Unit 1

Humanists would most likely criticize behaviorists on the grounds that behaviorism

rejects free will and focuses solely on observable experiences

Of the following, an evolutionary psychologist will most likely investigate the

reason why many people have an innate fear of the dark

The first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as

psychophysics

Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?

Behaviorist

3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 10 Ten participants in a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one to ten, with a value of ten indicating a very positive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants are above. What is the mean for these data?

6.4

3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 10 Ten participants in a treatment group were asked to rate their feelings of self worth on a scale of one to ten, with a value of ten indicating a very positive feeling of self-worth. The data for the participants are above. What is the mode for these data?

7

A test has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

77

Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology?

A study of how reinforcement affects learning

According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models?

Behavioral

Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?

Cognitive

Ivan Pavlov was most well known for which of the following?

Conditioning dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell

Which of the following is true of the frequency distributions shown in the graphs above?

Distribution B has more variation than distributions A or C

Elana recorded the height of all of her classmates and calculated the standard deviation. If everything else stayed the same, what change to the data would make the standard deviation increase?

If the tallest person were taller

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more?

Experimental

The claim that a whole is different from the sum of its parts is central to which of the following schools of thought?

Gestalt psychology

Rocio is continually learning new skills and gaining insights into herself. Although she is not experiencing any distress, she chooses to see a therapist. This primary emphasis on growth is most reflective of which of the following perspectives?

Humanistic

What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present? I. Behaviorism II. Psychoanalysis III. Structuralism IV. Humanism

III, II, I, IV

The sociocultural perspective is best reflected in which of the following research findings?

In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening

In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean?

It contains the middle 68% of the distribution

Which of the following is a strength of naturalistic observation?

It minimizes artificiality, which can be a problem in laboratory studies

According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects?

It should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following?

Maturation

Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following?

Perception

The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?

Psychoanalytic

All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT:

Research may not involve deception

Charlie believes anorexia nervosa is the direct result of the emphasis put on thinness in movies, television, and advertisements. Which of the following approaches is most consistent with Charlie's viewpoint?

Sociocultural

Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design?

Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year

Which of the following statements is true of the above graphs?

The mean is identical for both distributions; the standard deviation is larger for distribution A

Which of the following statements describes the mean, median, and mode of a test whose scores are normally distributed?

The mean, the median, and the mode will be the same value

A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adult participants sit in a noisy environment for 30 minutes and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rests quietly. After 20 minutes, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache severity on the posttest appear in the graph below. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?

The medicine

Researchers are investigating the effects of a 20-minute antibullying video on adolescent helping behavior. Fifty-seven eighth-grade students from a middle school are participating. Based on the information presented, which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?

The number of helping behaviors

Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association help ensure that human participants in psychological research

are protected from physical and psychological harm

When is is permissible for a psychologist to share a client's test scores with another person?

When the client provides written permission to share results

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is

a case study

A research group conducted a study investigating the connection between self-reported number of hours slept in a given week and scores on a happiness measure. Based on the scatterplot above, the group can report that there is

a positive correlation

In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. The dependent variable in the experiment is the

amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children

A research team wanted to measure how attractive Chris thought Pat was. The researchers measured how long Chris spent looking at Pat as an indicator of how attractive Chris found Pat to be. This measurement constituted

an operational definition

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of

behaviorism

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

conscious experience

In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the

dependent variable

An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the

effectiveness of management training

In a research study, informed consent is a concern of

ethics

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. This research method is best characterized as

experimental

An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of

free will

In the 1800s, the activist Dorothea Dix led a movement in support of

improving the treatment of patients with mental disorders who were housed in asylums

Jane Goodall lived among wild chimpanzees intermittently for decades, studying their social and family systems while keeping her interaction with the chimpanzees to a minimum. Her research method can most accurately be described as

naturalistic observation

A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that

participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out

Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves

self-examination of mental processes

Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study

the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving

In an experiment designed to determine whether watching violent scenes on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children together and counted instances of aggressive behavior. The control group in the experiment is the group that

watched the nonviolent cartoon