U6A1 Proctored Cancer Test | BSC1005

G1 phase

Cell growth

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Future treatments of cancer

Genome editions, immunotherapy

Is radiation for cancer short or long wavelengths?

Long

homologous chromosomes

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

Which stage of breast cancer is detected early and has not spread to any surrounding tissues

Stage 0

PET scan

imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body. The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers.

Radition

The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

Translation

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

The process by which tumor cells move to other parts of the body and form new tumors is called

metastasis

cells belong to one of two classes, the simple [blank 1] and the more complex [blank2]

1. prokaryotic 2. eukaryotic

Damaged cells and worn out, old cells are [blank1] by new cells. Damaged tissues are [blank2] by the production of new cells.

1. replaced 2. repaired

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 (23 pairs)

Why do cells undergo mitosis?

For growth and repair

How might an individual's risk of developing breast cancer be assessed

Genetic testing can compare the cancer genes in an individual's dna to the dna sequence of the normal genes

M checkpoint

Occurs in metaphase ; makes sure chromosomes are anchored to the spindle

Do cancer cells affect homeostasis in the body?

Yes, as they require more food and oxygen to reproduce and grow

the four nitrogen bases found in a dna molecule are

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Cancer cells lose specialization

as they accumulate mutations

a disease caused by the body's inability to control cell division is called

cancer

which is the least complex level of human organization

cells

ocogene

gene that causes cancer

white blood cells in the bone marrow

leukemia

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

which of these molecules stores genetic information in a cell

nucleic acids

How would you characterize the life span of a cancer cell

unlimited- the cell would divide endlessly

What does it mean for a cell to be specialized?

Each cell has a distinct job

How do you get from DNA to protein in our cells?

Through transcription; dna is turned into molecules of mRNA, and then translated into chains of amino acids

Adenine is paired with

Thymine

Anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Formation of cancer

1. a cell or group of cells begins to divide uncontrollably 2. an excess of cells forms tumors and/or increases the number of cells in the blood 3. the spread/increase in the number of cancer cells causes physiological changes that interfere with the normal function of tissues and organs

A single muscle cell combines with others to form muscle [blank1], which can function in a unit called an organ within an organ [blank2], along with other organs

1. tissue 2. system

What is the outcome of mitosis?

2 identical daughter cells

How are cancers named?

According to the organ or tissue in which they originate.

G1 checkpoint

Asses DNA quality and if the cell should divide

G2 checkpoint

Asses the DNA replication has occurred correctly

Guanine is paired with

Cytosine

Transcription

DNA and RNA

S phase

DNA replication

How do you test for mutations in the genes that are known to increase the risk of cancer?

DNA sequencing, microarray

What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?

G1, G2, M (mitosis)

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Cancer is a physiological disease

Tumors or excess cells in the blood interfere with the normal function of tissues or organs

Choose the summary of how the risk of cancer can be detected in the body

White blood cells can be isolated from the blood and genetic testing can be carried out on the dna isolated from those cells

genetic testing

a blood test to determine whether a person carries the gene for a given genetic disorder

which is the best description of cancer

a disease that begins in a single cell or group of cells that can spread to tissues and organs, disrupting the normal function of body structures

Malignant tumors are

a much greater threat to the human body than benign tumors (malignant moves through the body)

what is the characteristic of all eukaryotic cells that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells

a nucleus

what is a gene

a sequence of genetic information that contains instructions used to make a protein

CT scan

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

A cell with a mutation that allows it to divide more quickly frequently

accumulates more mutations as it rapidly divides

the characteristics that define life include the ability to

adapt to the environment, reproduce, acquire materials and energy

Genome

all of an organism's genetic material

The process by which cells within a tumor cause local capillaries to grow toward the tumor is called

angiogenesis

As cancer cells accumulate mutations, they

begin to change faster, becoming distinctly unlike the cells in the surrounding tissue

In order to test the body's tissues for cancer, a doctor might perform a [blank] during which they remove a small sample of cells from a tumor or the surrounding lymph nodes

biopsy

Cancer occurs at the cellular level

cancer begins with the body's inability to control cell division in a cell or group of cells

How does cancer affect the normal physiology of the body

cancer in tissues like bone, which can help to regulate blood calcium, can contribute to a decrease in blood calcium and lead to a coma or death. Interferes with the body's maintenance of homeostasis. Tumors in organs can block vessels and ducts, disrupting organ function

the lining of the internal organs or skin

carcinoma

a [blank] is the smallest biological unit of organization that has all of the characteristics of life

cell

cancer is caused by loss of control of

cell division

the general function of centrioles in a cells is

cell division

When the body sustains an injury that damages tissue, what happens in a normal, healthy body

cell division produces new cells to replace the damaged cells and thus repair the tissue

The appearance of cancer cells is

different from the cells around them, including other cancer cells

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

Mitosis

division of the nucleus

Five characteristics of life

energy, cells, information, replication, evolution

two classes of cells

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

protooncogenes

genes that play a role in cell division

how would you describe how genetic information is stored in a dna molecule

genetic information is stored in the order of the nitrogen bases that form in the interior of the dna double-helix

Prophase

genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

in which ways do cancer cells and healthy cells differ

healthy cells are specialized based in their genetic instructions, while cancer cells disregard these instructions and lose specialization though they continue to divide

Telophase

individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

what is the general function of the nucleus

information processing

order of cell cycle

interphase (G1), S phase, G2 phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

cells and tissues of the immune system

lymphoma

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

Homeostasis

maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

tumor suppressor genes

make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells

skin

melanoma

which two types of cancer can originate in the cells of our skin

melanoma and carcinoma

Cancer cells are capable of

moving through the lymphatic vessels, moving through the circulatory system, stimulating blood vessels to grow toward them

information is processed in the ribosomes and within the [blank] of a cell

nucleus

information is stored in the [blank] of a dna molecule

pattern of nucleotides

mammogram

radiographic image of the breast

What does chemotherapy target?

rapidly dividing cells

Because they need oxygen and nutrients from the body to grow, tumor cells

release growth factors that cause capillaries to grow toward them

connective tissues, like bone

sarcoma

Gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

the term double helix refers to the

shape of a dna molecule

G2 phase

stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles

genome editing

techniques create double-stranded breaks in the DNA double helix, enabling insertion of a desired DNA sequence or removal of a sequence

which is true of the 100 trillion cells in the adult body that is not true of the body's very first cell

they are specialized to form tissues and organs

How might mutations accumulated by cancer cell affect its nucleus

they might increase the amount of dna in the nucleus, increase the size of the nucleus, change shape of the nucleus

in a dna molecule, the nitrogen base adenine always bonds with

thymine

immunotherapy

vaccination, immunization

Characteristics of cancer cells

variation in shape and size, irregular shape, extra dna