Insects, Humans & Environment: Exam 1
Phylogeny
"origin of a kind"- "family" tree of living organisms. All current life from a common ancestor.
autotroph
(producer) make their own food/ energy. Take energy from sun and convert it to sugars (photosynthesis)
abundance
1X10 ^18 insects on the planet. 200 million insects to 1 human. 40 mil per acre.
binomial
2 terms
origin of Complete metamorphosis
230 million years ago. Reduces intraspecific competition for food among immatures and adults. ex. butterflies& moths, wasps, ants, beetles, bees, flies
Development of wings "flexion"
230-280 million years ago ex. grasshoppers, cicadas and bugs (paurometabolis) can fold wings down over back to hide from predators w/out damaging wings.
Development of wings
280-350 million years ago ex. dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies (hemimetabolis)
Apperance of wingless insects
400 million years ago ex. springtails and silverfish (ametabolis)
species richness
7 million species of insect.
diversity
7 million species of insect. More species of insects than all other species combined.
exoskeleton
A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection
ganglion
A mass of nerve cells
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
taxomony of monarch butterfly
Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Lepidoptera, Danaidae, Danaus, plexippus
Lubber Grasshopper Head
Antennae, ocelli, compound eye
Lubber Grasshopper Nervous system
Brain, Supra-esophageal ganglion, Sub-esophageal ganglion, Thoracic ganglia, Nerve tract, Abdominal ganglia
Lubber Grasshopper Digestive system
Buccal cavity (mouth), Esophagus (throat), Crop( food storage), Gastric caecae( nutrient absorption) , Malpighian tubules( like kidneys, filters waste in blood) Rectum, Anus
Foregut
Buccal cavity, Esophogus, Crop, Gastric caecae
holometabolous examples
Butterfly, beetles, moths, wasps, bees, flies
motile
Capable of movement
animal
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain their food by eating, motile (can move) lack cell walls. We have cell membranes
Mid gut
Gastric caecae, Malphigian tubules (stomach)
complete metamorphosis
Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult
taxonomic hierarchy
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Lubber Grasshopper mouthparts
Labrum, Mandible, Maxilla, Labium
Hindgut
Malphigian tubules, Rectum and Anus
wing flection
One of the nodal points in insect evolution involving the ability to fold the wings.
asexual reproduction
Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
Thermoregulation
Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
Lubber Grasshopper Thorax (on top)
Pronotum, Pleurite, Forewing
Lubber Grasshopper Thorax (on bottom)
Prothorax, sternite, mesothorax, metathroax,
growth rate
Rate of increase or decrease of a population
Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen( on bottom)
Sternite (bottom sections)
Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen (on top)
Tergite (top segments), Spiracles ( breathe through these) Cersus
Lubber Grasshopper Make Reproductive system
Testes ( where sperm is made), Vas deferens (carries sperm to outside), Accessory glands ( helps transfer sperm to female) Seminal vesicle (excreat fluid to make sperm) Ejaculatory duct( anus but for sperm)
taxonomy
The study of naming things
Lubber Grasshopper Leg
Trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, claw
Lubber Grasshopper Ear
Tympanum
ecological pyramid
a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem
Respiration
a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon from the oxidation of complex organic substances.
exponential growth
a quantity that increases with a rate proportional to its current size will grow exponentially. As quantity increases so does that rate at which it grows
temperature regulation
ability of an organism to maintain its body temperature when other temperatures surround it
larva
active immature form of an insect
environment
all the extended factors and conditions that affect an organism during its life.
invertebrates
an animal lacking a backbone
omnivore
an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin.
scavenger
an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.
ectotherm
an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat
ectotherm
an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat
detritivore
an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
nymph
an immature form of an insect that does not change greatly as it grows
poikilotherm
an organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioral means such as basking or burrowing
homeotherm
an organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity.
density dependent
any force that affects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of the population
density independent
any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population.
tagma
body regions (head, thorax, abdomen)
food web
complex network of interacting food chains
multicellular
composed of many cells
hemimetabolous examples
drangonfly, mayfly
consumer
eats autotrophs
Ametabolous stages
egg - young adult
hemimetabolous stages
egg- naiad -adult
paurometabolous stages
egg- nymph- adult
holometabolous stages
egg-larvae- pupil- adult
zoophagous
feeding on other animals
phytophagous
feeding on plants
head
first portion of body (sensory input and food intake)
binomen
genus and species ( two part name)
heterotroph
gets energy from eating other organisms (eats autotrophs)
paurometabolous (simple metamorphosis)
gradual metamorphosis
paurometabolous examples
grasshopper, true bugs
cold-blooded
having a body temperature varying with that of the environment
simple metamorphosis
immature insects and the adults are similar in appearance, and the juvenile insects are called nymphs.
pupa
inactive immature form between larva & adult
Arthropod
includes insects and other arthropods, exoskeleton + tagma ex. crab, tick, centipede, millipede
Holometabolous ( complete metamorphosis)
insect development in which there is complete metamorphosis and the immature stages, called larvae, are markedly different from adults.
adult
insects in full form
Hemimetabolous
insects that are those whose nymphs, called naiads, occupy aquatic habitats while the adults are terrestrial
community
interacting populations of different species in a given area.
exuvium
is the cast-off outer skin of an arthropod after a molt
Producer
makes own food
surface area
measure of the total area occupied by the surface of an object
carnivore
met eater; eat other consumers
horomones
molting is controlled by hormones'
water regulation
monitoring of water quality
Heterotroph
needs to obtain energy from other organisms
instars
number of stages between development
parasitoid
only happen to insects; parasite develops in and feeds on the host and kills the host
detritus
organic matter produced by the decomposition of organisms
entomophagous
organisms is one that eats insects
ectoparasite
parasite that lives inside of host
abiotic
physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.
herbivore
plant eaters on the secound trophic level. eat plants with chewing or sucking mouth parts.
cell walls
plants have cell walls, fairly ridgid layer surrounding a cells outisde plasma membrane that provides additional protection
taxa
plural
trophic level
positions in food chain
parasite
predator that feeds on host but does not kill its host
metamorphosis
process of transforming from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages
systematics
putting evolutionary relationships on a family tree
temperature
rate of development is determined by temperature
warm-blooded
relating to or denoting animals which maintain a constant body temperature, typically above that of the surroundings, by metabolic means; homeothermic
biotic
relating to or resulting from living things, especially in their ecological relations.
parthenogenesis
reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants.
thorax
second section of body (anchor point for legs and wings, specialized for locomotion)
molt
shed old skin
ametabolus examples
silverfish, springtail, brished tail
key assumptions?
similarity implies relatedness
comparative biology
similarity of characteristics . Assumption: that an organism more closely resembles its ancestors. i.e. similarity implies relatedness
taxon
singular
ecology
study of why organisms live where they do
Carlos Linnaeus
swedish naturalist, devised a system for grouping organisms into hierarchical categories. Developed naming system. Based on Latin. Established 1758
photosynthesis
take energy from the sun and convert into sugars
logistic growth
takes place when a populations per capita growth rate decreases as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources, the carrying capacity
naiad
the aquatic larva or nymph of a dragonfly, mayfly, or stonefly.
energy flow
the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem
population size
the number of individuals in a population
carrying capacity
the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without the environmental degradation.
reproductive potential
the relative capacity of a species to reproduce itself under optimum conditions.
biomass
the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
abdomen
third portion of body (digestion, respiration, excretion and reproduction)
Eukaryote
type of cell that has organelles like a nucleus
Ametabolous
type of growth or life cycle in insects which there is slight or no metamorphosis, only gradual increase in size
evolutionary history of insects- what are the four progressive "steps " in insect evolution?
wingless, wings, wing flection, complete metamorphosis