UNIT 1 IGPE EXAM
cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
isotonic contraction
A muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces movement of body parts.
Factors affecting recovery time
Age Gender Lactic acid toleration (fitness) Sleep Nutrition
Newton's First Law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Newtons third law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's Second Law
Force equals mass x acceleration
synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.
Difference between agonist and antagonist
The muscle primarily responsible for movement of a bone. (prime mover)- Antagonist is the relaxing muscle or the opposing muscle
Concepts of force
a force can be a pull or a push force = mass × acceleration increases/decreases in force can cause acceleration/deceleration.
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
aerobic (glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water) anaerobic (glucose → lactic acid).
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
caused by anaerobic exercise, producing lactic acid and requiring high breathing rate after exercise to remove lactic acid
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
concentric and eccentric. In a concentric contraction, the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance then remains stable as the muscle shortens. During eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing.
joint capsule
connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
Three different types of Joints
fibrous- cranium cartilaginous- Spine synovial- hip
Types of movement
flexion/ extension abduction / adduction rotation plantar flexion / dorsiflexion.
Identify and explain the forces acting upon: An object in the air
force applied at release, air resistance, gravity
Identify and explain the forces acting upon: A moving performer
gravity, air resistance, muscular force
Identify and explain the forces acting upon: A sprinter in the blocks
gravity, ground reaction force, air resistance
The short-term effects of exercise:
heart rate increases breathing rate increases red skin/heat control/sweating fatigue (feeling tired) suffering from nausea/feeling light-headed.
cardiac output calculation
heart rate x stroke volume
The long-term effects of exercise on the heart
heart size (hypertrophy) resting pulse rate (bradycardia) stroke volume ability to tolerate lactic acid.
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Isometric contraction
muscle tenses but does not shorten
