UMaine PSY 100 exam 4
token economy
A technique that reinforces desirable behaviors with tokens (secondary reinforcers), which can be redeemed for other reinforcers, especially primary reinforcers
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
A therapeutic approach that consciously combines behavioral and cognitive theories and practices
aversion therapy
Classical conditioning technique for reducing or eliminating behavior by pairing the behavior with an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus
antipsychotic drugs
Drugs that reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain; the typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine, whereas the atypical drugs (Such as clozapine) also block serotonin
A condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled.
What is stupor?
cult
any group of people with a particular religious or philosophical set of beliefs and identity
elaboration likelihood model
model of persuasion stating that people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it and that the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not
prejudice
negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group
prosocial behavior
socially desirable behavior that benefits others
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors
attribution theory
the theory of how people make attributions
social identity theory
theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
realistic conflict theory
theory stating that prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource
cognitive therapies
therapies designed to change cognitions in order to eliminate maladaptive behaviors
humanistic therapies
therapies that emphasize the present and the ability of clients to solve their own problem once they are able to accept themselves
discrimination
treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
psychoanalytic therapy
treatment of maladaptive behavior developed by SIGMUND FREUD; it's goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts and feelings and bring them to the conscious level
psychological therapies
treatments for psychological disorders such as psychotherapy or therapies based on classical or operant conditioning principles
systematic desensitization
A behavioral technique, based on classical conditioning, that is used to treat phobias; the technique usually combines training in relaxation with exposure to imagined scenes related to the phobia
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A biomedical treatment in which an electric current is passed through the brain to induce a seizure; most often used to treat severe depression
rational-emotive behavior therapy
A cognative therapy in which the therapist challenges and questions the client's irrational ideas
Group theropy
Therapy in which clients disscus problems in groups that may involve individuals with similar problems
A personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal.
W yethat is schizoid personality disorder?
Disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity.
What are dissociative disorders?
The deficiencies strong people with schizophrenia, such as the affect lack of motivation, loss of pleasure, and social withdrawal.
What are negative symptoms?
Enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others.
What are personality disorders?
The excessive and sometimes bizarre symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, and loose associations.
What are positive symptoms?
An irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing/d
What is a compulsion?
Fear of high places.
What is acrophobia?
A disorder like PTSD that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness caused by a traumatic event, acute stress occurs withing a month of the event and lasts from two days to four weeks.
What is acute stress disorder?
Fear of open, crowded places.
What is agoraphobia?
The diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety.
What is antisocial personality disorder?
The tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and so on.
What is attributional style?
A personality disorder in which the person is unwilling to enter relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism.
What is avoidance personality disorder?
A disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles(elation and depression)to as also referred manic depression.
What is bipolar disorder?
A personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control.
What is borderline personality disorder?
A type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment.
What is catatonic schizophrenia?
Fear of tight, small places.
What is clausterphobia?
A type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions, vivid hallucinations, and inappropriate affect.
What is disorganized schizophrenia?
A dissociativie disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity,skiills.and general knowledge are usually retained.
What is dissociative disorder?
A dissociative disorder in which one experiences amnesia and then flees to a new location
What is dissociative fugue?
A disorder in which a person appears to have one or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge.
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least six months in duration.
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
A model for the acquisition of depressive behavior based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their operants go unreinforced.
What is learned helplessness?
A serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing.
What is major depressive disorder (MDD)?
Elated, showing excessive excitement.
What is manic?
The previous term for dissociative identity disorder.
What is multiple personality disorder?
Refusal to talk.
What is mutism?
A personality trait characterized largely by persistant anxiety.
What is neuroticism?
A recurring thought or image that seems beyond control.
What is obsession?
The recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety.
What is panic disorder?
A personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness, but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia.
What is paranoid personality disorder?
A type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions--commonly of persecution and vivid hallucinations.
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
A disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience by features such as intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event and the reliving of the event.
What is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought.
What is psychomotor retardation?
Rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manicky behavior
What is rapid flight of ideas?
A psychotic disorder characterized by loss of control of thought processes and inappropriate emotional responses.
What is schizophrenia?
A personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior, but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors.
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
An irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny.
What is social phobia?
Persistent fear of specific objects or situations.
What is specific phobia?
A feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time.
What is waxy flexiblilty?
free association
a psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is asked to say whatever comes to mind without censoring anything
that's-not-all-technique
a sales technique in which the persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision
tardive dyskinesia
a serious adverse effect of antipsychotic drugs characterized by involuntary motor systems such as lip smacking
stereotype
a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category
biomedical therapies
a set of treatments for mental illness that includes drugs, psychosurgery, and electronconvulsion therapy
psychotherapy
a special relationship between a distressed person and a trained therapist in which the therapist aids the client in developing awareness and changing his or her thinking, feeling, and behavior
resistance
a stage of psychoanalysis in which blocking of free association occurs because critical unconscious material is close to conscious awareness
attitude
a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment
foot-in-the-door technique
asking for a small commitment and after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
norm of reciprocity
assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should do something for the other in return
aggression
behavior intended to hurt of destroy another person
consumer psychology
branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace
situational cause
cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as delays, the action of others, or some other aspect of the situation
dispositional cause
cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality or character
compliance
changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change
obedience
changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
conformity
changing one's own behavior to match that of other people
equal status contact
contact between groups in which the groups have equal status with neither group having power over the other
"jigsaw classroom"
educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information need to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be force to work together to find the solution
lowball technique
getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment
groupthink
kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned
interpersonal attraction
liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person
diffusion of responsibility
occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
proximity
physical or geographical nearness
altruism
prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
bystander effect
referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases
social cognitive
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
cognitive dissonance
sense of discomfort of distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes
implicit personality theory
sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personal traits, and actions are related to each other
out-groups
social groups with whom a person does not identify; "them."
in-groups
social groups with whom a person identifies; "us."
reciprocity of liking
tendency of people to like other people who like them in return
psychosurgery
the alteration of brain tissue in an attempt to alleviate psychological disorders
social categorization
the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past
social comparison
the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one's self-esteem
stereotype vulnerability
the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior
impression formation
the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person
social cognition
the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them
social identity
the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular society
social role
the patter of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position
deinstitutionalization
the policy of discharging mentally ill patients from institutions on the assumption that they can be cared for in their communities
persuasion
the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation
attribution
the process of explaining one's own behavior and behavior of others
social influence
the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual
social psychology
the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
self-fulfilling prophecy
the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur
client-centered therapy
theropy designed to create and environment in which the client is able to find solutions to his or her problems
peripheral-route processing
type of information processing that involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the appearance of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other noncontent factors
central-route processing
type of information processing that involves attending to the content of the message itself
companionate love
type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment
romantic love
type of love consisting of intimacy and passion
transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient's positive or negative reaction to the therapist, which is believed to reflect the patient's relationship to a significant person outside of therapy
antianxiety drugs
Minor tranquilizers, such as the benzodiazepines, used to reduce anxiety, usually by increasing the ability of the neurotransmitter GABA to bind at synapses