U6A1 Proctored Cancer Test | BSC1005
G1 phase
Cell growth
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Future treatments of cancer
Genome editions, immunotherapy
Is radiation for cancer short or long wavelengths?
Long
homologous chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.
Which stage of breast cancer is detected early and has not spread to any surrounding tissues
Stage 0
PET scan
imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body. The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers.
Radition
The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
The process by which tumor cells move to other parts of the body and form new tumors is called
metastasis
cells belong to one of two classes, the simple [blank 1] and the more complex [blank2]
1. prokaryotic 2. eukaryotic
Damaged cells and worn out, old cells are [blank1] by new cells. Damaged tissues are [blank2] by the production of new cells.
1. replaced 2. repaired
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
Why do cells undergo mitosis?
For growth and repair
How might an individual's risk of developing breast cancer be assessed
Genetic testing can compare the cancer genes in an individual's dna to the dna sequence of the normal genes
M checkpoint
Occurs in metaphase ; makes sure chromosomes are anchored to the spindle
Do cancer cells affect homeostasis in the body?
Yes, as they require more food and oxygen to reproduce and grow
the four nitrogen bases found in a dna molecule are
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
Cancer cells lose specialization
as they accumulate mutations
a disease caused by the body's inability to control cell division is called
cancer
which is the least complex level of human organization
cells
ocogene
gene that causes cancer
white blood cells in the bone marrow
leukemia
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
which of these molecules stores genetic information in a cell
nucleic acids
How would you characterize the life span of a cancer cell
unlimited- the cell would divide endlessly
What does it mean for a cell to be specialized?
Each cell has a distinct job
How do you get from DNA to protein in our cells?
Through transcription; dna is turned into molecules of mRNA, and then translated into chains of amino acids
Adenine is paired with
Thymine
Anaphase
chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Formation of cancer
1. a cell or group of cells begins to divide uncontrollably 2. an excess of cells forms tumors and/or increases the number of cells in the blood 3. the spread/increase in the number of cancer cells causes physiological changes that interfere with the normal function of tissues and organs
A single muscle cell combines with others to form muscle [blank1], which can function in a unit called an organ within an organ [blank2], along with other organs
1. tissue 2. system
What is the outcome of mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells
How are cancers named?
According to the organ or tissue in which they originate.
G1 checkpoint
Asses DNA quality and if the cell should divide
G2 checkpoint
Asses the DNA replication has occurred correctly
Guanine is paired with
Cytosine
Transcription
DNA and RNA
S phase
DNA replication
How do you test for mutations in the genes that are known to increase the risk of cancer?
DNA sequencing, microarray
What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1, G2, M (mitosis)
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Cancer is a physiological disease
Tumors or excess cells in the blood interfere with the normal function of tissues or organs
Choose the summary of how the risk of cancer can be detected in the body
White blood cells can be isolated from the blood and genetic testing can be carried out on the dna isolated from those cells
genetic testing
a blood test to determine whether a person carries the gene for a given genetic disorder
which is the best description of cancer
a disease that begins in a single cell or group of cells that can spread to tissues and organs, disrupting the normal function of body structures
Malignant tumors are
a much greater threat to the human body than benign tumors (malignant moves through the body)
what is the characteristic of all eukaryotic cells that distinguishes them from prokaryotic cells
a nucleus
what is a gene
a sequence of genetic information that contains instructions used to make a protein
CT scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
A cell with a mutation that allows it to divide more quickly frequently
accumulates more mutations as it rapidly divides
the characteristics that define life include the ability to
adapt to the environment, reproduce, acquire materials and energy
Genome
all of an organism's genetic material
The process by which cells within a tumor cause local capillaries to grow toward the tumor is called
angiogenesis
As cancer cells accumulate mutations, they
begin to change faster, becoming distinctly unlike the cells in the surrounding tissue
In order to test the body's tissues for cancer, a doctor might perform a [blank] during which they remove a small sample of cells from a tumor or the surrounding lymph nodes
biopsy
Cancer occurs at the cellular level
cancer begins with the body's inability to control cell division in a cell or group of cells
How does cancer affect the normal physiology of the body
cancer in tissues like bone, which can help to regulate blood calcium, can contribute to a decrease in blood calcium and lead to a coma or death. Interferes with the body's maintenance of homeostasis. Tumors in organs can block vessels and ducts, disrupting organ function
the lining of the internal organs or skin
carcinoma
a [blank] is the smallest biological unit of organization that has all of the characteristics of life
cell
cancer is caused by loss of control of
cell division
the general function of centrioles in a cells is
cell division
When the body sustains an injury that damages tissue, what happens in a normal, healthy body
cell division produces new cells to replace the damaged cells and thus repair the tissue
The appearance of cancer cells is
different from the cells around them, including other cancer cells
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis
division of the nucleus
Five characteristics of life
energy, cells, information, replication, evolution
two classes of cells
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
protooncogenes
genes that play a role in cell division
how would you describe how genetic information is stored in a dna molecule
genetic information is stored in the order of the nitrogen bases that form in the interior of the dna double-helix
Prophase
genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible
in which ways do cancer cells and healthy cells differ
healthy cells are specialized based in their genetic instructions, while cancer cells disregard these instructions and lose specialization though they continue to divide
Telophase
individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
what is the general function of the nucleus
information processing
order of cell cycle
interphase (G1), S phase, G2 phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
cells and tissues of the immune system
lymphoma
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
Homeostasis
maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
tumor suppressor genes
make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells
skin
melanoma
which two types of cancer can originate in the cells of our skin
melanoma and carcinoma
Cancer cells are capable of
moving through the lymphatic vessels, moving through the circulatory system, stimulating blood vessels to grow toward them
information is processed in the ribosomes and within the [blank] of a cell
nucleus
information is stored in the [blank] of a dna molecule
pattern of nucleotides
mammogram
radiographic image of the breast
What does chemotherapy target?
rapidly dividing cells
Because they need oxygen and nutrients from the body to grow, tumor cells
release growth factors that cause capillaries to grow toward them
connective tissues, like bone
sarcoma
Gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
the term double helix refers to the
shape of a dna molecule
G2 phase
stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles
genome editing
techniques create double-stranded breaks in the DNA double helix, enabling insertion of a desired DNA sequence or removal of a sequence
which is true of the 100 trillion cells in the adult body that is not true of the body's very first cell
they are specialized to form tissues and organs
How might mutations accumulated by cancer cell affect its nucleus
they might increase the amount of dna in the nucleus, increase the size of the nucleus, change shape of the nucleus
in a dna molecule, the nitrogen base adenine always bonds with
thymine
immunotherapy
vaccination, immunization
Characteristics of cancer cells
variation in shape and size, irregular shape, extra dna