UConn COMM 1000 Final Exam - Dr. Stifano
Entertainment education
"Friends" teaches about condoms, Animal Planet and Dirty Jobs
Vocal vs. nonvocal communication
"Hmm," sighs, change in pitch and tone Facial expressions, gestures, movements
De-escalation
"Let's just be friends"
Sign vs. symbol
A sign bears a natural relationship with its referent (the teeth go with the bite - it's very clear) A symbol is arbitrary and needs to be learned (this is called a podium)
Symbolic communication
A socially-shared, voluntary system
Anxious-ambivalent attachment (babies)
Low self-esteem Caregivers inconsistent Child assumes it's their fault No reaction when mother left, hot and cold when she came back
Late majority
Lower social status, more skeptical about innovation
Uncertainty reduction... (2)
Lowers jealousy Improves relational maintenance
Initiating
Making eye contact across the room, when you're first introduced
Entertainment in advertising
Matthew McConaughey for Lincoln - we think we're watching a stupid mockup, but we're actually legitimately being advertised to
Developmental interactionist theory
Triangle diagram that uses reason and emotion to describe how people respond to things
Credibility depends on...
Trustworthiness, expertise, goodwill
JW square: blind
Unknown to self, known to others
JW square: unknown
Unknown to self, unknown to others
Organizational communication patterns
Upward communication, downward communication, horizontal communication
Genetic matchmaking
Using DNA to determine who's right for us
Big data dating
Using big data to determine who's right for us
Process
Low risk, slow feedback (Banks, insurance companies)
Positive-tone strategies
"You deserve better, it's not you it's me"
Independent marital style
Less conventional attitudes Use time and space independently More conflict - open and assertive communication
Health communication program cycle
1. Planning and development 2. Developing and pretesting concepts 3. Implementing the program 4. Addressing effectiveness and making adjustments
Intrarole conflict
2 people's different definitions of the same role
What makes a good theory?
A good theory must 1) explain the phenomenon and 2) make predictions of the future
Trans-humanism
A movement to enhance the human experience through physiologically combining ourselves and technology
Early majority
Above average social status, keeping up with new tech
Listening styles
Action oriented (just here for the info; academia) Content oriented (soak up as much info as possible) People oriented (focus on building relationships) Time oriented (only want the essential info needed to make the quick decision; emergencies)
Social learning theory
Addresses children: we learn how to behave by watching other people
Radio Act of 1912
All seagoing vessels must continuously monitor for distress signals All radio stations must be licensed by the government
Individualism / collectivism
Are your interests in yourself, or the org as a whole?
Lowballing
Ask for a favor then change the favor when they agree to it
Foot-in-the-door
Ask for a small favor so they agree to a bigger one later
Ingratiation and advocacy
Ass-kissing Using messages that align with your boss's needs
Laggards
Averse to change
Circumscribing
Avoid topics that you know will cause arguments
Spontaneous communication
Based upon a biologically-shared system
Causes of conflict
Behavior, personalities, relationship rules
Why do millennials prefer working in teams?
Better familiarity and comfort with tools involved with working in teams More fun and less risk Alternative is to work alone
Pros to groups
Better quality decisions, encourages social facilitation, great for critical thinking
The future of relationships
Big data dating, genetic matchmaking, virtual companions, digital deception and revenge
All of these are types of social media too
Bookmarking and social news sites (Reddit) Shopping (Amazon) Virtual worlds (WoW, Second Life)
Breadth, depth, frequency
Breadth: over time, we'll cover a broader range of topics Depth: over time, we use more detail as we talk about certain things Frequency: over time, we talk to people more and more, so we share more and more
Social Info Processing Theory
Building connections takes a longer time over the internet
Member characteristics
CAPNOC
Attachment theory
Care at an early age can impact our relational behaviors later in life
Avoidant attachment (adults)
Closeness gets uncomfortable Hard to get to know other people Relationships are short term
Integrating
Lives are intertwining, sharing keys to the apartment
Work groups vs. self-directed groups
Lots of guidance from the boss vs. boss doesn't care how it gets done, just get it done
Autonomy vs. connection
Crave uniqueness but then realize you're lonely from being so independent
Symbolic leader
Creative, theatrical Prophet vs. fanatic
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Criticism: Using personality attacks Defensiveness Contempt: Saving your best insults for now Stonewalling: Silent treatment
Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers)
Curve that explains why people adopt new technologies and the rate at which they do so
Deal and Kennedy's culture types
Degree of risk vs. feedback speed
Leader-member exchange theory
Describe how leader-member relationships develop over time and become like interpersonal ones
KT conflict model
Describes conflict resolution styles
Elaboration likelihood model
Describes how persuasive messages use different tactics to get their point across
Heath belief model
Describes the likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior Consider perceived benefits vs. perceived barriers, perceived threat, self-efficacy, and cues to action
Communication in organizations: Ambiguity-management function
Determining how much needs to be disclosed in order for employees to do their job
Leader characteristics
ETREA
Requirements for entertainment education
Engage the intended audience Have relatable characters Change specific knowledge and attitudes
Eros
Erotic, fiery, passionate
Communication in organizations: Relationship function
Everyone gets to know each other and work together
Expected roles vs. enacted roles
Expected: how you're supposed to play the role Enacted: how you actually play the role
The future of mass communication
Extreme tailoring, real-time feedback, sex and violence will persist
Work hard / play hard
Low risk, fast feedback (Sales, "The Office")
Factors influencing adopters
Financial and emotional ability; significance and relevance of the innovation
Human resource leader
Focus on empowerment, democracy Catalyst vs. pushover
Political leader
Focus on persuasion, power Advocate vs. hustler
Structural leader
Focus on structure and strategy Architect vs. tyrant
Task group communication (the 4-phase model)
Forming (group comes together), storming (sort out tensions), norming (group finally finds a rhythm), performing (getting started on the tasks at hand)
Storge
Friendship-based
Ludus
Game-playing
Goals of science communication
Generate support for scientific inquiry and inform decision making in the way of political behavior, public opinion, and ethical thinking
Behavioral de-escalation
Ghosting
Supportive vs. defensive communication
Giving encouragement vs. defending yourself
5:1
Gottman's magic ratio Good interactions:bad interactions More realistically it's 3:3
Cons to groups
Groups take time, lower satisfaction, stress, social loafing
Norms
Guidelines that limit and dictate our behavior and guide our relationships Make behavior in a relationship predictable
The 6 components of listening
HURIER Hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding
The 6 "inherent" emotions
Happy, sad, anger, fear, surprise, disgust
Tough guy, macho
High risk, fast feedback (Entertainment, sports)
Bet your company
High risk, slow feedback (Pharma, oil companies)
Secure attachment (babies)
High self-esteem "People are generally good" Caregiver took good care of them Calm when mother left
Separates marital style
Historically most destructive Traditional attitudes Use time and space independently Low conflict, high negativity
Traditional marital style
Historically most satisfied Conventional attitude towards marriage Use time and space interdependently Moderate conflict (only on big issues)
Dominance
How do the leaders exert their power over others?
Uncertainty avoidance
How hard does the org work to stamp out any uncertainty in a given situation?
Media framing
How media represents an issue and how that affects people's perception of that issue
Power distance
How much further beneath leaders do you feel?
Time
How much time investment are you expected to make?
Nonverbal receiving ability
How well you guess what others are mirroring based on their facial expressions
Uncertainty reduction theory
Humans hate uncertainty and will automatically try and reduce it Applies in initial interactions to determine if it's worth having future interactions
Kinds of bias: self-serving bias
I got a C on my exam because the questions were unfair
Knapp and Vangelisti's model of relationship development
Initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding, commitment Differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating
Rumor sharpening
Intentional - choosing only the juicy details to pass along
Rumor assimilation
Intentional - purposefully twisting info to benefit ourselves and hurt others
Negative identity management
Intentional sabotage
Communication in organizations: Command function
Leading and commanding
Uses and gratifications: reasons why children watch TV
Learning, arousal, relaxation, passing time
____________+___________=___________
Interpersonal + mass communication = mass personal communication
Machiavellian tactics
Introducing a third person into the mix to help create the ending
Withdrawal / avoidance
Just don't text back, trying to gradually fade away
Openness
Just saying it, best tactic
Five stages of adoption
Knowledge, persuasion, decision, (gap), implementation, (gap), confirmation
JW square: open
Known to self, known to others
JW square: hidden
Known to self, unknown to others
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language shapes how we see the world Strong determinism: language strongly affects our thoughts Weak determinism: language weakly affects our thoughts
Stages of conflict
Latent conflict: It's beneath the surface... Emergence: ...until now. Escalation: It just got real. De-escalation: We should sort this out. Resolution: We have a deal. Reconciliation: So we cool now?
Myers and Sadaghiani
Millennials expect more (and more positive) interactions with their work supervisors Millennials expect open communication from their supervisors Millennials prefer working in teams because it's more fun and less risk
Group think
NASA spaceship example When a group is so bent on alignment that they all agree and ignore the important details
Rumor leveling
Natural - as info is transmitted from person to person, details are lost
Secure attachment (adults)
Open to meeting other people Easy to get to know
Early adopters
Opinion leaders, want people in their social group to see them as the go-to person regarding new gadgets
Avoidant attachment (babies)
Others not worth their time Push others away Caregivers were never around or were around too much Cried when mother left
Dialectical tensions
Our entire life is built around tensions
Primary groups
Our families were our first small groups that taught us how things were done
Relationship characteristics
PAISAL
Consistency principle
People like to appear consistent ("What, are you NOT going to go out? This is you!")
Cultivation theory
People who watch TV think the real world is like TV (the city is filled with crime from watching SVU) Result: MAINSTREAMING (people think that the media is like real life) and RESONANCE (TV will impact us more when what we watch is more comparable to our real-life situations)
Purposes of conflict
Persuasion, regulating relationships, catharsis, clarifying issues
Barriers to listening
Physical / physiological Conflicting objectives Poor listening habits Pseudolistening
Avoiding
Physically avoiding your partner and not talking to them
Alignment vs. proximity in visual design
Place items on the page intentionally so that all items connect to other items Group related items together to visually establish relationships
Mania
Possessive, dependent
Pragma
Practical
Conforming pressure in groups
Public compliance vs. private acceptance ("there's 4 of them and 1 of me, so I must be wrong) Social comparison (comparing yourself to others and not wanting to seem stupid) Risky shift (groups make riskier decisions bc the blame is dispersed)
Goal of improving health literacy
Public health campaigns Doctor-patient interactions Health education
Uncertainty... (3)
Raises information seeking Reduces intimacy Is reduced by similarity
Justification
Rationalizing the end and explaining why it should be over
Heisenburg's uncertainty principle
Reliability (consistency) and validity (correctness)
Innovators
Rich, first, risk takers
Media augmentation approach
Seeing CMC as enhancing the quality of communication (seeing media as beneficial because it lets us communicate with people we otherwise wouldn't be able to)
Media deficit approach
Seeing CMC as lowering the quality of communication (old people complaining about how kids are always on their phone and losing their people skills)
Agape
Selfless, all-giving
Confirming vs. disconfirming messages
Sending signals the relationship is doing alright vs. something is wrong
Why do we do personal branding?
Show people we're a competent communicator, professional networking, make a good impression on employers
Forces of attraction (SPARL)
Similarity, proximity, attractiveness, reciprocity, liking
Media richness theory
Some forms of media have more potential to convey info than others (We're more likely to listen to info in-person than through an unaddressed document)
Self-disclosure
Something we do voluntarily to develop intimacy
Terminating
Splitting up
Bonding
Start thinking about the long term
Differentiating
Starting to rebuild individual identity and find the differences between you and your partner
Experimenting
Taking risks like asking out on a date or having sex
Kinds of bias: dispositional other
That person got a C on his exam because he's lazy
Social presence theory
The degree of awareness an individual has of the other person Text < call < FaceTime < in-person
Computer-mediated communication (CMC)
The exchange of messages between 2+ people through digital media
Commitment
The mark of a long-term relationship; marriage
Agenda-setting theory
The media doesn't tell us what to think, but they tell us what to think about
Personal branding
The practice of people marketing themselves and their careers
What was the first form of media to influence our culture?
The printing press
Hyperpersonalization
The result of social info processing theory - we share more to offset the distance of the internet
Hypodermic needle model
The view that the media directly injects people with the same strong message (propaganda, Nazis, etc.)
Organizational culture
The whole of an organization's behavior patterns
Intensifying
Things are escalating, all you can think about is each other, you're constantly texting
Balance theory
Three cognitive elements can be balanced or imbalanced (if imbalanced, least important is usually changed)
Copycat phenomenon
We exactly copy something we see in the media (Do violent video games make kids more violent?)
The great blur
We have ads in our entertainment and entertainment in our ads
Social penetration theory
We increase our level of self-disclosure as relationships develop
Nonverbal sending accuracy
We mirror what we see on the screen
Task-oriented attraction
We prefer to work with them on group projects
The privacy paradox
We tend to say one thing about our privacy but then we act differently (we wouldn't let our professor give away our private info online, but then we go and sign up for a FB account and unknowingly let them do it)
Relational attraction
We want to be close to them
Socially attracted
We want to hang out and spend time
The uses and gratifications approach
What types of media are they consuming? How much are they consuming? Why are they consuming it?
Content vs. relational message dimensions
What's actually being said vs. what it means in the context of the relationship
Cognitive dissonance
When our thoughts and actions don't line up
Stagnating
When the relationship isn't positive anymore and each other is just there; this is when the relationship is set to fail
Cascade Model of Relational Conflict
When things escalate from a civil argument to hurling awful, personal insults at each other
Reciprocity theory
When we give people a gift, we feel obligated to return the favor
Displacement hypothesis
When we use media, we're using it instead of doing something healthier (watching Netflix instead of doing HW)
Excitation transfer theory
When we're worked up by watching media, so our next interactions are intensified
Interrole conflict
When you're playing 2 roles that clash
Emotional flooding
When you're so overcome with feelings and emotion that you just shut down
Entertainment education caveats
Works best with international audiences No evidence of long-term effectiveness Difficult to implement through fragmented media
Anxious ambivalent attachment (adults)
Yearn love and there's a need for intimacy Afraid to be hurt Troubled by self-doubt Emotionally vulnerable
If you can't find the product being sold...
You are the product being sold
Change vs. predictability
You crave change then realize you miss what you left
Expressiveness vs. privacy
You want to share things but also keep things to yourself