UNIT 1 IGPE EXAM

cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

isotonic contraction

A muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces movement of body parts.

Factors affecting recovery time

Age Gender Lactic acid toleration (fitness) Sleep Nutrition

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newtons third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's Second Law

Force equals mass x acceleration

synovial membrane

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

Difference between agonist and antagonist

The muscle primarily responsible for movement of a bone. (prime mover)- Antagonist is the relaxing muscle or the opposing muscle

Concepts of force

a force can be a pull or a push force = mass × acceleration increases/decreases in force can cause acceleration/deceleration.

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

aerobic (glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water) anaerobic (glucose → lactic acid).

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

caused by anaerobic exercise, producing lactic acid and requiring high breathing rate after exercise to remove lactic acid

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

concentric and eccentric. In a concentric contraction, the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance then remains stable as the muscle shortens. During eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing.

joint capsule

connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

Three different types of Joints

fibrous- cranium cartilaginous- Spine synovial- hip

Types of movement

flexion/ extension abduction / adduction rotation plantar flexion / dorsiflexion.

Identify and explain the forces acting upon: An object in the air

force applied at release, air resistance, gravity

Identify and explain the forces acting upon: A moving performer

gravity, air resistance, muscular force

Identify and explain the forces acting upon: A sprinter in the blocks

gravity, ground reaction force, air resistance

The short-term effects of exercise:

heart rate increases breathing rate increases red skin/heat control/sweating fatigue (feeling tired) suffering from nausea/feeling light-headed.

cardiac output calculation

heart rate x stroke volume

The long-term effects of exercise on the heart

heart size (hypertrophy) resting pulse rate (bradycardia) stroke volume ability to tolerate lactic acid.

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Isometric contraction

muscle tenses but does not shorten