Understanding Nutrition Midterm, Chapters 1 -7
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol? A. 160 B. 345 C. 560 D. 755
755
What is an oligopeptide? A. A sulfur-containing amino acid B. A string of about 4-9 amino acids C. A carbohydrate-containing protein D. A protein containing only essential amino acids
A string of about 4-9 amino acids
Which of the following statements describes the glycemic index of foods? A. A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose B. The newest, most practical means for planning diets for people with diabetes C. A well-utilized, highly valued mechanism to control the intake of simple sugars D. A measure of the percentage of digestible carbohydrates in relation to total energy content of the food
A way of ranking foods according to their potential to increase blood glucose
Which of the following is a characteristic of the lipid content of livestock? A. The meat from "free-range" animals is similar in composition to soy protein B. "Free-range" animals contain more omega-3 fats in the meat than grain-fed animals C. Grain-fed animals contain more polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meat compared with grass-fed animals D. Grain-fed animals contain lower concentrations of fat in the meat compared with grass-fed animals
"Free-range" animals contain more omega-3 fats in the meat than grain-fed animals
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? A. ATP B. Glucose C. Pyruvate D. A kcalorie
ATP
Among the following foods, which contains the lowest amount of lactose per serving? A. Yogurt B. Ice cream C. Doughnut D. American cheese
American cheese
If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? A. Fatty acids B. Acetyl CoA C. Amino acids D. Carbon dioxide
Amino acids
What is stevia? A. An herb-derived sweetener B. An FDA-approved sugar alcohol C. A poorly digested polysaccharide D. An inhibitor of lactase enzyme activity
An herb-derived sweetener
Which of the following defines a coenzyme? A. A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP B. An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme C. The small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants D. An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors
An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain? A. At the end B. At every step C. At the beginning D. When ATP is synthesized
At the end
Part of grain richest in fiber
Bran
Nutrient added in grain enrichment process
Iron
What type of nutrient is starch? A. Fiber B. Gluten C. Simple carbohydrate D. Complex carbohydrate
Complex carbohydrate
Which of the following is most likely to result from insufficient intake of fiber? A. Diarrhea B. Bloating C. Constipation D. Pancreatitis
Constipation
What is the predominant grain product in much of South and Central America? A. Rice B. Corn C. Millet D. Wheat
Corn
A food label ingredient list reads in the following order: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the smallest amount in the food? A. Salt B. Sugar C. Cornstarch D. Wheat flour
Cornstarch
Food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the A. Daily Values. B. FDA Standards. C. Reference Dietary Intakes. D. Recommended Dietary Intakes.
Daily Values
Which of the following represents the usual sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake? A. Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs B. Abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs C. Abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores D. Declining nutrient stores, overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body
Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs
Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty? A. Ileum B. Cecum C. Jejunum D. Duodenum
Duodenum
Which of the following describes the state of nitrogen balance for a normal, healthy 35-year-old person who weighs 60 kg and consumes a diet that provides 75 g of protein and adequate energy? A. Equilibrium B. Positive balance C. Negative balance D. Endogenous balance
Equilibrium
Which of the following is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat? A. Excess fat is almost all stored B. Excess fat promotes increased fat oxidation C. Excess fat spares breakdown of body proteins D. Conversion of excess fat to storage fat is inefficient
Excess fat is almost all stored
What is the sequence of stages that brings about advanced liver disease caused by chronic alcohol toxicity? A. Fibrosis, gout, cirrhosis B. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, fat depletion C. Cirrhosis, fat accumulation, fibrosis D. Fat accumulation, fibrosis, cirrhosis
Fat accumulation, fibrosis, cirrhosis
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy? A. Fats B. Alcohol C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates
Fats
What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria? A. Lignans B. Phytates C. Cellulose D. Fermentable
Fermentable
Which of the following is known as fruit sugar or levulose? A. Maltose B. Glucose C. Fructose D. Galactose
Fructose
Which of the following is NOT a rich source of dietary starch? A. Grains B. Fruits C. Tubers D. Legumes
Fruits
What term describes how quickly glucose is absorbed from a food after ingestion, how high blood glucose rises as a result, and how quickly blood glucose returns to normal? A. Diabetes index B. Glycemic index C. Diabetes potential D. Glycemic response
Glycemic response
After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following is most depleted in the body? A. Glycogen B. Fatty acids C. Amino acids D. Triglycerides
Glycogen
Which of the following outlines the overall sequence of events in the complete oxidation of glucose? A. Cori cycle, TCA cycle, glycolysis B. Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain C. Electron transport chain, TCA cycle, Cori cycle D. TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
Which of the following is a feature of lactose? A. Its digestion begins in the mouth B. It is found in various amounts in most animal foods C. It is used as filler in one out of five prescription drugs D. It causes frequent allergies in certain population groups
It is used as filler in one out of five prescription drugs
A condition of protein malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk? A. Lactose B. Sucrose C. Maltose D. Glycogen
Lactose
What is the primary organ that converts fructose to glucose following absorption? A. Liver B. Pancreas C. Skeletal muscle D. Small intestines
Liver
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes? A. Many people with type 2 diabetes are obese B. Most people who have diabetes require insulin therapy C. Diabetes results chiefly from excess dietary intake of simple carbohydrates D. People with type 1 diabetes fail to respond to the insulin made by the pancreas
Many people with type 2 diabetes are obese
Which of the following is a feature of the lipid content of foods? A. Omega-3 fats are found in fish B. Cholesterol is found in peanuts C. Essential fatty acids are found in olestra D. Low-density lipoproteins are found in coconut oil
Omega-3 fats are found in fish
What is the composition of sucrose? A. Two fructose units B. One glucose and one fructose unit C. One glucose and one galactose unit D. One galactose and one fructose unit
One glucose and one fructose unit
Most substances containing carbon-hydrogen bonds
Organic
Hormone that signals release of bile
cholecystokinin
Signals the release of bile
cholecystokinin
Major dietary precursor for vitamin D synthesis
cholesterol
A small non-protein organic substance that promotes optimal activity of an enzyme
coenzyme
Which of the following leads to the production of urea? A. Oxidation of glucose B. Oxidation of amino acids C. Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids D. Synthesis of protein from amino acids
Oxidation of amino acids
What type of compound is lecithin? A. Bile salt B. Glycolipid C. Lipoprotein D. Phospholipid
Phospholipid
A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose
cori cycle
Good food source of omega-6 fatty acids
corn oil
What types of enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the proteins in foods? A. Lipases B. Salivases C. Proteases D. Carbohydrases
Proteases
Which of the following describes the structure of pepsin? A. Lipid B. Protein C. Nucleic acid D. Carbohydrate
Protein
Why is there little or no digestion of starch in the stomach? A. Mucus inhibits starch breakdown B. Stomach enzymes are dysfunctional C. Starch should not be eaten with protein D. Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment
Salivary enzymes do not work in an acid environment
High intakes of aspartame are known to A. inhibit digestive tract enzymes. B. be unsafe for most of the population. C. decrease the threshold for seizures in epilepsy. D. be metabolized into more than 6 times as much methanol as that from tomato juice consumption.
decrease the threshold for seizures in epilepsy.
Which of the following stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juice? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Glucagon D. Gastric-inhibitory peptide
Secretin
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. Large intestine
Small intestine
Which of the following is a feature of the minerals as nutrients? A. They are organic B. They yield 4 kcalories per gram C. Some become dissolved in body fluids D. Some may be destroyed during cooking
Some become dissolved in body fluids
Which of the following is a feature of cholesterol? A. Synthesized by the body B. No relation to heart disease C. Recommended intake is zero D. No function in the human body
Synthesized by the body
Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis? A. The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA B. The final step in completing the protein is carried out in the mitochondria C. The function of transfer RNA is to assist in absorption of amino acids into the cell D. The DNA binds to ribosomes and directs uptake of specific amino acids to form the peptide chain
The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers? A. They cause diverticulosis B. They raise blood cholesterol levels C. They are usually found in high-fat foods D. They are classified according to solubility in water
They are classified according to solubility in water
Which of the following is a characteristic of the sugar alcohols? A. They are not sweet B. They provide kcalories C. They are not metabolized D. They promote dental caries
They provide kcalories
What is the composition of a tripeptide? A. One amino acid with three carbons B. Three amino acids bonded together C. One amino acid with three acid groups D. Three small protein chains bonded together
Three amino acids bonded together
Which of the following is a feature of fat metabolism? A. Cholesterol is stored primarily on the surface of veins B. High-density lipoproteins represent the major transport vehicle for delivering fat to the adipose cells C. Fat storage is highly efficient due to the rapid uptake of the intact triglyceride molecule by adipose cells D. Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the adipose cells
Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the adipose cells
What dispensable amino acid becomes essential in people with PKU? A. Glycine B. Tyrosine C. Arginine D. Glutamine
Tyrosine
Which of the following is a common source of resistant starch? A. Apple B. Orange C. Baked potato D. Unripe bananas
Unripe bananas
Which of the following breads has the highest fiber content? A. White B. Refined C. Enriched D. Whole-grain
Whole-Grain
Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men? A. Women fast more often B. Women do not eat as much food with the alcohol C. Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks D. Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase
Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase
All of the following are general features of starvation in people EXCEPT A. a decrease in metabolic rate. B. a decrease in mental alertness. C. a decrease in immune function. D. a decrease in body temperature.
a decrease in mental alertness
Absorption mechanism that requires energy
active transport
The principal nitrogen-containing waste product
Urea
Which of the following is NOT a possible fate of metabolized glucose? A. Urea B. Acetyl CoA C. Amino acids D. Muscle glycogen
Urea
Which of the following best describes the normal pH of the stomach? A. Very acidic B. Slightly acidic C. Neutral D. Slightly alkaline
Very acidic
What is the staple grain of Canada, the United States, and Europe? A. Oats B. Rice C. Corn D. Wheat
Wheat
A product of deamination
ammonia
Enzyme that digests starch
amylase
All of the following are contained in an amino acid EXCEPT A. an acid group. B. an amino group. C. an aldehyde group. D. a central carbon atom.
an aldehyde group
The intestinal microflora are comprised primarily of A. villi. B. bacteria. C. mucosa. D. probiotics.
bacteria
The principle of consuming a number of foods in proportion to each other
balance
A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction
enzyme
Stress hormone that modulates blood glucose
epinephrine
All of the following are major causes of ulcer formation except A. bacterial infection. B. excessive use of antacids. C. excessive gastric acid secretion. D. use of certain anti-inflammatory medicines.
excessive use of antacids.
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of A. fat only. B. all nutrients. C. carbohydrate and fat only. D. carbohydrate, fat, and protein only.
fat only
All of the following are sources of dietary carbohydrates except A. fish. B. milk. C. fruits. D. legumes.
fish
Substance that signals the release of glucose into blood
glucagon
The major energy fuel for the central nervous system
glucose
Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of A. amino acids from glucose. B. lactose from a source of sucrose. C. fat from excess carbohydrate intake. D. glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.
glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance
lycolysis is the conversion of A. glycogen to fat. B. glycogen to protein. C. glucose to pyruvate. D. glucose to glycogen.
glucose to pyruvate
The part of a triglyceride that is convertible to glucose
glycerol
A complex carbohydrate in muscle
glycogen
A storage form of carbohydrate
glycogen
A person who is starving is losing A. fat only. B. glycogen only. C. glycogen and fat only. D. glycogen, protein, and fat.
glycogen, protein, and fat
A large protein that carries oxygen
hemoglobin
Vessel that carries blood from GI tract to liver
hepatic portal vein
A component of gastric juice
hydrochloric acid
Substances repelled by water
hydrophobic
Controls the entry of chyme into the colon
ileocecal valve
Substance that signals removal of glucose from the blood
insulin
Fluid situated between cells
interstitial
All of the following are characteristics of protein-energy malnutrition except A. it is found in hospitalized adults. B. it is found in elderly living alone. C. it almost always exhibits overt signs. D. it is common in people with anorexia nervosa.
it almost always exhibits overt signs
Characteristics of dietary phytic acid include all of the following EXCEPT A. it is classified as a fiber. B. it is found in the husks of grains. C. it is synonymous with the term phytate. D. it inhibits absorption of several minerals.
it is classified as a fiber.
All of the following are characteristic of a high-fiber diet EXCEPT A. there is a risk of not meeting energy needs. B. it may reduce risk of lung cancer but increase risk of breast cancer. C. it initially may cause bouts of gastrointestinal discomfort and diarrhea. D. it may precipitate mineral deficiency if the body's mineral intake status is marginal.
it may reduce risk of lung cancer but increase risk of breast cancer
Features of a chronic disease include all of the following EXCEPT A. it develops slowly. B. it lasts a long time. C. it produces sharp pains. D. it progresses gradually.
it produces sharp pains.
Characteristics of an acute disease include all of the following EXCEPT A. it develops quickly. B. it progresses slowly. C. it runs a short course. D. it causes sharp symptoms.
it progresses slowly.
A product of pyruvate metabolism when oxygen is limited
lactate
When digested, yields galactose
lactose
Site where fibers may be metabolized to short-chain fatty acids
large intestine
A water-insoluble fiber
lignin
Organ that synthesizes bile
liver
Proteins, because they attract hydrogen ions, can act as A. acids. B. buffers. C. enzymes. D. antibodies.
buffers
What is the AMDR for fat? A. 10-30% B. 20-35% C. 40-55% D. 60-75%
20-35%
Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as A. safety. B. variety. C. moderation. D. undernutrition.
moderation
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the A. mouth. B. colon. C. stomach. D. pancreas.
mouth
Site where digestion of starch begins
mouth
Which of the following is a drawback of olestra consumption? A. It yields 9 kcalories per gram B. It imparts off-flavors to foods C. It raises blood glucose levels D. It inhibits absorption of vitamin E
olestra
Oil that is characteristic of the Mediterranean diet
olive oil
A characteristic of farm-raised fish is they are A. lower in omega-3 fats. B. higher in soluble fiber. C. higher in trace elements. D. usually higher in mercury.
ower in omega-3 fats
An aerobic reaction is one that requires A. alcohol. B. oxygen. C. nitrogen. D. ammonia.
oxygen
A water-soluble fiber
pectin
A parent who offers a child a favorite snack as a reward for good behavior is displaying a food behavior known as A. social interaction. B. reverse psychology. C. positive association. D. habitual reinforcement.
positive association.
When nitrogen taken into the body exceeds nitrogen losses, we say the person is in A. a healthy state. B. nitrogen equilibrium. C. positive nitrogen balance. D. negative nitrogen balance.
positive nitrogen balance
Common source of trans-fatty acids
potato chips
A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's A. fat. B. lactose. C. protein. D. minerals.
protein
The body's need for water increases on a diet high in A. protein. B. carbohydrate. C. saturated fat. D. unsaturated fat.
protein
A cell structure where protein synthesis takes place
ribosome
All of the following are features of serving size information on food labels EXCEPT A. serving sizes for solid foods are expressed in both ounces and grams. B. small bags of individually wrapped food items must contain only one serving. C. serving sizes on food labels may not be the same as those of MyPyramid. D. for a given product, the serving size is the same, no matter how large the package.
small bags of individually wrapped food items must contain only one serving
Site where digestion of disaccharides takes place
small intestine
Reliable health claim allowed on food labels
sodium and hypertension
A complex carbohydrate in legumes
starch
Disaccharide containing fructose
sucrose
Characteristics of hydrogenated oils include all of the following EXCEPT A. they are stored in adipose tissue. B. they lower HDL and raise LDL cholesterol in the body. C. some of their fatty acids change shape from cis to trans. D. products containing them become rancid sooner, contributing to a shorter shelf life.
they lower HDL and raise LDL cholesterol in the body.
Process by which non-essential amino acids are synthesized
transamination
Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT A. diffusion. B. transmigration. C. active transport. D. facilitated diffusion.
transmigration
The chief functions of cholecystokinin include all of the following except A. triggering release of bile. B. slowing GI tract motility. C. triggering release of gastrin. D. triggering release of pancreatic fluid.
triggering release of gastrin
Waste product of the electron transport chain
water
Nutrient with the highest energy density
Fat
What is the term that defines foods that contain nonnutrient substances whose known action in the body is to promote well-being to a greater extent than that contributed by the food's nutrients? A. Fortified foods B. Enriched foods C. Functional foods D. Health enhancing foods
Functional foods
According to the FDA, which of the following diet-health messages requires a disclaimer on food labels? A. Fiber and cancer B. Lipids and obesity C. Calcium and osteoporosis D. Sodium and high blood pressure
Lipids and obesity
Which of the following is not a typical component of stools? A. Water B. Fiber C. Starch D. Bacteria
Starch
In what organ does the digestion process begin? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Duodenum D. Jejunum-ileum
Mouth
Which of the following is an alternative choice for meats in the USDA Food Guide? A. Nuts B. Bacon C. Baked potatoes D. Sweet potatoes
Nuts
A nutrient deficiency in the early stages
Subclinical Deficiency
Substance containing nitrogen
Protein
Absorption mechanism that does not require energy
diffusion
Prevents food from entering the windpipe when swallowing
epiglottis
A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n) A. neutraceutical. B. metabolic unit. C. organic nutrient. D. essential nutrient.
essential nutrient
Organ that releases bile into intestines
gallbladder
Health claim not allowed on food labels without a disclaimer
antioxidants and heart disease
Vessel that carries blood from liver to heart
hepatic vein
Which of the following is a characteristic of enriched grain products? A. They have all of the added nutrients listed on the label B. They have the fiber restored from the refining procedure C. They have virtually all the nutrients restored from refining procedure D. They have only 4 vitamins and 4 minerals added by the food manufacturer
They have all of the added nutrients listed on the label
Origin of the Food Guide eating plan
USDA
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the minerals? A. Yield no energy B. Unstable to light C. Stable in cooked foods D. Structurally smaller than vitamins
Unstable to light
A fat-soluble vitamin
Vitamin A
Nutrient commonly added in cow's milk fortification process
Vitamin A
Nutrient commonly added in soy milk fortification process
Vitamin B12
When consumed on a regular basis, which of the following foods promotes healthful changes of the microflora of the GI tract? A. Fish B. Yogurt C. Poultry D. Iron-rich foods
Yogurt
The concept of nutrient density is most helpful in achieving what principle of diet planning? A. Variety B. Balance C. Moderation D. kCalorie control
kCalorie control
Carries fat-soluble vitamins
lymphatic system
Example of a functional food
margarine containing plant sterols
Which of the following is an expression of the nutrient density of a food? A. 0.01 mg iron per kcalorie B. 110 kcalories per cup C. 0.5 mg iron per serving D. 110 kcalories per serving
0.01 mg iron per kcalorie
A weight reduction regimen calls for a daily intake of 1400 kcalories which includes 30 g of fat. Approximately what percentage of the total energy is contributed by fat? A. 8.5 B. 15 C. 19 D. 25.5
19
What is the AMDR for carbohydrate? A. 5-10% B. 15-25% C. 30-40% D. 45-65%
45-65%
Of the ten leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition? A. 1 B. 4 C. 7 D. 10
7
By law, a serving size on beverage food labels is A. 4-6 fluid ounces. B. 8 fluid ounces. C. 10-12 fluid ounces. D. 16 fluid ounces.
8 fl oz
What is the very first thing you should do if you suspect someone is choking on food? A. Perform the Heimlich maneuver B. Strike the person sharply on the back C. Attempt to dislodge the food with your fingers D. Ask the person to make sounds from the throat
Ask the person to make sounds from the throat
Which of the following represents a rationale for setting the recommendation for energy? A. Because protein is an energy nutrient, the figures for energy intake are set in proportion to protein intake B. Because a large number of people are overweight, the figures are set to induce a gradual weight loss in most individuals C. Because the energy needs within each population group show little variation, the figures are set to meet the needs of almost all individuals D. Because a margin of safety would result in excess energy intake for a large number of people, the figures are set at the average energy intake
Because a margin of safety would result in excess energy intake for a large number of people, the figures are set at the average energy intake
Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose? A. Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of insulin B. Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon C. Blood glucose levels that rise too high signal the release of glycogen D. Blood glucose levels that rise too high signal the release of epinephrine
Blood glucose levels that fall too low signal the release of glucagon
Which of the following foods provides discretionary kcalories for the person on a weight reduction diet? A. Watermelon B. Canned pears in syrup C. Milk with all fat removed
Canned pears in syrup
Which of the following is characteristic of an essential nutrient? A. Cannot be found in food B. Cannot be degraded by the body C. Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body D. Cannot be used to synthesize other compounds in the body
Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
What is the function of bile? A. Emulsifies fats B. Initiates digestion of protein C. Enhances absorption of complex carbohydrates D. Protects the stomach and small intestine from the action of hydrochloric acid
Emulsifies fats
Part of grain containing most of the starch
Endosperm
Agency that regulates food labeling
FDA
Which of the following substances functions to control the release of hydrochloric acid to prevent excessive acidity? A. Fiber B. Gastrin C. Secretin D. Bicarbonate
Gastrin
Which of the following is known to correlate most strongly with reduced risk of deaths from heart disease? A. High fiber intake B. High sugar intake C. High levulose intake D. High corn syrup intake
High fiber intake
What structure controls the passage of material from the small intestine to the large intestine? A. Pyloric valve B. Ileocecal valve C. Colonic sphincter D. Jejunal sphincter
Ileocecal valve
In general, which of the following is associated with the fewest adverse effects from the treatment of constipation in adults? A. Taking an enema B. Taking a laxative C. Ingestion of prunes D. Ingestion of mineral oil
Ingestion of prunes
What mineral is added in the enrichment process of refined flours? A. Iron B. Iodine C. Calcium D. Magnesium
Iron
Which of the following is classified as a micronutrient? A. Iron B. Protein C. Alcohol D. Carbohydrate
Iron
Which of the following is a feature of peristalsis? A. It remains quiet between meals when the GI tract is empty B. It occurs along the GI tract at a constant rate when food is present C. It involves parallel and circular muscles found in the walls of the intestines but not the stomach D. It consists of wavelike muscular contractions resulting from alternate tightening and relaxing of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles
It consists of wavelike muscular contractions resulting from alternate tightening and relaxing of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles
Which of the following is a characteristic of ketosis? A. It may lead to a lowering of blood pH B. It leads to increased appetite in most individuals C. It may be alleviated quickly by ingestion of some dietary fat D. It is a necessary physiological adjustment for maximum weight loss
It may lead to a lowering of blood pH
Which of the following is a feature of resistant starch? A. It is common in overripe bananas B. Excessive intake promotes constipation C. It resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes D. It cannot be fermented by large intestinal bacteria
It resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes
Which of the following foods' kcalories would be considered as part of one's discretionary kcalorie allowance? A. Jam B. Watermelon C. Raw carrots D. Brussels sprouts
Jam
All of the following sets of values are included in the Dietary Reference Intakes except A. AI. B. RDA. C. EAR. D. LUT.
LUT
Which of the following is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body due to a nutrient deficiency? A. Diet history B. Laboratory tests C. Body weight loss D. Physical examination
Laboratory tests
What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol? A. Brain B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Digestive tract
Liver
Which of the following plays a major role in regulating the elimination of alcohol from the body? A. Lung respiratory rate B. Kidney antidiuretic hormone C. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase D. Brain acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Liver alcohol dehydrogenase
What type of diet is advised to rehabilitate a severely malnourished child? A. Low protein B. High protein C. Liberal quantities of lactose-free powdered milk until growth rate is restored D. High energy until normal body mass index is achieved, then moderate energy thereafter
Low protein
In which of the following food groups are legumes found? A. Meats B. Dairy C. Fruits D. Grains
Meats
What is the primary site for absorption of nutrients? A. Crypt B. Villus C. Microvillus D. Macrovillus
Microvillus
Glycogen is stored mainly in which of the following tissues? A. Muscle and liver B. Pancreas and kidneys C. Stomach and intestine D. Brain and red blood cells
Muscle and liver
In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique? A. Carbon B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen
Nitrogen
The principle of recognizing that a food has more iron than another food when expressed per kcalorie
Nutrient density
Which of the following is a feature of U.S. laws governing information on food labels? A. The term "fresh" can be used only for raw and moderately processed food B. Nutrition labeling must appear on virtually all processed as well as fresh foods C. Restaurant foods must provide nutrient content information on the menu D. Nutrition labeling is not required on foods produced by small businesses or products produced and sold in the same establishment
Nutrition labeling is not required on foods produced by small businesses or products produced and sold in the same establishment
Which of the following is a property of dietary lipids? A. Omega-3 fatty acids are always unsaturated B. Lipids that are solid at room temperature are classified as oils C. The fatty acids in triglycerides may be of chain length 2 to 25 carbons D. The most common fatty acid chain length in triglycerides is 10 carbons
Omega-3 fatty acids are always unsaturated
Which of the following nutrient sources yields more than 4 kcalories per gram? A. Plant fats B. Plant proteins C. Animal proteins D. Plant carbohydrates
Plant fats
Which of the following best describes a college-educated nutrition and food specialist who is qualified to make evaluations of the nutritional health of people? A. Registered dietitian B. Licensed nutritionist C. Master of nutrient utilization D. Doctor of food and nutritional sciences
Registered dietitian
Who would be the most appropriate person to consult regarding nutrition information? A. Chiropractor B. Medical doctor C. Registered dietitian D. Health food store manage
Registered dietitian
Which of the following is a purpose of both the Recommended Dietary Allowance and Adequate Intake? A. Setting nutrient goals for individuals B. Identifying toxic intakes of nutrients C. Restoring health of malnourished individuals D. Developing nutrition programs for schoolchildren
Setting nutrient goals for individuals
What is the primary function of the rectum? A. Controls functioning of the colon B. Absorbs minerals from waste materials C. Stores waste materials prior to evacuation D. Absorbs excess water from waste materials
Stores waste materials prior to evacuation
What is mastication? A. The act of chewing B. The act of swallowing C. The wave-like contraction of the intestines D. The wave-like contraction of the esophagus
The act of chewing
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of a nutrient represent? A. The maximum amount allowed for fortifying a food B. A number calculated by taking twice the RDA or three times the AI C. The maximum allowable amount available in supplement form D. The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
The maximum amount from all sources that appears safe for most healthy people
Which of the following statements defines the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease? A. All people with the risk factor will develop the disease B. The absence of a risk factor guarantees freedom from the disease C. The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease D. The presence of a factor such as heredity can be modified to lower the risk of degenerative diseases
The more risk factors for a disease, the greater the chance of developing that disease
When consumed in excess, all of the following can be converted to body fat and stored except A. sugar. B. corn oil. C. alcohol. D. vitamin C.
Vitamin C
Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient? A. Fat B. Protein C. Vitamin C D. Carbohydrate
Vitamin C
Which of the following is an organic compound? A. Salt B. Water C. Calcium D. Vitamin C
Vitamin C
According to nutrition labeling laws, the amounts of what two vitamins must be listed on the package label? A. Vitamins D and E B. Vitamins A and C C. Thiamin and riboflavin D. Vitamin B6 and niacin
Vitamins A and C
What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups? A. Vitamins D and E B. Vitamins A and C C. Protein and calcium D. B vitamins and iron
Vitamins A and C
Which of the following breads has the highest fiber content? A. White B. Refined C. Enriched D. Whole-grain
Whole-grain
All of the following are classified as macronutrients EXCEPT A. fat. B. protein. C. calcium. D. carbohydrate.
calcium
Colonic irrigation is a popular practice for treatment of A. belching. B. constipation. C. rapid peristalsis. D. explosive diarrhea.
constipation
The result of protein exposed to severe heat
denatured
The part of the grain that remains after being refined is the A. bran. B. germ. C. husk. D. endosperm.
endosperm
All of the following are the chief causes of ulcers except A. H. pylori infection. B. excessive caffeine consumption. C. regular use of anti-inflammatory drugs. D. disorders that cause high gastric acid output.
excessive caffeine consumption
Hormone that triggers release of gastric acid
gastrin
A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of A. triglycerides. B. free fatty acids. C. high-density lipoproteins. D. very-low-density lipoproteins.
high-density lipoproteins
A meat described as "prime cut" means that it A. has an extended shelf life. B. usually carries a high price. C. is served only in restaurants. D. is higher in fat than other cuts of meat.
is higher in fat than other cuts of meat
A subclinical nutrient deficiency is defined as one that
is in the early stages.
Your roommate Demetrius is participating in a weightlifting course and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to A. lactate. B. glycerol. C. acetyl CoA. D. amino acids.
lactate
A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of A. free fatty acids. B. high-density lipoproteins. C. low-density lipoproteins. D. very low-density lipoproteins.
low-density lipoproteins.
All of the following features are shared by the RDA and the AI EXCEPT A. both are included in the DRI. B. both serve as nutrient intake goals for individuals. C. neither covers 100% of the population's nutrient needs. D. neither is useful for evaluating nutrition programs for groups of people.
neither is useful for evaluating nutrition
Controls the entry of chyme into the duodenum
pylorus
A product of glycolysis
pyruvate
Hormone that signals release of pancreatic bicarbonate
secretin
Commonly used to make textured vegetable protein
soybeans
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is A. stored as fat only. B. excreted in the feces. C. stored as amino acids only. D. stored as glycogen and fat.
stored as glycogen and fat
The most common causes of death today in the United States include all of the following except A. cancer. B. diabetes. C. tuberculosis. D. diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
tuberculosis.
All of the following are results of making poor food choices EXCEPT A. over the long term, they will reduce lifespan in some people. B. they can promote heart disease and cancer over the long term. C. over the long term, they will not affect lifespan in some people. D. when made over just a single day, they exert great harm to your health.
when made over just a single day, they exert great harm to your health
According to the principles of the USDA Food Guide, the foundation of a healthful diet should consist of A. dairy. B. fruits. C. nutrient-dense foods. D. meats and alternatives.
nutrient-dense foods
Example of a fortified food
orange juice containing added calcium
All of the following are examples of legumes except A. peas. B. beans. C. peanuts. D. potatoes.
potatoes
The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely his A. values. B. body image. C. ethnic heritage. D. functional association.
values
What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil? A. Saturated B. Monounsaturated C. Polyunsaturated D. Partially hydrogenated
Monounsaturated
Why are hard cheeses lower in lactose than soft cheeses? A. The lactose molecules bond to casein B. More lactose is removed during manufacturing C. The bacterial culture is selected to degrade more of the lactose D. The lactose molecules condense to form a poorly digested oligosaccharide
More lactose is removed during manufacturing
Which of the following is a characteristic of hormones? A. Inactivate bacteria B. Act as messenger molecules C. Coordinate visual response D. Act as buffers in the bloodstream
Act as messenger molecules
When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Epinephrine D. Cholecystokinin
Glucagon
Which of the following is LEAST likely to aggravate an existing ulcer? A. Beer B. Raw carrots C. Regular coffee D. Decaffeinated coffee
Raw carrots
A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for the A. DNA. B. ribosomes. C. mitochondria. D. electron transport chains.
mitochondria
A lipoprotein made primarily by the liver
very-low density lipoproteins
Excess nutrient intake leads to
Overnutrition
Substance that helps make or break a chemical bond
amylase
Recommended Dietary Allowances may be used to A. measure nutrient balance of population groups. B. assess dietary nutrient adequacy for individuals. C. treat persons with diet-related illnesses. D. calculate exact food requirements for most individuals.
assess dietary nutrient adequacy for individuals.