(UH) Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath

• League of Nations

- "general association of nations" - The League's member nations would help preserve peace and prevent future wars by pledging to respect and protect each other's territory and political independence (What's the diff b/t this and the secret agreements)

• Black Hand

- A Serbian nationalist group - Which planted and shot Archduke of the Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand and his wife

12. How did Americans treat people of German descent?

- Anti-Germany led some citizens and mob beat and even lynch neighbors who were German-born

13. Describe trench warfare.

- Because of using of machine guns, no troops could march so easily. In the Western Front, both side have to dug a network of trenches that stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border, and the space in between called "no man's land" - soldiers use artilleries' fire to soft opponent's trench during the day, then try to cross the "no man's land" and fight at night - no side could move forward easily, living condition in the trenches are bad

6. Who did U.S. public sympathy support? Why?

- British, which belong to the allies - Historical reason, American is developed base on British settlement; British controlled the telegraphy wire to American, they could control information in the news that sent to American; British also did better propaganda job than those countries in the Central Power

7. In what ways did U.S. industries support the allies?

- East Coast businesses strongly support the allies - Many American banks began to invest heavily in an Allied victory, loaned allies over $2 billions by 1917 compare with $27 million to the Germany

18. Describe American attitudes towards communism.

- Fear and panic - The conspiracy that communism is trying to use the labor force to take over American and end its Democracy made American people in panic, plus the bombs didn't help, either.

• U-boats

- Germans' submarines U-boats(underwater boat) - Germany use U-boats to get around Britain's blockade and try to sink ship around Britain sea coast

4. Why did Germany invade Belgium? What was the result of this action?

- Germany tried to attack France as fast as possible - Britain declared war to Germany

• Bolsheviks

- Led by Vladimir Lenin, a group of Communists who captured the Russian government's power after a riots over throw Czar Nicholas II in march 1917

• Boston Police Strike

- Most famous strike of 1919, 75% of police force in Boston walked off the job - governor of Massachusetts Calvin Coolidge send the National Guard to restore the cities - Coolidge didn't accept returned police workers, and he hired new polices

• The Steel Strike

- One of the largest strike in American history - 350,000 steelworkers went on strike for higher pay, shorter hours, and recognition of their union - Elbert H. Gary head of U.S. Steel refused even to talk to union leaders, using anti-immigrant feeling to divide the workers; hire African americans and Mexicans as replacement workers - clashes b/t the company guards and strikers, later the strike collapsed

• Zimmerman telegram

- One of the reason that lead American into WWI - A German official named Arthur Zimmermann proposed that if Mexico ally with Germany, Mexico would regain its lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona - However, British intelligence intercepted the Zimmermann telegram, and leaked to American newspaper

• Lusitania

- One of the reason that lead American into WWI - May 7, 1915; a British passenger liner attacked by German's U-boat, 1,200 passengers including 128 Americans died S: some outrage American public, however, Wilson didn't take extreme measures against Germany, saying the U.S. was too proud to fight, then sent several diplomatic notes to Germany

• Sussex Pledge

- One of the reason that lead American into WWI B: March 1916, U-boat torpedoed the French passenger ship Sussex, injuring several Americans. - Wilson sent the last warming, he demanded the German government abandon the submarine warfare - Sussex Pledge: Germany promised they will not sink any merchant ships without warming

2. Describe U.S. relations with Mexico during Wilson's Presidency? What did he want? How did he try to get it?

- U.S. declared war to Mexico during Wilson's term, not good relationship with Mexico - He want to protect the people from the U.S. small brother country from brutal ruler; to promote democracy on other country

9. What types of programs did the U.S. create to promote economic production and conservation of resources?

- War Industries Board controlled the resources and raw material flows - Food Administration tried to increase food production, and promote Americans to save food on their own - "serving just enough", Wheat less Mondays, Meatless Thursdays, Porkless Thursdays, victory gardens - Fuel Administration tried to manage the nation's use of coal and oil, to save energy by introducing daylight savings time, Heatless Mondays

1. How did Wilson feel about imperialism? Democracy? What did he believe the role of the U.S. to be?

- Wilson opposed imperialism: "sheer honesty and even unselfishness...should prevail over nationalistic self-seeking in American foreign policy" - He believed that democracy was essential to a nation's stability and prosperity, democracy could ensure a peaceful world free from revolution and war

• Fourteen Points

- Wilson's plan to Congress before the Treaty of Versailles - The Fourteen Points were based on "the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalists" - free trade, disarmament, freedom of the seas, impartial adjustment of colonial claims, and open diplomacy - Countries should have the right of self-determination - create the League of Nations

14. What new technology was used during WWI?

- machine guns, poison gas, small and not very useful tank, airplanes using in the combat

• Doughboys

- nickname for American soldiers who sent to Europe during WWI - 2 million of those fresh and inexperienced soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces

• Nationalism

- start from late 1800s Europe, nationalism is a feeling of intense pride of one's homeland S: each nation view other countries as competitors, people willing to go to war to expand their nation at the expense of others

• Red Scare

A strikes erupted across the U.S. in 1919, a nationwide panic that fear Communism seize power - bombing

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

B: After the Bolsheviks party took over Russian, Lenin tried to concentrate on establishing a Communist state. - Russian agreed on the Treat of Brest-Litovsk with German in 1918. Russia lost substantial territory, giving up Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, and Finland. But also removed the German army from the remaining Russian lands

• George Creel / Committee on Public Information

B: Government's war effort on shape public opinion and build support for the war - Government efforts on using propaganda and persuations - The CPI has the task of "selling" the war to the American people - The head of the CPI was journalist George Creel, recruited advertising executives, commercial artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinions in favor of the war - The CPI also use "four-minute speeches" in public place to urge audiences to support the war

• Espionage Act of 1917

B: Government's war effort on shape public opinion and build support for the war - Government effort on fighting antiwar activities or enemies at home - Espionage Act of 1917 established penalties for anyone who gave aid to the enemy, disloyalty, giving false reports, or otherwise interfering with the war effort.

• Sedition Act of 1918

B: Government's war effort on shape public opinion and build support for the war - Government effort on fighting antiwar activities or enemies at home - The Sedition Act of 1918 made illegal for any public expression of opposition to the war

• Franz Ferdinand

B: Russia supported the Serbs, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, Serbs were angry because they want the Bosnia and it shows that Austria-Hungary doesn't let Slavic people to be independent - June 1914, the heir, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnian's capital Sarajevo, - Serbian nationalist group-"Black Hand"s assassin Gavrilo Princip shoot Ferdinand and his wife

• Victory Gardens

B: Try to ensure the most efficient use of national resources to further the WWI effort - Government effort on Food Administration - government encourage citizens to raise their own vegetables, leaving more for the troops

• Day light savings

B: Try to ensure the most efficient use of national resources to further the WWI effort - Government effort on Fuel Administration - Using daylight saving time, which is change the time between summer and winder due to the length of daylight, to save more energy

• Liberty and Victory bonds

B: Try to ensure the most efficient use of national resources to further the WWI effort - Government need more money than taxation to cover the cost of war - Government borrowed more than $20 billion from the American people by selling Liberty and Victory Bonds. Government promise to repay the money with interest in a specified number of years. - Government encouraged people to buy the bond as a patriotic act

• War Industries Board

B: Try to ensure the most efficient use of national resources to further the WWI effort - Created in July 1917, WIB's goal is to coordinate the production of war material, it told the manufacturers what they could and could not produce, controlled the flow of raw materials; ordered the construction of new factories; and occasionally set prices.

• Selective Service

B: U.S. entered the WWI in 1917, but don't have enough soldiers - New conscription system: instead of letting military drafts from Washington, D.C. the Selective Service Act of 1917 required all men b/t 21 and 30 to register for the draft, Then a lottery randomly determined the order that LOCAL draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service.

• Seattle General Strike

B: companies had been forced to raise the workers wages during the war; inflation after the war drive up operating cost; a lot of workers join in unions during the war - First major strike - all workers living in Seattle(35,000 shipyard workers) organized a strike for higher wages and shorter hours - it paralyzed the city for five days, and the worker didn't make any gains - it worried many people, b/c communism in Europe use general strike too

• Triple Alliance

B: started from 1864 till 1871, Prussia united Germany and created the German Empire, however, Germany and France become to enemies with each other though this process - for protecting itself, Germany signed alliances with Italy and Austria-Hungary

• Palmer Raids

B: the danger of Communism - Palmer Raids established a special division within the Justice Department , the General Intelligence Division(FBI) - tried to find organization or suspects who plan the bombing, expelled 600 people from the country - lost much of his credibility after failed to turn up any hard evidence of revolutionary conspiracy and failed his prediction of violence on May Day 1920

• Triple Entente

B: the naval race b/t the Great Britain and Germany the Great Britain build closer relationship with France and Russia; "entente cordiale" alliance

• Allies

During the WWI, countries that fight for the Triple Entente were called Allies - France, Russia, and Great Britain, then after 1915 Italy

• Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary joined with the ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Power

15. When the war was over, what did the Treaty of Versailles require of Germany?

June 28, 1919, Germany was stripped of its armed forces and was made to pay reparations, total of $33 billion to the Allies, required Germany to acknowledge guilt for the outbreak of WWI

3. Identify both the long and short term events that led to the outbreak of war in Europe.

Long term: nationalism, industrialism, imperialism, Germany aggressive, problem of Austria Hungry Short term: June 1914, the heir, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnian's capital Sarajevo, - Serbian nationalist group-"Black Hand"s assassin Gavrilo Princip shoot Ferdinand and his wife

5. What was the U.S.'s official position towards the out-break of war in Europe?

Neutrality also try to help solve the dispute in Europe

8. What was the state of the U.S. army at the out-break of WWI?

Not enough troops for the war, army and National Guard together had slightly more than 300,000 troops, and many of the army are staying the in South American

16. Why did the U.S. refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles?

Senates strongly opposing the idea of League of Nation, a group named "the Irreconcilables" feared that the League might supersede the power of Congress to declare war and thus force the U.S. to fight in numerous foreign conflicts another group named "Reservationists" has no problem with League, but they would ratify the treaty only if making an amendments to preserve the nation's freedom to act independently

• Schenck v. the United States

The supreme court limits free speech in ruling that an individual's freedom of speech could be curbed when the words uttered constitute a "clear and present danger"

19. What did Warren Harding mean by his call for a return to "normalcy"?

United States needed to return to the simpler days before the Progressive Era reforms

17. What impact did the end of the war have on the U.S. economy?

When the war ended and government removed all the control in the economy, a very strong demand on the goods from the people force the business rase prices fast and caused inflation

11. How did the war change the lives of: a. Women: b. African Americans: c. Mexicans:

a. Women: increased work opportunities for women, filled industrial jobs vacated by men serving in the military b. African Americans: also increased work opportunities for African Americans, led to the great migration - African Americans left the South to settle in Northern cities c. Mexicans: similar to the African Americans' situation, a lot of Mexican Americans head Northern cities or to the Southwest laboring for the farmers and ranchers

• Self-determination

influenced by the nationalism, self-determination is an idea that people who belong to a nation should have their own country and government S: Balkans crisis, Serbs independent

10. How did the U.S. pay for the war?

taxation can't cover the cost of war - Government borrowed more than $20 billion from the American people by selling Liberty and Victory Bonds. Government promise to repay the money with interest in a specified number of years. - Government encouraged people to buy the bond as a patriotic act