Understanding Psych Diagnosis
The MOST feared psychological problem among the elderly is:
Alzheimer's disease.
If you were using the scientific method to conduct research in abnormal psychology, you would be seeking a(n) _____ understanding.
nomothetic
About how many suicides are committed annually in the United States?
42,000
About how many unsuccessful suicide attempts occur annually in the United States?
650,000
Which is an anxiety disorder? A) Schizophrenia B) Bipolar disorder C) Major depression D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?
Unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss
Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A) problematic emotional extremes. B) periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes. C) significant distress or impairment. D) inappropriate rises in mood.
inappropriate rises in mood
Which is NOT a criticism of DSM-5 diagnoses of personality disorders?
incorporating new research into the new edition
The process of evaluating a person's progress after being in treatment is called a:
clinical assessment
The phrase split mind is to _____ as the phrase split personality is to _____.
schizophrenia; dissociative identity disorder
The history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's:
culture
A large survey of parents and their children shows that parents:
generally underestimate how worried their children are.
A _____ is a person who specializes in the mental health of older persons.
geropsychologist
A woman is perfectly capable of masturbating to orgasm, yet she is unable to reach orgasm with a partner, either through sexual intercourse or through the partner's manual stimulation of her. MOST likely, this type of orgasmic disorder would be called: A) lifelong. B) acquired. C) generalized. D) situational.
situational
Deviant behavior is behavior that:
violates the society's norms
Surveys show that _____ is a common experience for close to half of all children in the United States.
worry
"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?
psychodynamic
The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model.
psychodynamic
Comorbidity describes a situation in which:
two disorders occur together in an individual
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when she tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed:
withdrawal reactions
If a clinician had only 15 minutes to conduct a preliminary clinical interview, which information should he or she try to get, and why?
Ask about their intentions of coming as well as a brief history/overview of life, relationships, problems, and feelings. This will give an overview of what past traumas may be as well as build trust and rapport.
Explain Munchausen syndrome and give examples. If you suspected this disorder in someone, which risk factors would you look for?
Munchausen syndrome: also called factitious disorder, often go to extremes to create the appearance of illness. many give themselves medications secretly, take laxative to have diarrhea, etc risk factors to look for are: people who received extensive treatment for medical issues as child, carry a grudge against the medical profession, and have worked as a nurse, lab tech, or medical aide
Based on survey data, most Americans DISAGREE with which of the following statements? A) Untreated or under-treated depression can result in long-term disability. B) A combination of medications and psychotherapy is often the most effective treatment for depression. C) People diagnosed with depression would recover if they could just "snap out of it." D) Depression is a serious medical condition that requires treatment.
People diagnosed with depression would recover if they could just "snap out of it."
Which statement accurately reflects current thinking about psychosis and schizophrenia?
People with different diagnoses can exhibit psychosis; it is not limited to schizophrenia.
Imagine that a friend of yours has been a victim of sexual assault (rape). What are the short-term and long-term courses of her stress response to being raped likely to be?
Stress responses: high anxiety, suspiciousness, depression, self-esteem problems, self-blame, flashbacks, sleep problems, and sexual dysfunction. (start as short term and can become long term) Long term: can suffer from serious long term health problems, poor physical well being
What is the first type of food usually eliminated from the diet of a person who is developing restricting-type anorexia?
Sweets
Having a background in medicine, but also a grudge against the profession, puts a person at risk for:
a factitious disorder
Someone who has Munchausen syndrome also, by definition, has:
a factitious disorder
A particular concern among children and adolescents is:
bullying
Behavior that violates legal norms is BEST described as:
deviant and criminal
An individual seeking help from a geropsychologist is MOST likely:
elderly.
A person with _____ experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.
generalized anxiety disorder
Psychosis means:
loss of contact with reality.
Intentionally feigning illness to achieve some external gain is described as:
malingering
A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress.
physical
Intoxication is actually a form of:
temporary change
Your elderly grandmother has been prescribed antidepressants to treat her unipolar depression. What risks are associated with this treatment approach?
- the body breaks down drugs differently later in life, and have higher risk of causing cognitive impairment
How could the lobotomy have been considered to be a "miracle" cure for schizophrenia? What were the usual results of lobotomies?
-it was believed that severe abnormal thinking was the result of nerve pathways that carried such thoughts from one part of the brain to another. By cutting these pathways, it was believed abnormal thinking could be stopped in its tracks and restore normal mental functioning. - it left thousands upon thousands extremely withdrawn, subdued, had a fatality rate of 1.5 to 6 percent, lobotomies could cause serious problems such as brain seizures, huge weight gain, loss of motor coordination, partial paralysis, incontinence, endocrine malfunctions, and very poor intellectual and emotional responsiveness
You are responsible for conducting a retrospective analysis of someone who has committed suicide. Describe the method you would use and the types of information you would try to gather. What are some limitations of this type of analysis?
-talking with relatives, friends, therapists, etc that may remember past statements and learning about past - reading suicide note if there is one -limitations: grieving and guilt-ridden relative and friends may be unable to objectively recall facts and could be reluctant to share information
The percentage of the U.S. population today aged 65 and older is approximately:
15 %
What percentage of all adults experience an episode of severe depression at some point in their lives?
20 percent
About what percentage of clients with unipolar depression receive treatment from a mental health professional each year?
50 percent
A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for _____ months or longer.
6
Which statement is NOT true about anorexia nervosa? A) It usually follows a diet in someone who is of normal weight or slightly overweight. B) It can follow a stressful event such as divorce, a move from home, or a personal failure. C) Fatalities occur by suicide or serious medical problems due to starvation. D) About 35 percent of people who experience anorexia nervosa are male.
About 35 percent of people who experience anorexia nervosa are male.
Which steps would a researcher take to analyze the collected data from a correlational study to determine whether a correlation exists and whether the correlation is positive or negative? Include in your answer a description of each type of correlation: unrelated, positive, and negative.
Correlation is the degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other. A researcher would know if a correlation existed by plotting the two factors being studied on a graph. A correlation exists if the plot points fall in roughly a straight line with a slope. A correlation is positive if the two factors create a line that slopes upwards and to the right, making the variables increase or decrease together. Negative correlation occurs when one variable increases value while the other decreases value. The lines goes down to the right. The correlation is unrelated when one variable increases the other variable increases and decreases, making the line of best fit inconclusive, with no slope.
Sophie stated that she is deeply saddened by the recent death of her grandmother. José thinks that Sophie is suffering from unipolar depression because of this event. Which statement MOST strongly refutes José's assumption? A) Unipolar depression is rarely triggered by uncontrollable losses. B) Unipolar depression is often accompanied by periods of mania after someone loses a loved one. C) Unipolar depression is often diagnosed shortly after a person experiences the loss of a loved one. D) Unipolar depression differs from the relatively short-lived sadness we feel from the loss of a loved one.
D) Unipolar depression differs from the relatively short-lived sadness we feel from the loss of a loved one.
Psychological approaches to treating depression share which assumption? A) Depression is a physical problem that should be treated with medication. B) Depression should be treated by changing how people interact with family members and loved ones. C) Depression stems from what one has learned in the past, so it should be treated by "unlearning" maladaptive behaviors. D) Depression should be treated by helping people recognize, interpret, evaluate, and change how they think about and respond to past losses.
Depression should be treated by helping people recognize, interpret, evaluate, and change how they think about and respond to past losses.
Compare and contrast depression and mania, and explain how these are related to unipolar depression and bipolar disorders.
Depression: low sad state, marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self worth, guilt Mania: state of euphoria or frenzied activity where people have have exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking Unipolar depression: depression without history of mania Bipolar disorder: alternating periods of mania and depression
Psychological problems of the elderly can be divided into two groups. Discuss the two groups of disorders, and explain how disorders that occur in persons of all ages are different when they occur in the elderly.
Disorders that may be common in people of all ages but are connected to the process of aging:Depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders - connected to the stressors of aging, getting old, losing loved ones, declining health, illnesses Disorders of cognition that result from brain abnormalities: delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorders
Which statement is TRUE about factitious disorders? A) Individuals with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness. B) Individuals with factitious disorder do not intentionally create illness. C) Individuals with factitious disorder have no control over their behavior. D) Individuals with factitious disorder do not want to assume the sick role.
Individuals with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness
Suppose a friend says to you, "I feel overwhelmed today, and I don't know why. You're taking abnormal psych—what do you think?" If, after a conversation, your friend feels better about things, have you provided psychological therapy? Why or why not? Include the essential features of therapy in your answer.
No, giving advice to a friend is not therapy. -While the friend is a sufferer seeking relief from a healer, - I am not a healer because I am not fully trained and socially accepted as a therapist. -A series of contact between the friend and a trained therapist where the therapist tries to change the friends emotional state, attitude, or behavior would classify the interaction as psychological therapy.
Compare and contrast the "odd" and the "dramatic" personality disorders, specifically noting how these disorders impact personal relationships.
Odd personality disorders lead people to to be isolated and withdrawn from others. They can also be suspicious and have peculiar ways of thinking and perceiving things similarly to how those with schizophrenia act. Dramatic personality disorders lead people to have difficult relationships because they are so dramatic, emotional and erratic. They create a lo of problems with other people.
A major shortcoming of a correlational study is that even when a correlation between two variables is statistically significant, one cannot infer causation. For example, a significant correlation exists between life stress and depression, yet one cannot say for sure that life stress causes depression. Given this major shortcoming, what are some specific reasons one might still wish to conduct a correlational study, as opposed to an experimental study (from which one might infer a cause-and-effect relationship)?
One may wish to conduct a correlation study because it has high external validity. This is because researchers measure variables, have large samples, and apply statistics so this allows the researched to be applied to people outside the study. They are also easily repeatable with new samples of participants. This makes it good for clinicians so they can know for example, the more depressed someone is the more suicidal they become.
Which statement is true regarding how people with schizophrenia were treated during the first half of the twentieth century?
People with schizophrenia were often neglected and abused even though the practice of "moral treatment" was widely endorsed.
How does the psychodynamic approach to treating unipolar depression differ from the cognitive-behavioral approach?
Psychodynamic approach: believe it results from unconscious, real or imagined grief. Therapists bring underlying issues to consciousness and work through them. Use free associations, suggest interpretations of associations, dreams, displays of resistance, and help person review past experiences Cognitive behavioral approach: seek to get client engaged and enjoying activities, and guide clients to think in less negative ways. Behavioral activation is used where therapists work to increase the number of constructive and pleasurable activities and events. Cognitive therapy is used to help people identify and change maladaptive assumptions and negative ways of thinking
Which person would be MOST likely to cut out sweets, then eliminate more and more types of foods, but not engage in forced vomiting?
Someone experiencing restricting-type anorexia nervosa
A new test for anxiety is initially given to individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams. Their scores are used as the norm. It is later determined that the new test lacks adequate standardization. What is the MOST likely reason based on this information?
Students about to take an exam would likely be experiencing higher than normal anxiety.
Which statement is TRUE regarding suicide as a mental disorder? A) To be diagnosed with suicidal behavior disorder, a person must have attempted suicide. B) The category called suicidal behavior disorder was added to the DSM in the most recent edition. C) Suicidal ideation is classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5 but not the act of attempting suicide. D) Suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction.
Suicidal behavior is not classified as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but it represents psychological dysfunction
What evidence exists to support the biological view of unipolar depression? Which conclusions can be drawn from this evidence? Discuss at least two biological factors implicated in this model.
Supporting evidence of biological view of unipolar depression: family pedigree studies show that unipolar depression is genetic, biochemical factors of low serotonin and norepinephrine, impaired depression-related brain circuit conclusions drawn: depression is more than just being sad, and there are biological differences that prove this. biological factors implicated by model: the health of a person is affected by depression as it impairs the immune system to be dysregulated and inflamed
A professional has evidence that a patient has intentionally faked her illness. To determine whether the patient is malingering or experiencing a factitious disorder, what must be examined?
The motivation the patient has for assuming the sick role
In a person who has an unusually long resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, which of the following is MOST likely? A) The person is a man. B) The person is a teenager. C) The person did not have an orgasm. D) The person was never aroused.
The person did not have an orgasm.
Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?
The stigma associated with suicide makes people hesitant to report it.
A clinician has to complete a clinical assessment, and the only tests available are the Rorschach inkblot test, the Thematic Apperception Test, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Which two should the clinician use, and why? What would be the strengths and weaknesses of the two tests selected?
They should use the Thematic Apperception Test and the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory. The TAT reveals parts of the clients subconscious and how they resonate with different situations by looking at images and making up stories for the images. The reliability and validity of the TAT is low because it cannot be verified to be either. The MMPI measures personality and is objectively scored because it is a digital or written test. They have greater test-retest reliability than other tests. They also have more validity than projective tests. Unfortunately, they are still not highly valid, and cannot accurately report a persons personality. There are also cultural limitations in regards to what the norms are.
Which statement BEST reflects the gender differences seen in unipolar depression? A) Men and boys are almost twice as likely as women and girls to have unipolar depression. B) Men are at least twice as likely as women to have unipolar depression, but girls are twice as likely as boys to develop unipolar depression. C) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but boys are twice as likely as girls to develop unipolar depression. D) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.
Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.
Which is the BEST example of the idiographic approach? -A detailed study of one case -A study of the most effective treatment for phobias -A study of the relative frequency of horse and rat phobias among adults -A review of all of a clinician's phobic patient cases
a detailed study of one case
People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience: A) a second anxiety disorder. B) periods of mania. C) another type of psychiatric disorder. D) hallucinations.
a secondary anxiety disorder
Which is NOT considered a research method? A) A case study B) A correlation C) An experiment D) A treatment plan for an individual
a treatment plan for an individual
Based on demographic data alone, which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression? A) A teenage boy who lives with his wealthy parents B) A woman who lives in poverty C) An elderly man who lives in a low-income area D) A man who lives alone in his upper-middle-income home
a woman who lives in poverty
As a therapist, you suspect a patient has a somatic symptom disorder. Which DSM-5 criteria must be used in making this diagnosis?
a. one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life b. excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following: 1. disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of symptoms 2. persistently high levels of anxiety about health or symptoms 3. excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns c. although any one somatic symptom may be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent
If an individual had experienced normal sexual functioning for years and gradually developed a problem with becoming aroused under any condition, the type of dysfunction would be called: A) lifelong and situational. B) acquired and situational. C) lifelong and generalized. D) acquired and generalized.
acquired and generalized.
If an individual had experienced normal sexual functioning for years and then had a problem with becoming aroused only when with her husband as a partner, the type of dysfunction would be called: A) lifelong and situational. B) acquired and situational. C) lifelong and generalized. D) acquired and generalized.
acquired and situational
Compare and contrast acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.
acute stress disorder: a person experineces fear and related symptoms soon after trauma but for less than a month. Symptoms begin within 4 weeks of event and last for less than a month Posttramatic stress disorder: a person experiences fear and related symptoms like flashbacks, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, depression, etc, for more than a month
You are a therapist treating a person for depression. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive therapy to treat depression. Which of these options would you recommend?
advantages of psychodynamic therapy for depression: -psychological conflict is a common experience. -long-term psychodynamic therapy may be helpful for people with long-term complex disorders Disadvantages of psychodynamic therapy for depression: -it is more expensive to pay for a long term model of therapy than a shorter-term model advantages of the cognitive model for depression: -it does have significant research support for its effectiveness in treating a variety of illnesses disadvantages of the cognitive model for depression: -the idea that dysfunctional thinking drives abnormal functioning may be misleading. It may be that dysfunctional thinking is simply a result of the abnormality and not a force that drives it. - too limiting and that human beings are more than simply the sum of their thoughts. The cognitive model has been proven very effective for treating depression so I would recommend that. It helps people develop new more functional ways of thinking and challenging negative thoughts and perceptions.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using drugs in psychotherapy.
advantages: -medication has changed the outlook for people with disorders who may have had no hope of treatment in the past ex. schizophrenia -People with schizophrenia may not be responsive to therapy without medication, but can find treatment with meds, and individuals have greater hope of a better quality of life and symptom management. - medications work quickly to bring symptom relief while deeper and more complex issues are being targeted in talk therapy. individuals return to meaningful work sooner and have improved functioning on a faster timeline. - medication is best used in conjunction with other therapy disadvantages: -many people believe that medications are overused and that they do not help everyone -Those who are prescribed medications might benefit more from therapy -people not helped by medications may become hopeless and not seek other ways to help themselves
Identify the similarities and differences in the characteristics of persons who have anorexia and persons who have bulimia.
anorexia: pursuit of extreme thinness and extreme weight loss Bulimia nervosa: frequent eating binges followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight
Individuals who were institutionalized for schizophrenia during the first half of the twentieth century probably received all of the following EXCEPT: A) physical restraint. B) food and shelter. C) occasional abuse and neglect. D) antipsychotic medication.
antipsychotic medication
The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are:
anxiety disorders
One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:
are frequently unaware that they have a problem.
Research shows that sexual dysfunctions among homosexual couples:
are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples.
Graduate school personnel review applying students' test scores, college grades, and relevant experience to determine who will be granted admission. This is similar to a clinician engaging in:
assessment
Identify and provide examples for basic irrational assumptions, meta-worries, and intolerance of uncertainty theory from the cognitive-behavioral perspective's explanation of anxiety.
basic irrational assumptions: Rational-emotive therapy is used where therapists point out irrational assumptions and suggest more appropriate assumptions. "It is a necessity for an adult to be loved and adored by every single person in the world." Meta-worries: worrying about the fact that they're worrying. "I am going crazy with all this worrying" intolerance of uncertainty theory: certain individuals cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur even if the likelihood is small. being worried that their house will get robbed and they will be killed when they live in a safe neighborhood
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing:
binge eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa.
The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the _____ model.
biological
Describe three stressors unique to childhood/adolescence, and explain how they differ from adult stressors.
bullying: can react with feelings of humiliation, anxiety, and dislike for school. Big stressor for kids and different from adult stressors because adults have better sense of self and can defend themselves. School performance: needing to good at school to get into a good college and make family proud Family finances: children have little control of their family finances and cannot do much to change the stress of finances or understand money fully children have limited control over their lives so they are highly effected by the attitudes and reactions of family members.
Behavioral and somatic symptoms, such as clinginess, sleep difficulties, and stomach pain, rather than cognitive symptoms are MORE characteristic of anxiety disorders in:
children rather than in adults.
In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which fear response?
cognitive
During the clinical assessment, a clinician focuses on identifying dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors. This professional is MOST likely a _____ clinician.
cognitive-behavioral
The model of abnormality that focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior is the _____ model.
cognitive-behavioral
Compare and contrast conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder.
conversion disorder: persons bodily symptoms affect his or her voluntary motor and sensory functions, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases - symptoms effecting function but inconsistent with medical diseases somatic symptom disorder: people become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms they are experiencing, and their lives are disproportionately disrupted by the symptoms - super anxious about symptoms that are not so bad
Name-calling, posting embarrassing pictures, harassing, and/or mocking someone online is called:
cyberbullying.
The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally:
do not accept one definition of abnormality and practice more than one form of treatment.
Among elderly persons who would benefit from mental health services, most:
do not get the treatment they need
Which childhood disorder usually disappears by adulthood?
elimination disorders
A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress.
emotional
The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system.
endocrine
Mania is to _____ as depression is to _____.
excessive energy; lack of energy
A man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. The physician who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication and that he liked being a patient. The man is MOST likely:
experiencing a factitious disorder
The goal of scientific research is BEST described as seeking to: A) prove cause and effect. B) advance the field of clinical medicine. C) explain relationships between variables. D) generate hypotheses that seek to answer global questions.
explain relationship between variables
A woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. You think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms to appear sick, which fills some psychological need. If this is true, the appropriate diagnosis is:
factitious disorder
Kihye always feels threatened and anxious, imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Kihye is probably experiencing:
generalized anxiety disorder
Compare and contrast heroin and cocaine in terms of the physiological properties of the drugs, the forms in which the drugs are normally taken, and the prevalence of abuse of each.
heroin: can be smoked, inhaled, snorted, and injected, injection brings on a rush of warmth and ecstasy. it depresses the central nervous system to relieve pain and emotional tension slowing brain function and breathing, after taking heroin repeatedly for a few weeks a disorder can form and one can experience withdrawals if they stop taking it. 20% of people with an opioid use disorder are addicted to heroin cocaine: often snorted, but also can be injected or smoked, gives a rush that can be described as orgasmic similar to heroin, stimulates higher centers of the central nervous system making user excited talkative, faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster breathing, increases norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain, since the 80s more powerful and cheaper cocaine has produced an increase in drug use and led to the epidemic and is used by freebasing and as crack.
Hilde Bruch developed a psychodynamic theory for eating disorders. Using this theory, give three examples of how an eating disorder may develop. Include a cognitive explanation of eating disorders.
how eating disorders may develop: 1. disturbed mother- child interactions lead to serious ego deficiencies in child that perpetuate eating disorders 2. parents may respond to children effectively or ineffectively. Effective parents accurately attend to a child's biological and emotional needs. Ineffective parents fail to attend to child's needs; deciding child is hungry, cold, or tired without correctly interpreting child's actual condition. Such children may grow up confused and unaware of their own internal needs and turn, instead, to external guides 3. needs to be finished
A case study of a patient includes a history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is described as:
idiographic
A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:
idiographic
A study of a single person that is used to explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior in that person is consistent with the _____ approach.
idiographic
When dealing with a new client, the clinical practitioner's major focus is to gather which type of information?
idiographic
An elderly (older than 65) member of your community has just started using the Internet to keep up with friends and family. This community member is:
increasingly common. The number of elderly individuals using the Internet has increased dramatically in recent years.
What was the dominant way of treating people with schizophrenia during the first half of the twentieth century?
institutionalization
According to Shneidman, the critical way in which the death seeker differs from the death darer is that death seekers:
intend to end their lives with their action.
Which is NOT one of the three categories of clinical assessment techniques used by mental health professionals? A) Interventions B) Tests C) Observations D) Clinical interviews
interventions
Melanie has been out with friends and has been using drugs. Despite being obviously uncoordinated and under the influence, she wants to drive her car. Her condition is an example of:
intoxication
Which is NOT a component of Edwin Shneidman's definition of suicide? A) Involves conscious effort B) Is self-inflicted C) Results from depression or emotional distress D)Involves indirect effort
involves indirect effort
A physician confronts Addison with evidence that her symptoms are factitious. It is MOST likely that Addison will: A) create new symptoms that are more difficult to disprove. B) produce false medical records to support her original symptoms. C) leave the facility and immediately seek treatment from a different physician. D) take measures that increase the intensity of her original symptoms.
leave the facility and immediately seek treatment from a different physician.
A man who has never been able to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse would MOST likely be diagnosed with which type of erectile disorder? A) Acquired B) Lifelong C) Situational D) Generalized
lifelong
Compare and contrast the characteristics of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder. Give and discuss two examples from biological causes of these disorders.
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder: dysfunction marled by persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity female sexual interest/arousal disorder: dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity marked as well as limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity Biological causes: -high levels of the hormone prolactin, low levels of testosterone in men, and high or low levels of estrogen in women can lead to low sex drive. this could be linked to high levels of estrogen in birth control or low levels of estrogen in postmenopausal women - low sex drive can be linked to excessive activity of neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine
A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of:
mania
One should be cautious when examining instances of schizophrenia using hospital records from much of the twentieth century because:
many people with psychotic symptoms were misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia.
People who display both a severe mental disorder and a substance use disorder are referred to as:
mentally ill chemical abuser
Compare and contrast milieu therapy and token economy programs.
milieu therapy: humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity- running own lives and making decisions, take on jobs, establish rules and government, and sense of community Token economy programs: behavior focused program where peoples desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically by rewarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges
A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called:
nomothetic
As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The approach of clinical researchers is described as:
nomothetic
Clinical researchers are usually concerned with a(n) _____ understanding of abnormality, while practitioners focus on a(n) _____ understanding.
nomothetic; idiographic
The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as:
norms
Unipolar depression is depression that:
occurs without periods of mania
Approximately _____ percent of the world population suffers from schizophrenia at some point in their life.
one
Which is not considered an effect of bullying?
overt lying
In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:
paradigms
An unsuccessful attempt at suicide is called a:
parasuicide
The set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions that is unique to each individual is termed:
personality.
Distinguish between the components of personality and the components of personality disorder.
personality: a set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence our behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions, our personality traits lead us to act in predictable ways throughout our lives, but we learn and can change and can be flexible with responses Personality disorder: an enduring, rigid pattern of inner pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a persons sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/ or capacity for intimacy. No not have the flexibility of responses that people w/out personality disorder have
For which anxiety disorder would you expect the childhood pattern to be MOST similar to the adult pattern?
phobias
Compare and contrast the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Then list and describe which positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia affect speech
positive symptoms: delusions, disorganized thinking, and speech, heightened perceptions, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect; all are excesses of or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors Negative symptoms: poverty of speech, restricted affect- little emotions, loss of volition- drained of energy, social withdrawal symptoms that affect speech: disorganized thinking and speech- loose association or derailment, inappropriate affect, poverty of speech- slow speech and saying very little
If a person wants a career focused on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, that person should look into becoming a clinical:
practitioner
A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her client had been left alone by her mother on several occasions. The therapist concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?
psychodynamic
Describe the psychodynamic explanation for the development of unipolar depression. Which research findings call this perspective into question?
psychodynamic explanation of unipolar depression: Depression stems from a real or imagined loss of a parent or other major losses. However, research shows that less than 10% of people who experience loss experience depression. Research of loss and depression being linked shows inconsistent findings
If someone had a sexual dysfunction, we know that this person would NOT be having difficulty in which phase of the sexual response cycle?
resolution
A person who stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until he or she was eating almost nothing, could be experiencing:
restricted-type anorexia nervosa.
A person who systematically gathers information so as to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is called a clinical:
scientist
A child does almost everything with her mother and seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:
separation anxiety disorder
An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is the:
severity and duration of the problem.
"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.
sociocultural
The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model
sociocultural
Briefly compare and contrast the sociocultural, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and biological perspectives regarding the development of generalized anxiety disorders.
sociocultural: societal dangers, economic stress, or related racial and cultural pressures can create generalized anxiety disorders psychodynamic: Freud said generalized anxiety disorders may develop when anxiety is excessive and defense mechanisms break down and function poorly. humanistic: Carl Rogers believed that people with generalized anxiety disorder fail to receive unconditional positive regard in childhood and they become overly critical of themselves cognitive-behavioral: believe that generalized anxiety disorder is caused by various maladaptive assumptions and inaccurate beliefs about the power and value of worrying. biological: believe that generalized anxiety disorder results from a hyperactive fear circuit in the brain
Based on census data, the percentage of the U.S. population who are 65 and older has:
steadily increased over the past century and is projected to continue to increase.
The way people with schizophrenia were housed in mental hospitals during the first half of the twentieth century could be compared to a:
storage facility
A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:
stress response
Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:
stress response
The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," represents one person's:
stress response
Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:
stressor
Poor health is BEST described as a:
stressor
A college professor's work performance recently has deteriorated, and his colleagues find him difficult to talk to. If this is due to a problem with drugs, the best description of this professor's behavior would be:
substance use disorder
Which of the following would NOT be considered a drug? A) Heroin B) Caffeine C) Sugar D) Nicotine
sugar
Suicide is the _____ most common cause of death in the United States.
tenth
Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of your paradigm? A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model
the family-social perspective
The typical child may not realize that the thoughts and beliefs of others are different from theirs or be able to anticipate future negative events. Therefore:
the symptoms of childhood anxiety tend to be different from adult symptoms.
The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that: A) disorders of thought, perception, and attention are present. B) the personality traits are limited to discrete periods of illness. C) they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress. D) they are social in that they involve an inability to form lasting relationships with other people.
they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress.
What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?
they are triggered by traumatic events
A frequent drug user finds that larger doses of a drug are necessary to produce the same "high" that much lower doses once produced. That drug user is developing:
tolerance
Mendon began by taking one amphetamine a day to control his appetite. After a month or so, the one pill did not work as well but two pills did. This is an example of:
tolerance
Define tolerance, withdrawal, and substance use disorder. As a clinician, which signs and symptoms would you assess for to determine whether someone meets the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder? Be specific in describing the symptoms.
tolerance: the brain and bodies need for ever-larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects withdrawal: unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that occur when people who use drugs regularly stop taking them or reduce the dosage substance use disorder: a pattern of long-lasting maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance signs and symptoms of substance use disorder include: cravings and reliance on substances, damage to family and social relationships, poor functioning at work, danger to themselves and others, develop a tolerance or experience withdrawals
The usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia in institutions in the first half of the twentieth century was to:
use physical restraint
Sarah has vaginismus. Explain her difficulties and identify possible causes of this dysfunction.
vaginismus: also known as genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, muscles around the outer third of the vagina contract preventing entry of the penis causing significant physical discomfort during intercourse. possible cause: learned fear response caused by the idea that intercourse will be painful and damaging, fear, anxiety, exaggerated stories of pain, and sexual trauma can cause thing -could also be caused by an infection of vagina or urinary tract
Discuss the changes in the understanding and treatment of sexual dysfunction over the past 40 years.
- early 20th century long time the approach was long term psychodynamic therapy & it was assumed that dysfunction was caused by failure to progress through psychosexual stages of development. Free association and therapist interpretations were used to gain insight about self and the issue. -50s/60s behavioral therapists tried to reduce fears they thought t be causing dysfunction though relaxation training and systematic desensitization -the book Human Sexual Inadequacy published in the 70s introduced cognitive-behavioral sex therapy where the goal was to help clients function better and achieve more satisfaction - recently drug therapies have been added as well
What are the weaknesses in assessment? What can be done to address these weaknesses? Be sure to address reliability, validity, and bias issues.
-Assessments come with a variety of weaknesses that are specific to the tool. However, certain variables are used to judge assessment tools, including reliability, validity, and bias issues. -Reliability is an important variable that ensures that an instrument is consistent in what it measures. A solid tool will yield the same results in the same situation. weaknesses in this area are that test-retest data can be used to modify the tool until there are more consistent results. -Validity in a tool shows that the tool measures what it is supposed to measure. Often a tool has solid face validity (when it appears valid), but in fact, it does not measure what it is supposed to measure. Researchers need to address factors of validity so that tools accurately measure what they are supposed to measure. - Individuals can experience observer bias, interviewer bias, and so on, and these biases can deeply affect how clients are interpreted and ultimately diagnosed. culture plays a role in possible bias with immigrant populations or clients of different ethnic backgrounds. Training and care need to be taken to not misinterpret client behaviors or beliefs that differ from the dominant culture.
About how many deaths occur by suicide each year around the world?
1,000,000
Which is an example of an aspect of psychodynamic therapy for depression? A) A therapist questions a client about losses she may have suffered in her past. B)Every time the client says anything a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. C)The therapist questions a client about the frequency and nature of her daily activities, including those that give her pleasure. D) The therapist attacks the irrationality of a client's beliefs about himself.
A therapist questions a client about losses she may have suffered in her past.
If racial and ethnic disparities regarding access to treatment did not exist in the United States, then you would expect to observe which of the following? A) A decrease in the prevalence of depression across all racial and ethnic groups B) An equal prevalence of depression across all racial and ethnic groups C) An increase in the percentage of Hispanic Americans and African Americans who receive treatment for depression D) An increase in the percentage of all racial and ethnic groups who receive treatment for depression
An increase in the percentage of Hispanic Americans and African Americans who receive treatment for depression
Compare and contrast the behaviors that patients with bulimia nervosa display versus the behaviors that patients with binge eating display.
Bulimia nervosa: frequent eating binges followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight Binge eating display: episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food
What are important differences between case studies and single-subject experiments? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Case studies: detailed accounts of a persons life and psychological problems. Case studies only observe the behavior happening. advantages: can support theories, challenge assumptions, opportunity to study unusual problems ethically disadvantages: biased observers with personal stakes, subjective evidence based on observers report, have low internal and external validity single subject studies: a single participant who is observed before and after the manipulation of an independent variable. Single subject studies have more control over participant. advantages: can be more confident about cause and effect disadvantages: cannot be sure the reaction to independent variable is the norm
Discuss the concerns and status regarding the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents.
Concerns: diagnosis was over-applied to children and adolescents, assigning every kid who was explosive and aggressive as bipolar, and many of the children where not experiencing mania at all current status: DSM-5 made new category: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder which describes children with patterns of severe rage. It is hoped that this diagnosis is used and diagnosis of bipolar children go down.
Most individuals feel "depressed" at some point in time. Which statement BEST describes the difference between this depression and a depressive disorder? A) General "depression" is the first stage of a depressive disorder, termed a preclinical disorder. B) "Depression" in the general sense refers to pain brought about due to a biological cause, whereas depressive disorders have many causes. C) General "depression" refers strictly to clinical unipolar depressive disorder, whereas depressive disorder is a broader category of depression. D) Periods of general "depression" are shorter lived, whereas those with depressive disorders experience severe and long-lasting psychological pain.
D) Periods of general "depression" are shorter lived, whereas those with depressive disorders experience severe and long-lasting psychological pain.
Psychological abnormality may include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. First, explain what these terms mean regarding psychological abnormality. Second, provide an example of a time when each aspect of abnormality would not be considered abnormal.
Deviance: abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ from societal norms would not be considered abnormal if: Tattooing the entire face in a culture that this is a tradition Distress: behaviors, ideas and emotions that are unpleasant and upsetting to the person experiencing them would not be considered abnormal if: people who go swimming by choice in the winter and feel they feel energized and like the challenge Dysfunction: interferes with daily functioning, like caring for self, having normal social interactions, working productively Would not be considered abnormal if: having a new born child would definitely interfere with past daily functioning, how you care for yourself, others, and your work Danger: careless, hostile, or confused behavior that puts self or others at risk Would not be considered abnormal if: joining the army and going to war puts yourself and others at risk but would not be considered abnormal
What criteria are used to distinguish between clinically significant fear and anxiety and everyday fear and anxiety? Give examples of each.
Fear and Anxiety become clinically significant when the symptoms last more that 6 months and quality of life is reduced . Everyday fear would be felt is your car skidded off the road and everyday anxiety would be felt sitting down to take a big final that you need a good grade on. Clinically significant fear would be something like agoraphobia, the fear of traveling to public places. Clinically significant anxiety would be panic disorder where people have panic attacks where they think they are dying.
A college-aged woman with a history of dieting has significantly reduced her food intake. She views her constant hunger pains as a positive sign that she is maintaining control over her eating. Her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still thinks she is overweight. You suspect possible anorexia nervosa. Which other sign or symptoms would be present with anorexia nervosa?
Fear of becoming overweight
How have living conditions changed for individuals with schizophrenia since their housing in a typical public state hospital in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?
In the 1960s deinstitutionalization began for psychiatric hospitals and community mental health movement began. Outpatient programs, halfway houses, and community programs have been established where people can have resident self-government and work schedules that were originated in hospital milieu programs and proved to be effective.
Which statement about Alzheimer's disease is true?
It is currently incurable and difficult to treat.
Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is MOST accurate? A) Carefully controlled, multiple-participant studies validate the success of this therapy. B) Case studies have shown almost no support for the effectiveness of this therapy. C) Long-term therapy is occasionally helpful for those individuals with moderate symptoms. D) Short-term therapy is less effective than long-term therapy, especially in cases where past trauma cannot be established.
Long-term therapy is occasionally helpful for those individuals with moderate symptoms.
Which characteristic is very common in individuals with anorexia nervosa but significantly less common in those who have bulimia nervosa or binge eating?
Loss of menstrual periods
Which statement about medication and schizophrenia is the LEAST accurate? A) Medication is very helpful for some, moderately helpful for others, and ineffective for the remainder of those suffering from schizophrenia. B) Medication can alleviate some problems, but it can also create new ones. C) The approaches to treating schizophrenia have vastly improved over the last several decades. D) Medication is the only effective way to treat schizophrenia.
Medication is the only effective way to treat schizophrenia
Regarding old age, stress, and illness, which of these statements is NOT true? A) Most people over age 65 have two or more chronic illnesses. B) A large percentage of elderly people suffer from insomnia or other sleep problems. C) Elderly people often contend with significant losses (such as death, sense of purpose, sensory ability). D) Most people over age 65 develop psychological disorders due to the stressors in their lives.
Most people over age 65 develop psychological disorders due to the stressors in their lives.
Describe the three clusters of personality disorders. What are the key differences among the three?
Odd personality disorders: include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal, odd and eccentric behaviors that can be similar to schizophrenia in ways of suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and ways of thinking/ perceiving Dramatic personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder. dramatic, emotional and erratic making relationships with them difficult, most diagnosed of the personality disorders Anxious personality disorders: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. anxious and fearful behavior, better treatment than other personality disorders
Which statement BEST describes the prevalence of alcoholism in non-Hispanic white American men, African American men, and Hispanic American men? A) Prevalence rates among all three groups are essentially the same. B) African Americans have the highest rates of alcoholism, followed by non-Hispanic white Americans and Hispanic Americans. C) Alcoholism rates are highest for older non-Hispanic white Americans. D) Prevalence rates for non-Hispanic white Americans and Hispanic Americans are similar and slightly higher than the rates seen in African Americans.
Prevalence rates for non-Hispanic white Americans and Hispanic Americans are similar and slightly higher than the rates seen in African Americans.
Which statement about schizophrenia is true? A) People with schizophrenia are often misdiagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder. B) People with schizophrenia hide their symptoms and can generally function well in a variety of contexts. C) Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than women. D) Psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other disorders.
Psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other disorders.
Compare and contrast schizophrenia with one other disorder from the spectrum of schizophrenia disorders
Schizophrenia: personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorates as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities. Includes delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal motor activity, 6 months or more Brief psychotic disorder: various psychotic symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inappropriate effect, catatonia, but for less that 1 month
Molly is three years old and cries and trembles when her mother is not by her side. Her mom tried to enroll her in preschool, but Molly cried so much she disrupted the other students and could not continue. Molly is a happy little girl when her mom is near her, but she becomes nervous and scared as soon as they are apart. What diagnosis is appropriate for Molly? Explain why (that is, discuss which diagnostic criteria are present).
Separation Anxiety disorder: -Molly has inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety when separated from mother Fulfills 3 of the required: -recurrent distress when experiencing separation from mother -persistent reluctance to be at preschool -excessive fear when apart from mother at home or in other setting
Which individual would be MOST likely to receive a diagnosis of factitious disorder? A) Someone who engages in cutting and tries to hide it from everyone B) Someone who breaks a leg while skiing but tells friends and family that the injury occurred in a car accident C) Someone who purposefully drinks gasoline and then seeks treatment for an unknown stomach ailment D) Someone who has chronic nausea and vomiting due to high stress but denies that as a possible cause
Someone who purposefully drinks gasoline and then seeks treatment for an unknown stomach ailment
Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? A) The questions that are asked B) The interpretation of the findings C) The definition of abnormal behavior D) The scientist's basic assumptions
The definition of abnormal behavior
Compare and contrast how the humanistic-existential model and the biological model differ in their understanding of causes of abnormality.
The humanistic-existential model believes that dysfunction is the result of avoiding responsibility. Humanists believe that humans are driven to self-actualize, and when this drive is interfered with, dysfunction can result. Existentialists believe that abnormal behavior stems from hiding from life's responsibilities and encourage individuals to accept responsibility for their lives and to recognize the freedom they have to lead a life they choose with greater meaning to them. Biological theorists have a medical perspective and believe that abnormal behavior is the result of physical malfunctioning. Theorists of this perspective focus on brain anatomy, brain chemistry, genetics, hormones, or other physiological malfunctions.
Which statement is the MOST accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the United States?
There is no single definition of abnormality, no single theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment.
How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people?
They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors.
Which statement is true of state mental hospitals in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?
They were overcrowded and understaffed.
Why does a person in a dangerous situation initially experience an increased heart rate? Discuss both the biological reason for this development and the reason that these changes can be seen as beneficial. Include in your discussion the body systems that are involved and three other physical reactions that are expected to occur.
Why heart rate increases: hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system and that quickens heart rate. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and corticosteroids are released producing arousal so you are alert in fight or flight response, ready to react. Body systems invloved: the sympathetic nervous system, automatic nervous system, endocrine system, central nervous system, The other three physical reactions: we sweat, breathing quickens, and muscles tense
Which is NOT consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia? A) Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men. B) There is a significant risk of suicide attempt—about 25 percent. C) There is a higher incidence in lower than upper socioeconomic groups. D) There is about a 1 percent risk of developing schizophrenia in a lifetime, worldwide.
Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men
DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a:
categorical approach.
Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and:
danger
Piper shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Piper is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
death seeker
Describe the four kinds of people who end their lives, according to Edwin Shneidman. Also, include an example of how a person in each category may carry out his or her suicide.
death seeker: person who clearly intends to end life while attempting suicide ex. using a gun death initiator: attempting suicide believing that process of death is already under way and that they are speeding up the process ex. an elderly person who feels their body is failing death ignorer: attempts suicide without recognizing the finality of death ex. child who jumped off of roof to join mother in heaven death darers: person who is ambivalent about the wish to die even while attempting suicide ex. playing Russian roulette
An individual is experiencing a significant cognitive disturbance. How would you determine whether the person has delirium or neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease? What criteria must be present to meet the DSM-5 requirements for a diagnosis of each condition?
delirium: rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner -over the course of hours or a few days, individuals experiences fast moving and fluctuating disturbances in attention and orientation to environment - individuals also displays a significant cognitive disturbance neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimers: memory impairment, - displays features of major or mild neurocognitive disorder -memory impairment is a prominent feature -genetic indications or family history of Alzheimer's disease underscore diagnosis, but are not essential -symptoms are not due to other types of disorders or medical problems
What is demonology? How does demonology stand in the way of a more complete understanding of the causes and treatment of psychological abnormality?
demonology: belief that abnormal mental function is caused by the devil possessing the body, and exorcism is required It rejects science and education and allows religion and fear to explain mental abnormality. This stands in the way as science is working to understand the causes and treatments of abnormalities with truth backing the research. Demonology reduces mental abnormality to an evil spirit when there is much more.
A school-age child is disrespectful and rude to her mother at a family outing. The MOST accurate description of this behavior is:
deviant
Fear differs from anxiety in that:
fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general
The BEST example of malingering is a person who:
feigns an illness to achieve some external gain, such as financial compensation.
The feeling of being on edge for no apparent reason is called:
free floating anxiety
A new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people, but very few people have taken the test, and accurate norms do not exist. The test has:
high reliability but inadequate standardization
The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model.
humanistic-existential
The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n):
hypothesis
In what ways have the use and misuse of alcohol become one of society's greatest problems? Discuss at least three affected domains: personal, social, occupational, and physical.
personal: rely on drinking to do things that otherwise make them anxious social: interferes with social behavior and relationships, having arguments with family and friends Occupational: miss work, lose job for drinking on site Physical: damage to various structures of the brain regarding memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, and balance
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is termed:
personality disorder.
The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:
personality traits.
If a therapist asked you to say whatever came to mind, then suggested interpretations designed to help you work through grief over real or imagined losses, your therapist would be using:
psychodynamic therapy
Steven is 24 years old and recently moved back in with his parents after two years of living on his own. He has begun to exhibit behaviors that concern his parents. He has become uncommunicative and ignores questions directed at him. He does not seem to care about things that used to interest him and has no appetite. Although most of the time he shows no emotion at all, Steven seems to take pleasure in watching the family cats fight, and he laughed when he overheard a conversation between his mother and a neighbor about the neighbor's miscarriage. Which of these behaviors may be symptoms of schizophrenia? Do Steven's behaviors indicate more positive or more negative symptoms?
social withdrawal: "uncommunicative and ignores questions directed at him" loss of volition: "does not seem to care about things that used to interest him and has no appetite" inappropriate affect: "seems to take pleasure in watching the family cats fight, and he laughed when he overheard a conversation between his mother and a neighbor about the neighbor's miscarriage" Steves's behaviors have more negative symptoms
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports the _____ perspective.
sociocultural
The term schizophrenia is derived from the Greek for:
split mind.
Developing the norms for scoring an assessment tool is part of:
standardization
Ainsley has a drink in the morning on rising and a cocktail with breakfast. She usually sneaks a snort during the morning ("just to get through the day") and then drinks during lunch. Later, at home, she generally has a small dinner and sits in front of the TV and drinking wine, often an entire bottle. Somehow she manages to get up and go to work the next morning. Ainsley is displaying:
substance use disorder
The long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:
substance use disorder
The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model.
the demonological
One problem with psychodynamic approaches to treating depression is:
the research that supports this approach stems mostly from case studies
You are asked to discuss the risks of suicide with a group of resident assistants on a college campus. Discuss the five MOST important points about suicide risk that you would want to make with them.
1. Multicultural issues: Sexuality, and ethnicity. 2. Modeling is a big risk factor 3. Alcohol and drug use promotes suicide 4. All or nothing way of Thinking 5. Stressful events and situations
Describe the approach you would take if treating a client for unipolar depression using the four-phase cognitive-behavioral treatment approach. Give examples of specific interventions you would employ at each phase.
1. increase activities and elevating mood: ex. encourage more activity and confidence, help clients create schedule of activities 2. challenge automatic thoughts: ex. help clients recognize and record automatic thoughts and talk about them in sessions, and talk about if these thoughts are real or groundless 3. identifying negative thinking and biases: ex. show how illogical thinking processes contribute to negative thoughts. show the negative bias that clients have and help change style of interpretation 4. change primary attitudes: ex. change maladaptive attitudes, encourage clients to test attitudes ex. have client who thinks they cannot be happy w/out a man not go on dates and see how they feel.
Pretend you are treating a client for moderate unipolar depression using behavioral activation. Describe the three components of this approach, and give examples of each.
1. reintroducing depressed clients to pleasurable activities and events ex. client who likes to dance joins dance class 2. consistently reward non-depressive behaviors and withhold rewards for depressed behaviors ex. praising constructive behavior and ignoring depressive behavior 3. help clients improve social skills ex. group therapy where eye contact, facial expression, and posture is observed and discussed
The main contribution of Philippe Pinel to the care of those with severe mental illnesses was to:
treat patients with sympathy and kindness
The categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that:
problematic personality traits are either present or absent.
Dementia is now classified as:
neurocognitive disorder
