Understanding Psychology Chapter 1 Test Review

List three (3) practical uses for psychology.

1. Can help you learn more effectively to become better educated. 2. To make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees 3. To help people learn to cope with emotional stress.

List three types of psychologists who practice applied science.

1. Counseling 2. Industrial / Organizational 3. Developmental

What are the four goals of psychology?

1. Describe Behavior Describe or gather information about the behavior being studies and to present what is known. 2. Explain Behavior Propose explanations or psychological principles or hypothesis as to why the behaviors occur 3. Predict Behavior To predict as a result of accumulated knowledge what organisms will do, think or feel in various situations. 4. Influence Behavior To influence behavior in helpful ways, using what we know to benefit others.

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

1. Question 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Results 5. Conclusion 6. Theory

How many years of education must you have to obtain a PhD ?

4 years for a Bachelor of Science + 2-3 years for the Master of Science + 2 more years for the PhD (doctor of philosophy)

Scientific Method

A general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A hypothesis is an attempt to explain phenomena. It is a proposal, a guess used to understand and/or predict something. A theory is the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is assumed to be true about something

What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

A psychologist studies the mind and behavior, does research and therapy. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medications to treat disturbed behavior

Psychoanalyst

A psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior

Developmental Psychologist

A psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal and social changes that occur as an individual matures. Specialists in this field study children, the elderly and people in the process of dying.

Theory

A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study.

Behavioral Psychology

All behaviors are the result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the environment. Investigating observable behaviors Pavlov's Dog Experiment Concept of Reinforcement.

What does APA stand for?

American Psychological Association

Hypothesis

An assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research.

What is applied science vs. basic science

Basic science: observes and explains Applied science: tries to correct the problem

What is the difference between basic and applied science?

Basic science: observes and explains Applied science: tries to correct the problem

A(n) ___________________________ is a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on responses to events in their environment.

Behaviorist

What type of psychologist would study how good study habits could be learned?

Behaviorist

Psychologists who do research in memory, perception, and learning are involved in __________________________?

Cognitive

A psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve and use information and how cognitive processes influence behavior is called a(n) ______________________.

Cognitivist

What type of psychologist would study the affects of caffeine on memory?

Cognitivist

The type of psychologist who usually works in a mental health clinic, mental hospital or prison is called a(n) _________________________?

Community Psychologist.

Educational Psychologist

Concerned with helping students learn. Topics related to teaching including intelligence, memory, problem solving and motivation.

What is the main idea of Inheritable Traits?

Concludes that genius or eminence is a hereditary trait.

A psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of living.

Counseling psychologist Usually works in schools or industrial firms, advising and assisting people with problems of everyday life.

Humanistic Psychology

Developed in reaction to Behavioral Psychology Human nature is evolving and self-directed. Humans are not controlled by events in the environment or by unconscious forces. Each person is unique with the potential for self growth and development.

A(n) ________________________________ charts changes in behavior as people grow older, trying to understand the factors that influence those changes.

Developmental Psychologist.

Clinical Psychologist

Diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances Helps people deal with personal problems. Work mainly in private offices, mental hospitals, prisons and clinics.

Applied Science

Discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals.

The concept that the mind and body are separate and distinct is know as ________________________?

Dualism

Biological Psychology

Emphasized the impact of biology on behavior. Study how the brain, nervous system, hormones and genetics influence behavior.

Why do we study psychology?

Four Goals: 1. Describe Behavior 2. Explain Behavior 3. Predict Behavior 4. Influence Behavior To provide useful insights into and gain a better understanding of behavior that have a practical application in everyday life. To gain new perspectives on your own and others' behaviors. To predict, as a result of accumulated knowledge, what organisms will do. To influence behavior in helpful ways.

A(n) __________________________ whats to learn how various mental processes help people adapt to their environment.

Functionalist.

What factors did Sir Francis Galton fail to take into account in his studies?

Galton did not consider the affects of environment.

Physiological

Having to do with an organism's physical processes.

Congnitive

Having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding.

What is the main idea of Functionalism?

How animals and people adapt to their environment.

What is the main idea of Gestalt?

How sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences. German for "The whole pattern" The forerunner of Cognitive Psychology.

Cognitive Psychology

How we process, store and use information and how it influences our thinking, language, problem solving and creativity. Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes including perceptions, memories, and expectations. Jean Piaget

A(n) ________________________ is a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her own future and achieving personal growth.

Humanist

A belief or set of beliefs that is used to explain observed facts and to predict new facts is called a(n) ______________________.

Hypothesis

An educated guess, or ______________, predicts what the results of testing will be.

Hypothesis

A(n)____________________________ is concerned with using psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees.

Industrial / Organizational Psychologist

Procedure in which an individual observes, analyzes and reports his or her own mental experiences is called ______________________.

Introspection

That procedure did Wilhelm Wundt follow?

Introspection

Who pioneered Behavioral Psychology?

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Russian

Who conducted the first recorded psych experiment?

King Psamtik I of Egypt (7th century BC, pg. 4) Hypothesized that children would innately speak the language of the most ancient people even if they never heard it spoken aloud. Language is innate. He tested this hypothesis on two infants but it was invalid.

Who founded Gestalt Psychology?

Max Wertheimer/ Wolfgang Kohler / Kurt Kofka

Community Psychologist

May work in a mental health or social welfare agency operated by the government or private organization.

Sociocultural Psychology

Newest approach involves the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning.

The practice of examining bumps on a person's skull to determine that person's personality or character traits is called ____________________________.

Phrenology

Sigmund Freud

Physician who studies in Vienna who studied the unconscious mind. Used the techniques of Free Association and Dream Analysis. Developed a comprehensive theory of personality based upon case studies.

A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional or behavioral disorders is known as ___________________________.

Psychiatry

What type of psychologist would study how negative childhood experiences would affect how someone would handle stressful situations?

Psychoanalyst

What are the (6) contemporary approaches to psychology?

Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Sociological/Cultural

A(n) ___________________________ would study the influence of biological factors on behavior and mental processes.

Psychobiologist

A scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals is referred to as a(n) ______________________________,

Psychologist

How did the early Greek philosophers study of human behavior contribute to psychology?

Relied on observation as a means of knowing their world and studied human behavior. Determined that people were rational and that their lives were dominated by their own minds and not by the Gods.

French philosopher who proposed that a link exists between mind and body; reasoned that the mind controlled the body's movements, sensations and perceptions.

Renee Descartes (1596 - 1642)

How did the study of Phrenology contribute to psychology?

Scientists credit phrenology for encouraging study into the role of the brain in human behavior.

Who is the father of Psychoanalytic Psychology?

Sigmund Freud ( 1856-1939) Vienna

Who is that father of Inheritable Traits?

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) 19th century English mathematician an scientist who studied heredity and intelligence

Whose tests (flawed as they were) let to today's intelligence and personality tests?

Sir Francis Galton (Inheritable Traits)

Who would study how people of different genders and ethnicities interact with one another?

Sociocultural Psychologist

What method of study did Wundt develop to collect information about the mind?

Structuralism

What are the historical approaches to psychology?

Structuralism Functionalism Inheritable Traits Gestalt

A(n) _________________________ would attempt to describe the basic elements of human experience.

Structuralist

A psychologist who focuses on studying objectively verifiable phenomena is known as a(n) ________________________?

Structuralist.

Experimental Psychologist

Studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation and emotion in carefully controlled laboratory environments. Perform research to understand how humans ( and animals) operate physically and psychologically.

What was Jean Piaget's contribution to psychology?

Swiss philosopher and psychologist that studies the thought processes of children, pioneering new theories in developmental psychology and cognitive theory.

What is the main idea of Structuralism?

The interest in the basic elements of human experience.

Basic Science

The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake.

What is psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes that is tested through scientific research.

Why do psychologists use the scientific method?

To ensure that data is collected accurately.

Hippocrates is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine".

True

Most psychologists in the United States are engaged in the practice of clinical psychology.

True

Most psychologists work at academic institutions to conduct basic research and teach psychology courses.

True

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers. Employed by business firms and government agencies.

Who is the father of Structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920) Germany

Who established modern psychology as a separate, formal field of study?

Wilhelm Wundt (1852-1920) Germany physiologist

Whose procedure of introspection led to the scientific method in psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt (Structuralism)

Who set up the first psychology Laboratory?

Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, German, in 1879

Who is the father of Functionalism?

Williams James (1842-1910) Harvard University