.

Gupta empire (pp. 182-83)

The second Indian empire, founded by the Gupta family during the 4th century C.E. Extended to all but the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Less centralized than Mauryan empire.

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

Augustus (pp.233-34)

Title given to Octavian after his defeat of the navy of Mark Antony in 31 B.C.E.; the creator and first emperor of the Roman empire.

Bushido

The strict code of behavior followed by samurai warriors in Japan

Linear B (p. 202)

The syllabic script used in Mycenaean society. It was an adoption of Minoan Linear A to the early form of Greek.

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Theodora

The wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

Parthian empire (pp. 138-39)

Third Persian empire. Established by the Parthians, lasted from 247 B.C.E. to 224 C.E. Portrayed themselves as enemies of the foreign Seleucids and restorers of the Persian tradition. People's rebellions from within and Roman military pressure from without eventually brought the Parthian empire down.

Mahmud of Ghazni

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

Darius (pp. 134-35)

Third ruler of the Achaemenid empire, extended the empire to the Indus River in the east and the western coast of the Black Sea in the west. The central rule of the imperial administration was well-established during Darius's reign, which lasted from 521 to 486 B.C.E.

Hellenistic empires (p. 212)

Three Greek empires formed from the Macedonian empire after Alexander's death: the three empires were the Antigonids, Ptolemies, and Seleucids.

The Punic Wars (p. 230)

Three devastating conflicts between Romans and Carthaginians over political and commercial supremacy in the western Mediterranean regions fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E. The rivalry ended after Roman forces razed the city of Carthage, salted the surrounding earth to render it unfit for agriculture and settlement, and forced many of the survivors into slavery.

Gracchi brothers (pp. 231-32)

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, tribunes who represented the interests of Rome's lower classes; zealously promoted land reform and proposed to extend full Roman citizenship to peoples in most of the Italian peninsula; both killed on the command of the Roman elite, Tiberius in 132 B.C.E. and Gaius in 121 B.C.E.

Kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.

Silk roads

Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire

Xiongnu (p. 169)

Turkish speaking nomadic people from the steppes of central Asia, frequently raiding the northwest borders of China; pacified by Han Wudi's army.

Salijuq Turks

Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire

Saljuqs

Turkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire.

Ottomans

Turks who had come to Anatolia and conquered Constantinople and changed the name to Istanbul. They converted to Islam

Romulus and Remus (p. 226)

Twin brothers in the ancient Roman legends, who were raised by a kindly she-wolf and grew up as strong and courageous men. According to the legends, Romulus founded the city of Rome and became its first king in 753 B.C.E.

Medes and Persians (p. 132)

Two closely related Indo-European peoples who migrated from central Asia to Persia (the southwestern portion of modern-day Iran) before 1000 B.C.E., where they lived in loose subjection to the Babylonian and Assyrian empires. Mostly pastoralists, they organized themselves by clans. Persians overthrew their Median overlord and extended their territory to an enormous empire during the 6th century B.C.E.

Mahabharata and Ramayana (p. 194)

Two great Indian epics. Originally these were secular tales transmitted orally during the late years of the Vedic age (1500-500 B.C.E.). The Mahabharata dealt with a massive war over control of northern India between two groups of cousins; the Ramayana was originally a love and adventure story involving the trials faced by the legendary Prince Rama and his loyal wife Sita. Revised later by brahmin scholars to bear Hindu values.

Panama Canal

US helps Panama rebel against Columbia so can build canal.

Domestic Containment

US image of family as "best defense" against comm. Make women's lives easier in the home. Fem. movement: Beauvoir writes the Second Sex, Friedan writes Feminine Mystique.

Victor Tolley

US marine who gains sympathy for the Japanese in Nagasaki.

War of 1812

US vs. Britain. US angry with British usurping rights during the Napoleon war.

Qanut

Underground canal

qanat (p. 142)

Underground canals of the Persian empires, built for irrigation purposes. Qanat enabled cultivators to distribute water to fields without losing large quantities to evaporation through exposure to the sun and open air.

Zheng He

Undertook seven naval expeditions for the Ming and brought back envoys from thirty states.

Sultanate of Delhi

Unstable kingdom in North India founded by the Ghaznavids. This invasion was more systematic than Mahmud's and after it succedded, the capital was established at Delhi. Raided south India. Established Islam in India.

Wang Mang (pp. 172-73)

Usurper of the Han dynasty; seized the throne in 9 C.E. and introduced a series of wide-ranging reforms, prompting some modern historians to call him a "socialist emperor." Resistance from disgruntled landlords, coupled with poor harvests and famine, sparked wide-spread revolts, ending his dynasty and life in 23 C.E.

Fourier

Utopian socialist with ideal community of love

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist with ideal community of space, justice, money, etc.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Peace Treaties

Versailles: Germ. is guilty. cannot have navy/air force/union with AH, must pay rep. Neuilly: Bulgaria cedes land St. Germain and Trianon: Austria and Hungary lose land Seures: dissolves Ott empire (Kemal rebels, drives out, creates Republic of Turkey) Laussanne: Allies recognize Kemal's RT

French Indochina

Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. European schools and connections to Indian elite. encourage christianity (UNLIKE the brits in india).

Domingo Sarmiento

WRITES fACUNDO: cIVILIZATION AND bARBARISM. Praises Europeon values, advocates no caudillos, pro urban residents.

Persian Wars (p. 137)

Wars between the city states of the Greeks and the Achaemenid empire from 500 to 479 B.C.E. The Greeks successfully resisted Persian invasions and maintained their independence.

Treaties in Japan

Washington treaties: Japan must: limit its navy, evacuate the Shandong province in China, and give China territorial integrity. Kellogg-Briand Pact: Japan renounces war as an instrument of natl policy.

Ban Zhao (p. 170)

Well-educated woman from a prominent Han family; wrote a widely read treatise entitled Admonitions for Women that emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women.

Kingdom of Ghana

West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade.

Mali

West African empire. Taxed all trade and spread Islam. Falls to factions and Songhay empire.

Frantz Fanon

West Indies medicine man; provides ideological support for natlism and revolution. Writes "the wretched of the earth"

Samurai

a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy

Vladimir Lenin

a Marxist who believed that workers "needed a catalyst." leader of Bolsheviks, brought peace and authority to soviets. Wrote the State and Revolution.

14 Points

Wilson: just peace in Eur. Open covenants, free seas, equal trade, reduce arms, colonial pop. to be considered. Proposal is rejected in order to take land and revenge from the CP.

The Republic (pp. 218-19)

Written by Plato; held that the ideal state was one where either philosophers ruled as kings or kings were themselves philosophers.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Wrote "oration on the dignity of man" harmonizing Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Horribly misinterpreted the documents.

Gathas (pp. 145-46)

Zarathustra's own works, hymns that he composed in honor of the various deities that he recognized.

Battle of Britain

a "blitz" war with German luftwaffe and RAF. Germans bomb cities and kill 40k but Britain holds on.

The Western Front

a "race to the sea" when Germany invades France. Italy joined the Allies with the Treaty of London, which ceded AH territory to Italy. The Allies hoped that Italy could strike at AH, but Italy was actually a very weak ally. At the battle of Caporetto, the Italians were defeated by the AH army. The western front became a stalemate of bloody trench warfare. "No-man's land" was an unpleasant stroke of reality.

Dollar Diplomacy

a US policy, also called yankee imperialism. idea of substituting "dollars for bullets" (president taft) in US relations with LA. led to heavy US investing and economic control over pretty much everything (during the depression, this policy led to a huge crash in LA as well).

Analects

a collection of excerpts from a literary work

War: Italy

a combination of major life loss in WWI and not getting any significant benefits from the Treaty of Versailles led to an almost irreparable economy. Mussolini promised new territory and was willingly followed; Italy conquered Libya, Albania (a bridge to the Balkans), and Ethiopia (the most infuriating conquest; not only did it break the peace, but the Italians used harsh and inhumane tactics, killing more than necessary). Italy also supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later in the war Italy was pressured into realigning by the Allies.

Bauhaus

a community of innovators to create unique buildings.

Tiv

a family-based African society with one million people.

Gallipoli

a force of Canadians and Pacific Islanders landed here under Churchill's suggestion to attack the Ottomans. The Turks, commanded by Mustafa Kemal, were ready, and it ended in massive trench wars. The day became Anzac day.

Indian National Congress

a group comprised of both Hindus and Muslims opposed to British rule. From this group sprouted the Muslim League out of the fear of Hindu oppression and rule after Britain was gone.

Shogun

a hereditary military dictator of Japan

St Cyril

a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic

Rockefeller

a model example of vertical consolidation: took control of the supply of oil to establish a monopoly.

Ibn Battuta

a moroccan legal scholar and world traveler. Studied Islamic law and served as qadi in India under Tughluq. Visited 44 countries in government positions and ruled with strict observance of the sharia.

Sufis

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

Economic Nationalism

a policy meant to restore the economy by creating self-sufficiency. It was unobtainable, and only led to retaliation. The US Smoot-Hawley tariff banned the import of all manufactured goods. In response, European countries dramatically increased the tariff on all US goods.

Naval Race

a rush to control the seas between imperialist states, mostly Britain and Germany. results in super ships, dreadnoughts.

Caliph

a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Peace for Our Time

a term coined by Chamberlain at the Munich Conference, where the policy of appeasement was decided. The policy was abandoned when Germany threatened Poland, and Brit and France pledged their aid. At this point, Stalin decided Brit and France were in a conspiracy to turn Germ against the SU, and signed the Russian-German Treaty of Nonaggression. The secret part of the treaty divided eastern Europe into spheres of influence.

Melaka

a trading emporium strategically placed so as to control the strait. Enforced a safe market and a reasonable tax.

Peloponnesian War

a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta

Buddhism

a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire

Fall of the Ottomans

a yield to Russia in Caucasus left the Otts defenseless. Britain invaded M-mia and Palestine and helped the Arabs revolt against the Otts.

St. Scholastica

adapted her brother's Rule as guidance for nuns

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

advocate of women's rights. organizes Seneca Falls meeting.

Korean War

after WWII, divided along 38th parallel. Republic of Korea in the south, capital Seoul, led by Syngman Rhee. Dem Republic of Korea in North, capital Pyongyang, led by Kim Il Sung. Sudden invasion into the south with 100k, Seoul captured. US blames SU, passes UN resolution to defend the Republic. At first defeated, then become victorious, push to Pyongyang. China is threatened, passes warning, then joins N Korea. stalemate until cease-fire.

Latin America: the University

after the Great war, universities became training grounds for future leaders, such as Fidel Castro. Students hailed the Mexican and Russian revolutions, and wanted representation

Weapons of War

barbed wire and machine guns contributed to no man's land, while gas, tanks, and airplanes came into play with the armies' desire to be mobile (they had little effect other than to kill more). Germany started using submarines.

Civil War

began when Lincoln was elected. 11 states seceded and there were two years of stalemate before the Emancipation Proclamation. Slavery became the goal of the war. The battle of Gettysburg turned the tide.

Partitioning of India

after the War, the Labour government in Britain released India because it was too expensive to maintain. A Muslim separatism movement began to grow, led by Jinnah and the Muslim League. Nehru and Gandhi urged 1 nation with no communalism (putting religion over nationalism). They were right: at the Day of Direct Action, many were killed at Calcutta due to communalism. When India split into Pakistan, Gandhi described it as a "vivisection" and prophesied "rivers of blood." Again, he was right: as refugees fled from one or the other country, they were killed. War in Kashmir resulted in involvement in the Cold War (Pak/Us, India/SU/US

Triple Entente

aka Allies. Formed by Britain, Russia, and France fearing Germany. Later US joins.

Triple Alliance

aka Central Powers. Formed by Germany fearing France, A-H fearing Russia, and Italy fearing France. Strained when Italy threatened Ottomans, with whom Germany had friendly relations.

Sundiata

aka Djata, or the Lion King. Founds the Mali empire. Encourages the spread of Islam.

Pachacuti

aka Earthshaker. An Inca leader. Launches campaigns and defeats the Chimu by seizing irrigation. Makes Cuzco prominent and designs the Incan administration.

Marshall Plan

aka Eur. Recovery Program, to rebuild the eur. economy with capitalism. SU counter: Council for Mutual Econ Assistance, offers increased trade to spheres of influence.

Quetzalcoatl

aka Feathered Serpent. Mexica god and patron of arts/agriculture.

Hanseatic League

aka Hansa. Association of trading cities that dominated Northern Europe.

Tito

aka Josip Broz. Leads Yugoslavia and resists SU control (still good w/ E. Eur. and nonaligned nations)

Young Turks

aka Ottoman Society for Union and Progress. Founded by exiled Ottomans in Paris and spread by newspapers. Advocated suffrage, equality before law, free religion/education, women's rights. Stage an army coup to dethrone Hamid and name Mehmed V Rashid as puppet emperor. Sought Turkish hegemony.

Tezcatlipoca

aka Smoking Mirror. Mexica god and patron of warriors. The giver/taker of life.

Boxer Rebellion

aka Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. goal: kill "foreign devils." retaliation from europe: massacre and station troops everywhere.

Strategic Defense Initiative

aka Star Wars. US protection against nukes.

Chinggis Khan

aka Tamujin. Organizes first Mongol confederation. Defeats Khwarazm Shah in Persia and raids the Jurchen in North China (Song dynasty in the south remains).

Tamerlane the Whirlwind

aka Timur. conquers Chaghatai and Golden Horde and sacks Delhi. Capital of empire: Samarkand. Rules using existing administration.

Swahili

aka coasters. Traded along the East African coast. Speak Bantu mixed with Arabic. Govern with city-states and kings. Construct coral buildings and trade porcelain and silk.

Henrique of Portugal

aka the navigator, he encouraged Portuguese mariners to spread Christianity. He also seized Ceuta in Morocco and found the strait of Gilbraltrar.

Lij Iyasu

aligns Ethiopia with Turkey during the Great War. Proof that even the "free" African states were not uninvolved in the war effort (Liberia became an Ally when the US joined the war).

Cavour

allies with France and the nationalists and expels Austrians from North Italy

Good Neighbor Policy

also known as the sweetheart treaties. in which the US had economic control in the carib. and trained the native police.

Dar al-Islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.

Cyrillic alphabet

an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

Persepolis

an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire

Caravanseria

an inn with a large outdoor area where caravans could stay

Homer

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

Fascism

appeals to nationalists, rural people, and the middle class. Idea of new national community and a revival of traditions. Advocate primacy of state, no democracy, chauvinism (natl.ism), xenophobia (fear of foreigners), militarism

Norris

argued against US entering war, saying they were putting a "dollar sign on the flag."

Russia: Communism and War

as Russia moved to civil war, Lenin began to crush all opposition in a Red Terror. He killed all Whites (anti-comm.s), as well as the entire royal family. The US, Brits, France, and Jap all joined the Whites, causing other small groups to bond with the Reds. The war caused the government to seize all property except peasant land. It did seize peasant crops to feed the city people. The peasants lowered their production. This led to worker strikes and rebellion.

Mizuno Tadakuni

attempts conservative reform in japan. cancels daimyo debts, abolish guilds, compel peasants to farm

Ottoman Decline

bad weapons, training, and strategy led to continued defeat, particularly by the Austrians and Russians. the Janissaries frequently revolted, and provincial lords usurped power. Industrial societies began to carve out territory. The focus of European trade shifted away from Asia and into the pacific ocean, and traders avoided the empire's intermediaries. Ottomans were also forced into capitulations to Europe (Europe was exempt from Ottoman law and had powers over trade, etc.)

Pope Urban II

begins Crusades.

kitchen debate

between Nixon and Krushchev as part of the cold war. debate ranges from women's roles, consumerism, to nuclear missiles. Takes place at the American Natl. Exhibition. Tensions: US just passed captive nations resolution, regarding Soviet mistreatment of satellite nations.

Space Race

between US and SU during cold war. SU: first ICBM missile, followed by Sputnik, followed by Yuri first in space. US: Explorer and John Glenn first to moon. NASA builds Apollo XI.

Sharia

body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

Niccolo and Maffeo Polo

bring Christianity to Khubilai Khan.

La'amaikahiki

brings Tahitan religion to Hawaii

Japanese Industrialization

brought in foreign experts and modernized dockyards/schools. Businesses sold to independent empires called Zaibatsu (wealthy cliques), which practice mitsui (make investments in various areas)

Le Corbusier (Charles Jeanneret)

build Punjab for Indian king

Congo Ocean Railway

built by the French. killed 20,000 Africans in the making. Example of the slavery and forced labor in the colonies.

Aprismo

by Victor Raul Haya Torre. advocated peasant cooperation with middle class. example of rad political party/protest.

People's Republic of China

by Zedong after Jieshi flees to Taiwan. Industrialization and collective agriculture. Five-year-plan, health care, education, and women's rights.

Pope Innocent

calls for military against the Bogomil heretics.

Roosevelt Corollary

can intervene if LA unable to direct affairs

Ottoman Turks

captured Constantinople in 1453 and rename it Istanbul; as a result the Byzantine people flee to Italian City-States which becomes a catalyst for the expansion of language and art

Meiji Reforms

centralize political power by taking daimyo lands and establishing metropolitan districts. conscript the army. transform grain tax into monetary tax, and assess taxes on max potential product. Constitution is "voluntary gift" from emperor, inspired by german system. legislature: the Diet. Power to executive branch, the "sacred and inviolable" emperor. install transportation, allow guilds, abolish tariffs. primary, secondary, and university edu. sell enterprises to investors (zaibatsu). prevent unions.

Meiji Reforms

centralize political power by taking daimyo lands and establishing metropolitan districts. conscript the army. transform grain tax into monetary tax, and assess taxes on max potential product. Constitution is "voluntary gift" from emperor. legislature: the Diet. Power to executive branch, the "sacred and inviolable" emperor. install transportation, allow guilds, abolish tariffs. primary, secondary, and university edu. sell enterprises to investors (zaibatsu). prevent unions.

Axum

city-state in Ethiopia. provides the foothold of Christianity. Port of Adulis becomes center of conversion. Ethiopian Christianity a mix: evil spirits and amulets.

Iroquois

come from Owasco. Woodland people. Build palisades with women in charge of villages. Use mounds for ceremonies and trade by canoe.

Desiderius Erasmus

completed the first edition of the Greek New Testament.

Cape Town

comprised of Boers (farmers) and Afrikaners who claim that God gave them the resources of the Cape. Became a refuge of persecuted europeans. boers and afrikaners kill khokhoi and xhosa. British conflict over slavery so afrikaners migrate east in Great Trek, become "voortrekkers." Overcome Ndebele and Zulu (evidence of God's favor) and establish Republic of Natal, Orange Free State, and South African Republic. Britain leaves alone until finds diamonds and gold. SA War (Boer War) leads to Brit interning AAs in concentration camps. Brit consolidates the afrikaner states into Union of SA.

Systems of Colonial Rule

concessionary companies: private company has all the power. involves forced labor. direct rule: admin districts. deliberate cutting of political/ethnic boundaries. leads to shortage of rulers. indirect rule: indigenous institutions. leads to inventing tribal boundaries.

Burma

conquered by Brit for its teak, ivory, jade

Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi

conquers Philipines and names after king Philip of Spain.

Latin American Reformation

creole elites formed republics with constitutions but had no experience with self-governing and prevented mass participation. claimed indigenous land and took over the plains. caudillos emerged, regional military leaders who took advantage of the disarray and exploited the discontent of the masses.

Tokugawa Decline

crop failures and taxes lead to starvation and indebted samurai. resisting visitors led to a US strike at Tokyo Bay. This leads to unequal treaties and forced lifting of tariffs. "compliance" leads to shogun being called subduer of barbarians. Kyoto becomes center of resistance, under "revere the emperor, expel the barbarians." the tokugawa fell.

Augustin Horbide

declares LA independence and empire. Deposed by a republic system.

Porfirio Diaz

dictator of Mexico. Built railroads and telegraphs, produced minerals. All profit to elite and large landowners.

Cixi

diverts funding for Self-Strength Movement to build a marble boat. violence against hundred-day reform. nullifies and imprisons guangxu. leads boxer rebellion (afraid of foreigners). appoints 2-yr-old Puyi to throne after boxers fail, but too late! Qing is overthrown.

Leif Ericsson

founds colony in Vinland (Newfoundland), known for grapes and furs.

Mussolini

editor of socialist paper Avanti! founds Il Popolo d'Italia, encouraging entry to the Great War. founds Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, a league for veterans. movement: nationalism, no socialists, a strong leader. Blackshirts gain support by killing socialists and march on Rome. King Victor appoints Mussolini prime minister.

Russian Reformation

establish zemstvos (district assemblies) with representation from the classes. Build law courts based on europe with independent judges, a jury, and justices of peace.

Lamaist Buddhism

establishes a place for magic. Supported by Mongols; recognized Mongols as divine.

Angra Mainyu

evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world

Lewis and Clark

explored and mapped the Louisiana territory

Juan Manuel de Rosas

famous Caudillo in Argentina. gave regional autonomy but also centralized. called the "Argentine Nero" and ruled through terror.

Dr. Livingstone

famous missionary to Africa

the Dominion

federal government with a general. the House of Commons and the Senate, with provincial legislatures and governors.

Sergei Witte

finance minister in Russia. Constructed trans-siberian railroad, reformed commercial law, supported steamship companies, created engineering schools.

Jenner

finds a cure to smallpox in cowpox

Magellan

first circumnavigation of the world (technically dies in Phillipines before completes). Founds strait of Magellan in South America.

/sukarnon conference

first international conference of colored people. represents 3rd path in Cold War and a struggle with race. "nonaligned movement"

Walter Gropius

first leader of Bauhaus. idea of design as a function, a marriage of engineering and art. Form follows function.

John A Macdonald

first prime minister of the Dominion. purchases territory from Hudson Bay Co. Persuades provinces to join the Dominion. Describes Dominion as "geographic expression" and constructs transcontinental railroad.

Stephenson

first steam-powered locomotive

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

first to sight the Pacific Ocean

the Crusades

first: captured Jerusalem, later Muslims recapture fourth: conquer Constantinople. Fail to take Palestine, but establish some states and encourage trade with Muslims.

League of Nations

flaws: no power, collective security

Paul Gauguin

flees to Tahiti, is inspired by the "primitive" art

New Internatl Econ Order

for a just allocation of $. African Union: 53 nations to combat conflict and create common market

Mongols

forced men into the army. Administered using merit officials at the capital, Karakorum. Used psych/bow warfare.

Chinese Communist Party

formed by Mao Zedong. Championed women's rights, such as divorce, choice marriage, and abolishing foot binding.

the Convention

formed by the Assembly when the nobility mobilizes foreign powers. A legislative body abolishing the monarchy in favor of a republic. Employ levee en mass, conscription to the army against foreigners. Mass executions via guillotine. Arrests and kills the Jacobins.

the Dominion

formed by the Brit NA Act. federal government with a general. the House of Commons and the Senate, with provincial legislatures and governors.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

formed with Germany when Russia makes peace, ditching the Allies. Gives Germany control over a quarter of Russ land and population.

Yalta and Potsdam

former: Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan, create the UN, allow free elections in the new lands, and try war criminals by an internatl. court. latter: to deal with Germany, Austria, and Poland. the Soviets suppressed polt. parties and an election, establishing a comm. govt.

Giuseppe Mazinni

forms Young Italy against the Austrians.

Indian National Congress

forum of public affairs. sought self rule with All-India Muslim League. govt allows rep to local councils.

Seven Years' War

fought between the English and French over various regions/trading posts. The Brits won and gain control over India, Canada, and Florida. It is the start of their rise to the global stage.

Siddhartha Gautama

founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha

Hugh Capet

founds Capetian empire in France.

Thomas Samford Raffles

founds Singapore (provides base for Brit conquest of Malaya)

Theodor Herzl

founds Zionism when Dreyfus is convicted as a Jewish spy. Concept of Judenstaat. Founds World Zionist Organization.

Peter the Hermit

gathers support for the Crusades.

21 Demands

imposed on China by Japan. Requires that China: confirm the Japanese authority over Shandong, grant monopolies, give the Japs gov position and control over police, and only buy arms from the Japs. China called on Britain for help, and the Brits intervened.

Association of Women Concerned About Natl Crisis

in Nicaragua. Fought against Somoza for revolution and emancipation.

Self-Strengthening Movement

in china. motto: "Chinese at base, Western learning." attempt to blend tradition with industry--Confucian with weapons, ships, steel, and academies.

Chimu (Chimor)

in the lowlands of South America. use irrigation for maize and potatoes. Wealthy, with distinct classes. Capital: Chanchan.

Wannsee Conference

in which 15 Nazis discuss the Final Solution and decide to evacuate Jews to camps to be worked to death or killed. Camps included Kulmhof/Chelmno, Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka. They lured victims to their own gassing.

India Act

in which britain gives india the right to a self-governing state, including legislative bodies and an executive arm (under the "supervision" of britain). The act was unworkable because 600 Indian princes refused to cooperate and because the muslims feared hindu rule in the legislature.

Long March

in which the Red Army crossed the entire country and established base at Yan'an. During this march, Mao Zedong became a leader and formed maoism, a chinese marx/lenism where peasants are the key to revolt. Idea of village power.

Armenian Massacres

increasingly nationalistic Ottomans viewed christians as obstacles, so slaughtered or starved the armenians in their empire.

Diego Rivera

influenced by Ren. art. Paints vast murals for the workers--political art. Migration of art to US, paints Imperialism in Portrait of America. Other rad art visionists: Siqueiros and Orozco

William of Normandy

invades England under Normans, introduces Norman administration.

Muhammad Ali

invades Ottoman empire's Egypt after Napoleon is pushed out. Builds a powerful European army, drafting peasants and hiring foreign officers to instruct them. Serious industrialization. Invades Syria and Anatolia (attempts are thwarted by Britain in the fear that if the Ottomans collapsed, Russia would expand)

James Watt

invents first steam engine

Eli Whitney

invents machine tools to create individual parts for firearms.

Eli Whitney

invents machine tools to create individual parts for firearms. signify industrialization changing the front of warfare.

Sam Crompton

invents the "mule" to help harvest cotton

Cartwright

invents the first steam-powered loom

Resistance: how?

it ranged from sabotage, assaults, and murders to spying and hiding refugees to graffiti. In the Netherlands, citizens saluted orange traffic lights, a symbol of the royal House of Orange which they felt to be a sign of independence. A group in Germany tried to bomb Hitler (they died on meat hooks) but generally there was little resistance within Germany or Japan, because all political parties, unions, etc. were suppressed. Jewish resistance: in rebellions or movements. In a Warsaw ghetto 60k rose up, and took 3 weeks to be suppressed.

British North American Act

joins Canadian provinces into the Dominion of Canada.

Russo-Jap War

key to becoming imp. power. Japs destroy, gain Manchuria.

Crimean War

key to russian decline. Expansion into Med. comes into conflict with Ottomans. Europeans interfere. Russia no match for industry.

Emancipation of Serfs

key to russian reform. serf status is bad for economy and unstable politcally. after emancipation, few rights, and taxes on new lands.

Gavrilo Princip

kills Ferdinand

King Leopold II

king of Belgium. commissions stanley to found CFS, turns into free trade zone.

Clovis

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Krupp

large German business. signifies the spread of industrialization.

Gauchos

latin american cowboys. egalitarian society, completely independent.

Prague Spring

launched by Dubcek as dem. socialist revolution. Promises human face and is invaded by SU, which justifies invasion with Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty (Brezhnev doctrine. right to invade if hostile to socialism)

Emperor Guangxu

launches Hundred Day Reforms. constitiution, civil liberty, education, foreign influence, military.

de Gaulle

leader of France. rejects partial nuke test ban, detonates first French atomic bomb. long range force de Frappe missiles. Example of defying the "superpowers"

William Wilberforce

leader of anti-slave trade

Motecuzoma II

leader of both the mexica and the church

Sub-Saharan Africa

leader of movement: Nkrumah. Writes I Speak of Freedom and frees Ghana (first ind. state). Promotes pan-Africanism. Kenya: white settlers vs. the Kikuyu. Government labels as radicals, suppresses all natlist groups and jails Kenyatta.

Louis Riel

leader of natives and provincial government in Canada. Captured Fort Garry and made Manitoba part of the Dominion. Leads NW Rebellion

Louis Riel

leader of natives and provincial government in Canada. Captured Fort Garry and made Manitoba part of the Dominion. Leads NW Rebellion to resist railroads.

Mahmud II

leader of the Ottomans. Attempted radical reform under the guise of restoration. European army after massacring the Janissaries. Secondary edu system. Gave power to sultan and cabinet and taxed landlords and undermined ulama. Established postal system.

Ali bin Muhammad

leads 15,000 Zanj slaves in a revolt. Captured Basia and established a rebel state.

Ibn Ali Hussain

leads Arab revolt against Otts.

Mahmud of Ghazni

leads Ghaznavid Turks to found the sultanate of Delhi.

President Benito Juarez

leads La Reforma in Mexico. goals: limit military and church power, develop a middle class. Created the Constitution of 1857, which gave universal male suffrage and freedom of speech.

Simon Bolivar

leads creole elites to form LA confederation, Gran Columbia.

Itzcoatl (Obsidian Serpent) and Motecuzoma I

led Aztecs to Oaxaca and recolonize. attack the Gulf Coast.

De-Stalinization

led by Krushchev at 20th Party Congress. Involves verbal attacks on Stalin. goal: end rule of terror. Solzhenitsyn is allowed to publish "1 day in the life of Ivan." Exception: Hungarian challenge. Hungarians demand democracy and freedom from warsaw pact. Imre Nagy gains power as leader until SU crushes and kills Nagy. Install Janos Kadar.

Northwest Rebellion

led by Louis Riel. resists the railroad monopoly

According to St. Benedict's Rule, monks in monasteries should

live communal, celibate lives

Missouri Compromise

made to help maintain the balance between slave and free states.

Henry Morton Stanley

makes expedition to Livingstone and founds Congo Free State.

Fernando and Isabel

married to unite Spain. Also known as the "catholic kings." Imposed a sales tax and kept a standing army, which they used to complete the reconquista of Granada. They also seized Italy and sponsored Columbus's voyage.

Hong Xiuquan

meant to join Chinese bureaucracy before suffering a breakdown. Comes to believe is the younger brother of Christ, and makes it his mission to destroy the Qing. Joins the Society of God Worshipers and leads rebellion. Names self King of the Taiping tianguo "heavenly kingdom of great peace"

Dawes Severalty Act

meant to limit power of US natives: could only own land individually

Dawes Severalty Act

meant to limit power of natives: could only own land individually

Inca

migrate to Titicaca and defeat Chimu. Build army of conquered people and establish bureaucracy. Take hostages to ensure obedience. Impose taxes and build extensive road network. Use storehouses for public welfare. Use quipu to keep records. Religion has moral dimension. Capital: Cuzco. Peasant communities (ayllu).

The conversion of England was accomplished through

missionary campaigns of Gregory I

Rabban Sauma

missionary of the Mongols. Appeals to the Pope for an alliance to capture Jerusalem.

IG Farben

model example of horizontal consolidation: consolidated chemical and pharmaceutical companies to establish a cartel

Eastern Front

more mobile than the WF. Here, AH and Germany conquered the Serbs, Albania, and Romania. Russia then invaded Prussia but was defeated by Germ./AH. This defeat led to internal revolution in Russia.

John of Montecorvino

most active Roman Catholic missionary. Served as archbishop of Khanbaliq and translated the New Testament into Turkish. Built churches and baptized the Chinese.

Kongo

most centralized regional state in Africa. Traded copper, raffia cloth, and nzimbu shells. Ruled with kings presiding over provinces. Used royal currency of cowry shells.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

most prominent advocate for equality. Wrote Social Contract. advocates collective sovereignty.

Edmund Burke

most prominent conservative. "Society is a compact of past, present, future."

Mary Wollstonecraft

most prominent for women's rights. Writes Vindication.

John Stuart Miller

most prominent liberal. Advocates individual freedom and rights for minorities, universal suffrage, and taxes on businesses. Also supports women's rights.

Sun Yatsen

most prominent nationalist leader of china. proclaims the Chinese republic. forms nationalist people's party (guomindang). 3 Principles of the People (it's actually 4): eliminate special privileges for foreigners, national unification, economic development, and a democratic republic government with universal suffrage.

Cicero

mother of the humanists: idea that you can be both moral and socially active

Manila

multicultural Spanish port that hosts the manila galleons and silk trade. Massacred the Chinese.

Mexica (Aztecs)

named after Aztlan, the place of seven caves. Migrate to central Mexico and develop reputation for seizing land and women. Overcome neighbors and demand oppressive tribute. Form triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan. Rule through fear and a military elite/council. Women honored as mothers. Language: Nahuatl. Capital: Tenochtitlan. Marketplace of Tlatelolco compared to Rome and Constantinople. Peasant community groups (calpulli).

Jose Hernandez

protests gaucho decline in poem "gaucho martin fierro"

Monroe Doctrine

no eur. dom. in W hemisphere or US interfere

Fatt Hing Chin

one of the earliest Chinese migrants to America. Made a small fortune gold mining before settling and creating a restaurant (inspiration from Tong Ling)

Punic War

one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome

Mahayana (pp. 191-93)

one of two major subdividing trends in Buddhist belief. Believers in the Mahayana tradition shared with other Buddhists certain basic concepts in Buddhist doctrine, but articulated the notion of the boddhisatva, individuals who intentionally delayed their entry into nirvana to help others struggling to get there. Theologians in this tradition began to teach that boddhisatvas could perform good deeds on behalf of others, thus opening up the possibility of salvation to the masses. Mahayana literally meant "the greater vehicle," so called because it could carry more people to salvation. In later centuries, Mahayana Buddhism also became established in central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.

Siam

only central asian state to remain independent, as a buffer between french indochina and brit india.

Tonga

only island in oceania stay free though accepts brit protection

Augusto Cesar Sandino

opposed to US intervention in Nicaragua. led opposition to marine occupation.

Pope Gregory VII

orders an end to investiture (emperors electing church officials). Excommunicates Henry IV for disobedience.

Josiah Wedgwood

owns an extensive assembly system pottery factory

Picasso

paints Les Demoiselles d' Avignon, the first cubist work.

Otto Dix

paints the "7 Deadly Sins" with Hitler as Envy.

Truman Doctrine

part of the Cold War. the US pledges support to free resisters as part of containment. sends money to Greece, Turkey.

Metternich

part of the Council of Vienna. Advocates suppression of national conciousness

Estates General

part of the ancien regime of France. Called together by the nobility to vote on Lous XVI's new taxes. Comprised of three estates: the catholic clergy, the nobles, the serfs/residents. One vote per estate.

Calico Act

passed by the British Parliament in attempt to save the wool industry. bans imports of printed cotton.

Napoleon's Empire

peace and unification throughout; however, there was no representation and free speech was limited through the use of a secret police. The empire fell when, weakened after its attack of Russia, the combined forces of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia attacked. The attackers restored monarchy to France.

Thomas Malthus

pessimistic about humanity and its population

Amritsar

place where Brits kill 379 unarmed Indian civilians at a protest. A symbol of the British oppression in the face of opposition.

Lin Zexu

placed in charge of stopping the opium trade in china. confiscates and destroys chests of opium. is the spark of the opium war.

Zimbabwe

powerful East African kingdom. Named for its wooden chief's residences. Capital: Great Zimbabwe.

Otto van Bismarck

prime minister of Prussia. Concept of "real politik." reforms army and provokes three wars. First emperor of "second reich."

Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi

prominent Japanese travelers. Yukichi is part of first Japanese mission to the US. studied education and constitutional systems. inspired by GERMAN system. Hirobumi convinces emperor to make constitution.

Pan-slavism

promoted by Russia in order to weaken Austria-Hungary in preparation for annexation. Idea of kinship to all Slavics, and a call to unite. (Germany supports A-H against Russia--tension helps create war)

In England, ninth-century Scandinavian invasions

promoted various small kingdoms to merge into a larger realm

Tanganyika

prophet who organizes Maji Maji (magic water) rebellion against Germans. (slaughtered, no such thing as magic water).

Joseph Stalin

proponent of socialism in 1 country. Names self stalin, man of steel. takes control of Russia.

New Deal

proposed by Roosevelt. saved banks, gave farm subsidies, allowed collective bargaining, established minimum wage and social security.

Luddites

protest industrialization by destroying machines. Led by King Lud.

Russian Revolution

protests from university students and intelligentsia--inspired by socialism. NO capitalism, NO government! Attempt to start rebellion in the country. Tsarists arrest rebels, employ secret police, and censor newspapers. Exiled dissidents continue to oppose. Found separatist movement through use of other languages. Govt responds with Russification (no language but russian, only edu for loyalists). Govt allowes pogroms (anti-Jew riots) leading to mass migration.

Hidalgo Costilla

rallies LA societies (Latin American) with the Virgin of Guadalupe. Becomes martyr and symbol of Mexican nationalism.

Motives of Imperialism

raw materials, set up a haven for overflow population (migrants), establish trade for manufacturing consummation,strategic sites on sea lanes, give common goal to avoid civil war, spiritual campaings, civilize (mission civilisatrice)

Norman Roger

reconquers Italy for Christians.

Florentine Fancesco Petrarca

rediscovered hundreds of Latin writings.

Middle Kingdom

refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and earth.

Pedro

regent of the exiled Brazilian government in Rio. Allows creole independence, declares Rio independent, and becomes first emperor. Creoles dominate with caustillos, lower class oppressed.

Toltecs

regional empire w/ fortresses. migrate to the Tula river and tap water for irrigation. Use large army for campaigns.

Filippo Brunelleschi

reinvented the Pantheon designs and built the Florence cathedral.

Indian Removal Act

removed Indians to Oklahoma along the Trail of Tears. Used mostly for Seminoles and Cherokees.

Factory System

replaces the putting-out system. Uses a method of assembly. Generally poor working conditions; creates an "owner" class.

Congress of Vienna

representation of the "great powers" that defeated Napoleon. restore pre-revolutionary order and the balance of power. use spies and propaganda to control info.

March Revolution

revolution in Russia. food strikes and mutinying troops leads to Nicholas resigning the throne. The revolution only spread, leading to two powers: provisional gov and the soviet of workers' and soldiers' deputies. Prov gov abolished police, gave rights, and made women equal, but WSD promised peace.

Artistic Influences

root: French avant-garde artists. Asian, Pacific, African societies are heavy inspiration. guide: freedom of expression, create reality rather than replicate.

AFrican Nationalism

roots: worker strikes and the church. Prophets such as Kimbangu promise deliverance. Dadie writes "Dry your tears, Africa!"

Antonio Lopez Santa Anna

ruler of Mexico after the Mexican American war.

Sergei Witte

russian minister of finance. builds trans-siberian railway. establishes savings banks and employs protective tariffs for businesses. gets foreign loans (french/belgian steel/coal, brit oil).

Land and Freedom Party

russian terrorists who assasinated officials. Branch of this, People's Will, kill Tsar Alexander II. This leads to a crackdown and no reformation (the opposite of the intent).

Revolution of 1905

russian workers marched to petition for a popularly elected assembly. police kills them all "Bloody Sunday." soviets (councils) are formed to organize strikes. Sergei saves the day and forces tsar to make an elected assembly with a Duma (parliament)

Afonso d'Albuquerque

ruthless Portuguese naval commander. Uses cannons to enforce the "safe pass" policy at trading posts.

Mehmed II

sacks Constantinople under the Ottomans and renames Istanbul. Absorbs the Byzantines.

Francis Drake

scouts the west coast of North America

Ludwig Mies von der Rohe

second leader of Bauhaus. favors steel frames with glass walls.

Richard Burton and John Speke

seek the source of Nile river

Osman

seizes state in Anatolia, declares independency of the Saljuqs, and founds the Ottomans.

Unequal Treaties

series of pacts on China after opium war. Treaty of Nanjing ends opium war, ceding Hong Kong to Britain, opening ports, and extending "favorite" status. Other treaties prevent tariffs, legalize opium, permit missionaries, free tribute states.

NATO

signals militarization of cold war. allows W. Germ to rearm. counter: Warsaw pact, a comm. alliance.

Tsar Alexander

signs Treaty of Paris to end Crim War. abolishes serfdom ("better to abolish from above than wait for them to do it from below")

Cordell Hull

signs the convention of rights/duties of states at the 7th internatl conference, stating that there would be no interference in Mexico. The Mexican president quickly nationalized the oil. The crisis was resolved peacefully.

Kiel

site of naval revolt. symbol of collapsing front (also, 50K French refusing to fight)

Cahokia

site of the Great Serpend Mound.

African resistance to authority: why?

some of this resistance was continued from a previous time. Some was due to a pan-Islamic opposition to war. Some saw Europe's focus on the war as a new opportunity to revolt. Some revolted for religious reasons: the Sufis invaded Egypt, while the Mumbos began to target Christians. Some simply didn't want to be conscripted.

Xerxes

son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C and was eventually defeated

Marco Polo

spent 17 years in China and acted as missionary for Khubilai Khan.

Mohandas K. Gandhi

spent 25 years in South Africa fighting racial segregation. Policies of ahimsa (non-violence) and satyagraha (passive resistance. means "truth and firmness"). Transforms INC (indian natl congress) into instrument of nationalism. Wanted to eradicate caste injustice, particular to the Untouchables, or harijans ("children of God"). Founded noncooperation movement and civil disobedience movement to boycott British goods (protests were usually violent). Advocated a rural cottage industry.

Solomonic Dynasty

spreads Christianity and claims descent from David and Solomon. Account of lineage Kebra Negast (glory of kings).

Demographics

stable due to birth control ("english riding coat")

Great Purge

started with the Congress of Victors, the 17th communist congress. Stalin heard of plans for pluralism and created a civil war. he tried and killed the bolshevik elites. It became the Congress of Victims.

Tools of Empire

steamship: project power. canals: enhance steamships (Suez and Panama). Railroads: maintain hegemony, organize, and trade. Maxim (first machine gun, replaces musket with 11 bullets/sec). Telegraphs (5 hr comm, monopolized by Brits).

Joseph Caillaux

suggests a peace with Germany and is promptly jailed. an example of the extreme nationalism on the home front.

Zapatistas

supporters of Zapata. could provide food or even become soldiers.

Pan-Africanism

symbol of nationalism springing from a precolonial past. Supporters: WEB DuBois and Marcus Garvey (back to africa, "black moses")

Napoleon Bonaparte

takes over the Directory. Invades Italy and Egypt. Makes peace with the church and creates Civil Code.

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

takes over the NPP (guomindang) after Sun Yatsen dies. Launches offensive in the Northern Expedition to unify all of china under the guomindang. Turns against former CCP allies. Occupies Beijing and establishes a central government in Nanjing. Problems: warlords still controlled parts of the country, communists revolted, the Japanese were being aggressive. Jieshi focused his attention on the CCP, though, leading to the Long March

Pueblo and Navajo

tap river water for maize. hunt wild game and trade by canoe.

Cuban Missile Crisis

tensions high because W hemisphere is "US territory" Fidel Castro's revolution overthrows Zaldivar. Castro accepts SU help. US: bans cuban sugar, embargo on US exports to Cuba. plans secret invasion. At Bay of Pigs CIA lands with cubans--fail! Op Mongoose is new attempt to kill Castro. Discover SU missiles-->quarantine by US. SU withdraws, US won't invade Cuba, removes Turkey missiles.

Henry Bessemer

the "bessemer" process for creating cheap steel

Apartheid in Africa

the Afrikaner Natl Party crushed black independence. The African Natl Congress led by Mandela protested, writing the Freedom Charter. At Sharpeville whites gunned down blacks. Internatl resistance, South Africa declares republic. FW de Klerk release Mandela from jail, legalizes ANC, ends white rule. Free elections, Mandela is pres.

Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

November Revolution

the Bolsheviks take over the WSD under "peace, land, bread." WSD seizes power from prov gov.

National Policy

the Canadian approach: attract migrants, employ tariffs, build transportation. Pacific Railroad boosts the economy and makes Canada less dependent, as does the export of wheat and minerals. Still US owns 30% of industry.

Battle of Puebla

the Mexican revolutionaries defeated Napoleon III. The day is now Cinco de Mayo.

Great Khans

the Mongol empire in China. Capital: Khanbaliq. Establish Yuan empire but scorn subjects and use foreign administration, dismantling the education system. Fall to civil war and unbacked currency.

Germany: hitler and socialism

the Nazi party first attempted to revolt and overthrow the Weimar republic. they were defeated and hitler was jailed. he decided to follow a path of legality. by promising to end the Treaty of versailles, inflation, the depression, and infighting, he gained statues. he stressed raciality but avoided class division. president hindenburg offered him the chancellorship, allowing him to become dictator. he quickly supressed opposition and political parties and centralized the state. he abolished strikes, unions, and bargaining. Eugenics. very sexist, pronatalist, cult of motherhood. Sterilization for sickness and abortion of ills or racial aliens. kill all useless ppl and jews.

Battle of Cawnpore

the Sepoy rebels killed all men, women, children, as they surrendered (about 500 civilians).

Russian Industrialization

the Witte System (see Sergei Witte). industrialization causes peasant rebellions/strikes due to low standard of living. Factory work creates a working class with low wages and a business class (UNLIKE in europe, business class poses no challenge to tsar). Lack of effect/change causes underground movements to form (gov does limit working hours to 11.5, to minimal effect).

Umma

the community of all Muslims

Twelve tables

the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law

New Elite

the employed and educated in Africa. examples of nationalism. Most had eur. education, so a eur. concept of nation. Example: Jomo Kenyatta spent 15 years in Europe before leading Kenya to independence.

Historians use the term Middle Ages to refer to

the era from about 500 to 1500 C.E.

Hajj

the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah

Vasco da Gama

the first to reach India around the Cape of Good Hope.

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

the chinese republic

the government was a failure. In many parts of the country warlords still reigned, neglecting irrigation and encouraging the opium trade. The republic also stimulated bad relations between natives and foreigners (unequal treaties).

Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana

the group members, Apristas, advocated native rights and were anti-imperialism. example of rad political party/protest.

Corporation

the most common capitalist organization. A private business owned by investors.

Guarda Nacional

the natl guard in Nic. trained by the US to take over once the marines evacuated. captain: Garcia. The Guard killed Sandino and Garcia became the new president (what happened to Juan Sacasa, the US appointed pres.? nobody knows...). He quickly established a dynasty and continued the good neighbor policy.

Sericulture

the production of raw silk by raising silkworms

Verdun

the site of the German assault on the French. The French rallied under "they shall not pass." They were victorious, but at a huge cost. The battle led to Britain attacking Somme. Britain gained 3K yards at the expense of 420K lives.

Three Estates

the social classes of High Middle Ages: those who pray, those who fight, those who work.

Midway Island

the turning point of the war in the Pacific. With the US magic, they broke a Jap code and sunk the Jap fleet. The incident changed the character of the war; the Allies took the offensive and began to island-hop.

Albert Einstein

theory of special relativity: there is no one framework of space and time; nothing is absolute. this theory marked the end of certainty in science.

Captain Cook

three expeditions to the Pacific to chart the polynesian islands. Probed the Atlantic. Died in Hawaii.

US joins war

to ensure that the loans to the Allies would be paid back. Also, the Germs sank the Lusitania with 128 US-ians on boards. According to Wilson, Germ was in a "war against man" and the US must make the world "safe for democracy."

First Five-Year Plan

to transform Russia to an industrial power, Stalin centralized the economy through Gosplan, saying "we are 50 to 100 years behind." He established collective farm units, which were especially hard on the kulaks, peasants made wealthy under the NEP. It caused peasants to burn their crops and migrate to cities, or starve on land they no longer owned. It did create a surplus of jobs though.

Matthew C. Perry

trains US guns on Edo and demands treaty to open Japan ports.

Cecil John Rhodes

traveled to Africa to cure his own tuberculosis. Ended up monopolizing diamond business and becoming prime minister of the Cape Colony. Sought to enlarge the Colony and encouraged Britain to EXPAND.

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

Nicholas II

tsar after Alexander. crackdown to stop terrorism: oppression and police force. Expansion in East Asia leads to rivalry with Japan. Japan attacks at Port Arthur, starting a war. The war ended when the Japanese destroyed the Russian navy.

Berlin Conference

twelve european states, US, and ottomans. rules for african colonization. must notify others of claims, must occupy, no slavery, christianize, and trade.

Gracchi brothers

two brothers (Tiberius and Gaius); they promoted giving land and voting reforms to the poor. Both were killed because they advocated these reforms

Balkan Wars

two wars fought between the Balks and the Ottomans

Satraps

under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions

The Home Front

under the new rules of engagement, civilians became targets. German zeppelins rained bombs, and blockades starved citizens. As Karl von Moltke had predicted, wars wouldn't end with one battle anymore, but rather with the spirit of a whole nation broken. Meanwhile governments restricted all individual freedoms, taking control especially of economics. On the bright side, everyone not fighting was employed, and women gained jobs and rights. Most worked at ammunition factories, where they died in explosions or from TNT poisoning. There was also a lot of propaganda, involving censoring and vilification (ironically, the public disbelief this led to was carried on to WWII).

China

unified for first time since Qing. Mao institutes Great Leap Forward to overtake industry of others through collevtive land and business, aka "Giant Step Backward" as peasants fail quotas and induce famine. Mao then killed all the sparrows, allowing insects to eat the crops. Also the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to root out revisionism; subjects elite to humiliation and death. The Red Guards: youth to "cleanse" society. After, Xiaoping Deng takes over, having survived the Revolution. Moderates isolationism, enters world system. Sends students to foreing universities to become new elite, but it led to democracy demos. At Tinananmen Square, Deng, fearing zealous revolutionaries, cracked down.

Herbert Spencer

uses Darwin to explain race dif.

Edgar Degas

uses Japanese painting as inspiration for unique visual angles

Mary Astell

uses John Locke's theory to argue for women's rights

Boukman

vodou priest and founder of Haitian slave revolt

Gorbachev

w/drawal from cold war, elimination of Brezhnev doctrine. "uskorenie" (acceleration) fails, leads to "perestroika" (restructuring) decentralizing the econ. perestroika endangers the privileged and is link to glasnost--an opening for criticism. Glasnost opens door to ethnic tensions. Ultimately SU dissolves under leadership of Yeltsin and the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist REpublic into Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Yeltsin crushes the coup while Gorbachev is away and takes power.

Hongwu

went from an orphaned beggar to a Buddhist monastery to the leader of a rebellion. Toppled the Yuan dynasty and founded the Ming.

Marie Gouze (Olympe Gouges)

writer and revolutionary. strong advocate for women's rights.

Adela Zamudio

writes "To Be Born A Man" about machismo

Arnold J Toynbee

writes A Study of History to discover how societies develop through time.

Oswald Spengler

writes Decline of the West, proposing that all societies were dying.

Pasternak

writes Dr. Zhivago, unable to publish despite SU "peaceful coexistence"

Karl Barth

writes Epistle to the Romans and attacks both liberals and progress. Part of the religious uncertainty post-WWI

Count Joseph Arthur Gobineau

writes Essay on Inequality of Human Races. Four main races: Africans dumb, lazy; Asians smart, docile; Americans dull, arrogant; Europeans smart, moral

Keynes

writes General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Idea that cause of bad economy is the low demand, not the high supply. Urged gov to create more money and sponsor public works.

Gasset

writes Revolt of the Masses, saying common people will destroy society. Part of democracy's fall from grace.

Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao

writes treatises on Confucianism in a radical light. transform China to industry.

Durham Report

written by Lambton. advocates self rule for the French in Canada.

Werner Heisenberg

wrote "About the Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships" (AQTRKMR). Idea that it is impossible to find both the location and speed of a particle. There is no objectivity, because the observer is part of the study.

Mrs. John Stanford

wrote "Woman in Social and Domestic Character" and praised the domestic life.

Tilak

wrote "self-rule is my birth right." Named father of indian unrest by brits and maker of modern india by gandhi

John Locke

wrote Second Treatise of Government. Idea that people give consent to ruler.

John Locke

wrote Second Treatise of Government. Idea that people give consent to ruler. instrumental to us revolution.