UNIT 1-4 APES

Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? (A) Decreased kernel size (B) Decreased potential yield (C) Decreased dependence on chemical fertilizers (D) Increased susceptibility to plant disease (E) Increased resistance to pests

(D) Increased susceptibility to plant disease

Exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition

(E) Competition

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species.3 If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development? (A) An uncommon species has become more numerous. (B) An increase in low-tolerance species has occurred. (C) A decrease in high-tolerance species has occurred. (D) Phylogenetic diversity has increased. (E) The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

(E) The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution?

A bear goes into hibernation.

If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?A) 0.4%B) 0.8%C) 1.0%D) 4.0%E) 8.0%

A) 0.4%

The graph below shows data about three tree species after a glacial retreat. Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat? A) Primary succession B) Flooding C) Sea level rise D) Global climate change

A) Primary succession

In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? A.Stage 1 B.Stage 2 C.Stage 3 D.Stage 4

A) Stage 1

In a human population, the population momentum effect is most likely to occur in cases in which a large percent of people in the population are in which age-group? A) Younger than eighteen years old B) Between thirty and forty-four years old C) Between forty-five and fifty-four years old D) Between fifty-five and sixty years old E) Older than sixty-five years old

A) Younger than eighteen years old

Which scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection? A) a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. B) a plant loses its leaves in a drought. C) a population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available. D) a bear learns to find food at a garbage dump. E) a chameleon's color changes to brown as it sits on a log.

A) a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide

Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck? A.Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool. B.Ecosystem B, because its high species diversity could have resulted from increased competition among its members. C.Ecosystem C, because its low habitat diversity indicates an increase in available niches. D.Ecosystem D, because its low species diversity indicates that it also has low species evenness.

A)Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool.

A 163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2,000 km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000 km2 island is found 1,000 from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? A) The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. B) The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. C) The small island has more available resources than the large island. D) The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island

A)The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island

based on the data in the graph, which environmental factor would most likely led to the change in the harbor seal population size from 1980-1990? A.Increased availability of food B.Decreased resistance o parasites C.Increased competition with carnivores Decreased number of primary producer

A. increased availability of food

Based on the graph, which of the following years post disturbance did Sweetgum experience the greatest biomass? A.50 B.100 C.150 D.200

A.50

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures? A.The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase. B.Deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year. C.The latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator. D.High-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity.

A.The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase.

Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization? A.The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population. B.The percentage of dark-colored moths decreased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths increased in the population. C.The percentage of dark colored moths decreased in the population after 1850 and the percentage light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period. D.The percentage of both the dark-colored moths and the light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period.

A.The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? A.The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. B.The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. C.The small island has more available resources than the large island. D.The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island.

A.The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species.Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? A.The species richness B.The pond's productivity C.The uniformity of species distribution in the pond D.The degree of disturbance E.The stability of the ecosystem

A.The species richness

The diagrams above show an area that was once a pasture that has since undergone changes to the vegetation over time. Which of the following changes in the hydrologic cycle is most likely to occur as a result of the change in vegetation in the area? A: Increased infiltration B: Increased runoff C: Decreased transpiration D: Decreased precipitation

A: Increased infiltration

Based on the diagram above, which of the following processes reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? A: Photosynthesis B: Cellular respiration C: Decomposition D: Burning of fossil fuels

A: Photosynthesis

UNIT 1

APES

UNIT 3

APES

Based on the data in the table, which ecosystem is in the earliest stages of succession? A Ecosystem A B Ecosystem B C Ecosystem C D Ecosystem D

B Ecosystem B

Based on the diagram above, in which stage are most species present considered pioneer species? A I B II C III D IV

B II

On the coast of Oregon, mussels cover most of the rocky shoreline. Two mussel predators include Pisaster (ochre stars) and Nucella (whelks). A sixty-day removal study was conducted, and the results are presented in the graph. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the graph? A Pisaster is an indicator species, because when it was removed the proportion of live mussels was less than when Pisaster were present. B Pisaster is a keystone species, because when Nucellawas removed the proportion of live mussels was similar to the control. C Nucella is an indicator species, because when it was removed the proportion of live mussels was greater than when Nucella was present. D Nucella is a keystone species, because when Pisaster was removed the proportion of live mussels was similar to the control.

B Pisaster is a keystone species, because when Nucellawas removed the proportion of live mussels was similar to the control.

Which of the following best identifies and describes the process that is illustrated in the diagram above? A Primary succession, because the result is a mature forest with a variety of shade-intolerant shrubs and grasses B Primary succession, because the process in the diagram begins with bare rock. C Secondary succession, because intermediate plant species like grasses and weeds are present D Secondary succession, because the result is a mature forest with a variety of shade-tolerant trees

B Primary succession, because the process in the diagram begins with bare rock.

Five islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity? A 50 1 x 102 B 50 1 x 106 C 500 1 x 102 D 1,000 1 x 102 E 1,000 1 x 106

B 50 1 x 10x6 Island with the biggest area and least distance from the mainland

Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,000 kilocalories of plant tissue.Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for primary consumers in the food chain? A 930 kilocalories B 9,300 kilocalories C 93,000 kilocalories D 930,000 kilocalories

B 9,300 kilocalories

The increase in the size of Earth's human population in the last century has been dramatic. Which of the following identifies two major contributors to this increase? A.New methods of agriculture and the identification of new food crops B.The Industrial Revolution and modern medicine C.Increased emigration/immigration and decreased warfare D.New methods of birth control and decrease warfare E.Increased education for women and the development of new pesticides

B The Industrial Revolution and modern medicine

A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur? A. The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve. B.The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve C.The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve. D.The dinosaurs were K-strategists and exhibited a Type I survivorship curve.

B The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve

If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is A) 0.6%B) 1.6%C) 3%D) 16%E) 32%

B) 1.6%

The addition of a limiting nutrient to an ecosystem may lead to an algal bloom. What effect will this algal bloom have on the oxygen content of the water? A) Cause O2 levels to increase overall B) Cause O2 levels to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions C) Have no impact on the oxygen content of the water D) Cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water E) O2 content will vary based on depth of water

B) Cause O2 levels to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions

Based on the data shown in the graph, when would the species richness of the ecosystem have been the lowest? A) Before the volcanic eruption occurred B) One to four years after the volcanic eruption C) Four to ten years after the volcanic eruption D) Ten to fourteen years after the volcanic eruption

B) One to four years after the volcanic eruption

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the reproductive strategy of rabbits? A) K-selected species B) R-selected species C) Type I Survivorship D) Type II Survivorship

B) R-selected species

The graph below shows the change in sea level from the Cambrian period to today compared to today's sea level. Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data? A) The highest sea level occurred in the Triassic period. B) The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period. C) The first rise in sea level occurred during the Cretaceous period. D) Sea level decreased from the beginning of the Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.

B) The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

based on the data in the graph which of the following best identifies the reproductive strategy of harbor seals? A) K-selected B) R-selected C)Type 2 Survivorship D) Type 3 Survivorship

B) k-selected

Which of the following changes would most likely lead to a mammal population exceeding its carrying capacity? A.An increase in mortality of adults during mating season B.A decrease in the food supply immediately after offspring are born C.An increase in the number of predators immediately after offspring are born D.A decrease in the number adult females during mating season

B)A decrease in the food supply immediately after offspring are born

In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, which of the following generally decreases first? A.Birth rate B.Death rate C.Average family size D.Life expectancy E.Level of education

B)Death rate

A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption? A.Ecosystem A B.Ecosystem B C.Ecosystem C D.Ecosystem D

B)Ecosystem B

In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? A. Providing a valuable source of timber B. Providing habitats for wildlife C. Contributing to soil erosion D. Increasing water runoff E. Removing carbon dioxide from the air

B. Providing habitats for wildlife

Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions? A The frogs can tolerate any pH greater than 66. B The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 66. C The frogs can tolerate a pH between 3.5 and 55. D The frogs can tolerate any pH less than 44.

B. The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.6.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland? A.A small island a far distance from the mainland B.A small island in close proximity to the mainland C.A large island a far distance from the mainland D.A large island in close proximity to the mainland

B.A small island in close proximity to the mainland

Researchers in the Galápagos Islands measured the average beak size in a population of finches from 1976 to 1984, as shown in the graph below. Which statement is best supported by the data in the graph? A.Finches were better able to find mates, and the population size increased in 1977 because of the abundance of grasses. B.Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought. C.The average beak size in 1981 increased to 9.8mm because finches had access to unlimited resources. D.The finch population declined from 1983 to 1984 due to a decrease in habitat.

B.Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water. A.Coral reefs B.Freshwater wetlands C.Open ocean D.Rivers

B.Freshwater wetlands

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area. A.Primary productivity B.Gross primary productivity C.Net primary productivity D.Cellular respiration

B.Gross primary productivity

A research team monitoring a local freshwater ecosystem noticed that over the past few years the otter population had declined significantly, while the populations of other species remained fairly constant. After running tests, the research team determined that mercury levels in invertebrates and small fish in the ecosystem were very high. In this ecosystem, what role did the otters occupy? A.Pioneer species B.Indicator species C.r-selected species D.primary consumer

B.Indicator species

Which of the following best describes a symbiotic relationship?A.Striped bass and bluefish eat the same variety of mackerel. B.Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans. C.Mountain lions feed on white-tailed deer. D.Marsupial animals carry their young in a pouch.

B.Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? A. There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers. B.Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do. C.There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents. D.Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.

B.Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers? A.Nitrogen assimilation B.Nitrogen fixation C.Photosynthesis D.Weathering

B.Nitrogen fixation

A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens' group? A.Harvesting oak and hickory will disrupt the soil in the first year after clear-cutting; oaks and hickories cannot germinate that first year. B.Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished. C.Coniferous forests can regrow after having been clear-cut; the biome will change to a boreal forest after clear-cutting. D.Populations of large carnivores in the forest will decline after clear-cutting occurs; deer hunting will suffer as a result. E.Erosion rates on the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains will decrease after clear-cutting; many new species will move into the forest.

B.Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best explains how the scientists' calculation of average number of species would change with the inclusion of this new island in their study? A.The average would increase because more species would have migrated directly to the farther island. B.The average would decrease because fewer species would have migrated directly to the farther island. C.The average would not change because it is likely that the additional island has about the same number of species that migrated as the original island group. D.The average would not change because the island is approximately the same size as those in the original group and therefore just as likely to recruit species from the mainland.

B.The average would decrease because fewer species would have migrated directly to the farther island.

Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years? A.The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm. B.The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently when the concentration rose exponentially C.The concentration of CO2 remained constant at first from 200,000 years ago until 50,000 years ago, and then began a steady decline. D.The concentration of CO2 rose exponentially to 400ppm and leveled off at carrying capacity.

B.The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently when the concentration rose exponentially

A country has a birth rate of 351,000 individuals and a death rate of 131,000131,000 individuals. The death rate was 371,000 individuals in 1950, 281,000 individuals in 1970, and 211,000 individuals in 1990. Which of the following statements best explains why the country has a declining death rate? A.The country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition, and infant mortality is high because of poor health services and high levels of poverty. B.The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food. C.The country is in stage 3 of the demographic transition, and more women are entering the workforce and shifting to having children later in life. D.The country is in stage 4 of the demographic transition, and the population growth rate is declining.

B.The country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and life expectancy has increased because of improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food.

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service that would provide protection from a hurricane storm surge? A.A lock and dam system B.an intact coastal wetland C.an energy-producing tidal barrage system D.an offshore deep-water fish farm

B.an intact coastal wetland

Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. What line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards? A B C D

C (straight line)

The pH at which 50 percent of the Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is closest to A 2.5 B 3.5 C 4.5 D 7.5 E 8.5

C) 4.5

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A) The temperature of Earth rises and biodiversity increases immediately after a volcanic eruption. B) The carrying capacity of plants in the area is approximately 250 species. C) After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species colonized the area and the ecosystem began to undergo succession. D) Plant species that are well adapted will survive and reproduce, leading to a change in the ecosystem biodiversity through the process of natural selection.

C) After the volcanic eruption, pioneer species colonized the area and the ecosystem began to undergo succession.

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following best describes how ecologists could determine when this ecosystem is approaching a climax community? A) Determine if the keystone species in the ecosystem is present two years after the volcanic eruption B) Measure the biomass of the pioneer species present before and after the volcanic eruption C) Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption D) Calculate the net primary productivity of a specific indicator species every year after the eruption

C) Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption

The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. A) The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and invasive species B) The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and endangered species C) The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species D) The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and endangered species

C) The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species

As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? A) The preindustrial B) The pre-transitional C) The transitional D) The industrial E) The post-industrial

C) The transitional

based on the graph what is the approximate carrying capacity of the seal population A) 1500 B)4500 C)7500 D)8500

C)7500

Which of the following can be interpreted from an age-structure diagram of a country? A.The maximum age when women give birth B.The total fertility rate of the population C.The relative population growth rate of the population D.The carrying capacity of the local environment

C)The relative population growth rate of the population

Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago? A)The temperature increases by about 10°C B)The temperature decreases by about 8°C. C)The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C. D)The temperature decreases by about 10°C and then increases by about 12°C.

C)The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C.

Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years? A.Atmospheric CO2 concentration has remained about the same, and Antarctic temperature has varied widely over the past 800,000 years. B.Both atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature have remained about the same over the past 800,000 years. C.Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years. D.Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are inversely correlated over the past 800,000 years.

C.Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years.

Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment . Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? I.The dark ,heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile II.The fangs and claws of a lion III.The light coloration of a peppered moth A.I only B.II only C.I and II only D.II and III only

C.I and II only

Which of the following characteristics in the table best supports the claim that Country AA is a more developed country and that Country BB is a less developed country? A.Population size B.Land area C.Infant mortality rate D.Net migration rate

C.Infant mortality rate

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae? A.Competition B.Predation C.Mutualism D.Parasitism

C.Mutualism

The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar? A.The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is further from the mainland. B.The native species on Easter Island are more likely to survive because the island is so small that there will be limited space for an invasive species to colonize. C.The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources. D.The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the temperature in the Indian Ocean is warmer than that of the Pacific Ocean.

C.The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.

Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem? A.The total number of individuals of a single animal species B.The density of individuals in a hectare C.The total number of different plant species D.The soil depth at which burrowing insects are located

C.The total number of different plant species

Which of the following countries is most likely represented in the age structure diagram shown above? A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D

Country B

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above? A There is a low infant mortality rate. B A high percentage of the population has access to medical care. C There is a low population growth rate. D There is a high total fertility rate.

D There is a high total fertility rate.

Which of the following examples illustrates the community with the highest biodiversity? 1) A2 B8 C10 D10 E20 2) A 1 B 4 C 4 D 6 E 30 3) A 5 B 5 C 5 D 15 E 20 4) A10 B10 C10 D10 E10

D) 10 10 10 10

A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years? A) 150 million B) 200 million C) 300 million D) 400 million E) 800 million

D) 400 million

Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above? A) Earth's climate has changed over geological time, and plates on Earth's crust have shifted. B) Sea level rise has led to an increased concentration of wildlife inland as the coastal areas flood. C) Organisms adapt to human population growth by changing at the genetic level. D) Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

D) Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory? A) The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially B) The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize C) The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot D) The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback

D) The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback

The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that grows best in nutrient-poor, acidic soil. They typically grow in certain longleaf pine savanna ecosystems in the Carolinas. Which of the following terms best describes this species? A A keystone species, because it is carnivorous. B A generalist species, because it is advantaged in changing habitats. C An invasive species, because it competes with other plants for water and sunlight. D A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low pH and nutrient levels.

D)A specialist species, because it thrives only in soils with low pH and nutrient levels.

This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time. A. Primary productivity B. Gross primary productivity C. Net primary productivity D. Cellular respiration

D. Cellular respiration

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C? A.Its low species diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species with very low population sizes. B.Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species that evolve quickly. C.Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C is most likely the result of the founder effect and a subpopulation originating from Ecosystem A. D.Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

D.Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? A.Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species. B.Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species. C.Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance. D.Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources. E.Because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species.

D.Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.

A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true? A.The population is decreasing. B.The growth rate of the population is increasing. C.The country is at the preindustrial stage of the demographic transition. D.The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition. E.The country is at the postindustrial stage of the demographic transition.

D.The country is at the industrial stage of the demographic transition.

Scientists are interested in determining the impact of the construction of a hydroelectric dam on a population of salmon that live downstream of a populated area. They measure the health of the salmon population in its current state, several years after the dam was constructed. Which of the following would be the best to use as a control in this study? A.The health of the salmon population in the river before humans lived in the area B.The health of the salmon population at the apex of the dams construction C.The health of the salmon population just after the dam's construction was complete D.The health of the salmon population prior to any dam construction

D.The health of the salmon population prior to any dam construction

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985? A.The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot. B.The population reached its carrying capacity in 1980 because there was abundant prey. C.The population increased exponentially when a new predator species was introduced to the island. D.The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.

D.The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above?A.There is a low infant mortality rate B.A high percentage of the population has access to medical care. C.There is a low population growth rate. D.There is a high total fertility rate.

D.There is a high total fertility rate.

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because A.they contain a high degree of genetic variability B.they tend to have more predators C.their habitats are more stable D.they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events E.they are usually generalist species

D.they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands? A Egg mortality differs on the islands. B Beak size exerts selective pressure on prey size. C Birds on Daphne Island live longer than birds on Santa Cruz Island. D Large-beaked birds move to Santa Cruz Island and small-beaked birds move to Daphne Island. E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

Correct statements about the northern spotted owl include which of the following?I. It is a pioneer species that is an opportunistic feeder.II. It is dependent on mature, old-growth forest for its habitat.III. It is a carnivore at or near the top of the food chain. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II E) II and III

E) II and III

Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? Cultural traditions Government policies and economic incentives Education level and economic opportunities for females A.I only B.II only C.I and II only D.II and III only E.I, II, and III

E. I, II, and III

Which of the following is a true statement about replacement level fertility?

E. It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates

Zero population growth is associated with

E. phases I and IV

What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population? A.The total fertility rate and the death rate B.The crude birth rate and crude death rate C.The birth rate and the infant mortality rate D.The replacement-level fertility rate and the total fertility rateEThe life expectancy and the infant mortality rate

E.The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate

What would most likely result from the deforestation of large areas of tropical rain forests caused by slash-and-burn agriculture?

Increased global temperature because of the release of CO2

UNIT 2

MCQ

The major reservoirs of nitrogen and sulfur in the biosphere are correctly identified by which of the following?

Nitrogen-atmosphere Sulfur- Rocks

Which of the following best describes why secondary succession generally occurs more quickly than primary succession?

Secondary succession takes place in areas that already have soil and nutrients in place, whereas primary succession occurs in areas that lack soil.

Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species?

Snail darter or Sea otter

In England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on.Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time?

The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population

Which of following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought?

The total number of finches in the population increased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment (B)

Which of the following is the best explanation for why there is such a small amount of phosphorus that moves into aquatic systems?

There is not a gaseous phase of the phosphorus cycle, and therefore the movement of phosphorus into oceanic reservoirs is very slow (C)

Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978? a. 8 b. 12 c. 40 d. 65

b. 12

Which of the following was the average beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major in 1976? a. 8.8 mm b. 9.5 mm c. 10.2 mm d. 13.8 mm

b. 9.5 mm

In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators are unaffected by commercial pesticides are uniformly smaller than European honeybees have no known native predators have coevolved with native plant species mature quickly without undergoing metamorphosis

have coevolved with native plant species

Ammonia is converted to nitrite, then to nitrate (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation

(A) Nitrification

Nitrate ions and nitrite ions are converted into nitrous oxide gas and nitrogen gas (N2). (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation

(B) Denitrification

Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition

(B) Parasitism

Plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions for use in making molecules such as DNA, amino acids, and proteins (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation

(C) Assimilation

Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition

(C) Mutualism

Bacteria decomposers break down amino acids from dead animals and wastes into nitrogen ammonium (NH4). (A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation

(D) Ammonification

Country with the largest area of boreal forests (A)Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America

(D) Russia

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms useful to plants by lightening, bacteria, and cyanobacteria; it is part of the nitrogen cycle.(A) Nitrification (B) Denitrification (C) Assimilation (D) Ammonification (E) Nitrogen fixation

(E) Nitrogen fixation

Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest (A)Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America

(E) United States of America

Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,000 kilocalories of plant tissue.Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for secondary consumers in the food chain? A 930 kilocalories B 9,300 kilocalories C 93,000 kilocalories D 930,000 kilocalories

A 930 kilocalories

Which of the following is considered to be the most important element in living organisms? A) Carbon B) Hydrogen C) Oxygen D) Phosphorus E) Nitrogen

A) Carbon

Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem? A)Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark. B)A tick uses a white-tailed deer as its host, consuming the deer's blood as food. C)Two individuals from the same population of barn owls hunt for the same species of mouse during the night. D)A mason bee pollinates a variety of flowers in a botanical garden.

A)Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.

Which of the following is a process that indirectly removes carbon from Earth's atmosphere? A. Formation of carbonate deposits B. Outgassing by volcanoes C. Respiration by mammals D. Respiration by anaerobic bacteria E. Photo-dissociation by ultraviolet light

A. Formation of carbonate deposits

A temperate grassland biome has a gross primary productivity of 3,480kilocalories/meter2/year and a net primary productivity of 2,000kilocalories/meter2/year. Which of the following is the approximate number of kilocalories/meter2/year available to herbivores in that biome? A.200kilocalories/meter2/year B.1,480kilocalories/meter2/year C.2,000kilocalories/meter2/year D.5,480kilocalories/meter2/year

A.200kilocalories/meter2/year

Measured on the pH scale A. Acidity B. Turbidity C. Hardness D. Dissolved oxygen E. Salinity

A.Acidity

Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons? A.Burning fossil fuels for energy production B.Creating constructed wetlands on abandoned land C.Enacting and enforcing legislation on point-source pollutants D.Promoting aluminum and glass recycling

A.Burning fossil fuels for energy production

This biome is found in shallow waters off the coastline and is Earth's most biologically diverse marine biome. A.Coral reefs B.Freshwater wetlands C.Open ocean D.Rivers

A.Coral reefs

Which of the following categories of organisms, which are required for the cycling of matter in an ecosystem, is missing from the table? A.Decomposers B.Producers C.Secondary Consumers D.Primary Consumers

A.Decomposers

Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain? A.Phytoplankton B.Herbivorous zooplankton C.Carnivorous zooplankton D.Baleen whale

A.Phytoplankton

Which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time? A.Vegetation B.Sedimentary Rocks C. Ocean D.Burning of fossil fuels

A.Vegetation

Based on the diagram, which of the following statements about the hydrologic cycle is true? A.Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere. B.Surface runoff is the primary recharge of groundwater. C.Infiltration of water into the ground prevents water from returning to the oceanic reservoir. D.Evapotranspiration from plants decreases atmospheric water vapor.

A.Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere.

Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink? A: Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor B: Clearing of trees in the Amazon forest C: Combustion of fossil fuels in power plants D: Decomposition of food waste by bacteria E: Nutrient uptake by the roots of grasses in a suburban lawn

A: Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor

Based on the data in the table, if the number of snakes were to suddenly decrease, which of the following changes would most likely occur in the food web of this ecosystem? A: increase in number of shrews, decrease in number of hawks B: increase in number of hawks, decrease in number of shrews C: increase in number of grasshoppers, decrease in number of plants D: increase in number of spiders, decrease in number of plants

A: increase in number of shrews, decrease in number of hawks

Based on the diagram, which of the following best describes the most likely direct effect of a decline of the small fish population on the marine food web? A The jellyfish population will experience local extinction because of a lack of food resources. B The jellyfish population will increase because of decreased predation. C The jellyfish population will migrate to an area with more available habitat for eggs. D The jellyfish population will decrease from the increase in the sea turtle and tuna populations.

B The jellyfish population will increase because of decreased predation.

During what stage of the hydrologic cycle is water released to the atmosphere from plants? A) Evaporation B) Transpiration C) Precipitation D) Infiltration E) Condensation

B) Transpiration

Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem A) herbivores-->producers-->carnivores-->scavengers B) producers-->herbivores-->carnivores-->scavengers C) producers-->carnivores-->herbivores-->carnivores D) scavengers-->producers-->herbivores-->carnivores E) carnivores-->scavengers-->producers-->herbivores

B) producers-->herbivores-->carnivores-->scavengers

Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level? A. Spider B. Deer C. Lion D. Hawk E. Snake

B. Deer

Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics? A. Energy always changes from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form. B. In a closed system of constant mass, the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another. C. Heat always flows from a hot body to a cold body. D. Entropy of a system increases as the state of disorganization in the system increases.

B. In a closed system of constant mass, the energy involved in any physical or chemical change is neither created nor destroyed, but merely changed from one form to another.

Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following?A. The first law of thermodynamicsB. The second law of thermodynamicsC. The law of conservation of matterD. The process of ecological successionE. Limiting factors in the ecosystem

B. The second law of thermodynamics

Caused by suspended particulates A. Acidity B. Turbidity C. Hardness D. Dissolved oxygen E. Salinity

B. Turbidity

The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called A. infiltration B. transpiration C. sublimation D. reflection E. percolation

B. transpiration

Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem? A.Energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers. B.Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer. C.Energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers. D.Energy is magnified as it moves up the trophic levels, and tertiary consumers store the most energy in a food web.

B.Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer.

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred? A.If a primary consumer stores 100kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer that feeds on the primary consumer will also have 100kcal of energy available. B.If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available. C.If a primary producer stores 100,000kcal of energy, then a secondary consumer will have 10,000kcal of energy available. D.If a secondary consumer stores 500kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer that feeds on the secondary consumer will have 5,000kcal of energy available.

B.If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available.

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web? A.The photosynthetic rates of producers B.The flow of energy C.The movement of predators D.The decomposition of matter

B.The flow of energy

Which of the following statements is best supported by the diagram of the phosphorus cycle? A.The largest reservoir of phosphorus is in the atmosphere. B.The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil. C.Plants take up the phosphate ions primarily from the metamorphic rocks. D.Phosphates are not soluble in water.

B.The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.

Six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas.... Which of the following statements best supports the results from the study? A.The sika deer are generalists, while the white-tailed deer are specialists. B.The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs. C.Parasites infected the sika deer population but did not infect the white-tailed deer population. D.Change in the local climate reduced the availability of food resources for the white-tailed deer population.

B.The sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs

Farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. Use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland. A.There will be an increased need for fertilizer on farmlands. B.There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean. C.There will be less phosphorous pollution in the atmosphere. D.There will be an increased deposition of phosphorous-rich sediments.

B.There will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean.

In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? A: 1.5kcal B: 150kcal C: 1,500kcal D: 13,500kcal

B: 150kcal

Which of the following is the zone of a pond or lake in which rooted, emergent plants such as cattails and rushes are located? A Benthic B Limnetic C Littoral D Profundal E Riparian

C Littoral

Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem? A Net primary productivity is the amount of energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time. B Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost by producers through respiration over time. C Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem D Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers added to the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.

C Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem

In a fish species, the number of eggs that hatch and survive for one year varies depending on the number of eggs that were produced. As the number of eggs produced increases past a threshold number, the survival rate of the offspring decreases. Which of the following statements best explains why only a limited number of offspring can survive in a fish population? A Resource partitioning allows similar species to coexist in the same ecological community. B The number of fish surviving after one year is proportional to the number of eggs produced. C The chance of survival decreases when there is intraspecific competition for resources among surviving yearlings. D More yearling fish survive beyond one year when there is an abundance of prey species present.

C The chance of survival decreases when there is intraspecific competition for resources among surviving yearlings.

Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is A high and thus can support a high proportion of producers B high as a result of the high concentration of nutrients in the open oceans C low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton D low, but the individual producers found there are huge in size E low, but still higher than that of other ecosystems of the world

C low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton

What group of organisms is primarily responsible for the processes that occur in the nitrogen cycle? A) Autotrophs B) Heterotrophs C) Bacteria D) Detritovores E) Scavengers

C) Bacteria

What is the major source of phosphorus on land? A) Deposition from atmospheric phosphorus B) Compounds that are formed by autotrophs during photosynthesis C) Compounds released from the weathering of rocks D) Compounds formed from bacterial conversion E) Compounds dissolved in precipitation

C) Compounds released from the weathering of rocks

Approximately what percent of the water on Earth is freshwater (liquid and solid)? A. 75% B. 25%C. 2.5%D. 0.25%E. 0.025%

C. 2.5%

The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis. A. Primary productivity B. Gross primary productivity C. Net primary productivity D. Cellular respiration

C. Net primary productivity

Based on the food web shown above, which of the following correctly describes the flow of energy through the trophic levels from producers to quaternary consumers? A.Red-tailed hawk, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, rattlesnake, brittlebrush B.Red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper, brittlebrush C.Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk D.Brittlebrush, red-tailed hawk, rattlesnake, grasshopper mouse, grasshopper

C.Brittlebrush, grasshopper, grasshopper mouse, rattlesnake, red-tailed hawk

The table above shows the balanced chemical equations that represent three processes that are part of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following is exemplified by the equations above? A.Approximately 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. B.The major reserve for nitrogen is in the atmosphere. C.Each biogeochemical cycle demonstrates the conservation of matter. D.In a food web, energy flows and matter is cycled.

C.Each biogeochemical cycle demonstrates the conservation of matter.

The diagram above best illustrates major processes in which of the following biogeochemical cycles? A.The carbon cycle B.The nitrogen cycle C.The phosphorus cycle D.The water cycle

C.The phosphorus cycle

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers? A: Tertiary consumers are the largest organisms in an ecosystem and require the most space to survive. B: Plants can only perform photosynthesis during the day, so tertiary consumers cannot get enough energy from consuming plants. C: A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level. D: Tertiary consumers are often indicator species and are the first to be affected by environmental disturbances.

C: A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level.

Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forests have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has a net primary productivity of 1,650kcal/m2/year, and forest B has a net primary productivity of 1,110kcal/m2/year.Which of the following statements is best supported by the data? A: Forest A has a higher rate of decomposition by bacteria than forest B. B: Forest A has more biodiversity than forest B. C: Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers. D: Forest A producers have more biomass than forest B producers.

C: Forest A producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest B producers.

Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems? A: They remove heavy metals. B: They store carbon dioxide. C: They recycle nutrients. D: They neutralize acid deposition. E: They produce more oxygen than they consume.

C: They recycle nutrients.

Which of the following best helps to explain why phosphorus is often a limiting factor in many ecosystems? A: There is usually a gaseous phase in the phosphorus cycle. B: Phosphorus cycles very quickly through environments. C: Under many conditions, phosphorus forms stable insoluble compounds. D: Phosphate is not readily taken up by plants. E: There are no anthropogenic sources of phosphorus.

C: Under many conditions, phosphorus forms stable insoluble compounds.

Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year? A Taiga (boreal forest) B Open ocean C Temperature grassland D Estuary E Agricultural land

D Estuary

Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste A. Acidity B. Turbidity C. Hardness D. Dissolved oxygen E. Salinity

D. Dissolved oxygen

Which of the following biomes is best characterized as an area that forms the narrow band along the coast that experiences a range of environmental conditions (including daily changes in sunlight, temperature, and water) ? A.Open oceans B.Lakes C.Coral Reefs D. Interidal zones

D. Interidal zones

Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment? A. Composted manure is added to agricultural soil during spring tilling. B. Coral reefs modify the direction of an ocean current. C. Plants release O2 into the atmosphere during photosynthesis. D. Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation. E. A thick planting of ground cover reduces soil erosion on a hillside.

D. Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation.

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of A. primary and secondary succession B. the invasion of exotic species C. an increase in mean annual temperature and a decrease in mean annual precipitation D. an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitationE. an increase in the total annual hours of sunlightRelated Content & Skills

D. an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation

Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem? A.Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers plus the energy used by consumers over time B.Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy captured by producers minus the energy that producers respire over time. C.Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy lost as heat during energy transfer between trophic levels. D.Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time.

D. gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured

The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from A. decomposition of organic sediments on the ocean floor B. metabolic processes of coral in reefs C. oxidation of sulfur by bacteria in ocean vent communities D. photosynthesis by phytoplankton E. respiration by zooplankton

D. photosynthesis by phytoplankton

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web? A.1g B.10g C.100kg D.1,000kg

D.1,000kg

Which of the boxes represents a carbon source? A.Vegetation B.Sedimentary Rocks C. Ocean D.Burning of fossil fuels

D.Burning of fossil fuels

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon? A.Carbon released by the burning is not in a form that can be readily absorbed by plants, leaving residual carbon in the atmosphere. B.Carbon released by the burning is more easily absorbed in the atmosphere than that produced by natural means. C.Photosynthesis is reduced by virtue of increased smoke and haze.Carbon released by the burning increases plant growth, producing more carbon for the atmosphere D.Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

D.Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round. A.Savanna B.Boreal forest C.Tropical rain forest D.Desert

D.Desert

Based on the data in the table, which of the following pairs of organisms has two ecological relationships, both competition and predation? A.Spiders and snakes B.Spiders and shrews C.Spiders and grasshoppers D.Hawks and snakes

D.Hawks and snakes

Which trophic level has the least available energy in kilojoules in this food web? A.Phytoplankton B.Herbivorous zooplankton C.Baleen whale D.Killer whale

D.Killer whale

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems? A.Decomposers break down dead or decaying organisms to release energy and nutrients to be used by producers. B.Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, to create organic compounds from carbon dioxide. C.Apex predators feed on other organisms, which releases heat that can be used by producers and primary consumers. D.Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

D.Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material. A.Coral reefs B.Freshwater wetlands C.Open ocean D.Rivers

D.Rivers

The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year? A: 4,000 B: 8,000 C: 12,000 D: 20,000 E: 96,000

D: 20,000

Based on the diagram, which process most directly results in the storage of carbon as and oil over millions of years?

Decomposition (C)

Approximately how much of the potential energy available from the sun's rays hitting the Earth is not used in photosynthesis? A) 1% B) 10% C) 50% D) 90% E) 99%

E) 99%

Which stage of the hydrologic cycle can be the most direct cause of algal blooms? A) Evaporation B) Precipitation C) Transpiration D) Infiltration E) Runoff

E) Runoff

The annual fluctuation in carbon dioxide concentration can best be explained by the A. seasonal use of fossil fuels B. regularity of volcanic activity C. deforestation in the tropics D. El Niño events E. seasonal photosynthetic activity of green plants

E. seasonal photosynthetic activity of green plants

Which of the following is a common characteristic of lakes undergoing cultural eutrophication? A.Decreased rates of sediment accumulation B.Decreased amounts of green and blue-green algae C.Increased levels of oxygen throughout the water column D.Increased water clarity in the epilimnion E.Increased levels of plant nutrients

E.Increased levels of plant nutrients

Which of the following statements is true of aquatic biomes?

Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water (B)

The diagrams above shown an area that was once a pasture that has since undergone changes to the vegetation over time. Which of the following changes in the hydrologic cycle is most likely to occur as a result of the change in vegetation in the area?

Increased infiltration (A)

Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons?

Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource

According to the diagram, the movement of phosphorus between biological organisms and soil is in a steady state in an undisturbed system. Which of the following best explains the reason for this steady movement?

Readily available organic phosphorus in the soil is assimilated by plants (D)

Two of the most productive biomes on Earth are...

Salt marshes and freshwater wetlands

Which of the following best describes the concept of the tragedy of the commons?

The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted.

In a fish species, the number of eggs that hatch and survive for one year varies depending on the number of eggs that were produced. As the number of eggs produced increases past a threshold number, the survival rate of the offspring decreases. Which of the following statements best explains why only a limited number of offspring can survive in a fish population?

The chance of survival decreases when there is intraspecific competition for resources among surviving yearlings.