unit 1 exam

Identify the impacts that the innovations that occurred prior to and during the Second Industrial Revolution had on economic growth after the war.

- Applying the scientific method to industrial processes - The improvement in steel enabled the transportation revolution and the construction of skyscrapers. - Modern transportation and communication infrastructure - This came about with the completion of the transcontinental railroads, improvements in steamship technology, and the connection between the United States and Europe via telegraph cables. - Creation of electrical power - This enabled rapid urban development; it greatly increased the speed, power, and efficiency of machinery. Further, it aided in the construction of taller buildings.

Identify the impacts of the innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution.

- Electric Motors - allowed factory owners to locate factories wherever they wished - Investment Banks - allowed railroads to raise capital by selling shares of stock to investors - Sewing Machine - allowed clothing to be mass produced

Put the following events in the establishment of mining communities in chronological order.

- Large groups of prospectors rush to a new strike. - Various camp followers rush to the area of the new find. - Vigilante rule is adopted, as miners implemented informal legal codes to maintain order. - Stable communities are developed, capable of law enforcement, resource management, and stable governance.

Identify the destinations of the following western settlers.

- Miners: lured by the most recent strike, traveled east from California into Utah and Nevada - Farmers: moved their families west into the Great Plains - Cowboys: originated in Texas and traveled northward, with many ending up in Utah's Great Basin

Just as technological innovations were critical to the economic growth of the late nineteenth century, so too were innovations in finance and business organizations. Match the financial and business terms below with their definitions.

- Monopoly: business that grows so large that it effectively controls an entire industry - Trust: an arrangement that gives a person or corporation the legal power to manage another person's money or another company - Corporation: legal entity that separates the ownership of an enterprise from the management of its operations and affords shareholders the protection of limited liability - Holding Company: owns a majority of the stock in other companies, but produces nothing itself - Shares Of Stock: financial instrument representing partial owners of a company

Identify the following locations on the map.

- Nevada -The Chinese did much of the labor on this half of the first transcontinental railroad. - Idaho - This is where the two halves of the first transcontinental railroad meet - Wyoming - This was the location of America's first National Park. - Co Territory - This was the long of the two halves of the first transcontinental railroad.

Identify the areas the following settlers typically inhabited.

- Ranchers & Farmers: This group of people inhabited the Plains. - Trappers & Miners: This group of people inhabited the hills and backcountry, and frequently moved.

The Indian wars were bloody conflicts between U.S. soldiers and Native Americans that raged in the West from the early 1860s to the late 1870s. Identify the following events that took place during the Indian wars.

- Red River War: This conflict between federal troops and southern Plains Indians resulted in the latter's defeat. - Report on The Condition Of The Indian Tribes: Congress decided to ask Native Americans to give up their ancestral lands and move to faraway reservations in return for peace. - Battle Of Little Bighorns: During this conflict federal troops suffered a resounding defeat to Sioux forces, but eventually prevailed in the Great Sioux War. - Sand Creek Massacre: Promised protection by the territorial governor of Colorado, 165 Native Americans were massacred by a federal militia.

Identify the key players in the crop-lien system.

- Sharecroppers: usually African Americans who worked an owner's land in return for food, board, and supplies - Small Farm Owners: often purchased supplies on credit from local merchants, promising them a share of the future crop - Share Tenants: usually poor white farmers who may have had their own supplies but needed to rent land - Large Land Owners: often scammed workers out of their fair share of crops, leaving workers with a larger debt than when they arrived

Put the events that led to the end of the frontier era in chronological order.

- The Dawes Severalty Act is created. - The first national census of the 1890s reports that the frontier era in American development is over. - Frederick Jackson Turner authors his "frontier thesis."

Order the following events that contributed to the organized labor movement in the late nineteenth century.

- The Knights of labor emerge - The Haymarket Riot erupts - The American Federation of Labor forms - AFL passes the knights of labor in total membership - The American Railway Union organizes the Pullman Strike

In the post-Civil War era, what were some of the circumstances that contributed to the difficult economic conditions for farmers in the South and the Great Plains?

- The development of national and international market economies forced farmers to pay high shipping and storage fees. - The decline in the money supply made it difficult to pay off their debts. - Farmers had to buy manufactured goods protected by tariffs while simultaneously selling their crops on the open market. - Increased competition from national and international producers increased the food supply while lowering food prices.

Order the following events that led to the dominance of the Standard Oil Company.

-The Standard Oil Company gains more than 90 percent of the oil refining market in the United States. -Rockefeller creates the Standard Oil Trust to circumvent anti-monopoly legislation. -The Supreme Court of Ohio orders that the Standard Oil Trust be dissolved. -Rockefeller brings his entire industrial empire under the direction of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, a gigantic holding company.

Identify three examples of how innovation changed the nature of work in the decades following the Civil War in the picture below.

All clickable areas

Following the Civil War, the American economy prospered. Identify the factors that contributed to this advantageous economic circumstance in the United States.

All the above

Following the Civil War, the American economy prospered. What combination of factors created this advantageous economic circumstance in the United States?

All the above

Complete the passage below describing the Battle of Little Bighorn.

As part of what would become known as the Great Sioux War in early 1874, Lieutenant Colonel Custer was ordered to return Sioux and Cheyenne warriors to their reservation and kill them if they resisted. Instead, at the Battle of Little Bighorn, Chief Crazy Horse's warriors overwhelmed and annihilated the U.S. forces. Instead of following up on their victory, the Native Americans resumed hunting and were eventually defeated and forced back on reservations by replenished federal forces sent by President Grant.

Complete the passage below describing farmers in the post-Civil War United States.

Between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century, both the South and the West experienced major economic shifts. The rise of bonanza farms in the West changed the nature of farming by driving numerous homestead farmers out of business. These former farmers often became wage laborers, who experienced working conditions similar to those of sharecroppers in the South.

While voter participation was high during the Gilded Age, the two parties often had few substantive differences on the issues. Instead, ethnic, religious, and geographic divisions were often the key factors that determined party loyalty. Identify some of the types of people who consistently voted for the Republican party.

Correct Answer(s) - Those who wished to restrict the sale of alcoholic beverages - Union Civil War veterans - Americans of British Protestant ancestry - African Americans Incorrect Answer(s) - Roman Catholics - northern immigrants

Frederick Jackson Turner's "frontier thesis" described the history of the United States in relation to its history of westward expansionism. What were some of the criticisms levied against his thesis?

Correct Answer(s) - Turner largely omitted the negative repercussions of westward expansion in favor of tales of "heroism, triumph, and progress." - His "frontier thesis" substantially addressed the history of only white male Christian settlers. Incorrect Answer(s) - Immediately after its publication, historians disregarded Turner's thesis as unworthy of scholarly consideration. - Many critics alleged that Turner's "frontier thesis" was too supportive of the Native American struggle against the United States.

The climate and soil conditions on the Plains made farming extremely difficult. Identify the inventions that helped to improve the productivity of Plains farmers.

Correct Answer(s) - chilled-iron "sodbuster" plow - manure spreaders - threshing machines Incorrect Answer(s) - tractor

Identify the various strategies of voter suppression carried out through the Mississippi Plan.

Correct Answer(s) - requiring voters to reside in the state for two years, with one-year residency in the election district - requiring voters to have paid all taxes, including a specific tax for voting called a poll tax. - prohibiting voters convicted of certain crimes from casting a ballot Incorrect Answer(s) - prohibiting African Americans who passed literacy tests from voting

The Second Industrial Revolution stimulated economic growth in the decades following the Civil War. Identify the factors that led to the Second Industrial Revolution.

Correct Answer(s) - scientific research into the industrial process - modern transportation and communication networks - electrical power Incorrect Answer(s) - water-powered mills - more efficient farming techniques used on small farms

Identify the various developments in the West that altered perceptions of the frontier and convinced Americans of the region's profitability after the Civil War.

Correct Answer(s) - the completion of the transcontinental railroad's expansion into the West - the breakdown of Native American defiance - the western cattle boom that engrossed the region - the discovery of vital minerals, such as gold and silver Incorrect Answer(s) - the success Native Americans demonstrated in producing wheat in the Great Plains

Identify the ideas and attitudes that inspired the suppression of African American civil rights in the late-nineteenth-century South.

Correct Answer(s) - the desperation of southern white farmers who deeply resented any economic or political success among the African American community - the U.S. and European revival of the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race Incorrect Answer(s) - the resentment of white southerners at the increased activism on the part of the Supreme Court in terms of securing racial equality at the ballot box

Identify the examples of laissez-faire economic doctrine during the late nineteenth century.

Correct Answer(s) - the federal government's lack of oversight for the working conditions for wage earners - low level of federal corporate taxes Incorrect Answer(s) - federal subsidies, loans, and land grants for the building of the first transcontinental railroad - Morrill Tariff

This advertisement from Ladies' Home Journal is evidence of which of the following?

Correct Answer(s) - the identification of many middle-class women with the domestic life - the growing importance of marketing and advertising in "every department of life" - the greater availability and variety of consumer items Incorrect Answer(s) - the widespread affliction of neurasthenia

Identify the conditions and circumstances that made life difficult for settlers in the West.

Correct Answer(s) - the inconsistency of the commodities market - droughts - tornadoes Incorrect Answer(s) - cattle shortages due to competition with wild buffalo

Identify the various issues that encompassed the controversial "woman question" in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Correct Answer(s) - the issue of women's enfranchisement - the liberation of some women from the home Incorrect Answer(s) - the ability of well financed, upper-class women to run for public office - the freeing of some women from social and character requirements forced upon them

Identify the industries that emerged in the New South and contributed to its diversification.

Correct Answer(s) - the textile industry - the tobacco industry - the coal industry - the logging industry Incorrect Answer(s) - the oil industry

What were some of the changes to the southern economy that were advocated by supporters of the New South?

Correct Answer(s) - the use of more efficient farming techniques and technology on southern farms - the development of an industrial sector within the southern economy - the expansion of greater economic diversity Incorrect Answer(s) - the discontinuation of cotton production in favor of a more industrial economy - the abolition of racial hierarchy between whites and blacks

As large-scale corporations became more involved in mining operations in the West, many former prospectors became wage laborers for the companies. In turn, these miners formed unions to represent their interests. Which of the following responsibilities were the unions'?

Correct Answer(s) - to defend miners in cases of on-the-job injury - to negotiate with mining companies to address the issue of low wages Incorrect Answer(s) - to learn the grievances of workers and strike backdoor deals with management to ignore specific issues - to recruit unskilled immigrants to replace workers who didn't cooperate

Which of the following quotations support Andrew Carnegie's argument in "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889) that "not evil, but good, has come to the [Anglo-Saxon] race from the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability and energy that produces it"?

Correct Answer(s) -"I have always regarded it as a religious duty to get all I could honorably and to give all I could." —John D. Rockefeller -"Every good man and woman ought to strive for power, to do good with it when obtained. I say, get rich! Get rich!" —Russell Conwell Incorrect Answer(s) -"The growing wealth and influence of our large corporations, is one of the most alarming phenomena of our time. Our public companies already wield gigantic power, and they use it like unscrupulous giants." —The New York Times -"The public be damned!" —William Henry Vanderbilt

What improvements in transportation and communication promoted the onset of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Correct Answer(s) -The completion of the transcontinental railroads and the improvements in steamship technology helped connect American goods to global markets. -The laying of telegraph cables between the United States and Europe improved the rate of communication more significantly than any previous invention. Incorrect Answer(s) -Improvements to the U.S. military's cavalry troops enabled the expansion of the United States westward through Native American territory. -The invention of the metal movable-type printing press greatly increased the availability and affordability of newspapers across the United States.

Complete the passage below describing the nature of mining in the late nineteenth century.

Early mining efforts in the second half of the nineteenth century often began as individual endeavors. Miners generally worked long hours and long workweeks, only taking Sundays off. They lived in small tent camps or shacks they built themselves, though at successful mining towns developed with modern amenities. Lone miners usually panned for gold in riverbeds. Beyond that, further mining required large-scale investment and sophisticated mining techniques. These limitations transformed the mining industry from one in which individual miners hoped to "strike it rich" to a big business enterprise with many prospectors working as wage laborers.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller both forced their workers to labor for long hours nearly every day of the year in dangerous and uncomfortable working conditions. Their labor practices contributed to the creation of their private fortunes, and they gave very little back to the community in the form of philanthropic donations and charitable works.

False

Frederick Jackson Turner theorized that the West would maintain all of the characteristics that arose as a result of the frontier era.

False

Henry Woodfin Grady attributed the successful rise of the New South to the meticulous implementation of Congressional Reconstruction policies.

False

Individuals who identified themselves as women were in solid agreement regarding their desire to enter into the public world.

False

President Cleveland's veto of Congress' attempt to provide seeds to Texas farmers was a testament to his devotion to the spoils system.

False

Skilled and unskilled workers enjoyed similar pay during the Gilded Age, as there was no clear disparity between the two types of work.

False

The new generation of African Americans born after the Civil War were much more submissive than their parents, fearful that any transgression would spur the resurgence of slave labor.

False

There was little to no ethnic tension among miners in boomtowns across the American West and Southwest, as the mining industry was solely concentrated on profits. As a result, a meritocracy emerged among miners.

False

To the degree that a partnership existed between Big Business and the federal government following the end of the Civil War, all regions of the nation were universally supportive of such a partnership and the government policies that developed as a result of it.

False

Henry Woodfin Grady, a southern journalist, was an advocate for the New South. He noted that there had been an Old South "of slavery and secession—that South is dead. There is now a New South of union and freedom—that South, thank God, is living, breathing, and growing every hour." What does Grady advocate in this statement?

Grady advocates for a southern economy that is no longer based exclusively on plantations and a social world that is not dominated by the elite of a plantation aristocracy.

Complete the passage below describing the Ghost Dance Movement in the late nineteenth century.

In 1888, a Native American named Wovoka claimed to have visited the spirit world and announced that a deliverer would be coming to help Indians restore their native lands. To hasten this development, he urged Native Americans to perform a ceremonial dance that would make them bulletproof in battles with white soldiers. By 1890, this ceremonial Ghost Dance had spread to Lakota Sioux in South Dakota. The dance frightened white authorities in the area, who banned it, leading to tension in which nervous soldiers fired into peaceful crowds of Native Americans. This gunfire resulted in the Battle of Wounded Knee, in which over 200 Indians died.

Complete the passage below describing the strategies that the Standard Oil Corporation employed to circumvent state regulations against monopolistic practices.

In the 1870s, Standard Oil bought out so many of its competitors that state lawmakers drafted legislation to inhibit its monopolistic practices. In response, John D. Rockefeller organized the Standard Oil Trust. This practice enabled larger corporations to control smaller businesses without a direct ownership stake.

Complete the passage describing the changes in the cotton industry between the Old and the New South.

In the pre-Civil War South, the cotton industry was primarily concerned with the cultivation of unprocessed cotton, which served as raw material for textiles mills in the northern United States and throughout Europe. The major success of the New South's effort to diversify its economy rested on the growth of its textile industry. Over the last twenty years of the nineteenth century, the number of cotton mills in the South increased by nearly 250 percent. The majority of the workers in the southern cotton mills were white women and children, as opposed to men.

What impact did the extension of rail lines have on the farmers and ranchers of the West?

It transformed the region by allowing large shipments of western cattle and grains to be transported over long distances and sold in the East.

Why was the American Federation of Labor created, and how did it deviate from other labor organizations?

It was a federation of craft unions that focused on concrete economic gains—higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions—and avoided utopian ideas or politics.

What change did the national census of 1890 indicate that had not previously occurred in U.S. history?

It was the first census to indicate that Americans had populated the country from coast to coast.

Westbound settlers came from various economic and social backgrounds. Select the statement that best describes the race and ethnicity of these settlers.

Men and women of African American, Asian, European, and Hispanic descent were all part of the western settlement.

Complete the passage below describing how the Second Industrial Revolution affected the roles of women in American society.

New inventions enabled women to work in a wider variety of fields. Business offices changed in response to the invention of the typewriter. Women were thought to be better suited than men to perform this kind of clerical office work and were hired in large numbers and paid less than their male counterparts. In addition, inventions such as the sewing machine created new jobs for women, but unlike positions in business offices, these jobs forced women to work long hours in sweatshops as a result of the technological innovation. Both these technologies helped the economy grow by increasing the productivity of labor and by expanding the labor market.

Complete the passage below describing working life in post-Civil War America.

Post-Civil War America witnessed a rising standard of living for most people. While the wealthy accumulated more wealth, others were also becoming better off. A new class of "white collar" professionals emerged, women's opportunities for work expanded, and the number of attorneys, physicians, and professors rose dramatically.

In a devastated South, many white southerners began to romanticize the Old South and embrace the idea of the "Lost Cause." How did this nostalgia effect the creation of a so-called New South?

The "Lost Cause" was a view of southerners during the Civil War as righteous defenders of their homeland and culture against northern aggression.

Complete the passage below describing the historic Supreme Court decision that shaped southern race relations in late-nineteenth-century America.

The Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson was pivotal in its establishment of the practice of separate but equal facilities, legitimizing the racial segregation of almost every aspect of southern life. The case began with Homer Plessy, a man of one-eighth African descent, who chose to remain in an exclusively white rail car and was found in violation of the law. This historic ruling legally sanctioned the practice of segregation in public spaces and inspired a new wave of regulations known as the Jim Crow laws.

In the aftermath of the Civil War, what was the nature of the relationship between the Republican-led federal government and Big Business?

The U.S. government and large corporations became increasingly close allies following the end of the Civil War.

Complete the passage below describing the crop-lien system in the South and the various problems it created for the region.

The crop-lien system was an extremely destructive and inefficient enterprise that severely damaged the land and deteriorated the soil. Poor farmers were prohibited from sustaining themselves by growing their own vegetables, as landowners forced an exclusively "cash crop" harvest. Moreover, most farmers didn't feel a strong tie to the land they worked and were not invested in sustaining the soil or the equipment they used, as both belonged to someone else.

Complete the passage below describing the role that government played in building the colossal Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan fortunes.

The development of such massive fortunes as those of Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller required a great deal of business prowess and individual genius, but it took more than that. To become one of the tycoons of Big Business required government support. To ensure the prosperity of their enterprises, corporations purchased government influence by lobbying. In return, the legislative and executive branches of the U.S. government adopted laissez-faire economic policies. This meant that the government did not impose significant corporate taxes or meaningfully monitor the working conditions of wage laborers.

Complete the passage below describing the last Native American military resistance.

The final obstacle to manifest destiny was the Native Americans in the West. The Blackfeet and Crows were forced out of their territory in Montana. The Modocs briefly resisted settler encroachment in northern California and southern Oregon. The Utes were forced to abandon their ancestral homeland in Colorado. This was the fate of many Native American tribes in the American West that resisted the expropriation of their land.

Complete the passage below describing the formation of unions in the nineteenth century.

The increase in the size and power of corporations galvanized efforts to build a national labor union. The Civil War created opportunities for workers with a particular skill to form "craft unions," which grew in size and popularity. The connection of such groups did not occur until the National Labor Union convened in 1866. The organization was primarily concerned with reforming state and local laws to improve working conditions, and often failed to devote the appropriate attention to wages and work hours.

John D. Rockefeller implemented a business strategy known as horizontal integration to grow his Standard Oil Company. What was the central foundation of this business practice?

The most dominant corporation in a particular industry either buys out its competitors or forces them out of business with the end goal of constructing a monopoly.

Complete the passage below describing the various problems that plagued the postwar South.

The postwar South experienced various social and economic problems that launched the region into extreme poverty. Obtaining land became extremely difficult and most southern farmers simply sought to survive. Many southern communities lacked access to cash and developed barter economies where farmers could secure credit to purchase food and supplies in exchange for a portion of or lien on their crops. Another major issue for the region was the high rate of illiteracy that plagued both whites and blacks. Although white illiteracy was one fifth that of blacks, this problem was nonetheless reflected in the annual income of white southerners, which was half that of non-southerners.

Complete the passage below describing the wave of targeted racial oppression that occurred across the South.

The resurgence of racial segregation and disenfranchisement was accompanied by a surge of violence against African Americans that was predominantly concentrated in the South. Southern whites took the law into their own hands, targeting black men accused of a crime and subjecting them to torture and humiliation that usually culminated in the lynching of the accused. This activity was often carried out in public as a joyful spectacle for large crowds of southern whites.

Workers and corporations had equal support from the federal government. American Railway Union President Eugene V. Debs was able to win two major concessions from Pullman.

There were serious consequences for women who sought to escape the "cult of domesticity" and to better establish themselves in the public world. Some women who did so contracted a psychological and physical disorder called neurasthenia. This affliction usually included insomnia, hysteria, headaches, depression, and constant fatigue. This disorder plagued both sexes, but disproportionately affected college-educated middle-class women.

America's prosperity and the promise of political and religious freedom attracted waves of new immigrants. What percentage of urban residents in major cities were foreign-born at the beginning of the twentieth century?

Thirty Percent

Analyze the advertisement below. Improvements in industrial processes resulted in the mass production of consumer goods during the latter half of the nineteenth century, and in turn drove a dramatic rise in corporate expenditure on advertising.

True

In addition to the miners who journeyed to the West to work in mines, such as the Comstock Lode, a crew of peddlers, saloon keepers, prostitutes, and gamblers followed to take advantage of the miners' earnings.

True

In recognition of their vital role, particularly on family farms, and in order to attract more female settlers, several western states were the first to grant women the right to vote and hold political office.

True

The Knights of Labor included an unprecedented proposal within their platform that called for equal pay for equal work done by men and women.

True

The invention of barbed wire fundamentally changed ranching in the West by triggering "range wars" that drove smaller ranchers out of business.

True

The steady decline in the price of cotton failed to incentivize farmers to stop producing the less profitable crop.

True

Match the various groups of Americans with their typical views of U.S. monetary policy.

supported the expansion of the money supply - farmers - ranchers - debtors supported a "sound money" monetary policy that focused on restricting the money supply - bankers - moneylenders

What late-nineteenth century development led to a growing class-consciousness in the United States?

the growing gap between the rich and the poor

The 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty ensured that Plains Indians maintained some of their ancestral homeland. What contributed to the provisions of the treaty?

Chiefs from numerous Plains Indian tribes agreed to accept defined territorial borders for the Native Americans of the Plains and mountainous West, but had to allow white settlers' wagon caravans to pass through their territory on their way West.

Complete the passage below describing why Chinese people migrated to the West and the difficulties they experienced there.

Chinese immigrants, many of who settled in California to work on the railroads and in the mining industry, were often the subject of harsh discrimination and denied the rights of citizenship. They were often blamed during times of economic struggle and were officially banned from immigrating to the United States through the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

Identify the Dawes Severalty Act and its repercussions for Native Americans.

Considered a reform measure, this act of Congress tried to "Americanize" Native Americans living on reservations by giving each family 160 acres for farming.

The following map traces the federal government's military confrontation with Native Americans in the West in the last half of the nineteenth century. Identify the policies that brought about these confrontations.

Correct Answer(s) - Before the Civil War, the federal government had made promises to respect agreed-upon Native American tribal boundaries, so long as Native Americans permitted white emigrants to pass through peacefully. - In 1867, Congress tried to persuade Native Americans to abandon ancestral homelands and move to federal reservations in return for peace. Incorrect Answer(s) - In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act that tried to force Native Americans to develop family farms on federal reservations.

Identify the factors that impeded the growth of labor unions.

Correct Answer(s) - A majority of the workforce was made up of immigrants who spoke different languages. - Most elected officials supported business owners over workers. - There was a trust problem within unions, as they were made up of various ethnic groups that distrusted each other. Incorrect Answer(s) - Workers were never able to engage in strikes due to a series of laws enacted in the early part of the nineteenth century.

Carnegie Steel Company used vertical integration to become the largest industrial company of its time. Identify the various elements of a vertical integration business model.

Correct Answer(s) - A vertically integrated corporation owns all the businesses required to perform each step in their production. Incorrect Answer(s) - Vertical integration is the process of developing partnerships between otherwise unassociated businesses in a particular industry to increase efficiency and profit for all parties involved. - The most dominant corporation in a particular industry either buys out its competitors or forces them out of business with the end goal of constructing a monopoly. - The system of vertical integration promotes workers from laborer positions to management positions, so managing executives may have a strong understanding of the company's production process.

Analyze this quotation from an Exoduster minister: "We had rather suffer and be free than go back to the racist South." What does it reveal about the African American western experience?

Correct Answer(s) - African Americans who migrated to Kansas from southern states experienced the hardships of frontier life. - The experiences of blacks in the South were far worse than their current circumstances in the West. Incorrect Answer(s) - Despite that it was far worse than what the slaves had endured in the South, they migrated to the West because of the promise of freedom. - The difficult choice African Americans made when they left the cities of Kansas to live on farms.

During the late nineteenth century, Big Business grew at a staggering rate. During this time, the largest businesses began engaging in national and international commerce, which subsequently increased their power and influence. Identify some of the repercussions that resulted from the growth of Big Business.

Correct Answer(s) - Big Business interests used their newfound influence to corrupt American political institutions at the federal, state, and local levels. - The emergence of a few big corporations in a specific sector of the economy frequently resulted in price fixing. - Corporations, entities that sold shares of partial ownership in exchange for capital, became more common as the concept of limited liability emerged. Incorrect Answer(s) - The expansion of Big Business increased competition throughout the economy and lowered prices for consumers.

Analyze the image below. What does it reveal about the conditions in which children worked during the early twentieth century?

Correct Answer(s) - Child laborers suffered high rates of injury and respiratory diseases. - Some children worked in extremely dangerous conditions such as factories, mills, and mines. - Child laborers worked jobs that adults did not. Incorrect Answer(s) - Although child laborers worked long hours, they were well fed and clothed.

Identify the policy priorities of the Republican-led Congress that spurred economic growth following the Civil War.

Correct Answer(s) - Congress implemented the reconstruction policies in the former Confederacy. - Congress advanced policies that supported westward expansion. - Congress enacted commercial and industrial development programs. Incorrect Answer(s) - Congress enacted legislation that incorporated Native Americans into the Union as U.S. citizens.

Identify the policies that the federal government enacted to incorporate the western territories into the national economy.

Correct Answer(s) - Congress passed and implemented the Homestead Act, which created new economic markets by giving land to those who would work it. - Congress provided land grants, loans, and federal subsidies to build the transcontinental railroad. - The Morrill Land Grant Act gave each state land in proportion to the number of members of Congress that represented that state. Incorrect Answer(s) - Congress passed the Morrill Tariff, which increased taxes on imported manufactured goods.

Analyze the following quotation: "It is now pretty generally admitted that women possess the capacity to swallow intellectual food that was formerly considered the diet of men exclusively." What developments in the early twentieth century support the views expressed in the quotation?

Correct Answer(s) - Dozens of women's colleges were founded in the years after the Civil War. - Women's lives extended beyond the home to include new jobs and social organizations, including literary societies. - An increasing number of women gained access to higher education. Incorrect Answer(s) - Specialized math and science classes were offered to women who chose to attend school. - Women were finally allowed to run for public office and make important political decisions alongside male politicians.

Identify the experiences for women in the American West that were unique from those in the rest of the country.

Correct Answer(s) - In mining towns, the ratio of men to women was 9 to 1. - Because of the constant fight for survival, married women became more equal partners with their husbands than in the East. Incorrect Answer(s) - Women in the West had more freedom to serve on juries and manage their property without their husbands' consent.

Identify the repercussions of the 1867 "Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes."

Correct Answer(s) - It led to the establishment of an "Indian Peace Commission." - It endorsed white settlement of the West. Incorrect Answer(s) - It advocated for the implementation of the Dawes Severalty Act. - It addressed the issues causing conflict between the United States and Native Americans and brought about a temporary peace between them.

How did an economic system of sharecroppers and tenants fail to uphold Henry Grady's vision of the New South?

Correct Answer(s) - Land became extremely difficult to acquire, and a majority of southern farmers were landless and barely surviving. - The agricultural landscape of the south was far less diverse than Grady envisioned. - The South was much less industrial than Grady envisioned. Incorrect Answer(s) - The South urbanized far too quickly, differing from Grady's vision of a predominately rural South.

Long cattle drives were instrumental in the early growth of the cattle industry. What caused the decline of this method of transportation?

Correct Answer(s) - Native Americans imposed surcharges on ranchers moving cattle through their land. - Long cattle drives deteriorated the quality of the cattle. - The expansion of the railroad into Texas made long cattle drives prohibitively expensive. Incorrect Answer(s) - Many local governments banned cattle driving due to the tremendous amount of deaths that resulted from this method.

Why did millions of Americans migrate from the country to the city during the Gilded Age?

Correct Answer(s) - New industries in the cities created abundant job opportunities that attracted many individuals who sought work. - Many migrants sought to escape the monotony of the countryside and experience the cultural excitement of the city. - A reduced demand for farm labor pushed many rural workers to find work in the city. Incorrect Answer(s) - Many rural workers were fascinated by the new agricultural machinery originating in the cities and sought to learn technologies to replicate it.

Analyze the image below from the Pullman Strike. What does it reveal about the relative power of unions and corporations?

Correct Answer(s) - President Cleveland was willing to use federal troops to break the strike. - Railroad executives thought it necessary to protect railways from violent strikers. Incorrect Answer(s) - Workers and corporations had equal support from the federal government. - American Railway Union President Eugene V. Debs was able to win two major concessions from Pullman.

Identify the economic priorities of southern "Redeemers" in the late nineteenth century.

Correct Answer(s) - Redeemers fought for the development of a more diverse southern economy based on the expansion of railroad lines and industrial production. - Redeemers moved to decrease tax rates and reduce public expenditures. Incorrect Answer(s) - Redeemers prioritized spending on social programs that helped prepare young children for the workforce, particularly African American children. - Redeemers moved to increase public spending on education to improve the quality of the labor force.

During the late nineteenth century, what were the social and economic circumstances that advocates for a New South faced in the postwar South compared to those in the North?

Correct Answer(s) - The South was far less industrial than the North and depended on the region for goods that southern states were incapable of manufacturing themselves. - The South was far less successful than the North, both in education and per capita income. Incorrect Answer(s) - The South saw a much larger percentage of blacks migrating to cities and away from the countryside, often at a higher rate than African Americans moved in the North. - Though far less productive, the South was much wealthier than the North due to the large multigenerational plantations that continued to profit even after the war.

What were some of the reasons for the emergence of the People's party during the 1890s?

Correct Answer(s) - The belief that the U.S. government had moved away from its founding principles and no longer represented the interests of the American people spread among impoverished Americans. - Communities in the South and the West tried to gain more political power and representation at the expense of established eastern elites. Incorrect Answer(s) - Populists in the South and the West wanted to move the capital of the United States further west, as stated in the platform of the People's party. - Small farmers and wage workers in the South and the West supported government policies, but did not want to see taxes raised to implement them.

What impact did the growth of the cattle industry have on ranchers in the West?

Correct Answer(s) - The introduction of barbed wire ended the open range, in which ranchers had used land cooperatively, and put many ranchers out of business. - The growth of railroad networks allowed cattle ranching to expand into Texas and the high plains as far as Montana. Incorrect Answer(s) - Though it significantly helped the western economy, the cattle industry created one of the worst contamination epidemics in American history. - The success of the cattle industry spurred a new wave of eastern migration, as cattle ranchers struck it rich and moved their families to the more developed cities of the East.

The development of national railroad networks was a tremendous boon for the American economy. They provided a reliable way to transport goods and people over long distances cheaply, year round. The railroads also had a number of problems, however. Identify some of the problems associated with the railroad industry.

Correct Answer(s) - The rush to build railroad lines caused some railroad companies to ignore dangerous working conditions. - Railroad lobbyists served as a corrupting influence over legislators whose votes they "purchased" with cash or shares in the railroad company. - Some railroad developers put short-term profits over railroad quality. Incorrect Answer(s) - The inability of railroad companies to produce railway lines quickly enough inhibited economic growth.

Identify the ways that large-scale "bonanza" farms were similar to the new practices of the industrial sector.

Correct Answer(s) - They hired hundreds of seasonal immigrant laborers to help during the harvest. - They used the most advanced machinery and the latest scientific research available. - They were owned by corporations Incorrect Answer(s) - They served only the domestic market. - Their managers had little formal education.

What role did saloons play in urban life, and what types of customers usually frequented these destinations?

Correct Answer(s) - They served as a social club for working men. - They provided refuge for the homeless. - They provided an environment for men to engage in political discussion. Incorrect Answer(s) - They usually served Protestant Republicans seeking relief from primarily Catholic destinations, such as dance halls.

An Alabama newspaper editor stated: "Our blood boils when the educated Negro asserts himself politically." What does this quotation reveal about African American civil rights at the end of the nineteenth century?

Correct Answer(s) - This quotation embodies the "Negrophobia" that spurred a major systematic suppression of African American civil rights in the South. - This quotation reflects the resentment of white southerners toward any economic or political improvements in the black community. Incorrect Answer(s) - This quotation reflects the distinction made by white southerners who allowed black enfranchisement but would not tolerate the election of African Americans into public office. - This quotation reflects the resentment of southern journalists who were replaced by a wave of newly educated and politically active African Americans.