Unit 11: Infection

for one pt infected with d diff, how many pts will become colonized on average

5-10

rate of hai in the average ICU is _____ than in an average hospital area

5-10 times greater. the pts are sicker there are lots of germs, there's more touching by HCP, there are more tubes, more procedures. more risk

human mouth is gross and gives boxer infection

:) - so don't punch ppl in the face - and if you do, avoid punching their mouth

kill giardia with what?

Flagyl (metronidazole)

virus you get in the south west us from sweeping up dust that field mice pooped in

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with a hantavirus

_____________ disease can refer to any illness that is caused by the type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis, also known as ______________. These illnesses are often severe and include infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) and bloodstream infections (bacteremia or septicemia). ______________ bacteria are spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions like spit (e.g., by living in close quarters, kissing). Meningococcal disease can be treated with antibiotics, but quick medical attention is extremely important. Keeping up to date with recommended vaccines is the best defense against meningococcal disease.

Meningococcal

why does c diff cause diarrhea

Once established, C. difficile can produce toxins that attack the lining of the intestine. The toxins destroy cells and produce patches (plaques) of inflammatory cells and decaying cellular debris inside the colon and cause watery diarrhea.

What's the most ocmmon type of cap

Streptococcus pneumoniae mycoplasma pneumonia haemophilus influenzae.

when can you see someones health information and it's not a hippa violartion

accidental exposure. in the event of a needle stick, the pt must be tested for certain blood borne diseases like hep and hiv. not violation. info must be shared

pathophysiology of pneumonia

affects both ventilation and diffusion inflammation in alveoli, produces an exudate that interferes with diffusion of oxygen and co2 secretions cause partial occlusion of bronchi and alveoli, which obstructs ventilation bronchospasm arterial hypoxemia (low oxygen)

organism capable of causing disease

agent - pathogen

which precaution requires a negative airflow room and what's the room called

airborn precautions requrire special room airborne infection isolation room with negtive air flow, air isn't returned to inside ventilation system but is filtered through a high efficiency particulate air filter (hepa filter) and exhausted directly outside. all hcp wear n95 respriator

airborne v droplet transmission

airborne is smaller droplets, they can go more than 3 ft, you may need negative pressure and isolation tb is airborne droplet, is larger droplets, can't go more than a meter, examples, meningococcal and influenza

pulmonary sitution resulting from entry of endogenous or exogenous substance into lower airway, substances could include bacteria from upper airway, gastric contents (common) irritating gases or chem contents

aspiration pneumonia

person harboring an organism with s and s., but who is able to transmit infection to others

carrier

common sources of infection in hospital

central lines feeding pumps iv pumps dynomap

the broad street pump outbreak and the outbreak in haiti started by un relief workers

cholera

when a pt with c diff is discharged, what happens to the room

cleaned completely - fomites pass disease

act of a mo invading a pt, growing, and multiplying but not causing disease

colonization

contact precaution infections

colonization or infection with multidrug resistnat orgs like VRE, MRSA, C diff, shigella, other enteric path. major wound infections; herpes simplex; scabies; disseminated varicella zoster; resp syncytial virus;

classifications of pneumonia

community acquired hospital acquired immunocompromised host? aspiration can be caused by bacteria, virus, fungi

occurs either in the community setting or within 48 hours of on patient admission not all cases are hospitialized. specific causative org is identified only 50% of time

community acquired pneumonia or CAP

interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear -- meaning, it's the recovery period

convalescence

droplet precaution infections - larger than 5 microns - 3 ft away

diptheria (pharyngeal), rubella, streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever in infants and young, pertusis, mumps, mycoplasma pneumonia, meningococcal pneumonia or sepsis, pneumonic plague private room or cohort pts; mask or respirator required

what are the conditions that commonly occur to get HAP??

don't know

mechanical vs vector mode of transpportation

don't know - vector is through a living thing, mechanical? from fomite?

what precautions should you wear a mask in for sure

droplet and airborne -- when transporting pt on droplet and airborne precautions, the pt wears a mask

notorious for contaminating water

e coli giardiasis leptosporosis cholera shigellosis campylobacter cryptosporidium parvum

travelers diarrhea - what's the bacteria and how do you get it

e coli, from water

part of the pts normal flora is altered and overgrowth of an organism results - what sort of infection is this?

endogenous

some of the most common endogenous infectinos - what are the culprits

escherichia coli staphylococcus aureus enterococcus pseudomonas klebsiella enterobacter candida staphylococcus epidermis bacteriodes serratia

shunt or fistula infections gotten in the hospital are what sort

exogenous and iatrogenic

HAI acquired from a source outside the pt body like a contaminated instrument

exogenous infection

what shot can aid in pneumonia prevention

flu , and clearly, pneumococcal vaccine

inanimate object that can transmit path b/t ppl

fomite

Hep A Hep B (HBV) Hep C (HCV) modes of transmission

food blood borne blood borne

whats one way to get an intrabdominal infection

gi is punctured during surgery

isolation procedures protective equipment - put on take off order

gown mask eye shields gloves gloves eye shields gown mask

full ppe steps

hand hygient gown mask and eyewear or goggles end with gloves gown mask eye shields gloves gloves eye shields gown mask

HAI

healthcare acquired infection

what's the major means of transmission of path in hospital

healthcare worker hands

bloodborne pathogens - examples

hep b hep c hiv

_________is pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission and did not appear to be incubating at the time of admission. non s/s on admission

hospital or healthcare acquired pneumonia HAP

organism that harbors a virus or parasite

host

what's the most important reservoir of human infectious disease?

humans

HAI, nosochomial, and one other synonom

iatrogenic infection

an infection after an operation is what sort of infection?

iatrogenic infection -- ....an exogenous infection

interval when pt manifests s and s specific to the sytpe of infection

illness stage

time elapsed bt exposure to a pathogenic organism or a chemical or radiation and when symptoms and signs first appear

incubation period

entry of an org into a host

infection

a state of decline in wellness due to an infection, invasion of the body by mo

infectious disease

the body's cellular response to injury, infection, or irritation is called ___ or _______

inflammation or inflammatory process

used when n95 mask won't fit. it uses positive air. uses a power source to push air through a filter

papr respirator - powered air purifying respirator

infection in pleural space

pleurisy. it hurts when you breathe. - chest wall pain worse when cough

inflammation of the lung cused by various orgs. most common cause of infectious disease death in us 7th leading cause of death in us overall

pneumonia

place or means by which org enter or exit host

portal (of entry/exit)

basic elements of infection control to prevent nosocomial infections

prevention, control surveillance?

what's the period when symptoms are vague, after incubation

prodromal period

occurence of early symptoms that indicate the onset of a disease process - not sure what illness it could be

prodromal stage

example of zoonoses

rabies

a place where a pathogen can survive , may or may not multiply

reservoir

what can result from pneumonia that is in blood

sepsis

potential terrorist infection. how is it spread? what's incupation period?

smallpox airborne or contact spread 7-14 days

everyone in extended care is tested for c diff?

something like that

movement from incubation period to prodromal period

subclinical infection

highest level of respiratory protection. used in hazardous material settings, bio terrorism etc, er will have this - special training to use

supplied air respirator SCBA

used over face to protect you from inhaling particles at a distance of 3 feet or less. used with droplet precautions

surgical mask

degree to which an indi resists a path

susceptibility

tb pt is in a what room operating room is what sort of room

tb is in a negative pressure room operating room is a positive pressure room

nosocomial infections involve what three things to happen

the microorganism / pathogen/ agent of infection/harm the compromised host / pt the chain of transmission / hc worker for ex

what to warn family members about masks

they can make you feel smothered. if they feel that way, leave the room. don't take off mask

means by which an organism is transmitted from host to host

transmission (indirect contact, droplet etc)

precautions everybody gets and what does it mean

universal precautions - standard universal precautions consider all blood and body fluids potentially infectious use personal protective equipemnt to protect

what antibiotic did dennis mention in particulare, can treat c diff diarrhea- is this right?

vancomycin will treat c diff.. -- it is most often caused by fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, clindamycin and penicillins. (this is not how i wrote it in notes, ask someone)

infectious microbe that is transmitted to people by blood-sucking arthropods. The arthropods (insects or arachnids)

vector

common way to get hap - or specific type of hap

ventilator acquired pneumonia VAP

midl pneumonia name

walking pneumonia

steps to properly wash hands

wet 20 sec wash with soap rince dry turn off with paper towel

can a virus spread at the prodromal stage

yes

flagyl is an antibiotic - can you use it to treat giardia lamblia?

yes, even though it's not a bacteria, it still works

human diseases with animal reservoirs

zoonoses

foodborne infections

intoxication with aftatoxins and botulinum toxin, paralytic shellfish poisoning, staphylococcal food poisoning, typhoid fever, salmonellosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis (also cat poop) tapeworms hep A

stages of getting infected

invasion by pathogen through poe (portal of entry) incubation period (pathogen replicates in host, no s and s) prodromal period (early s and s, generic, like fever , fatigue) illness period (clinical s and s) convalescent period (s and s recede - person returns to health) host at this time can become chronic carrier of infectious agent

why not talk so much with a mask

keep respirations to a minimum and a mast that's moist doesn't proveid barrier to mo and is ineffective

legionnaires disease is spread how? what is the name of the pathogen? what is legionnaires disease?

legionnaires disease is spread from old water systems. the mo can live and grow in them. the water is spread out as droplets in AC Legionellosis (LEE-juh-nuh-low-sis) is a respiratory disease caused by Legionella bacteria. Sometimes the bacteria infect the lungs and cause pneumonia — if so, it is called Legionnaires' disease. The bacteria can also cause a less serious infection that seems more like a mild case of the flu. That form of legionellosis is commonly called Pontiac fever.

(also known as field fever,[1] rat catcher's yellows,[2] and pretibial fever[3] among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis.[4][5] If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease.[5] If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.[5]

leptosporosis

what's a sign of bacterial infection

leukocytosis - wbc above???????

example of disease with vector

maleria, lyme

airborne precaution infections are

measles, chickenpox, disseminated varicella zoster, pulmonary or laryngeal tb require negative pressure airflow; mask or resp protection device like n95 ...

used when caring for pts with known or suspected tb - fit texting is required maybe every year

n95 respirator - duck mask

It includes a ventilation system that generates _______________ to allow air to flow into the isolation room but not escape from the room, as air will naturally flow from areas with higher pressure to areas with lower pressure, thereby preventing contaminated air from escaping the room.

negative pressure

you can kill c diff with alcohol

no! wash them - c diff is a spore forming bacteria. you're best option is to wash and have it go down the drain

no matter where in the body a pathogen enters, if it's a pathogen, it'll cause an infection

nope! it absolutely matters - many organisms that cause one disease if they enter one body site are harmless if they enter another - eg - various enteric uti pathogens