Chapter 12- The Minerals (Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium)
D
All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except a. deficiencies are extremely rare. b. intake is related, in large part, to sodium intake. c. it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids. d. The recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.
A
All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except a. Processed foods are a major source. b. high intakes may protect against stroke. c. per serving size, legumes are a rich source. d. per serving size, bananas are a rich source.
A
All of the following are good plant sources of calcium for the body except a. Spinach. b. almonds. c. corn tortillas. d. sesame seeds.
B
All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except a. lactose. b. Oxalates. c. pregnancy. d. stomach acid.
B
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except a. a high-fiber diet. b. Lactose in the diet. c. phytic acid in the diet. d. phosphorus in the diet at a level 3 times that of calcium.
B
Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to a. provide energy for cells. b. Provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. c. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. d. maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.
D
Approximately how many people in the United States are afflicted with osteoporosis? a. 500,000 b. 5 million c. 25 million d. 50 million
A
Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood? a. 1 b. 5 c. 15 d. 25
A
As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium? a. pH regulation b. Blood clotting c. Nerve transmission d. Maintenance of heart beat
A
At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass? a. 30-40 yrs b. 40-50 yrs c. 50-60 yrs d. 60-70 yrs
D
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk? a. Rickets b. Arthritis c. Low blood pressure d. High blood pressure
B
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of a. fiber. b. Lactose. c. phytic acid. d. oxalic acid.
B
Calcium-binding protein acts within the a. kidneys. b. Intestines. c. cortical bone. d. trabecular bone.
C
Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of a. low calcium content. b. low vitamin D content. c. Naturally occurring binders. d. high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption.
B
Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 100
A
Salt-sensitive population groups include all of the following except a. Caucasians. b. African-Americans. c. people with obesity. d. people with diabetes.
A
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction? a. 5 b. 6.5 c. 8 d. 9.5
B
Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of a. renin. b. Sodium. c. chloride. d. aldosterone.
A
In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt? a. Equilibrium b. Slight positive balance c. Strong positive balance d. Moderate positive balance
D
On a per kcalorie basis, which of the following are the best sources of calcium? a. Meats b. Fruits c. Breads d. Vegetables
B
What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity? a. Dehydration b. Hyponatremia c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Elevated blood sodium
D
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent a. dehydration. b. constipation. c. osteoporosis. d. Hypertension.
D
Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range? a. Calcitonin b. Calmodulin c. Hydroxyapatite d. Parathyroid hormone
b
What is another term for hypertension? a. High blood sodium b. High blood pressure c. Excessive mental stress d. Excessive muscular contraction
A
What is calmodulin? a. A calcium-binding protein b. A drug that treats osteoporosis c. A calcium supplement with high bioavailability d. A form of calcium used in fortifying soy products
B
What is hydroxyapatite? a. Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis b. The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones c. A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone d. A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits
B
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for salt? a. 0.5 teaspoons b. 1 teaspoon c. 0.5 tablespoons d. 1 tablespoon
C
What is the calcium Adequate Intake for young adults? a. 500 mg b. 800 mg c. 1000 mg d. 1500 mg
A
What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? a. Processed foods b. Unprocessed foods c. Natural salt content of foods d. Salt added during cooking and at the table
B
What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium? a. 0 b. 10 c. 50 d. 80
C
Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body? a. Sodium b. Chloride c. Calcium d. Potassium
A
Which of the following events is specific to a salt-sensitive individual? a. Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises b. Immune system is activated when salt intake increases c. Muscle cramps occur when body sodium becomes depleted d. Thirst response is activated upon consumption of a sodium-rich food
D
Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates? a. Seeds and nuts b. Processed cheeses c. Fermented dairy products d. Spinach and sweet potatoes
B
Which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavailability of calcium? a. Kale b. Spinach c. Broccoli d. Mustard greens
C
Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body? a. High blood calcium levels correlate with tetany b. Abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor c. Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness d. Efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults
B
Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis? a. It is most common in men over 45 years of age b. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels c. It results from short-term deprivation of dietary calcium d. It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathormone and calcitonin
A
Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements? a. Can cause toxicity b. Should always be taken with diuretics c. Necessary in treatment of low blood pressure d. Absorption of the mineral decreases markedly as intake increases
B
Which of the following is a feature of potassium? a. It is unrelated to blood pressure b. Liberal intakes may correct hypertension c. Major dietary sources are processed foods d. Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes
B
Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health? a. Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African-Americans b. High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion c. High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people d. Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure
D
Which of the following is a feature of sodium nutrition? a. It has no AI because diets rarely lack sodium b. It has no AI because the kidneys are highly efficient at regulating sodium balance c. The AI is 3 g, an amount that has been shown to have little or no effect on blood pressure d. The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism
C
Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods? a. Instant chocolate pudding is a low-sodium food b. Processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets c. Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis d. Dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets
A
Which of the following is a general property of the minerals? a. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash b. Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals c. Minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods d. Some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light
B
Which of the following is a major function of chloride? a. Participates in wound healing b. Helps maintain gastric acidity c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte d. Protects bone structures against degeneration
D
Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL? a. Calcium tetany b. Atrophic gastritis c. Vitamin D deficiency d. Kidney stone formation
B
Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? a. Extreme thirst b. Muscle weakness c. Profound sweating d. Lowered blood pressure
D
Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency? a. It leads to hyperglycemia b. It leads to higher blood pressure c. It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes d. It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
A
Which of the following is not among the common food sources of potassium? a. Cheeses b. Potatoes c. Fresh fruits d. Orange juice
C
Which of the following is the primary function of potassium? a. Participates in wound healing b. Helps maintain gastric acidity c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte d. Protects bone structures against degeneration
B
Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount? a. Calcium b. Chloride c. Potassium d. Phosphorus
C
Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion? a. Athletes who are body-builders b. Construction workers in cold climates c. Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables d. Those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods
D
Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood? a. Dietary intake of calcium b. Glucagon and epinephrine c. Dietary intake of phosphorus d. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
C
Which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level? a. Diseases of the liver b. Diseases of the kidney c. Insufficient dietary intake d. Altered secretion of parathyroid hormone
C
Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? a. Milk b. Spinach c. Broccoli d. Pinto beans
A
Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity? a. They can induce dehydration b. They suppress the thirst mechanisms c. They may lead to complete kidney failure d. They reduce blood glucose concentration
B
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg? a. 100 b. 300 c. 600 d. 950
C
How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g? a. 100 mg b. 125 mg c. 1,000 mg d. 2,500 mg
C
Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day? a. Intake is higher b. Excretion is higher c. Intake and excretion are equal d. Excretion is unrelated to intake
A
The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed a. Calcium rigor. b. calcium tetany. c. myosinotoxicosis. d. calmodulin dysfunction.
B
Which of the following ages (years) is typically associated with people having the densest bone? a. 15 b. 28 c. 35 d. 46
D
Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium? a. Fruits b. Breads c. Enriched grains d. Certain green vegetables