UConn COMM 1000 Final Exam - Dr. Stifano

Entertainment education

"Friends" teaches about condoms, Animal Planet and Dirty Jobs

Vocal vs. nonvocal communication

"Hmm," sighs, change in pitch and tone Facial expressions, gestures, movements

De-escalation

"Let's just be friends"

Sign vs. symbol

A sign bears a natural relationship with its referent (the teeth go with the bite - it's very clear) A symbol is arbitrary and needs to be learned (this is called a podium)

Symbolic communication

A socially-shared, voluntary system

Anxious-ambivalent attachment (babies)

Low self-esteem Caregivers inconsistent Child assumes it's their fault No reaction when mother left, hot and cold when she came back

Late majority

Lower social status, more skeptical about innovation

Uncertainty reduction... (2)

Lowers jealousy Improves relational maintenance

Initiating

Making eye contact across the room, when you're first introduced

Entertainment in advertising

Matthew McConaughey for Lincoln - we think we're watching a stupid mockup, but we're actually legitimately being advertised to

Developmental interactionist theory

Triangle diagram that uses reason and emotion to describe how people respond to things

Credibility depends on...

Trustworthiness, expertise, goodwill

JW square: blind

Unknown to self, known to others

JW square: unknown

Unknown to self, unknown to others

Organizational communication patterns

Upward communication, downward communication, horizontal communication

Genetic matchmaking

Using DNA to determine who's right for us

Big data dating

Using big data to determine who's right for us

Process

Low risk, slow feedback (Banks, insurance companies)

Positive-tone strategies

"You deserve better, it's not you it's me"

Independent marital style

Less conventional attitudes Use time and space independently More conflict - open and assertive communication

Health communication program cycle

1. Planning and development 2. Developing and pretesting concepts 3. Implementing the program 4. Addressing effectiveness and making adjustments

Intrarole conflict

2 people's different definitions of the same role

What makes a good theory?

A good theory must 1) explain the phenomenon and 2) make predictions of the future

Trans-humanism

A movement to enhance the human experience through physiologically combining ourselves and technology

Early majority

Above average social status, keeping up with new tech

Listening styles

Action oriented (just here for the info; academia) Content oriented (soak up as much info as possible) People oriented (focus on building relationships) Time oriented (only want the essential info needed to make the quick decision; emergencies)

Social learning theory

Addresses children: we learn how to behave by watching other people

Radio Act of 1912

All seagoing vessels must continuously monitor for distress signals All radio stations must be licensed by the government

Individualism / collectivism

Are your interests in yourself, or the org as a whole?

Lowballing

Ask for a favor then change the favor when they agree to it

Foot-in-the-door

Ask for a small favor so they agree to a bigger one later

Ingratiation and advocacy

Ass-kissing Using messages that align with your boss's needs

Laggards

Averse to change

Circumscribing

Avoid topics that you know will cause arguments

Spontaneous communication

Based upon a biologically-shared system

Causes of conflict

Behavior, personalities, relationship rules

Why do millennials prefer working in teams?

Better familiarity and comfort with tools involved with working in teams More fun and less risk Alternative is to work alone

Pros to groups

Better quality decisions, encourages social facilitation, great for critical thinking

The future of relationships

Big data dating, genetic matchmaking, virtual companions, digital deception and revenge

All of these are types of social media too

Bookmarking and social news sites (Reddit) Shopping (Amazon) Virtual worlds (WoW, Second Life)

Breadth, depth, frequency

Breadth: over time, we'll cover a broader range of topics Depth: over time, we use more detail as we talk about certain things Frequency: over time, we talk to people more and more, so we share more and more

Social Info Processing Theory

Building connections takes a longer time over the internet

Member characteristics

CAPNOC

Attachment theory

Care at an early age can impact our relational behaviors later in life

Avoidant attachment (adults)

Closeness gets uncomfortable Hard to get to know other people Relationships are short term

Integrating

Lives are intertwining, sharing keys to the apartment

Work groups vs. self-directed groups

Lots of guidance from the boss vs. boss doesn't care how it gets done, just get it done

Autonomy vs. connection

Crave uniqueness but then realize you're lonely from being so independent

Symbolic leader

Creative, theatrical Prophet vs. fanatic

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Criticism: Using personality attacks Defensiveness Contempt: Saving your best insults for now Stonewalling: Silent treatment

Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers)

Curve that explains why people adopt new technologies and the rate at which they do so

Deal and Kennedy's culture types

Degree of risk vs. feedback speed

Leader-member exchange theory

Describe how leader-member relationships develop over time and become like interpersonal ones

KT conflict model

Describes conflict resolution styles

Elaboration likelihood model

Describes how persuasive messages use different tactics to get their point across

Heath belief model

Describes the likelihood of engaging in health-promoting behavior Consider perceived benefits vs. perceived barriers, perceived threat, self-efficacy, and cues to action

Communication in organizations: Ambiguity-management function

Determining how much needs to be disclosed in order for employees to do their job

Leader characteristics

ETREA

Requirements for entertainment education

Engage the intended audience Have relatable characters Change specific knowledge and attitudes

Eros

Erotic, fiery, passionate

Communication in organizations: Relationship function

Everyone gets to know each other and work together

Expected roles vs. enacted roles

Expected: how you're supposed to play the role Enacted: how you actually play the role

The future of mass communication

Extreme tailoring, real-time feedback, sex and violence will persist

Work hard / play hard

Low risk, fast feedback (Sales, "The Office")

Factors influencing adopters

Financial and emotional ability; significance and relevance of the innovation

Human resource leader

Focus on empowerment, democracy Catalyst vs. pushover

Political leader

Focus on persuasion, power Advocate vs. hustler

Structural leader

Focus on structure and strategy Architect vs. tyrant

Task group communication (the 4-phase model)

Forming (group comes together), storming (sort out tensions), norming (group finally finds a rhythm), performing (getting started on the tasks at hand)

Storge

Friendship-based

Ludus

Game-playing

Goals of science communication

Generate support for scientific inquiry and inform decision making in the way of political behavior, public opinion, and ethical thinking

Behavioral de-escalation

Ghosting

Supportive vs. defensive communication

Giving encouragement vs. defending yourself

5:1

Gottman's magic ratio Good interactions:bad interactions More realistically it's 3:3

Cons to groups

Groups take time, lower satisfaction, stress, social loafing

Norms

Guidelines that limit and dictate our behavior and guide our relationships Make behavior in a relationship predictable

The 6 components of listening

HURIER Hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, responding

The 6 "inherent" emotions

Happy, sad, anger, fear, surprise, disgust

Tough guy, macho

High risk, fast feedback (Entertainment, sports)

Bet your company

High risk, slow feedback (Pharma, oil companies)

Secure attachment (babies)

High self-esteem "People are generally good" Caregiver took good care of them Calm when mother left

Separates marital style

Historically most destructive Traditional attitudes Use time and space independently Low conflict, high negativity

Traditional marital style

Historically most satisfied Conventional attitude towards marriage Use time and space interdependently Moderate conflict (only on big issues)

Dominance

How do the leaders exert their power over others?

Uncertainty avoidance

How hard does the org work to stamp out any uncertainty in a given situation?

Media framing

How media represents an issue and how that affects people's perception of that issue

Power distance

How much further beneath leaders do you feel?

Time

How much time investment are you expected to make?

Nonverbal receiving ability

How well you guess what others are mirroring based on their facial expressions

Uncertainty reduction theory

Humans hate uncertainty and will automatically try and reduce it Applies in initial interactions to determine if it's worth having future interactions

Kinds of bias: self-serving bias

I got a C on my exam because the questions were unfair

Knapp and Vangelisti's model of relationship development

Initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding, commitment Differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, terminating

Rumor sharpening

Intentional - choosing only the juicy details to pass along

Rumor assimilation

Intentional - purposefully twisting info to benefit ourselves and hurt others

Negative identity management

Intentional sabotage

Communication in organizations: Command function

Leading and commanding

Uses and gratifications: reasons why children watch TV

Learning, arousal, relaxation, passing time

____________+___________=___________

Interpersonal + mass communication = mass personal communication

Machiavellian tactics

Introducing a third person into the mix to help create the ending

Withdrawal / avoidance

Just don't text back, trying to gradually fade away

Openness

Just saying it, best tactic

Five stages of adoption

Knowledge, persuasion, decision, (gap), implementation, (gap), confirmation

JW square: open

Known to self, known to others

JW square: hidden

Known to self, unknown to others

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Language shapes how we see the world Strong determinism: language strongly affects our thoughts Weak determinism: language weakly affects our thoughts

Stages of conflict

Latent conflict: It's beneath the surface... Emergence: ...until now. Escalation: It just got real. De-escalation: We should sort this out. Resolution: We have a deal. Reconciliation: So we cool now?

Myers and Sadaghiani

Millennials expect more (and more positive) interactions with their work supervisors Millennials expect open communication from their supervisors Millennials prefer working in teams because it's more fun and less risk

Group think

NASA spaceship example When a group is so bent on alignment that they all agree and ignore the important details

Rumor leveling

Natural - as info is transmitted from person to person, details are lost

Secure attachment (adults)

Open to meeting other people Easy to get to know

Early adopters

Opinion leaders, want people in their social group to see them as the go-to person regarding new gadgets

Avoidant attachment (babies)

Others not worth their time Push others away Caregivers were never around or were around too much Cried when mother left

Dialectical tensions

Our entire life is built around tensions

Primary groups

Our families were our first small groups that taught us how things were done

Relationship characteristics

PAISAL

Consistency principle

People like to appear consistent ("What, are you NOT going to go out? This is you!")

Cultivation theory

People who watch TV think the real world is like TV (the city is filled with crime from watching SVU) Result: MAINSTREAMING (people think that the media is like real life) and RESONANCE (TV will impact us more when what we watch is more comparable to our real-life situations)

Purposes of conflict

Persuasion, regulating relationships, catharsis, clarifying issues

Barriers to listening

Physical / physiological Conflicting objectives Poor listening habits Pseudolistening

Avoiding

Physically avoiding your partner and not talking to them

Alignment vs. proximity in visual design

Place items on the page intentionally so that all items connect to other items Group related items together to visually establish relationships

Mania

Possessive, dependent

Pragma

Practical

Conforming pressure in groups

Public compliance vs. private acceptance ("there's 4 of them and 1 of me, so I must be wrong) Social comparison (comparing yourself to others and not wanting to seem stupid) Risky shift (groups make riskier decisions bc the blame is dispersed)

Goal of improving health literacy

Public health campaigns Doctor-patient interactions Health education

Uncertainty... (3)

Raises information seeking Reduces intimacy Is reduced by similarity

Justification

Rationalizing the end and explaining why it should be over

Heisenburg's uncertainty principle

Reliability (consistency) and validity (correctness)

Innovators

Rich, first, risk takers

Media augmentation approach

Seeing CMC as enhancing the quality of communication (seeing media as beneficial because it lets us communicate with people we otherwise wouldn't be able to)

Media deficit approach

Seeing CMC as lowering the quality of communication (old people complaining about how kids are always on their phone and losing their people skills)

Agape

Selfless, all-giving

Confirming vs. disconfirming messages

Sending signals the relationship is doing alright vs. something is wrong

Why do we do personal branding?

Show people we're a competent communicator, professional networking, make a good impression on employers

Forces of attraction (SPARL)

Similarity, proximity, attractiveness, reciprocity, liking

Media richness theory

Some forms of media have more potential to convey info than others (We're more likely to listen to info in-person than through an unaddressed document)

Self-disclosure

Something we do voluntarily to develop intimacy

Terminating

Splitting up

Bonding

Start thinking about the long term

Differentiating

Starting to rebuild individual identity and find the differences between you and your partner

Experimenting

Taking risks like asking out on a date or having sex

Kinds of bias: dispositional other

That person got a C on his exam because he's lazy

Social presence theory

The degree of awareness an individual has of the other person Text < call < FaceTime < in-person

Computer-mediated communication (CMC)

The exchange of messages between 2+ people through digital media

Commitment

The mark of a long-term relationship; marriage

Agenda-setting theory

The media doesn't tell us what to think, but they tell us what to think about

Personal branding

The practice of people marketing themselves and their careers

What was the first form of media to influence our culture?

The printing press

Hyperpersonalization

The result of social info processing theory - we share more to offset the distance of the internet

Hypodermic needle model

The view that the media directly injects people with the same strong message (propaganda, Nazis, etc.)

Organizational culture

The whole of an organization's behavior patterns

Intensifying

Things are escalating, all you can think about is each other, you're constantly texting

Balance theory

Three cognitive elements can be balanced or imbalanced (if imbalanced, least important is usually changed)

Copycat phenomenon

We exactly copy something we see in the media (Do violent video games make kids more violent?)

The great blur

We have ads in our entertainment and entertainment in our ads

Social penetration theory

We increase our level of self-disclosure as relationships develop

Nonverbal sending accuracy

We mirror what we see on the screen

Task-oriented attraction

We prefer to work with them on group projects

The privacy paradox

We tend to say one thing about our privacy but then we act differently (we wouldn't let our professor give away our private info online, but then we go and sign up for a FB account and unknowingly let them do it)

Relational attraction

We want to be close to them

Socially attracted

We want to hang out and spend time

The uses and gratifications approach

What types of media are they consuming? How much are they consuming? Why are they consuming it?

Content vs. relational message dimensions

What's actually being said vs. what it means in the context of the relationship

Cognitive dissonance

When our thoughts and actions don't line up

Stagnating

When the relationship isn't positive anymore and each other is just there; this is when the relationship is set to fail

Cascade Model of Relational Conflict

When things escalate from a civil argument to hurling awful, personal insults at each other

Reciprocity theory

When we give people a gift, we feel obligated to return the favor

Displacement hypothesis

When we use media, we're using it instead of doing something healthier (watching Netflix instead of doing HW)

Excitation transfer theory

When we're worked up by watching media, so our next interactions are intensified

Interrole conflict

When you're playing 2 roles that clash

Emotional flooding

When you're so overcome with feelings and emotion that you just shut down

Entertainment education caveats

Works best with international audiences No evidence of long-term effectiveness Difficult to implement through fragmented media

Anxious ambivalent attachment (adults)

Yearn love and there's a need for intimacy Afraid to be hurt Troubled by self-doubt Emotionally vulnerable

If you can't find the product being sold...

You are the product being sold

Change vs. predictability

You crave change then realize you miss what you left

Expressiveness vs. privacy

You want to share things but also keep things to yourself