Unit 1 - AP Bio Final Review

Describe how a deoxyribose to ribose changes the structure and function of a nucleic acid.

the change would cause the nucleic acid to function as a RNA molecule. RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded

What type of bond is found in starch?

α 1,4 Glycosidic bonds

Which bond can be broken by animals?

α 1,4 Glycosidic bonds

What type of bond is found in cellulose?

β 1,4 Glycosidic bonds

What are the functional groups found in all amino acids?

Amino group, Carboxyl group, R group

How does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid?

Saturated are solid at room temperature- stackable Unsaturated are liquid at room temperature; pack less tightly

Describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA.

They have a different number of bonds required to bind to their complementary base = unstable nonsense or missense mutation that can lead to a nonfunctional protein/genetic disorder

How are the three different types of lipids different?

Triglycerides: stored fat Cholesterol: bile, hormones and Vitamin D Phospholipids: Lipid bilayer

How does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ?

Unsaturated: has one double bond causing a kink Saturated: Carbons are saturated with Hydrogens; a single bond

in between two amino acids (C-terminal and N-terminal)

Phosphodiester Bond Between phosphate of one nucleotide and sugar of another (P is bonded to the 3 carbon of one sugar and 5 carbon of next sugar)

Identify the components of a phospholipid.

Polar head (hydrophilic) and Nonpolar tail (Hydrophobic)

For each R group option, describe the polarity and justify your response.

Polar: folds out blc. hydrophilic, loves water Nonpolar: folds in blc. hydrophobic, hates water Charged: folds out blc. hydrophilic, loves water

What is hydrolysis? Provide an example of hydrolysis

Water molecule is added to break two subunits apart. ex. Digestion of proteins p amino acid subunits

What is a hydrogen bond ?

a weak bond between a proton and an electronegative atom.

What is the monomer of a protein? Identify the components of the monomer.

amino acid central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA?

between nitrogenous bases

Where are hydrogen bonds found in water?

bonds between H in one water molecule and O in another water molecule

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Identify the components of the monomer.

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

structure of amino acids

central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

Using the properties of water, describe how water can move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant.

cohesion - water attracted to other water molecules adhesion - water attracted to the polar components of the xylem

DNA vs RNA

deoxyribose sugar vs. ribose sugar, thymine vs. uracil , double strand vs. single strand

How does the R group affect the folding of the protein? (include polar and nonpolar R groups)

depending whether the R group is hydrophobic (nonpolar) or hydrophilic (polar). **Protein folding results from hydrophilic R groups positioning themselves near other hydrophobic R groups and away from hydrophilic R groups and the cytoplasm.

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotide phosphate, sugar and base

What are the three options for the R group?

polar, nonpolar, charged

Which macromolecule(s) contain sulfur?

proteins

What is dehydration? Provide an example of dehydration.

removal of water molecule to join two subunits ex. Joining amino acids to make a protein.

Using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water.

surface tension - water molecules attracted to one another creates a "surface" to the water Also, the water strider evenly distributes its weight to not break that surface.

What are the elements found in a lipid?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What are the elements found in a protein?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What are the elements found in nucleic acids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Describe how a nonpolar to polar R group substitution changes the structure and function of a protein.

Changing a nonpolar R group to a polar R group can change the 3D shape of the protein depending on whether the R group is hydrophilic or hydrophobicand therefore change its ability to function correctly

What are parts found in all nucleotides?

Phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base

What are the properties of water? (at least 3)

- high heat capacity = when heat is absorbed, hydrogen bonds are broken and water molecules can move freely. - cohesion = holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water - adhesion = each molecule of water is attracted in all directions to perhaps as many as four other water molecules through hydrogen bonding - polar = differences in electronegativity result in partial charges - excellent solvent = polar molecule w/ partially-positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules - high heat of vaporization = an energy requirement to transform one gram of liquid water into water vapor - less dense as a solid rather than a liquid = in liquid water hydrogen bonds form and break constantly, in ice hydrogen bonds remain stable and the water forms a crystalline structure keeping the water molecules farther apart making it less dense than water.

How many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing?

2 between A & T and 3 between C & G

Which end is the location of the growing nucleic acid strand?

3'

What are the elements found in a carbohydrate?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

Describe the structure of a steroid.

Fused ring structure. Four linked carbon rings

What type of bond is found in carbohydrates?

Glycosidic Bond In between two monosaccharides (H + OH)

What are three functions of lipids in living organisms?

Hormones (Steroids), Membrane structure, long term energy storage (fats), Insulation, waxes

What are three functions of proteins in living organisms?

Metabolism, Support, transport

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Identify the components of the monomer.

Monosaccharide glucose, fructose, galactose

Which macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus?

Nucleic Acids

What type of bond is found between protein monomers?

Peptide bond in between two amino acids (C-terminal and N-terminal)

Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen?

Protein and Nucleic Acids

What are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Quick Energy, Structure (chitin and cellulose), Energy Storage

Describe why water is considered a polar molecule?

Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the electrons of the molecule tend to group closer to the oxygen than to the hydrogen atoms through a polar covalent bond.

What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?

Storage of genetic information ( DNA, RNA); transfer of info from DNA to cell (RNA) and energy storage/release (ATP)