Unification of Italy about 1860-1871

Giuseppe Mazzini (Joseph) (1805-1872)

"soul" of Italian nationalism. He established the secret society known as Young Italy in 1831, an organization devoted to a united Italy.

What internal problems and regional differences did a united Italy face in the years after 1861? (see Google Presentation)

-"Italy's" past had no traditions of unity. -lacking of a common language, as regional dialects were prominent. -a great deal of northern Italy was wealthy/commercial/urbanized, where southern Italy was impoverished and agricultural. (caused taxation conflict amongst other things.) The Catholic Church (Pope specifically) was also resisting the newfound kingdom, calling for true Catholics to not support it.

How did Giuseppe Garibaldi contribute to the Italian unification movement?

-forcing southern Italy into a cohesive political unit -With band of "Red Shirts" in 1860 made attempts to liberate Sicily and bring about Risorgimento in the government. *Although he was devoted to the idea of an Italian republic, he decided to support the king, Victor Emmanuel, for the goal of a united Italy (even if it was as a kingdom.)

What actions did Camilo di Cavour take as the Prime Minister of Piedmont - Sardinia in the 1850's to strengthen his state?

-promoted economic development -directing the building of railroads. -achieved a strong Piedmontese economy, modern army, and a liberal political climate (would use to strengthen his state and set a foundation for Italian unification).

How did Cavour use Realpolitik in the late 1850's to bring about Italian unification?

-promoting economic development instead of idealistic uprisings to bring about the unification. (method of using rational tactics instead of emotion-idealism fueled ideas to achieve political gains) -used diplomacy and warfare in Realpolitik ways and turned to Napoleon III for aid against Austria. Cavour provoked Austria to invade northern Italy in 1859, intentionally causing warfare to arouse nationalist Italians everywhere, even those who had supported romantic republicanism in 1848, strengthening the desire for a united Italy. His moves were practical and realistic instead of idealistic.

Cavour Step 1

1. Create a strong state -built roads, canals, try to make economy good to make appealing to other regions for unification (Know Piedmont couldn't take over all other Italian states because France and Austria really exerting control there.

Cavour Step 2

2. Find allies and unify the north -joins Crimean War against Russia, gets some concessions from France. Get French support in war of independence against Austria in exchange for Italians giving them Savoy and Nice. term-8 -Embark on war with austria, but Napoleon III pulls out quickly and Italians left to fend for themselves, somewhat win war with Austria and Piedmont becomes more attractive to areas of the North and get them to join to create a larger Kingdom of Italy in the North. -Giuseppe Garibaldi (driven by romantic ideas like Mazzini) with a band of Red shirts sail to Sicily and try to conquer south of Italy. Incredibly successful, and as they approach Rome, Cavour steps in. Rome is special protectorate of France, Catholic connections, and didn't want France to turn against newly unified Italy, so tells Garibaldi to stop! The south and the North are joined into the "Kingdom of Italy" Victor Emmanuel crowned King 1861 Problems: Venice and Rome still held out. Rome (heart and emotional center of country)

Risorgimento

Italian word meaning "rebirth." The "rebirth of a united Italy. Led by the Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia, the most modern, industrial, an economically progressive region.Camilo di Cavour

Cavour Step 3

Problems: Venice and Rome still held out. Rome (heart and emotional center of country) 3. Finish unification 1866- Venice joins New kingdom of Italy 1871- Prussia is attacking France, French has to pull troops out of ROme, Itlay sees there chance and invades Rome, takes overs, make Pope virtual prisoner in his own home. *Turns Pope against Italian state for many decades "Good Catholics should not support the nation of Italy by 1871 COMPLETELY UNIFIED ITALY

Camillo di Cavour (1810-1860)

Realpolitik, the "brain" behind Italian unification

Context/Overview

The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy could be unified after centuries of fragmentation. A new generation of conservative leaders, including Camillo di Cavour, used popular nationalism to create and strengthen the Italian state. Cavour's diplomatic strategies, combined with the popular Garibaldi's military campaigns, led to the unification of Italy.

Niccolo Machiavelli like firth Italian nationalist

The Prince, 1527, a plea for the peoples of the Italian peninsula to unite. A "Prince" would unite Italy and drive out the foreigners. His "Prince" would use cunning and backhanded methods, if necessary, to do this.

Understand that the political unification of the country of Italy took almost an entire decade (1860 - 1870), and was not completed until Venetia (in the NE) in 1866 and Rome & its surrounding territory in 1870 were incorporated into the political state.

The different states making up the Italian peninsula spoke different languages, had different ways of life and economic interests. Even after King Victor Emmanual and Garibaldi brought the states into a single country, would take decades for a single culture to unify the nation. Piedmont-Sardinia grew to include more territory slowly over the 1860-1870 decade, with the acquisition of Venetia and Rome into the kingdom only at the very end of the decade.

Even After Congress of Vienna Italy is still...

nowhere closer to unification. (Napoleon's conquering armies, however, had fostered a spirit of Italian nationalism.) Class and regional differences still stood in the way of national unity. Property owners, businessmen and professionals wanted unity under a conservative regime. Intellectuals, workers, and artisans desired a more liberal republic and social reforms. An exiled Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy in 1831. Proposes a violent revolution in Italy to oust the Austrians, but lacks allies against Austria and widespread support among the Italian people.