UMaine PSY 100 exam 4

token economy

A technique that reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens (secondary reinforcers), which can be redeemed for other reinforcers, especially primary reinforcers

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A therapeutic approach that consciously combines behavioral and cognitive theories and practices

aversion therapy

Classical conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus

antipsychotic drugs

Drugs that reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain; the typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine, whereas the atypical drugs (Such as clozapine) also block serotonin

A condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.

What is stupor?

cult

any group of people with a particular religious or philosophical set of beliefs and identity

elaboration likelihood model

model of persuasion stating that people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it and that the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not

prejudice

negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

prosocial behavior

socially desirable behavior that benefits others

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors

attribution theory

the theory of how people make attributions

social identity theory

theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

realistic conflict theory

theory stating that prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource

cognitive therapies

therapies designed to change cognitions in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviors

humanistic therapies

therapies that emphasize the present and the ability of clients to solve their own problem once they are able to accept themselves

discrimination

treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong

psychoanalytic therapy

treatment of maladaptive behavior developed by SIGMUND FREUD; it's goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts and feelings and bring them to the conscious level

psychological therapies

treatments for psychological disorders such as psychotherapy or therapies based on classical or operant conditioning principles

systematic desensitization

A behavioral technique, based on classical conditioning, that is used to treat phobias; the technique usually combines training in relaxation with exposure to imagined scenes related to the phobia

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biomedical treatment in which an electric current is passed through the brain to induce a seizure; most often used to treat severe depression

rational-emotive behavior therapy

A cognative therapy in which the therapist challenges and questions the client's irrational ideas

Group theropy

Therapy in which clients disscus problems in groups that may involve individuals with similar problems

A personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal.

W yethat is schizoid personality disorder?

Disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity.

What are dissociative disorders?

The deficiencies strong people with schizophrenia, such as the affect lack of motivation, loss of pleasure, and social withdrawal.

What are negative symptoms?

Enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others.

What are personality disorders?

The excessive and sometimes bizarre symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, and loose associations.

What are positive symptoms?

An irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing/d

What is a compulsion?

Fear of high places.

What is acrophobia?

A disorder like PTSD that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness caused by a traumatic event, acute stress occurs withing a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks.

What is acute stress disorder?

Fear of open, crowded places.

What is agoraphobia?

The diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety.

What is antisocial personality disorder?

The tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and so on.

What is attributional style?

A personality disorder in which the person is unwilling to enter relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism.

What is avoidance personality disorder?

A disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles(elation and depression)to as also referred manic depression.

What is bipolar disorder?

A personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control.

What is borderline personality disorder?

A type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment.

What is catatonic schizophrenia?

Fear of tight, small places.

What is clausterphobia?

A type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions, vivid hallucinations, and inappropriate affect.

What is disorganized schizophrenia?

A dissociativie disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity,skiills.and general knowledge are usually retained.

What is dissociative disorder?

A dissociative disorder in which one experiences amnesia and then flees to a new location

What is dissociative fugue?

A disorder in which a person appears to have one or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge.

What is dissociative identity disorder?

Feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months in duration.

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A model for the acquisition of depressive behavior based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their operants go unreinforced.

What is learned helplessness?

A serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing.

What is major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Elated, showing excessive excitement.

What is manic?

The previous term for dissociative identity disorder.

What is multiple personality disorder?

Refusal to talk.

What is mutism?

A personality trait characterized largely by persistant anxiety.

What is neuroticism?

A recurring thought or image that seems beyond control.

What is obsession?

The recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety.

What is panic disorder?

A personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness, but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia.

What is paranoid personality disorder?

A type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions--commonly of persecution and vivid hallucinations.

What is paranoid schizophrenia?

A disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience by features such as intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event and the reliving of the event.

What is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought.

What is psychomotor retardation?

Rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manicky behavior

What is rapid flight of ideas?

A psychotic disorder characterized by loss of control of thought processes and inappropriate emotional responses.

What is schizophrenia?

A personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior, but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors.

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

An irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny.

What is social phobia?

Persistent fear of specific objects or situations.

What is specific phobia?

A feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time.

What is waxy flexiblilty?

free association

a psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything

that's-not-all-technique

a sales technique in which the persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision

tardive dyskinesia

a serious adverse effect of antipsychotic drugs characterized by involuntary motor systems such as lip smacking

stereotype

a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category

biomedical therapies

a set of treatments for mental illness that includes drugs, psychosurgery, and electronconvulsion therapy

psychotherapy

a special relationship between a distressed person and a trained therapist in which the therapist aids the client in developing awareness and changing his or her thinking, feeling, and behavior

resistance

a stage of psychoanalysis in which blocking of free association occurs because critical unconscious material is close to conscious awareness

attitude

a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation

door-in-the-face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment

foot-in-the-door technique

asking for a small commitment and after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

norm of reciprocity

assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should do something for the other in return

aggression

behavior intended to hurt of destroy another person

consumer psychology

branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace

situational cause

cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as delays, the action of others, or some other aspect of the situation

dispositional cause

cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality or character

compliance

changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change

obedience

changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure

conformity

changing one's own behavior to match that of other people

equal status contact

contact between groups in which the groups have equal status with neither group having power over the other

"jigsaw classroom"

educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information need to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be force to work together to find the solution

lowball technique

getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment

groupthink

kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned

interpersonal attraction

liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person

diffusion of responsibility

occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

proximity

physical or geographical nearness

altruism

prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

bystander effect

referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases

social cognitive

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world

cognitive dissonance

sense of discomfort of distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes

implicit personality theory

sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personal traits, and actions are related to each other

out-groups

social groups with whom a person does not identify; "them."

in-groups

social groups with whom a person identifies; "us."

reciprocity of liking

tendency of people to like other people who like them in return

psychosurgery

the alteration of brain tissue in an attempt to alleviate psychological disorders

social categorization

the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past

social comparison

the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem

stereotype vulnerability

the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior

impression formation

the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person

social cognition

the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them

social identity

the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular society

social role

the patter of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position

deinstitutionalization

the policy of discharging mentally ill patients from institutions on the assumption that they can be cared for in their communities

persuasion

the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation

attribution

the process of explaining one's own behavior and behavior of others

social influence

the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual

social psychology

the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others

self-fulfilling prophecy

the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur

client-centered therapy

theropy designed to create and environment in which the client is able to find solutions to his or her problems

peripheral-route processing

type of information processing that involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the appearance of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other noncontent factors

central-route processing

type of information processing that involves attending to the content of the message itself

companionate love

type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment

romantic love

type of love consisting of intimacy and passion

transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's positive or negative reaction to the therapist, which is believed to reflect the patient's relationship to a significant person outside of therapy

antianxiety drugs

Minor tranquilizers, such as the benzodiazepines, used to reduce anxiety, usually by increasing the ability of the neurotransmitter GABA to bind at synapses