Unit 1: Chapter 1

when did urban-based civilizations begin?

around 5,000 years ago

when did domestication happen in africa?

around the same time as the fertile crescent or later in the eastern part of what is now the sahara in present day sudan

why was the austronesian family of languages the most widespread?

because the austronesian language came from china and went to indonesia and from there to australia and mid-pacific

why do some historians disregard the paleolithic and neolithic eras?

because the people during those times didn't write and historians identify "real history" with writing

why were hunting and gathering societies reffered as the "original affluent society"?

because they worked fewer hours to meet their material needs and they wanted and needed so little. (their life expectancy was low tho about 35 years)

when was there no desert in the sahara area?

between 10,000 and 5,000 years ago

across the vast plains of central europe, ukraine, and russia what new technologies emerged? also what do these technologies imply?

bone needles, multilayered clothing, nets, storage pits, baskets, pottery, and underground dwellings made mammoth bones and tusks. these things imply that these people lived in more permanent settlements.

what is horticulture?

hoe-based agriculture which depended on which plants and animals were available locally

with the age of agriculture, what happened to the relationship between humans and living things?

humans changed nature and directed the process of evolution. farmers made a 1 inch corn into a 6 inch corn by 1500 c.e and there were boundaries, terraced hillsides, irrigation ditches, and canals. animals changed too.

what kinds of unique human activity show up in african records?

humans inhabited new environments such as forests and deserts. they had technological innovations such as hand axes, grindstones. they hunted and fished. they had settlements game and fish. there were human communication. there were body ornaments, beads, pigments, and ochre.

clovis men showed up in archeological record for?

hunting mammoths

when and where did clovis culture flourish?

in scattered parts of north america around 13,000 years ago

where are the carefully researched areas of human settlement?

in southern france and northern spain

what else came from agriculture?

intensification which is getting more for less

what were associated with eastern european people?

venus figurines dating back to 35,000 yeears ago. they were carved from stone or baked clay. these figurines were in female forms with exaggerated body parts. these werre found throughout eurasia.

when was cattle domesticated in this region? how about donkey?

1,000 years ago before they were under middle eastern's and indian's control. donkey was in northeastern africa near the red sea and spread southwest asia/ middle east

there was good evidence of human activity in chile how many years ago?

12,500 years ago

what was a innovation that originated in northeastern africa?

16,000 years ago people added wild grains into their diet

how many years was the paleolithic and neolithic eras?

200,000,000

in san what happened between 1920 and 1955?

22 murders occurred and in some cases the community came together to kill someone

when did the last migration into the pacific occur?

3,500 years ago from the bismark, solomon, and philippine islands

what was the population of australia when europeans first arrived in 1788? and how many languages were developed there?

300,000. 250.

what triggered the transition to agriculture in fertile crescent?

a cold and dry interruption between 11,000 and 9,000 b.c.e in the process of global warming. people were threatened to lose their wild plants and animals so they domesticated figs first in 9400 b.c.e. later wheat, barley, rye, peas, lentils, sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle all came under human control which provided the foundation of the world's first productive agricultural society

what is dreamtime?

a complex outlook of the world that was formed in australia

in paleolithic societies, population grew slowly and was interrupted 70,000 years ago. how?

a volcanic eruption in the island of sumatra in present day indonesia which made the global climate colder and drier which made human population to drop to 10,000 and less

how long did it take for a fully agricultural way of life to occur?

about 500 years and it made settlements larger, they used sun-dried mud bricks, made monuments, more elaborate human burials, displays of cattle skulls, removal of skulls, and more sophisticated tools

many of the breakthroughs to agriculture occurred?

after hunter gatherers had grown substantially and had established a sedentary way of life

what was the enormous transformation that occurred 12,000 years ago in eurasia, africa, and the americas?

agriculture

why were hunter gatherers that were settled in a rich source areas different than nomadic ones?

chumash in southern california had up to 70 people, hereditary elite members, a market economy, money, private ownerships, and class distinctions

what is one of the clearly defined and widespread cultural traditions in the americas and it was associated with people that made a projectile point?

clovis point

what forced northerly european people souuthward into warmer regions?

colder ice age climates 20,000 years ago

what happened in rapa nui (easter island) between 15 and 17 centuries c.e?

deforestation, violent conflicts, human population decline, famine and extinction of large trees(which meant people can't build boats and leave)

what were the incentives to adopt agriculture?

disappearance of large mammals, growth of population, newly settled ways of life, and fluctuations in the process of global warming

in the fertile crescent multiple plant species could be grown in this small area, but sub-saharan...

domesticated in different areas. sorghum (first grain) grows well in arid areas such as the sahara, teff and enset in the highlands of ethiopia, and yamss, oil palm trees, okra, kola nut in the forest regions of west africa

what type of society was paleolithic societies?

egalitarian because there were no inequalities and no tyranny and oppression. however male and female role differed sharply

which favored area was the first to experience a full agricultural revolution?

fertile crescent

what was the sequence of migration into eurasia?

first it was into the middle east, then westward into europe about 45,000 years ago, and then eastward into asia

agriculture was the foundation for?

growing populations, settled villages, diseases, chariot warfare, cities, states, empires, civilizations, writing, literautre, etc

which people are the last ones of the hunting-gathering people?

hadza people of northern tanzania

when did the ice age end and what did it do?

it ended around 16,000 to 10,000 years ago and after that there was a natural global warming which allowed the climate to flourish which made the environment more rich and diverse and people settle and accumulate goods. however inequality increased.

how did dreamtime recount the beginning of things?

it explained how ancestors crisscrossed the land, rivers, hills, rocks, and waterholes were created, how people came to inhabit the land, and how people were related to animals

what is gobekli tepe?

it is the world's oldest temple dating back to 11,600 years ago in southern turkey it had t shaped limestone pillars with animals carved in. this was made in paleolithic times which surprised scholars since these buildings were usually found in neolithic times

how the domestication in the americas?

it occurred in different areas like africa. it occurred in the coastal andean regions of western south america, in mesoamerica, in the mississippi river valley, and amazon basin.

what was an extraordinary feature of the agricultural revolution?

it occurred separately in many parts of the world fertile crescent of southwest asia, sub-saharan africa, china, new guinea, mesoamerica, andes, and eastern north america around 12,000 to 4,000 years ago

why did it take humans sometime to settle in the western hemisphere?

it took some time for humans to penetrate the frigid eastern siberia

how was the initial human settlement completed?

it was completed when humans settled is aotearoa(new zealand) in 1000 to 1300 c.e

how was dreamtime expressed?

it was expressed through storiess, ceremonies, and rock art

from the volcanic eruption incident 70,000 years ago, what happened to the population?

it went to 500,000 by 30,000 years ago and then to 6 million by 10,000 years ago

what animal that has been brought under control was available iin the western hemisphere? what happened since there wasn't many large mammals?

llama/ alpaca. since the animals were needed for protein, fertilizer, and power to pull carts, people adapted to hunting and fishing

what did domestication lead too?

mutual dependence between animals and humans

what do the journeys of dreamtime's ancestral beings reflect? what did they trade?

networks of migration, communication, and exchange/ trade. they traded materials for ropes and baskets, wood for spears, feathers and shells for ornaments, and pituri(addictive psychotic drug)

what is another difference in the process of the agricultural revolution?

north/south orientation of the americas required agricultural techniques to adapt to certain climates to spread while on the east/west axis of north africa/eurasia agricultural techniques could spread faster because of similar climates. that is why the corn, beans, and squash took several thousand years to travel to usa from mesoamerica and another thousand years to arrive in eastern north america. and the llamas, guinea pig, and potato from andean highlands never reached mesoamerica :(

over the long period of time, hunter gatherers gained knowledge and knew how to control their environment. give some examples...

people in the middle east created sickles, mortars, pesters, and baskets. people of the amazon learned to cut back on some plants. native australians made traps for eels

what happened all over afro-eurasia 25,000 years ago?

people miniaturized stone tools

what exist where?

potatoes in andes (not africa or asia), wheat and wild pigs in the middle east (not the americas)

what did experts argue about relating to the migrations into the americas?

precisely when it happened (between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago), about the route of migration (by land across the bering strait or by sea down the west coast of north america), how many seperate migrations took place, and how long it took to penetrate the top of south america

a similar pattern of permanent settlement was also found in?

scandinavia, southeast asia, north amercia, and the middle east between 12,000 and 4,000 years ago. also labrador had long houses that fit 100 people

studies have found out that in paleolithic societies, 15 percent of death was caused by...

the hands of people

what are the 14 species of large animals that have been domesticated?

sheep, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, etc

clovis culture dissapeared from archeological record at the same time...?

that many large animals such as mammoths, horses, and camels became extinct

what was this agricultural breakthrough called?

the agricultural revolution/ neolithic revolution

what were the 2 developments that followed during the pacific voyages

the creation of highly stratified societies or chiefdoms. hawaii had one. another one was the quick extinction of animals such as the moa of new zealand (became extinct within a century of humans' arrival).

what is agriculture?

the deliberate cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

agriculture operated everywhere with simple technology, which were?

the digging stick and hoe

what did the ice age coincide with?

the migration of homo sapiens and it made the climate change which made some animals extinct and made wild plants flourish

agriculture was the response for..

the need of additional food

domestication in africa was less productive but...

the thingss that africa domesticated helped enrich eurasian people's agriculture

human impulse to worship in village based setting played a significant role in...

the transformation of the agricultural revolution

scholars have learned a lot about paleolithic and neolithic peoples through?

their material remains. which were stones and bones, fossilized seeds, rock paintings aand engravings, etc

early humans that migrated to australia came from where?

they came from indonesia 60,000 years ago with boats

what was the change that took place in paleolithic societies in japan (known as Jomon)?

they down in villages near the sea and they ate land and sea animals and they created the world's first pottery, dugout canoes, paddles, bows, bowls, and tool handles made from wood

what else did the americas lack?

they lacked rich cereal grains that were available in afro-eurasia. they had maize or corn that was first domesticated in southern mexico by 4000 to 3,000 b.c.e. they needed protein so they got squash and beans (domesticated in the americas)

these people that settled in the pacific basin 2,500 years ago spoke what?

they spoke austronesian languages that date back to southern china

where did other austronesians travel to?

they traveled west of indonesia to madagascar

how pacific voyages different?

they were different because these were performed by agricultural people that took their domesticated animals and plants with them and they wanted to colonize new land

tell me something about religion in paleolithic societies?

they were monothiestic but some believed in supernatural beings such as creator deity, territorial spirits, dead ancestor spirits, and they were accessed though shamans. venus figurines embodied a great goddess and concerned with the regeneration and renewal of life.they viewed time based on changing moon phases and female fertility and they thought material things had souls too.

how were paleolithic societies?

they were small consisting of bands of 25-50 people and the relationships were personal or in terms of kinship.

how long did the agricultural process take in mesoamerica?

this agricultural process took 3,500 years in mesoamerica

how did paleolithic people alter their environment?

well they deliberately used fire which encouraged new plants and changed the landscape. in australia it led to fire-resistant eucalyptus trees. in australia, north america, siberia, madagascar, pacific islands extinction of animals quickly followed the arrival of humans and neanderthals in europe (flores man) became extinct

what are the 5 plants that supply more than half of the calories to keep humans alive?

wheat, corn, rice, barley, and sorghum are 5 of the several hundred domesticated plants out 200,000 plant species

did australia's aboriginal people still practice hunting and gathering in the late 18th century despite the presence of agriculture in nearby new guinea?

yes