Insects, Humans & Environment: Exam 1

Phylogeny

"origin of a kind"- "family" tree of living organisms. All current life from a common ancestor.

autotroph

(producer) make their own food/ energy. Take energy from sun and convert it to sugars (photosynthesis)

abundance

1X10 ^18 insects on the planet. 200 million insects to 1 human. 40 mil per acre.

binomial

2 terms

origin of Complete metamorphosis

230 million years ago. Reduces intraspecific competition for food among immatures and adults. ex. butterflies& moths, wasps, ants, beetles, bees, flies

Development of wings "flexion"

230-280 million years ago ex. grasshoppers, cicadas and bugs (paurometabolis) can fold wings down over back to hide from predators w/out damaging wings.

Development of wings

280-350 million years ago ex. dragonflies, damselflies and mayflies (hemimetabolis)

Apperance of wingless insects

400 million years ago ex. springtails and silverfish (ametabolis)

species richness

7 million species of insect.

diversity

7 million species of insect. More species of insects than all other species combined.

exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

ganglion

A mass of nerve cells

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

taxomony of monarch butterfly

Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta, Lepidoptera, Danaidae, Danaus, plexippus

Lubber Grasshopper Head

Antennae, ocelli, compound eye

Lubber Grasshopper Nervous system

Brain, Supra-esophageal ganglion, Sub-esophageal ganglion, Thoracic ganglia, Nerve tract, Abdominal ganglia

Lubber Grasshopper Digestive system

Buccal cavity (mouth), Esophagus (throat), Crop( food storage), Gastric caecae( nutrient absorption) , Malpighian tubules( like kidneys, filters waste in blood) Rectum, Anus

Foregut

Buccal cavity, Esophogus, Crop, Gastric caecae

holometabolous examples

Butterfly, beetles, moths, wasps, bees, flies

motile

Capable of movement

animal

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain their food by eating, motile (can move) lack cell walls. We have cell membranes

Mid gut

Gastric caecae, Malphigian tubules (stomach)

complete metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult

taxonomic hierarchy

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Lubber Grasshopper mouthparts

Labrum, Mandible, Maxilla, Labium

Hindgut

Malphigian tubules, Rectum and Anus

wing flection

One of the nodal points in insect evolution involving the ability to fold the wings.

asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Thermoregulation

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Lubber Grasshopper Thorax (on top)

Pronotum, Pleurite, Forewing

Lubber Grasshopper Thorax (on bottom)

Prothorax, sternite, mesothorax, metathroax,

growth rate

Rate of increase or decrease of a population

Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen( on bottom)

Sternite (bottom sections)

Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen (on top)

Tergite (top segments), Spiracles ( breathe through these) Cersus

Lubber Grasshopper Make Reproductive system

Testes ( where sperm is made), Vas deferens (carries sperm to outside), Accessory glands ( helps transfer sperm to female) Seminal vesicle (excreat fluid to make sperm) Ejaculatory duct( anus but for sperm)

taxonomy

The study of naming things

Lubber Grasshopper Leg

Trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, claw

Lubber Grasshopper Ear

Tympanum

ecological pyramid

a graphical representation designed to show the biomass or bio productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem

Respiration

a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

exponential growth

a quantity that increases with a rate proportional to its current size will grow exponentially. As quantity increases so does that rate at which it grows

temperature regulation

ability of an organism to maintain its body temperature when other temperatures surround it

larva

active immature form of an insect

environment

all the extended factors and conditions that affect an organism during its life.

invertebrates

an animal lacking a backbone

omnivore

an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin.

scavenger

an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.

ectotherm

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat

ectotherm

an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat

detritivore

an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.

nymph

an immature form of an insect that does not change greatly as it grows

poikilotherm

an organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioral means such as basking or burrowing

homeotherm

an organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity.

density dependent

any force that affects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of the population

density independent

any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population.

tagma

body regions (head, thorax, abdomen)

food web

complex network of interacting food chains

multicellular

composed of many cells

hemimetabolous examples

drangonfly, mayfly

consumer

eats autotrophs

Ametabolous stages

egg - young adult

hemimetabolous stages

egg- naiad -adult

paurometabolous stages

egg- nymph- adult

holometabolous stages

egg-larvae- pupil- adult

zoophagous

feeding on other animals

phytophagous

feeding on plants

head

first portion of body (sensory input and food intake)

binomen

genus and species ( two part name)

heterotroph

gets energy from eating other organisms (eats autotrophs)

paurometabolous (simple metamorphosis)

gradual metamorphosis

paurometabolous examples

grasshopper, true bugs

cold-blooded

having a body temperature varying with that of the environment

simple metamorphosis

immature insects and the adults are similar in appearance, and the juvenile insects are called nymphs.

pupa

inactive immature form between larva & adult

Arthropod

includes insects and other arthropods, exoskeleton + tagma ex. crab, tick, centipede, millipede

Holometabolous ( complete metamorphosis)

insect development in which there is complete metamorphosis and the immature stages, called larvae, are markedly different from adults.

adult

insects in full form

Hemimetabolous

insects that are those whose nymphs, called naiads, occupy aquatic habitats while the adults are terrestrial

community

interacting populations of different species in a given area.

exuvium

is the cast-off outer skin of an arthropod after a molt

Producer

makes own food

surface area

measure of the total area occupied by the surface of an object

carnivore

met eater; eat other consumers

horomones

molting is controlled by hormones'

water regulation

monitoring of water quality

Heterotroph

needs to obtain energy from other organisms

instars

number of stages between development

parasitoid

only happen to insects; parasite develops in and feeds on the host and kills the host

detritus

organic matter produced by the decomposition of organisms

entomophagous

organisms is one that eats insects

ectoparasite

parasite that lives inside of host

abiotic

physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.

herbivore

plant eaters on the secound trophic level. eat plants with chewing or sucking mouth parts.

cell walls

plants have cell walls, fairly ridgid layer surrounding a cells outisde plasma membrane that provides additional protection

taxa

plural

trophic level

positions in food chain

parasite

predator that feeds on host but does not kill its host

metamorphosis

process of transforming from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages

systematics

putting evolutionary relationships on a family tree

temperature

rate of development is determined by temperature

warm-blooded

relating to or denoting animals which maintain a constant body temperature, typically above that of the surroundings, by metabolic means; homeothermic

biotic

relating to or resulting from living things, especially in their ecological relations.

parthenogenesis

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants.

thorax

second section of body (anchor point for legs and wings, specialized for locomotion)

molt

shed old skin

ametabolus examples

silverfish, springtail, brished tail

key assumptions?

similarity implies relatedness

comparative biology

similarity of characteristics . Assumption: that an organism more closely resembles its ancestors. i.e. similarity implies relatedness

taxon

singular

ecology

study of why organisms live where they do

Carlos Linnaeus

swedish naturalist, devised a system for grouping organisms into hierarchical categories. Developed naming system. Based on Latin. Established 1758

photosynthesis

take energy from the sun and convert into sugars

logistic growth

takes place when a populations per capita growth rate decreases as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources, the carrying capacity

naiad

the aquatic larva or nymph of a dragonfly, mayfly, or stonefly.

energy flow

the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem

population size

the number of individuals in a population

carrying capacity

the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without the environmental degradation.

reproductive potential

the relative capacity of a species to reproduce itself under optimum conditions.

biomass

the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

abdomen

third portion of body (digestion, respiration, excretion and reproduction)

Eukaryote

type of cell that has organelles like a nucleus

Ametabolous

type of growth or life cycle in insects which there is slight or no metamorphosis, only gradual increase in size

evolutionary history of insects- what are the four progressive "steps " in insect evolution?

wingless, wings, wing flection, complete metamorphosis